Contributions in New World Archaeology AH XOK, TRANSFORMACIONES DE UN DIOS ACUÁTICO. DEL TIBURÓN OLMECA A LA SIRENA LACANDONA 0,/$1.29Èý Universidad Comenio, Eslovaquia Resumen (O WLEXUyQ FRQRFLGR HQ HO iUHD PD\D FRPR ah xok H LGHQWL¿FDGR FRPR Carcharhinus leucas MXJy XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWHHQODPLWRORJtD\FRVPRYLVLyQGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHJUDQSDUWHGHODDQWLJXD0HVRDPpULFD(OSUHVHQWH DUWtFXORSUHWHQGHEXVFDUHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHHVWHDQLPDODFXiWLFRHQHOiUHDPD\DGHVGHORVWLHPSRVSUHFOiVLFRVKDVWD ORVWLHPSRVFRORQLDOHV\GHVGHODFRVWDGHO*ROIRGH0p[LFRKDVWDOD6HOYD/DFDQGRQDGH&KLDSDVGRQGHWRGDYtD SRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUVXLQÀXHQFLDPLWROyJLFD9HUL¿FDQGRVXRULJHQROPHFD\DWUDYHVDGRHOPXQGRPD\DFOiVLFR HQFRQWUDPRVDO¿QDOXQPLWRODFDQGyQHQTXHSRGHPRVLGHQWL¿FDUDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDFRPSOHWDU QXHVWURVFRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHHOSDSHOH[WUDRUGLQDULRGHVXVDWULEXWRV6REUHODEDVHGHORVHOHPHQWRVLGHQWL¿FDGRV VH SURSRQH XQD KLSyWHVLV VREUH HO VRO QRFWXUQR \ HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR GRQGH HO GLRVWLEXUyQ RULJLQDOPHQWH KDELWyVXHYROXFLyQHQXQRGHORVDWULEXWRVGHOGLRVVRODU\VXWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ¿QDOHQODPXMHUSH]GHODVODJXQDV ODFDQGRQDVFRQWHPSRUiQHDV Abstract 7KHVKDUNNQRZQLQWKH0D\DQDUHDDVah xokDQGLGHQWL¿HGDVCarcharhinus leucasSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROH LQDQFLHQW0HVRDPHULFDQP\WKRORJ\DQGFRVPRORJ\LQJHQHUDO7KHDUWLFOHDWWHPSWVWRVHDUFKIRUWKHPHDQLQJ RIWKLVDTXDWLFDQLPDOLQWKH0D\DDUHDIURP3UHFODVVLFWR&RORQLDOWLPHVDQGIURP0H[LFR¶V*XOI&RDVWWRWKH /DFDQGRQ-XQJOHRI&KLDSDVZKHUHLWVP\WKRORJLFDOLQÀXHQFHSHUVLVWVXSWRWKLVGD\9HULI\LQJLWV2OPHFRULJLQV DQG VSDQQLQJ WKH &ODVVLF 0D\D ZRUOG D /DFDQGRQ P\WK LV IRXQG ZKHUHLQ ZH FDQ LGHQWLI\ LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQWV to FRPSOHPHQW RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH H[WUDRUGLQDU\ UROH RI LWV DWWULEXWHV %DVHG RQ WKHVH XQLWHG IUDJPHQWV D K\SRWKHVLVLVIRUPXODWHGFRQFHUQLQJWKHQRFWXUQDOVXQDQGWKHDTXDWLFXQGHUZRUOGZKHUHWKH6KDUNJRGRULJLQDOO\ OLYHGLWVDGDSWDWLRQWRRQHRIWKHDWWULEXWHVRIWKH6XQJRGDQG¿QDOO\LWVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWRWKHPHUPDLGRIWKH lagoons RIWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\/DFDQGRQ INTRODUCCIÓN La palabra xok VLJQL¿FD HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV LGLRPDV PD\DV GH ODV WLHUUDV EDMDV µHO WLEXUyQ¶ \ HVWi PX\ ELHQ UHODFLRQDGD FRQ OD LFRQRJUDItD SUHFRORPELQD \ FRQ ODV LQVFULSFLRQHV MHURJOt¿FDV (V LQWHUHVDQWH LQYHVWLJDU HO VLJQL¿FDGR GH HVWH DQLPDO DFXiWLFR GHVGH ORV WLHPSRV SUHFOiVLFRV KDVWD ORV WLHPSRVFRORQLDOHV\GHVGHODFRVWDGHO*ROIRGH0p[LFRKDVWDOD6HOYD/DFDQGRQDGH&KLDSDVGRQGH WRGDYtDSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUVXLQÀXHQFLDPLWROyJLFDDXQTXHDFWXDOPHQWH\DXQSRFRWUDQVIRUPDGD /RV PD\DV SUREDEOHPHQWH QR UHODFLRQDEDQ HO WpUPLQR xok FRQ XQ WLEXUyQ FXDOTXLHUD 6HJ~Q ODV LGHQWL¿FDFLRQHVHWQR]RROyJLFDVGHODVWLHUUDVEDMDVVHWUDWDEDGHOWLEXUyQWRURCarcharhinus leucas² XQRGHORVWUHVWLEXURQHVGHOPXQGRTXHDWDFDQDKXPDQRV(OWLEXUyQWRURPLGHPHWURVGHORQJLWXG \ SHVD XQRV NLORV$GHPiV WLHQH XQD YHQWDMD LPSRUWDQWH ² JUDFLDV D OD RVPRUHJXODFLyQ SXHGH 152 0LODQ.RYiþ Fig. 1. 7LEXUyQROPHFDGHO0RQXPHQWR6DQ/RUHQ]RWRPDGRGH'LHKO Fig. 2. &XDWURGLRVHVSULQFLSDOHVGH/DV/LPDV9HUDFUX](OGLRVWLEXUyQVHHQFXHQWUDDEDMRHQHOODGRGHUHFKR (tomado de Coe et al. QDGDUVLQSUREOHPDVHQHODJXDGXOFH6LPSIHQGRUIHU\%XUJHVVORFXDOOHSHUPLWtDDFHUFDUVH SRUHOUtR&RDW]DFRDOFRVKDVWDORVVLWLRVROPHFDVGHOFHQWUR(QHOSHULRGR&OiVLFRHOWLEXUyQOOHJDED SRUHOUtR8VXPDFLQWDKDVWD3LHGUDV1HJUDV\<D[FKLODQ LOS OLMECAS /RV ROPHFDV YHQHUDEDQ SUREDEOHPHQWH HO WLEXUyQ WRUR DXQTXH HQ YDULRV VLWLRV VH HQFRQWUDURQ WDPELpQ ²HQ IRUPD GH RIUHQGD² GLHQWHV IRVLOL]DGRV GHO JUDQ WLEXUyQ EODQFR 'HVGH HO 3UHFOiVLFR 0HGLR DSDUHFHQ HQ ODV FRVWDV GH ORV RFpDQRV 3DFt¿FR \ $WOiQWLFR LPiJHQHV GH WLEXURQHV DO HVWLOR ROPHFD 8QR PX\ IDPRVR SURYLHQH GHO 0RQXPHQWR GH 6DQ /RUHQ]R )LJXUD 7LHQH ORV RMRV Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD 153 Fig. 3.'LRVWLEXUyQROPHFDGHODFRVWDSDFt¿FDGH*XDWHPDODWRPDGRGH&RHet al. FHUUDGRV\HQVXFXHUSRVHREVHUYDODFUX]GH6DQ$QGUpV'LHKO2WURHMHPSORFRQRFLGR FRUUHVSRQGHDOD¿JXULOODGH/DV/LPDV/RVEUD]RV\ORVSLHVGHOD¿JXULOODVHGHFRUDQFRQLPiJHQHV GHORVFXDWURGLRVHVSULQFLSDOHV'LHKO&RHet al.(QHOSLHL]TXLHUGRDSDUHFH XQDLPDJHQGHOGLRVWLEXUyQFRQORVRMRVFHUUDGRVLJXDOTXHHQHOPRQXPHQWRGH6DQ/RUHQ]R)LJXUD 6L OD PDQR L]TXLHUGD VLJQL¿FD HO VXU FRPR HQ WRGD 0HVRDPpULFD HQWRQFHV HO GLRV GH OD PDQR GHUHFKD UHSUHVHQWD HO QRUWH HO GHO SLH L]TXLHUGR HO RHVWH \ HO GLRV GHO SLH GHUHFKR VH UHODFLRQDUtD FRQ HO SXQWR FDUGLQDO HVWH (O GLRVWLEXUyQ DSDUHFH HQWRQFHV HQ HO SXQWR FDUGLQDO RHVWH \ VXV RMRV FHUUDGRVTXHSUREDEOHPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDQODPXHUWHFRQ¿UPDUtDQHOVLPEROLVPRGHHVWHSXQWRFDUGLQDO UHODFLRQDGRPD\RUPHQWHFRQHOLQIUDPXQGR(OWLEXUyQHOPD\RUGHSUHGDGRUGHOPXQGRDFXiWLFRVHUtD XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHPiQWLFDPHQWHDGHFXDGDGHHVWHVLJQL¿FDGR)LJXUD LOS MAYAS /RV PD\DV SUREDEOHPHQWH DGRSWDURQ HVWH GLRV ]RRPRUIR ³HO VHQRU WLEXUyQ´ GH OD PLWRORJtD \ UHOLJLyQ ROPHFD DXQTXH D GLIHUHQFLD GH ORV VLWLRV ROPHFDV XELFDGRV HQ OD FRVWD OD PD\RUtD GH ORV VLWLRVPD\DVVHORFDOL]DEDQOHMRVGHOPDU\OHMRVGHODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHYHQHUDUDORVWLEXURQHV&RQ H[FHSFLyQGHORVSRFRVVLWLRVFRVWHURVFRPR&HUURVRORVVLWLRVGRQGHORVWLEXURQHVOOHJDEDQSRUORV UtRV8VXPDFLQWDR1HZ5LYHUHOWLEXUyQGHKHFKRVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQVHUPXFKRPiVWUDVFHQGHQWHTXH HQORVWLHPSRVROPHFDV 6LPLUDPRVKDFLDDWUiV\DHQODpSRFD¿QDOGHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRVHPHQFLRQDDXQUH\GH7LNDO llamado Yax Ehb’ Xook " G & 0DUWLQ \ *UXEH OR FXDO TXLHUH GHFLU µ3ULPHU GLHQWH GH WLEXUyQ¶ (O VLJQL¿FDGR GHO GLHQWH GH WLEXUyQ OXHJR FUHFH HQRUPHPHQWH HQ HO SHULRGR &OiVLFR 7HPSUDQRFXDQGRVXVWLWX\HSRUFRPSOHWRDOGLRVWLEXUyQDQLYHOVLPEyOLFR\HQWRGRORUHODFLRQDGRFRQ 1LNRODL*UXEHFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDOSURSRQHTXHODSDODEUDehbUHODFLRQDGDHQHOSHULRGR&OiVLFR FRQµODJUDGD¶VHXVyHQHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRSRUORPHQRVDQLYHOVLPEyOLFRFRQHOVLJQL¿FDGRGHµHOGLHQWH¶ 154 0LODQ.RYiþ Fig. 4.(OUH\GHOD(VWHOD+DXEHUJFRQXQGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQWRPDGRGH6FKHOH\0LOOHU3OE Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD 155 Fig. 5. 0DVFDUyQGHMDGHFRQXQGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQGHXQDWXPEDGH5LR$]XO3HWHQ*XDWHPDOD WRPDGRGH:DJQHUD pO)LJXUD6HUHSUHVHQWDSRUHMHPSORHQODFDEH]DGHMDGHGH5tR$]XO)LJXUDFRPRGLHQWHGHO GLRV*,:DJQHUDRHQODLPDJHQGHOUH\GHHVWHOD+DXEHUJ$UHOODQRet al.(Q OD(VWHODGH7LNDOODFDUDGHOPDVFDUyQHQHOFLQWXUyQGHOUH\Siyaj Chan K’awiil representa el poder GHWUHVGLRVHVHOVROHOIXHJR\HOYLHQWR7DXEH'HVXERFDLJXDOPHQWHVDOHXQGLHQWH GHWLEXUyQ(QDPERVFDVRVORVGLHQWHVGHWLEXUyQTXHVDOHQGHODERFDUHSUHVHQWDQSUREDEOHPHQWHHO LQIUDPXQGRDFXiWLFRUHODFLRQDGRFRQHODVSHFWRQRFWXUQRGHOGLRVVRODUXQRGHVXVGLVWLQWRVDVSHFWRV *,*,,*,,,LGHQWL¿FDGRVSRU/LQGD6FKHOH\0DU\0LOOHU&RQHOSDVRGHOWLHPSRHO WLEXUyQVHFRQYLUWLyHQHOPXQGRPD\DHQXQRGHORVDWULEXWRVGHOGLRVVRODU\SDVyDUHSUHVHQWDUXQD SDUWH GHO SRGHU GHO VRO HMHUFLGR QR HQ HO FLHOR VLQR HQ HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR /D HQFDUQDFLyQ GH HVWHWLSRRWDOYH]HVWHDYDWDUGHOGLRVVRODUIXHWDQLPSRUWDQWHFRPRORIXHSRUHMHPSORHOGLRV5HHQ (JLSWRTXHGHPDQHUDSDUHFLGDUHSUHVHQWDEDDOGLRVVRODUUHXQLHQGRDWULEXWRVFRPSOHPHQWDULRVGHOVRO LQYLVLEOH\IXQFLRQDQGREDMRHOQRPEUHGH$PRQ5H$VtVHSRQtDQGHPDQL¿HVWRGRVQLYHOHVGLIHUHQWHV GHOXQLYHUVRGRQGHGRVVHUHVGLYLQRVRVWHQWDEDQHOVXSHUSRGHUGHXQ~QLFRGLRV$VVPDQQ 156 0LODQ.RYiþ Fig. 6.'HWDOOHGHXQSODWRGHO&OiVLFR7HPSUDQRFRQXQUH\HQWURQL]DGR)LHOGV\5HHQWV%XGHW -DQiN(QHOiUHDPD\DFRQRFHPRVYDULDVFRPELQDFLRQHVGHHVWHWLSRHQHOFDVRGHORV UH\HVGLYLQRVWHPSUDQRV)LJXUDHODWULEXWRGHOGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQFRPELQDEDIUHFXHQWHPHQWHFRQHO YHVWLPHQWRGHOGLRVGHPDt])LHOGV\5HHQWV%XGHW (VWHDWULEXWRREVFXURIXHPX\SRSXODUWDPELpQHQHOSHULRGR&OiVLFR3RUHMHPSORODLFRQRJUDItD GHORVLQFHQVDULRVGHO&OiVLFR7DUGtRGH3DOHQTXH)LJXUDFRQWLHQHFRQIUHFXHQFLDLPiJHQHVGHOGLRV VRODUFRQXQGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQ7DXEH'HKHFKRHOGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQHVPX\FRP~QHQODV LPiJHQHVGHHVWHGLRVLQFOX\HQGRWRGDVVXVYHUVLRQHVHQFRQWUDGDVHQHOiUHDPD\D 6HSXHGHVXSRQHUXQDUHYHUHQFLDHVSHFLDOHQORVOXJDUHVGRQGHORVWLEXURQHVUHDOPHQWHDSDUHFtDQ 7DOYH]SRUHVRORVQRPEUHVGHODVUHLQDV\GHORVUH\HVGH3LHGUDV1HJUDV\<D[FKLODQGRQGHFRUUH HO UtR 8VXPDFLQWD PX\ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH FRQWLHQHQ HO QRPEUH GH HVWH GLRV R DYDWDU GHO GLRV VRODU Conocemos por ejemplo al rey Ha’ K’in Xook GH 3LHGUDV 1HJUDV G& 0DUWLQ \ *UXEH FX\RQRPEUHVLJQL¿FD³7LEXUyQGHOVRODFXiWLFR´ORFXDOFRQ¿UPDHOSDSHOGHHVWDGHLGDG FRPRDYDWDUGHOGLRVVRODUHQHOLQIUDPXQGR)LJXUDD'H<D[FKLODQSURYLHQHODUHLQDIx K’ab’al Xook"G&0DUWLQ\*UXEHFX\RQRPEUHWDOYH]KDJDUHIHUHQFLDDODDOHWDGH Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD 157 D E Fig. 7. ,QFHQVDULRGHO&OiVLFR7DUGtRGH 3DOHQTXHFRQHOGLRVVRODUWRPDGRGH Arellano et al. Fig. 8.D1RPEUHGH+D¶.¶LQ;RRNGH3LHGUDV1HJUDV EQRPEUHGH,[.¶DE¶DO;RRNGH<D[FKLODQWRPDGRGH 0DUWLQ\*UXEH WLEXUyQ =HQGHU R D XQ PROGH SDUD FHUiPLFD k’ab’al TXH SRGtD WHQHU DOJXQD IXQFLyQ PLWROyJLFD ¢FUHDFLyQ" UHODFLRQDGD FRQ HO GLRV VRODU HQ HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR )LJXUD E 6LQ embargo el nombre Xook VH KL]R PX\ SRSXODU HQWUH OD QREOH]D PD\D HQ JHQHUDO OR TXH VXEUD\D OD HQRUPHLPSRUWDQFLDGHHVWHGLRVHQHO&OiVLFR7DUGtR(OGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQFRPRVtPEROR\DWULEXWR VH H[WHQGLy D YDULDV GHLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV GH DOJXQD PDQHUD FRQ HO LQIUDPXQGR 6H UHSUHVHQWD SRU HMHPSORHQODERFDGHO%HEpMDJXDUYDVLMD.RHQODERFDGHORVGLRVHVSULPRUGLDOHVHQHODFWR GHODFUHDFLyQ9DVLMDGHVLHWHGLRVHV.VREUHWRGRHQODVHVFHQDVGHOLQIUDPXQGR <DHQHO&OiVLFR7DUGtRVHSUHVWyXQDSDUWHGHODLGHQWLGDGGHODQWLJXRXook±GXHxRGHODVDJXDV GHOLQIUDPXQGR²DOGLRVChaakTXLHQUHXQtDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPX\SDUHFLGDV(Q3DOHQTXHVHUHSUHVHQWy SRUHMHPSORDOSURJHQLWRUGHORVGLRVHVFRQVXKLMRGHOPLVPRQRPEUHFRQRFLGRFRPRGLRV*,YpDVH 6WXDUW HQ DPERV FDVRV FRQ HO GLHQWH GH WLEXUyQ HQ OD ERFD GH Chaak :DJQHU E )LQDOPHQWH HQ HO 3RVFOiVLFR HO GLRV Chaak VH TXHGD FRQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV antiguos atributos del Xook\HQFRQWUDPRVFDGDYH]PiVVtPERORVFRPELQDGRVGHAh K’in-Chaak en lugar de Ah K’in-Xook1RREVWDQWHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOXookQRVHSHUGLySRUFRPSOHWRDXQTXHVHOH UHSUHVHQWDEDFRQPHQRVIUHFXHQFLD (QORVWLHPSRVFRORQLDOHVODSDODEUDIXHSUREDEOHPHQWHDGDSWDGDHQ<XFDWiQSDUDXQWRUQRSULPLWLYRXVDGRSDUD IRUPDUYDVLMDVGHEDUUR0DUWtQH] 158 0LODQ.RYiþ TIEMPOS COLONIALES 6HJ~Q ORV GLFFLRQDULRV FRORQLDOHV OD SDODEUD µWLEXUyQ¶ VH SURQXQFLDED HQ PD\D \XFDWHFR FRPR k’anxok [RN[RRN o pat 'HELGR D TXH DK SDW VH UHIHUtD D XQD HVSHFLH GLIHUHQWH GH WLEXUyQ SDUD HO µWLEXUyQ WRUR¶ WXYLHURQ TXH KDEHUVH HPSOHDGR ODV SDODEUDV [RN[RRN o N¶DQ[RNN¶DQ[RRN /D SDODEUD k’anxokTXLHUHGHFLUµWLEXUyQSUHFLRVR¶7DPELpQHVLQWHUHVDQWHFRPSDUDUODVUDtFHVGHDOJXQDVSDODEUDV SDUHFLGDV$SDUWHGHOWLEXUyQxookVLJQL¿FDEDHQPD\D\XFDWHFRFRORQLDOµFXHQWDVUH]DUSRUFXHQWDV FRQWDUOHHUHVWXGLDU¶6ZDGHVKet al.XokWDPELpQWLHQHRWURVLJQL¿FDGRµFLQWXUDRFDGHUDV GHO KRPEUH¶ VHJ~Q HO GLFFLRQDULR GH 0RWXO (O PLVPR GLFFLRQDULR FRORQLDO RIUHFH OD SDODEUD xokah TXH TXLHUH GHFLU µREHGHFHU UHVSHWDU WHQHU UHVSHWR¶ $U]iSDOR 7DO YH] VHUtD LQWHUHVDQWH FRPSDUDUHVWHVLJQL¿FDGRFRQORVJOLIRVFOiVLFRVGRQGHH[LVWHFLHUWDVLPLOLWXGHQWUHODVLPiJHQHVGHO xook y ajawµVHxRU¶3RUHQGHWHQHPRVHYLGHQFLDGHVGHORVWLHPSRVFRORQLDOHVGHOXVRGHOWpUPLQR Chak Wayab Xok %DUUHUD 9iVTXH] TXH TXLHUH GHFLU µ7LEXUyQ JUDQ EUXMR¶ R µ*UDQ WLEXUyQ WUDQVIRUPDGRU¶YpDVHWDPELpQ+HOPNH\1LHOVHQ(VPX\SUREDEOHTXHGHHVWDPDQHUDVH KD\DFRQVHUYDGRHQODPHPRULDFROHFWLYDODLGHDGHVXFDUiFWHUVREUHQDWXUDO 7DPELpQ IUD\ 'LHJR GH /DQGD SURSRUFLRQD XQ GDWR LQWHUHVDQWH HQ VX REUD Relación de las cosas de YucatánDOKDEODUVREUHOD³¿HVWDHQHOPHV=LSTXHFHOHEUDURQFD]DGRUHV\SHVFDGRUHV'XUDQWH OD ¿HVWD GH ORV SHVFDGRUHV YHQHUDURQ XQD GHLGDG Ahkaknexoi´ /DQGD 'HELGR D TXH OD palabra xooyVLJQL¿FDµURGHDU¶SRGHPRVVXSRQHUTXHVHWUDWDGHODGHVFULSFLyQGHXQULWXDOFRQVLVWHQWH HQHYDGLURURGHDUHOIXHJRRXQDFRODGHIXHJR3HURFRPR/DQGDKDEODVREUHXQGLRV\VDEHPRV TXH HQ RWUDV RFDVLRQHV VXV LQIRUPDQWHV UHVXOWDURQ PX\ FRQ¿DEOHV SRGUtDPRV FRQVLGHUDU WDPELpQ OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGH5R\VTXLHQFRUULJHHOWpUPLQRGHORVFRSLVWDVGH/DQGDSRUAh K’ak’ Ne Xok (Roys +HOPNH\1LHOVHQTXHVLJQL¿FDµ(OIXHJRGHODFRODGHWLEXUyQ¶Rµ(OWLEXUyQ FRQODFRODGHIXHJR¶7DOLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSXHGHUHIHULUVHDOVRODFRVWDGRVREUHHOPDUDVRFLDGRFRQHO WLEXUyQ([LVWHQWDPELpQRWUDVSRVLELOLGDGHVSHURODLGHDGHOGXHxRGHORVSHFHVHQIRUPDGHWLEXUyQ QRVSDUHFHDFHSWDEOHGHQWURGHODVLPERORJtDPD\D LACANDONES ETNOGRÁFICOS /DGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORVODFDQGRQHVKLVWyULFRV\ORVHWQRJUi¿FRVSRVWXODGDSRU-RHO3DOND GLVWLQJXHHQWUHORVODFDQGRQHVKDEODQWHVGHOFK¶ROLGHQWL¿FDGRVHQ&KLDSDVDOUHGHGRU GH OD ODJXQD 0LUDPDU HQWUH ORV VLJORV ;9, \ ;9,,, ODFDQGRQHV KLVWyULFRV \ ORV ODFDQGRQHV KDEODQWHVGHO\XFDWHFRTXHOOHJDURQD&KLDSDVGHVGHHO3HWHQ\IXHURQLGHQWL¿FDGRVHQORVVLJORV;,; \ ;; ODFDQGRQHVHWQRJUi¿FRV(VWRV ~OWLPRVYLYHQDFWXDOPHQWHHQ&KLDSDVGRQGHODVSREODFLRQHV PiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQODVGH/DFDQMD%HWHO6DQ-DYLHU1DMD\0HW]DERN /RVODFDQGRQHVHWQRJUi¿FRVKDELWDQWHVGHORVSXHEORVPHQFLRQDGRVFRQRFHQXQVHUPLWROyJLFRTXH denominan XokAh XokChak Xok o ;RNOD;RNUD6XOXJDUGHRULJHQIXHHOUtR8VXPDFLQWDOODPDGR por los lacandones XoklaTXHSURYLHQHSUREDEOHPHQWHGHxok haµDJXDGHWLEXURQHV¶/RVDQFLDQRV XVDQ PiV IUHFXHQWHPHQWH OD SDODEUD Ah Xok o Chak Xok ORV MyYHQHV D YHFHV SUH¿HUHQ OD SDODEUD Xokla(VWHWpUPLQRVHXVDSUREDEOHPHQWHSRUFRQIXVLyQFRQHOQRPEUHGHOPLVPRUtR\UHDOPHQWHQR UHSUHVHQWDHOQRPEUHGHXQVHUPLWROyJLFR6HXVDSDUDLQGLFDUHOJpQHURIHPHQLQRSRULQÀXHQFLDGHO espaxRO\DTXHHQWUHORVQLxRV\MyYHQHVODFDQGRQHVVHWLHQHODLGHDGHTXHXok se relaciona con una VLUHQD3DUDDGDSWDUPiVODSDODEUDPD\DDODSDODEUDVLUHQDVHWUDQVIRUPyXok en XoklaTXHHQHIHFWR VLJQL¿FD HO UtR SHUR D OD YH] VXHQD FRPR HO IHPHQLQR GH Xok 6H WUDWD GH XQR GH PX\ SRFRV FDVRV &DStWXOR;/HOPHV=LS Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD 159 Fig. 9. Ah XokWUDQVIRUPDGRHQXQDVLUHQDGHDUWHVDQtDODFDQGRQDGH/DFDQMD&KLDSDVIRWRGHODXWRU HQTXHORVODFDQGRQHVDGDSWDURQVXSURSLDPLWRORJtDDXQDPLWRORJtDSUHVWDGD/DQXHYDJHQHUDFLyQ LGHQWL¿FDDOVHUDFXiWLFRKXPDQL]DGR\SHOLJURVRGHOTXHOHVKDEODEDQHQVXQLxH]FRQODVLUHQDGHORV FXHQWRVHVSDxROHV/DDUWHVDQtDODFDQGRQDFRQWHPSRUiQHDSUHVHQWDDFWXDOPHQWHAh Xok como un ser PLWDGPXMHU\PLWDGSH])LJXUD/RVFXHQWRVPiVPRGHUQRV\DFRQWLHQHQPHQFLRQHVGHODJXLWDUUD TXHWRFDODEHOODPXMHUSH]QDGDQGRHQHODJXD /RVPLVPRVODFDQGRQHVVHFRQVLGHUDQDFWXDOPHQWHXQJUXSR³GHVFHQGLHQWH´GHORVKDELWDQWHVGH ODVWLHUUDVEDMDVGHOVXUDXQTXHVXLGLRPDVHUHODFLRQDFRQODVWLHUUDVEDMDVGHOQRUWH$SHVDUGHHVR FRQVHUYDQXQDGPLUDEOHFRQMXQWRGHPLWRVFXHQWRV\ULWXDOHVYLQFXODGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQORVWLHPSRV SUHKLVSiQLFRV$OJXQRV GH HVWRV PLWRV UHODWDQ KLVWRULDV VREUH XQ VHU DFXiWLFR OODPDGR Ah Xok FRQ OR FXDO SRGUtDQ HQULTXHFHU XQ SRFR QXHVWUR FRQRFLPLHQWR WDQ OLPLWDGR VREUH OD IXQFLyQ PLWROyJLFD \ UHOLJLRVD TXH WHQtD HVWH VHU HQ ORV WLHPSRV SUHKLVSiQLFRV \ TXH DSDUHFH WDQ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH HQ OD LFRQRJUDItD\HQODVLQVFULSFLRQHVFOiVLFDV (O DXWRU GH HVWH DUWtFXOR DO UHDOL]DU XQ SUR\HFWR WLWXODGR ³0LWRORJtD GH ORV ODFDQGRQHV´ UHFRSLOy HQWUH \ YDULDV YHUVLRQHV GHO FXHQWR VREUH Ah Xok$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ RIUHFHPRV XQD GH ODV YHUVLRQHVPiVFRPSOHWDVUHJLVWUDGDHQHOSXHEOR%HWHOFHUFDGH/DFDQMi CUENTO DE AH XOK (QORVWLHPSRVGHQXHVWURVDQWHSDVDGRVXQSHVFDGRUQRORJUySHVFDUQLQJ~QSH]HQHOODJR8QGtD VHOHDSDUHFLyHQHODJXDAh Xok\OHGLMRTXHVLOHUHJDODEDVXQLxRHQWRQFHVSHVFDUtDPXFKRVSHFHV (OSHVFDGRUDFHWyODSURSXHVWD³%LHQGDPHPXFKRVSHFHV\\RWHGR\DPLQLxR´Ah XokOHFRQ¿UPy ³6LPHGDVDWXQLxRSHVFDUiVPXFKRVSHFHV´(OSHVFDGRUWHQtDGRVKLMRVXQKLMR\XQDKLMD'HFLGLy FRPSUDUHOSHVFDGRDFDPELRGHVXKLMD6HODGLRDXok\pVWDDOLQVWDQWHGHVDSDUHFLyHQODSURIXQGLGDG GHODVDJXDV<HOSHVFDGRUSHVFyXQDFDQRDOOHQDGHSHFHVSHURD~QDVtOHSDUHFLySRFR4XLVRSHVFDU 160 0LODQ.RYiþ DOJXQRVSHFHVJUDQGHV(OXokOHGLMRTXH\DQRSRGtDRIUHFHUOHPiVTXH\DKDEtDSHVFDGRVX¿FLHQWHV SHFHV3HURHOSHVFDGRULQVLVWLyHQTXHOHKDEtDGDGRDVXKLMDXokOHFRQWHVWyTXHQRSRGtDSDJDUOH GRVYHFHVSRUXQQLxR(QWRQFHVHOSHVFDGRUOHRIUHFLyDVXKLMR (OPXFKDFKRWHQtDXQRtGRH[FHOHQWH\GHVGHOHMRVORHVFXFKy(VFXFKyORTXHKDEtDQKHFKRFRQ VXKHUPDQD\HVFXFKyTXHVXSDGUHHVWDEDQHJRFLDQGRVXYHQWDFRQHOXok$SHVDUGHTXHHOSDGUH OHDPDUUyODVPDQRVFRQODVWULSDVHOPXFKDFKRVHHVFDSy6HLQWHUQyHQORSURIXQGRGHODVHOYDXok SDJy FRQ HO SHVFDGR OD FRPSUD GHO PXFKDFKR SHUR pVWH \D VH HQFRQWUDED PX\ OHMRV GHO DJXD HQ OD montaxDXokVHHQRMy\OHJULWyDOSHVFDGRU³4XHVHFXLGHWXKLMR&XDQGRVHDFHUTXHDOPiVSHTXHQR ULDFKXHORRLQWHQWHFUX]DUORORDJDUUDUp\ORMDODUpDODJXDVLVHDFHUFDDFXDOTXLHUDJXDVHUiPtR´ (OSHVFDGRUVLQWLWXEHROHFRQWHVWy³9LJtODORSDJDVWHSRUpOHQWRQFHVHVWX\R9D\DGRQGHYD\DWH SHUWHQHFH\ SDUD VLHPSUH &XDQGR VH DFHUTXH DO DJXD SDUD OOHQDU XQD KRMD FRQ DJXD SDUD DSDJDU VX VHGDOOtORSRGUiVDJDUUDU7HQGUiTXHWRPDUDJXD\HQHVWHPRPHQWRORSRGUiVDWUDSDU´ (OPXFKDFKRORSUHVHQWtD3DUDFRQVHJXLUDJXDXVyXQDEDUUDODUJDFRQXQDKRMDDQFKDDVXH[WUHPR &RQHOODDOFDQ]yWRPDUDJXDSDUDEHEHU3DUDQDGDVXPHUJLyODVPDQRVHQHODJXDXokTXLVRDWUDSDUOR HQHVHLQWHQWRSHURQRORORJUy(OPXFKDFKRRWUDYH]VHOHHVFDSy\XokQRSXGRKDFHUQDGD (VR VXFHGLy HQ ORV WLHPSRV GH QXHVWURV DQWHSDVDGRV /D PXFKDFKD YLYtD FRQ Xok EDMR HO DJXD SHURVXKHUPDQRORJUyKXLU+X\yPX\OHMRV\DOOtHQFRQWUyDXQRVGLRVHV6HIXHOHMRVSDUDHQFRQWUDU D DOJXLHQ TXH OH D\XGDUD 8QR GH ORV GLRVHV TXH HQFRQWUy SRU DOOt OH UHJDOy XQD FRVD TXH VL VH FRORFDEDHQFLPDGHODFDEH]DXQRSRGtDYRODU\WDPELpQSRGtDVXPHUJLUVHHQODSURIXQGLGDGGHODV DJXDV(QHIHFWRFXDQGRHOPXFKDFKRVHODFRORFyHQODFDEH]DVHWUDQVIRUPyHQXQSiMDUR(VWROH SHUPLWLy YLVLWDU LQPHGLDWDPHQWH D VX KHUPDQD EDMR HO DJXD HQ XQD UHJLyQ PX\ JUDQGH GRQGH YLYtD Xok (QHVWDUHJLyQQRKD\DJXDWRGRHVWiVHFRFRPRHQQXHVWUDFDVD7DPELpQVHSXHGHUHVSLUDUDOOt (O PXFKDFKR HQFRQWUy DOOt WDPELpQ D RWUD JHQWH D VXV WtDV WtRV SULPRV DEXHORV WRGRV ORV TXH Xok KDEtDVHFXHVWUDGRDQWHV\ORVKDEtDOOHYDGREDMRHODJXD&XDQGRXokVHGLRFXHQWDGHTXLpQYLQRD YLVLWDUORQROHSHUPLWLyTXHYLHUDDVXKHUPDQDTXHYLHUDVXFDUD/DVDFyIXHUDGHODJXDVRODPHQWH SRU XQ UDWR$Vt TXH HO PXFKDFKR VDOLy GHO DJXD \ GH QXHYR EXVFy GRQGH UHWLUDUVH 9LDMy FRPR XQ SiMDURKDVWDODFRVWDGHOPDU$OOtHQFRQWUyDGRVGHVXVDQWHSDVDGRV²ORVGLRVHVTXLHQHV\DDQWHVOH KDEtDQD\XGDGR(OORVOHSUHJXQWDURQ³3RUTXpWHYHQGLyWXSDGUH"+L]RPDODOYHQGHUWHXQQLxRQRVH YHQGH´/RVGRVKDEODEDQhach tanµLGLRPDYHUGDGHUR¶ORTXHVLJQL¿FD³OHQJXDPD\D´(UDQGLRVHV DTXpOORVTXHOHKDEtDQUHJDODGRODFRVDFRQODFXDOSRGtDVXPHUJLUVHEDMRHODJXD³%~VFDWHXQDPXMHU´ OH DFRQVHMDURQ \ DSXQWDURQ DO ¿UPDPHQWR (O PXFKDFKR HQWRQFHV YROy DO FLHOR \ VH TXHGy DOOt XQD VHPDQD(OUH\TXHUHLQDHQHOFLHOROHGLMR³(VFRJHDTXtDWXPXMHU\GHVGHHVWHPRPHQWRAh Xok ya QRWHYDDPROHVWDUPiV´$OOtDUULEDWDPELpQKD\WLHUUDFRPRDTXt\HOPXFKDFKRHQFRQWUyXQDPXMHU KLMDGHOUH\GHORVFLHORVeVWHOXHJROHGLMR³$KRUDWHYR\DDPSDUDUSDUDVLHPSUHSRUTXHHUHVPL \HUQR´ <DFDVDGRHOPXFKDFKRVHIXHDEDQDU\QROHSDVyQDGD$VtTXHUHJUHVyGHQXHYREDMRHODJXD \GHFDSLWyDOJUDQXokFRQXQPDFKHWH6RODPHQWHTXHGDURQXQRVFXDQWRVXok\ORVTXHKDQKHFKR PDOGDG IXHURQ DPDUUDGRV EDMR HO DJXD 3RU HVR KR\ \D QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ SHFHV JUDQGHV$QWHV ORV KDEtDSRUTXHJUDQXok era el duexRGHORVSHFHVSHURHOPXFKDFKRORGHFDSLWy3RUHVRKR\VHSHVFDQ VRODPHQWHSHFHVFKLFRV /REXHQRHVTXHGHVGHHVRVWLHPSRV\DVHSXHGHXQREDQDUHQHODJXDQDGLHORVHFXHVWUD\QRWLHQH TXHWHQHUFXLGDGR3HURODKHUPDQDGHOPXFKDFKRVHTXHGySDUDVLHPSUHEDMRHODJXD\DQRUHJUHVy DODWLHUUDSRUTXHTXLVRTXHGDUVHFRQXok Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD 161 PROPUESTA DE ANALISIS ESTRUCTURAL DEL CUENTO $XQTXH HO DQiOLVLV HVWUXFWXUDO GHO FXHQWR DO HVWLOR GH /pYL6WUDXVV VHUtD SRVLEOH \ HQ HVWH FDVR VHJXURTXHPX\SURGXFWLYRSDUDQRDOHMDUVHGHPDVLDGRGHOWHPDUHVXOWDRSRUWXQRFHQWUDUVHWDQVyOR en algunos puntos claves: (VLQWHUHVDQWHTXHHQHOFXHQWRVHLQGLTXHQFODUDPHQWHWUHVQLYHOHVGHOXQLYHUVRHVWRHVHOFLHOR la tierra y el lugar bajo el agua donde vive Ah Xok 7DPELpQ VH LQGLFD PX\ FODUDPHQWH TXH Ah Xok JRELHUQD HO LQIUDPXQGR DFXiWLFR GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUDQORVPXHUWRV • Ah XokSDUHFHVHUHOGXHxRGHORVVHUHVDFXiWLFRVHQHVWHFDVRVHPHQFLRQDQSHFHVSHURWHQHPRV RWUDV YHUVLRQHV %UXFH %RUHPDQVH GRQGH DSDUHFHQ WDPELpQ FRFRGULORV \WRUWXJDV • Ah XokUHSUHVHQWDODFRQWUDSDUWHGHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO(OMRYHQKpURHYXHODHQWUHHVWRVGRVPXQGRV RSXHVWRVHQWUHHOPXQGRGHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO\HOLQIUDPXQGRGHAh Xok $GHPiVHOMRYHQVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQPHGLDGRUHQWUHHVWRVGRVQLYHOHVRSXHVWRV\DTXHDOPLVPR tiempo es cunado de Ah Xok\\HUQRGHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO 6XIXQFLyQGHPHGLDGRUIDOOyGHVSXpVGHODSULPHUDYLVLWDTXHKL]RDAh XokFXDQGRQRVHUHFLELy ELHQVXLQWHQFLyQ\pOVHFRQYLUWLyHQWDQVyORXQPHQVDMHURGHOPXQGRFHOHVWLDO /D YLFWRULD GHVSXpV GH VX VHJXQGD YLVLWD OD DOFDQ]y JUDFLDV D OD D\XGD PiJLFD GH ORV GLRVHV OODPDGRV RULJLQDOPHQWH FKHPEHO N¶XK µGLRVHV PHQRUHV¶ TXLHQHV RFXSDURQ HO QLYHO WHUUHVWUH GHO XQLYHUVR(QHVWDRFDVLyQVHMXQWDURQODVIXHU]DVGHOQLYHOFHOHVWLDO\HOWHUUHVWUHFRQWUDHOLQIUDPXQGR donde gobernaba Ah Xok\HOUHVXOWDGRIXHVXGHFDSLWDFLyQ 1R IXHURQ HOLPLQDGRV WRGRV ORV Ah Xok VRODPHQWH HO VHU SULQFLSDO HQ pVWD \ WDPELpQ HQ RWUDV YHUVLRQHV VH PHQFLRQDQ RWURV VHUHV GH HVWH JpQHUR (Q OD WLHUUD ODFDQGRQD WRGDYtD VH KDEOD VREUH OD H[LVWHQFLDGHXQAh XokHQFDGDXQRGHORVODJRV(QHOWH[WRWDPELpQSRGHPRVOHHUTXHODKHUPDQD GHOKpURHQRGHVHyUHJUHVDUSRUTXHTXLVRTXHGDUVHFRQAh XokORTXHLQGLUHFWDPHQWHVXJLHUHVXPXHUWH WHPSRUDORVXUHJUHVRHQHOIXWXUR3RGHPRVVXSRQHUTXHODYLGDGHAh XokSULQFLSDOHVFtFOLFD CONCLUSIONES 6HJ~Q ODV HYLGHQFLDV HQFRQWUDGDV \ OD LFRQRJUDItD DQDOL]DGD SRGHPRV FRQVWDWDU TXH OD PLWRORJtD relacionada con Ah XokSURYLHQHFRQWRGDSUREDELOLGDGGHODFXOWXUDROPHFD'HELGRDTXHVHWUDWDED GHXQDFXOWXUDGHVDUUROODGDHQODFRVWDHOGLRVWLEXUyQROPHFDSUREDEOHPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDEDHOVROGHO LQIUDPXQGRDFXiWLFRRODLGHQWLGDGGHOVROGHVSXpVGHVXFDtGDHQHOPDU/DGLIXVLyQGHHVWDLGHDHQ ODVWLHUUDVPD\DVWXYROXJDUSUREDEOHPHQWHGXUDQWHHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRGHVGHD&\ODPLWRORJtD GHOWLEXUyQVHDGRSWyHQGLIHUHQWHViUHDVJHRJUi¿FDVGHOPXQGRPD\DHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRV\D VLQ UHIHUHQFLD GLUHFWD DO PDU (O GLRV ]RRPRUIR ROPHFD VH UHGXMR D VX VtPEROR GLDJQyVWLFR ²GLHQWH GHWLEXUyQTXHHPSH]yDUHSUHVHQWDUWRGDODFRPSOHMLGDGGHOLQIUDPXQGRDFXiWLFR\GHOVROQRFWXUQR TXHDOOtJREHUQDED3UREDEOHPHQWHH[LVWtDQYDULDFLRQHVORFDOHVGHODYHQHUDFLyQ\PLWRORJtDGHOGLRV WLEXUyQSRUORPHQRVHQORVVLWLRVFHUFDQRVDORVUtRVGRQGHHOUHSUHVHQWDQWHGHOGLRVHOWLEXUyQWRUR UHDOPHQWHDSDUHFtD(QORVVLWLRVLQWHULRUHVODVLGHDVVHTXHGDURQPXFKRPiVDEVWUDFWDV /RVPD\DVSUREDEOHPHQWHFRPELQDURQGRVLPiJHQHVGHOVROQRFWXUQRXQDWHUUHVWUHUHSUHVHQWDGD SRU HO MDJXDU \ OD RWUD DFXiWLFD UHSUHVHQWDGD SRU HO WLEXUyQ$GHPiV H[LVWtD XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO VRODFXiWLFRHQIRUPDGHMDJXDUGHOLULRDFXiWLFR6HPiQWLFDPHQWHVXIXQFLyQHUDPX\SDUHFLGDDOD GHOWLEXUyQSHURPLWROyJLFDPHQWHHUDQIHQyPHQRVGLIHUHQWHVSRUTXHODVQDUUDFLRQHVHLGHDVVREUHHO VROWLEXUyQIRUPDEDQXQFRQMXQWRPXFKRPiVDQWLJXR(VWDVLGHDVVHWUDQVIRUPDURQ¿QDOPHQWHHQXQ 162 0LODQ.RYiþ DVSHFWRRDYDWDUGHOGLRVVRODUSULQFLSDO6XLPSRUWDQFLDFUHFLyGXUDQWHHOSHULRGR&OiVLFRHLQFOXVR VXSURSLRQRPEUHVHKL]RPX\SRSXODUHQWUHODQREOH]D(OQRPEUHGHOUH\Ha’ K’in Xook de Piedras 1HJUDVUHSUHVHQWDWDOYH]HOWtWXORPiVFRPSOHWRGHXook\FRQ¿UPDTXHVHWUDWDEDGHOVRODFXiWLFR /RV GDWRV VREUH VX IXQFLyQ PLWROyJLFD HQ HO SHULRGR &OiVLFR VRQ PX\ HVFDVRV 8QR GH HOORV WLHQH TXHYHUFRQRWURWtWXORRQRPEUHFRPSOHWRGHOXookSHUVRQL¿FDGRSRUODUHLQDGH<D[FKLOiQIx K’ab’al Xook\SRVLEOHPHQWHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXook FRPRGLRVGHODFUHDFLyQ6XUHODFLyQFRQODIRUPDFLyQGHO PXQGRVHFRQ¿UPDHQODOODPDGD9DVLMDGHVLHWHGLRVHV.TXHUHSUHVHQWDODFUHDFLyQEDMRHODJXD GRQGHORVGLRVHVWLHQHQHOGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQFRPRXQDLQGLFDFLyQGLDJQyVWLFDHQJHQHUDO6DEHPRVTXHORV DWULEXWRV\ODVIXQFLRQHVGHORVGLRVHVPD\DVVHLQWHUFDPELDEDQFRQIUHFXHQFLD3HURWDPELpQGHEHPRV UHFRUGDU TXH GHQWUR GHO VLVWHPD GH FDPELRV \ SUpVWDPRV H[LVWtD XQ RUGHQ \ KDEtD JUXSRV GH¿QLGRV HQ ORVTXHODVXVWLWXFLyQVHSHUPLWtDRQRVHSHUPLWtD.RYiþ$VtSRGHPRVREVHUYDUTXHHOGLHQWHGH WLEXUyQVHHQFXHQWUDPD\RUPHQWHHQODVLPiJHQHVGHOGLRV*,\OXHJRHQWRGRHOJUXSR*LQFOXLGRHO *,,\*,,,/XHJRHOPLVPRGLHQWHGHWLEXUyQORREVHUYDPRVHQODERFDGHORVGLRVHVGHDJXDWRUPHQWDV UD\RV\RVFXULGDGHOGLRV.VREUHWRGRHQODIRUPDWHPSUDQDGHXQFHWURDQWURSRPRUIR\HOGLRV% )LQDOPHQWHORHQFRQWUDPRVHQWUHORVGLRVHVGHODFUHDFLyQTXHWDPELpQHVWiQYLQFXODGRVFRQHODJXD\HO LQIUDPXQGR$¿QDOHVGHO&OiVLFR\GH¿QLWLYDPHQWHHQHOSHULRGR3RVFOiVLFRODPD\RUtDGHORVDWULEXWRV GHODYDWDUDFXiWLFRGHOGLRVVRODUSDVDURQDORPQLSRWHQWHGLRV&KDDN 3DUHFHFLHUWRTXHORVFXHQWRVODFDQGRQHVVREUHAh XokSRGUtDQFRPSOHWDUKDVWDFLHUWRSXQWRQXHVWURV FRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHHOGLRVWLEXUyQGHORVWLHPSRVSUHKLVSiQLFRV(OFXHQWRSUHVHQWDGRFRQ¿UPDTXH GHDOJXQDPDQHUDRFXUULyXQFRQÀLFWRHQWUHHOGLRVFHOHVWLDO\VX FRQWUDSDUWHDFXiWLFD3RU FXOSDGH XQPHGLDGRURULJLQDOPHQWHTXL]iWDPELpQXQGLRVFHOHVWLDOHO\HUQRGHOGLRVSULQFLSDOHOVRODFXiWLFR IXHGHFDSLWDGR/DGHFDSLWDFLyQGHOVROHQHOLQIUDPXQGRHVXQPRWLYRPX\FRP~QHQ0HVRDPpULFD\ SXHGHVHULPSRUWDQWHGHPRVWUDUVXUHODFLyQFRQXook 2WURPRWLYRLQWHUHVDQWHVHUtDHOGHOPXQGRDFXiWLFRKDELWDGRSRUJHQWHVHFXHVWUDGD\JREHUQDGR por Xook (Q HVWD LPDJHQ KD\ EDVWDQWH SDUHFLGR FRQ XQD YHUVLyQ HOHPHQWDO GH WODORFDQ GHO 0p[LFR FHQWUDO (Q RWUD YHUVLyQ GHO FXHQWR GLVWLQWD GH OD TXH VH RIUHFH HQ HVWH DUWtFXOR .RYiþ Ah Xok FXLGDEDMRHODJXDDVXµDEXHOR¶HQRULJLQDOmamUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUXQDWRUWXJDJLJDQWH3RGUtDPRV HVSHFXODUTXHODWRUWXJDEDMRHODJXDUHSUHVHQWDEDSUREDEOHPHQWHDOGLRVSULPRUGLDOItzamna K’anak’ DOTXHHQFRQWUDPRVIUHFXHQWHPHQWHHQODLFRQRJUDItDFOiVLFD$QLYHOGHUHODFLRQHVIDPLOLDUHVSDUHFH TXHHOVRODFXiWLFRHUDQLHWRGHODWRUWXJDSULPRUGLDO(QODPLVPDYHUVLyQVHPHQFLRQDQORVKLMRVGH Ah Xok \ OD KHUPDQD GHO KpURH TXH HUDQ FRFRGULORV WDPELpQ VHUHV GH LPSRUWDQFLD FRVPROyJLFD 6L reconocemos a Ah XokFRPRHOVRODFXiWLFRQRFWXUQRHQWRQFHVVXHVSRVDWDOYH]UHSUHVHQWDUtDXQD GLRVDOXQDUHQVXIDVHLQYLVLEOH /DVQDUUDFLRQHVODFDQGRQDVSRGUtDQVHUYLUSDUDUHDOL]DUFRPSDUDFLRQHVPiVGHWDOODGDVDSHVDUGH TXHVHWUDWDGHORVWH[WRVTXHGXUDQWHYDULRVVLJORVGHVREUHYLYHQFLDSUREDEOHPHQWHKDQFDPELDGRGH VHQWLGR\GHFRQWHQLGR&UHHPRVTXHDXQDVtSXHGHQFRQWULEXLUDDUPDUURPSHFDEH]DVGHODVDQWLJXDV KLVWRULDVPD\DVTXHFRQPXFKRHVIXHU]RWUDWDPRVGHUHFRQVWUXLU $GHOD)HUQiQGH]HQVXOLEURPre-hispanic Gods of Mexico menciona en su contraportada las palabras GH3DXO.LUFKRII³,QHYHUXQGHUVWRRGWKHJRGVRI0H[LFRXQWLO,UHDOLVHGWKDW&RDWOLFXHZDVWKHPRWKHURIKHU RZQJUDQGPRWKHU´ Ah$K;RNWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD XokWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXQGLRVDFXiWLFR'HOWLEXUyQROPHFDDODVLUHQDODFDQGRQD 163 BIBLIOGRAFÍA $5(//$12 +(51È1'(= $/)2162 0$5,&(/$ $<$/$ )$/&Ï1 %($75,= '( /$ )8(17( 0(5&('(6'(/$*$5=$/(7,&,$67$,1(6&,&(52<%(57,1$2/0('29(5$ The Mayas of The Classic Period0LODQR-DFD%RRN $5=È3$/20$5Ë15$0Ï1 Calepino de Motul7RPRV,,,,,,0p[LFR')8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR $660$11-$1 bJ\SWHQ7KHRORJLHXQG)U|PPLJNHLWHLQHUIUKHUHQ+RFKNXOWXU6WXWWJDUW%HUOLQ:.RKOKDPHU %$55(5$9È648(=$/)5('2 Diccionario maya Cordemex0pULGD %25(0$16(',',(5 Cuentos y mitología de los lacandones &LXGDG GH *XDWHPDOD$FDGHPLD GH *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD GH *XDWHPDOD %58&(652%(572' Textos y dibujos lacandones de Naja0p[LFR,1$+ &2(0,&+$(/'($1612:<(/,=$%(7+%(1621 The Ancient America. The Cultural Atlas of The World1XHYD<RUN$QGURPHGD2[IRUG/WG ',(+/$5,&+$5' The Olmecs. America´s First Civilization/RQGUHV7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ )(51È1'(=$'(/$ Pre-hispanic Gods of Mexico0p[LFR')3DQRUDPDHGLWRULDO ),(/'69,5*,1,$0<'25,(5((176%8'(7 Lords of Creation: The Origin of sacred Maya Kingship/RV$QJHOHV6FDOD3XEOLVKHUV +(/0.(&+5,6723+(<-(63(51,(/6(1 +LGGHQ,GHQWLW\3RZHULQ$QFLHQW0HVRDPHULFD6XSHUQDWXUDO$OWHU(JRVDV&XUVHV'LVHDVHVActa Americana9RO -$1È.-,ěË 6WDURHJ\SWVNpQiERåHQVWYt,%RKRYpQD]HPLDYQHEHVtFK3UDKD2LN~PHQp .29Èý0,/$1 âRNUD ± SUtEHK ODFDQGyQVNHM YRGQHM åHQ\ Na prahu milénia. Folklór a folkloristika na Slovensku HGLWDGRSRU=X]DQD3URIDQWRYiSS$50%UDWLVODYD .ODVL¿NDþQp PRGHO\ D W\SROyJLD UHSUH]HQWiFLt ERKRY X V~þDVQêFK 0D\RY ± /DFDQGyQFRY &KLDSDV 0H[LNREthnologia Actualis Slovaca /$1'$',(*2'( Správa o veciach na Yucatáne, ktorú napísal brat Diego de Landa z rádu sv. Františka roku Pána 1566 %UDWLVODYD6$+, 0$57,16,021<1,.2/$,*58%( Chronicle of The Maya Kings and Queens/RQGUHV7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ 0$57Ë1(=+8&+,0$1$3$75,&,$ Diccionario maya0pULGD'DQWH 3$/.$-2(/: Unconquered Lacandon Maya*DLQHVYLOOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI)ORULGD 52<65$/3+/ The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel3XEOLFDWLRQ1R:DVKLQJWRQ'&&DUQHJLH,QVWLWXWLRQ RI:DVKLQJWRQ 6&+(/(/,1'$<0$5<(//(10,//(5 The Blood of Kings. Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art)RUW:RUWK.LPEHOO$UW0XVHXP 6,0)(1'25)(5&2/,1<*(25*(%85*(66 Carcharhinus leucas ,8&1 ,8&1 5HG /LVW RI 7KUHDWHQHG 6SHFLHV 9HUVLRQ ZZZ LXFQUHGOLVWRUJ!'RZQORDGHGRQ2FWREHU 164 0LODQ.RYiþ 678$57'$9,' The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque: A Commentary 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 3UH&ROXPELDQ $UW 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH 7KH3DOHQTXH0\WKRORJ\Sourcebook for the 30th Maya MeetingsHGLWHGE\'DYLG6WXDUWSS $XVWLQ0HVRDPHULFDQ&HQWHU'HSDUWPHQWRI$UWDQG$UW+LVWRU\8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DVDW$XVWLQ 6:$'(6+0$85,&,2&5,67,1$È/9$5(=<-8$15%$67$55$&+($ Diccionario de elementos del maya yucateco colonial 0p[LFR 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO $XWyQRPD GH 0p[LFR 7$8%(.$5/ 7KH&ODVVLF0D\D*RGVMaya – Divine Kings of The Rain ForestHGLWDGRSRU1LNRODL*UXEHSS . &RORJQH.|QHPDQQ9HUODJVJHVOOVFKDIW :$*1(5(/,=$%(7+ D-DGH±7KH*UHHQ*ROGRI7KH0D\DMaya – Divine Kings of The Rain ForestHGLWDGRSRU1LNRODL *UXEHSS&RORJQH.|QHPDQQ9HUODJVJHVOOVFKDIW&RORJQH E0D\D&UHDWLRQ0\WKVDQG&RVPRJUDSK\Maya – Divine Kings of The Rain ForestHGLWDGRSRU1LNRODL *UXEHSS&RORJQH.|QHPDQQ9HUODJVJHVOOVFKDIW =(1'(50$5& 2QWKH0RUSKRORJ\RI,QWLPDWH3RVVHVVLRQLQ0D\DQ/DQJXDJHVDQG&ODVVLF0D\D*O\SKLF1RXQVThe Linguistics of Maya WritingHGLWDGRSRU6¡UHQ:LFKPDQQSS6DOW/DNH&LW\8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK 3UHVV