Contributions in New World Archaeology WATER IN MAYA IMAGERY AND WRITING HARRI KETTUNEN¹ AND CHRISTOPHE HELMKE² ¹ University of Helsinki, Finland ² University of Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract 7KHIRFXVRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWKHFRQFHSWRIZDWHULQ0D\DLPDJHU\DQGZULWLQJ:HZLOOGLVFXVVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RIGLIIHUHQWERGLHVRIZDWHULQ0D\DDUWWKHHYROXWLRQRIDTXDWLFLFRQRJUDSK\DVZHOODVH[SUHVVLRQVUHODWHGWR ZDWHULQ0D\DQODQJXDJHV$OWKRXJKVDOLQHZDWHUFRYHUVPRUHWKDQ RIWKHVXUIDFHRIRXUEOXHSODQHWPRVWRI WKHZRUOG¶VODQJXDJHVUHIHUWRWKHVHDE\DQDORJ\WRVPDOOHUERGLHVRIZDWHUVXFKDVODNHV$VVXFKPRVWFXOWXUHV HVVHQWLDOO\KDYHDODQGORFNHGSHUVSHFWLYHRQWKHVHD7KH0D\DDUHQRGLIIHUHQWHYHQWKRXJKWKH0D\DDUHDLV SDUWO\GHPDUFDWHGE\WZRRFHDQVDQGDOWKRXJKWKH\KDYHYDULRXVZRUGVIRUGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIERGLHVRIZDWHUWKH YRFDEXODU\LVZKROO\ODQGEDVHG6RPHRIWKHZRUGVIRUµVHD¶LQ0D\DQODQJXDJHVDUHRULJLQDOO\EDVHGDQGEXLOW XSRQWKHZRUGVIRUVPDOOHUERGLHVRIZDWHUVXFKDVµSRRO¶RUµODNH¶ Resumen (VWHDUWtFXORVHFHQWUDHQHOFRQFHSWRGHODJXDHQODVLPiJHQHV\ODHVFULWXUDGHORVPD\DV'LVFXWLUHPRVODV 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ODJXQDPDU Tzotzil+DYLODQG ha’ agua ho’ agua ja’ agua vo’ agua nab laguna uk’um UtR Tzotzil+XUOH\5Xt] jo’ agua nab lago nab laguna ts’anleb jo’ laguna muk’ ta nab mar uk’um UtR :DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ Yukatekan languages Yukatek%DUUHUD9iVTXH]%DVWDUUDFKHDet al. a’ agua ha’ DJXDOOXYLD k’ak’nab ~ k’anaab mar ak’al ODJXQDFLpQDJD k’oba’ ODJRRODJXQDGHDJXDSLHGUDGHODJRRGHUtR ts’onot DELVPRSURIXQGLGDGODJRVGHDJXDGXOFHPX\KRQGRVRSR]RV REROVDVDVt uk’um ODJXQDUtR x-okola’ UtR yok’a UtR cháak lluvia Itza’+RÀLQJ7HVXF~Q$/0*E ja’ ZDWHUODJROOXYLDUtR bekan river ok ja’ river k’abnaab, k’a’naab sea ajnoj-ja’ ODNH ixnoj-ja’ ODNH noj-ja’ ODNH k’a’- PDUVHDRQO\LQFRPSRXQGV k’ab- PDUVHDRQO\LQFRPSRXQGV k’abnaab PDUVHD Itza’$/0* ja’ k’a’naab nab ZDWHUODJROOXYLDUtR mar ZDWHUOLO\ Mopan6FKXPDQQ ja’ DJXDOOXYLDUtR nojja’ UtR Lakantun%UXFH ha’ ha’ha’ petha’ agua OOXYLRVtVLPR lago Q’anjobalan languages Q’anjobal$/0*E a’ej ~ ej ~ ja’ ~ a’ agua najab ODJXQHWDODJXQD nab lluvia 33 Harri Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH +DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð 34 Chuj$/0*G ha’ niwan ha niwan ha’ nhab UtRJUDQGH playa lluvia Tojolabal)XUEHH/RVHH ha’ ZDWHUUDLQ k’ab to rain Mamean languages Mam$/0*F a’ a’ agua UtR Tektitek$/0*I a’ agua kyichbil laguneta smayun lluvia Awakatek$/0*D chook canal abaal lluvia a’ DJXDUtR K’iche’an languages K’iche’$/0*D ja’ agua cho ODJRODJXQD nïm ja’ ~ nimaja’ ~ nima’ UtR Sakapultek$/0*G ya’ agua jab lluvia nem ya’ UtR Sipakapense$/0*H ya’ agua jab lluvia tik’lik ya’ lago nima ya’ UtR Poqomam$/0*H ha’ DJXDUtR nim ha’ UtR :DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ 35 Poqomchi’$/0*F ha’ agua chooh ODJRODJXQD nimha’ ~ nim ha’ UtR palaw mar Q’eqchi’$/0*E ha’ agua k’ak’naab ODJXQDODJXQHWD hab lluvia nima’, nimha’ UtR palaw mar REFERENCES ACADEMIA DE LAS LENGUAS MAYAS DE GUATEMALA Oj ronerob’ Ch’orti’, Vocabulario Ch’orti’: Ch’orti’-Español, Español-Ch’orti’ *XDWHPDOD &LW\ $FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD DTqan Qayool, Vocabulario Awakateko: Awakateko-Español, Español-Awakateko *XDWHPDOD &LW\ $FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD EJiilt’an Maya Itza, Vocabulario Itza’: Itza – Español, Español – Itza *XDWHPDOD &LW\$FDGHPLD GH /HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD FQ’orik Poqomchi’, Vocabulario Poqomchi’: Poqomchi’ – Kaxlan Q’orik, Kaxlan Q’orik – Poqomchi’ *XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD GTujaal Choltziij, Vocabulario Sakapulteko: Tujaal Tziij – Kaxtilan Tziij, Kaxtilan Tziij – Tujaal Tziij *XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD HQyolb’aal Pqtinmit, Vocabulario Sipakapense: Sipakapense – Español, Español – Sipakapense *XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD DPujb’il Yol Mam, Vocabulario Mam: Mam-Tyol Mos, Tyol Mos-Mam *XDWHPDOD &LW\$FDGHPLD GH /HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD EJit’il Q’anej Yet Q’anjob’al, Vocabulario Q’anjob’al: Q’anjob’al-Español, Español-Q’anjob’al *XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD FPujb’il Yol Mam, Vocabulario Mam: Mam-Tyol Mos, Tyol Mos-Mam *XDWHPDOD &LW\$FDGHPLD GH /HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD GSpaxti’al Slolonelal, Vocabulario Chuj: Chuj – Kaxlanh ti’, Kaxlanh ti’ – Chuj *XDWHPDOD &LW\ $FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD HLok’ooj Q’orik Poqomam, Vocabulario Poqomam: Poqomam – Kaxlan, Kaxlan – Poqomam*XDWHPDOD &LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD ITyolb’ajil Yol B’a’aj, Vocabulario Tektiteko: Tektiteko – Español, Español – Tektiteko*XDWHPDOD&LW\ $FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD DK’iche’ Choltzij, Vocabulario K’iche’: K’iche’-Kaxla’n Tzij, Kaxla’n Tzij-K’iche’ *XDWHPDOD &LW\ $FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH*XDWHPDOD EXtusulal Aatin Sa’ Q’eqchi’, Vocabulario Q’eqchi’*XDWHPDOD&LW\$FDGHPLDGH/HQJXDV0D\DVGH *XDWHPDOD $5$'20,1*2'( >@ Vocabulario de Lengua Tzeldal según el orden de Copanabastla )XHQWHV SDUD HO (VWXGLR GH OD&XOWXUD0D\D1R0H[LFR'),QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV)LOROyJLFDV&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV 8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR 36 Harri Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH +DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð $8/,(+:,/%85$1'(9(/<1:$8/,( Diccionario ch’ol–español, español–ch’ol6HULHGH9RFDEXODULRV\'LFFLRQDULRV,QGtJHQDV1R 0H[LFR ') ,QVWLWXWR /LQJtVWLFR GH 9HUDQR 6HFUHWDUtD GH (GXFDFLyQ 3~EOLFD 'LUHFFLyQ *HQHUDO GH 6HUYLFLRV(GXFDWLYRVHQHO0HGLR,QGtJHQD %$55(5$9È648(=$/)5('2 Diccionario Maya Cordemex: Maya – Español, Español – Maya0pULGD(GLFLRQHV&RUGHPH[ %$67$55$&+($-8$15(50,/,2<$+3(&+$1'),'(1&,2%5,&(f2&+(/ 'LFFLRQDULR%iVLFR(VSDxRO0D\D(VSDxRO0pULGD0DOGRQDGR(GLWRUHV %58&(52%(57' Gramática del Lacandón 0H[LFR ') 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV $QWURSROyJLFDV ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDOGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD &8/%(5773$75,&. The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches and Problematical Deposits7LNDO5HSRUW1R $8QLYHUVLW\0XVHXP0RQRJUDSK3KLODGHOSKLD8QLYHUVLW\0XVHXP8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD )85%((/26((/28$11$ The Correct Language: Tojolabal. A Grammar with Ethnographic Notes1HZ<RUN*DUODQG3XEOLVKLQJ ,QF +$9,/$1'-2+1%($5' Sk’op Sotz’leb: El tzotzil de San Lorenzo Zinacantan 0H[LFR ') ,QVWLWXWR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV )LOROyJLFDV&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR +(/0.(&+5,6723+( 3UHOLPLQDU\ &RPPHQWV RQ WKH $OWXQ +D '\QDVWLF 6HTXHQFH $Q (SLJUDSKLF DQG &HUDPLF $QDO\VLV Toronto: The Maya Universe Symposium and Exhibit*DUGLQHU0XVHXPRI&HUDPLF$UW2FWnd 0HVRDPHULFDQ /H[LFDO &DOTXHV LQ $QFLHQW 0D\D :ULWLQJ DQG ,PDJHU\ Maya Culture, Identity, Language and History: A Celebration of the Life and Work of Pierre Robert Colas1DVKYLOOH'HSDUWPHQWRI $QWKURSRORJ\9DQGHUELOW8QLYHUVLW\6HSth &HUWDLQ0D\D&RUUHVSRQGHQFHVLQWKH,PDJHU\RI&DFD[WODSeminario del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas+RWHO3RVDGD6DQ)UDQFLVFR7OD[FDOD0DUth D0D\RMHQ SDQWKHRQ 0D\DV SDQWHRQ 7KH 0D\D 3DQWKHRQ Maya III: Life • Death • Time HGLWHG E\ 0DULD'LGULFKVHQ+DUUL.HWWXQHQSS+HOVLQNL'LGULFKVHQ0XVHXPRI$UWDQG&XOWXUH E0\WKRORJLFDO(PEOHP*O\SKVRI$QFLHQW0D\D.LQJVContributions in New World Archaeology9RO LQSUHVV$Q$QDO\VLVRIWKH,PDJHU\DQG7H[WRIWKH&X\FKHQ9DVHRecent Speleoarchaeological Investigations in the Macal River Valley, BelizeHGLWHGE\&KULVWRSKH+HOPNH6DQ)UDQFLVFR3UHFROXPELD0HVRZHE3UHVV +2)/,1*&+$5/(6$1'5(:$1')e/,;)(51$1'27(68&Ò1 ,W]DM 0D\D6SDQLVK(QJOLVK 'LFWLRQDU\ 'LFFLRQDULR 0D\D LW]DMHVSDxROLQJOpV 6DOW /DNH &LW\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK3UHVV +2)/,1*&+$5/(6$1'5(:$1')e/,;)(51$1'27(68&Ò1 Tojt’an Maya Itzaj: Diccionario Maya Itzaj-Castellano*XDWHPDOD&LW\&KROVDPDM +28672167(3+(1 /LYLQJ :DWHUV DQG :RQGURXV %HDVWV Fiery Pool: The Maya and the Mythic Sea HGLWHG E\ 'DQLHO )LQDPRUH6WHSKHQ'+RXVWRQSS1HZ+DYHQ<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV +28672167(3+(1$1'.$5/7$8%( 7KH )LHU\ 3RRO :DWHU DQG 6HD DPRQJ WKH &ODVVLF 0D\D Ecology, Power, and Religion in Maya LandscapesHGLWHGE\&KULVWLDQ,VHQGDKODQG%RGLO/LOMHIRUV3HUVVRQSS$FWD0HVRDPHULFDQD9RO 0DUNW6FKZDEHQ$QWRQ6DXUZHLQ +85/(<'(/*$7<$/)$$1'$*867Ë158Ë=6È1&+(= Diccionario Tzotzil de San Andrés con Variaciones Dialectales: Tzotzil – Espanol, Espanol – Tzotzil 6HULH GH 9RFDEXODULRV \ 'LFFLRQDULRV ,QGtJHQDV ³0DULR VLOYD \$FHYHV´ 1R 0H[LFR ') ,QVWLWXWR /LQJtVWLFRGH9HUDQR$& :DWHULQ0D\D,PDJHU\DQG:ULWLQJ 37 .(//(5.$7+5<1&$1'3/È&,'2/8&,$12* Diccionario Chontal de Tabasco 6HULH GH YRFDEXODULRV \ GLFFLRQDULRV LQGtJHQDV ³0DULDQR 6LOYD \ $FHYHV´1R7XFVRQ6XPPHU,QVWLWXWHRI/LQJXLVWLFV .12:/(6686$10 A Descriptive Grammar of Chontal Maya (San Carlos Dialect) 3K' 'LVVHUWDWLRQ 1HZ 2UOHDQV 7XODQH8QLYHUVLW\ /$&$'(1$$/)2162 2Q WKH UHDGLQJ RI WZR JO\SKLF DSSHODWLYHV RI WKH UDLQ JRG Continuity and Change: Maya Religious Practices in Temporal Perspective HGLWHG E\ 'DQLHO *UmQD%HKUHQV 1LNRODL *UXEH &KULVWLDQ 0 3UDJHU )UDXNH 6DFKVH 6WHIDQLH 7HXIHO (OLVDEHWK :DJQHU SS $FWD 0HVRDPHULFDQD 9RO 0DUNW 6FKZDEHQ$QWRQ6DXUZHLQ 2Q WKH 2ULJLQV RI 0D\D 6FULSW /D$QWLJXD Maya Meetings – Early Maya Iconography and Script &DVD+HUUHUD0DUth /23(6/8Ë6 7KH:DWHU%DQG*O\SKMesowebZZZPHVRZHEFRPIHDWXUHVORSHV:DWHUEDQGSGI! /2816%85<)/2<'* 7KH,QVFULSWLRQRQWKH6DUFRSKDJXV/LGDW3DOHQTXHPrimera mesa redonda de Palenque, Part 2HGLWHG E\0HUOH*UHHQH5REHUWVRQSS3HEEOH%HDFK5REHUW/RXLV6WHYHQVRQ6FKRRO 0$/'21$'2$1'5e6-8$1-8$125'Ïf(='20,1*2$1'-8$1257,='20,1*2 Diccionario Mam de San Ildefonso Ixtahuacán, Huehuetenango *XDWHPDOD &LW\ &HQWUR GH 5HSURGXFFLRQHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG5DIDHO/DQGtYDU 0$57,16,021 LQ SUHVV 7KH 2OG 0DQ RI WKH 0D\D 8QLYHUVH$ 8QLWDU\ 'LPHQVLRQ ZLWKLQ$QFLHQW 0D\D 5HOLJLRQ Maya Archaeology 0,//(50$5<$1'6,0210$57,1 Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya6DQ)UDQFLVFR)LQH$UWV0XVHXPDQG7KDPHV+XGVRQ 025È1)5$<)5$1&,6&2'( Arte en lengua İholtt que quiere decir lengua de milperos 0DQXVFULSW &ROOHFWLRQ 0 3KLODGHOSKLD$PHULFDQ3KLORVRSKLFDO6RFLHW\ .$8)0$17(55(1&( El Proto-Tzeltal-Tzotzil: Fonología comparada y diccionario reconstruido&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV &XDGHUQR1R0H[LFR')8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV0D\DV .$8)0$17(55(1&( A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary &U\VWDO 5LYHU )RXQGDWLRQ IRU WKH $GYDQFHPHQW RI 0HVRDPHULFDQ6WXGLHV,QF 6&+(/(/,1'$ Maya Glyphs: The Verbs$XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV 6&+80$11*È/9(=2772 Introducción al maya mopán “Los itzáes desde la época prehispánica hasta la actualidad. Estudio interdisciplinario de un grupo maya”0H[LFR'),QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV$QWURSROyJLFDV8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR 6/2&800$5,$11$&)/25(1&,$/*(5'(/$1'0$18(/&58=$*8,/$5 Diccionario Tzeltal de Bachajón, Chiapas6HULHGHYRFDEXODULRV\GLFFLRQDULRVLQGtJHQDV³0DULDQR 6LOYD\$FHYHV´1R&R\RDFDQ'),QVWLWXWR/LQJtVWLFRGH9HUDQR$& 60,7+67$5.7+20$6& 0HVRDPHULFDQFDOTXHV,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVOLQJLVWLFDVHQ0HVRDPpULFDHGLWHGE\&DURO\Q-0DF.D\DQG 9HUyQLFD9i]TXH]SS0H[LFR')8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR 6721($1'5($$1'0$5&=(1'(5 Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture/RQGRQ7KDPHV +XGVRQ 38 Harri Kettunen and &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH +DUUL.HWWXQHQïDQG&KULVWRSKH+HOPNHð 675266%5,$1 $QQRWDWHG&KROWL'LFWLRQDU\8QSXEOLVKHGPDQXVFULSWLQSRVVHVVLRQRIWKHDXWKRUV 7$8%(.$5/:,//,$0$6$78512'$9,'678$57$1'+($7+(5+8567 7KH0XUDOVRI6DQ%DUWROR(O3HWpQ*XDWHPDOD3DUW7KH:HVW:DOOAncient America :,6'20&+$5/(6 Materials on the Chortí Language 0LFUR¿OP &ROOHFWLRQ RI 0DQXVFULSWV RI &XOWXUDO$QWKURSRORJ\ 1R&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR