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Nuevas formas de hábitat$OLFDQWH3XEOLFDFLRQHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWHS 35(&('2$ Nuevas realidades territoriales para el siglo XXI. Desarrollo local, identidad territorial y ciudad difusa0DGULG6tQWHVLVS 99$$Diccionario de Geografía Urbana, Urbanismo y Ordenación del Territorio%DUFHORQD$ULHO5HIHUHQFLDS EL URBANISMO COMO ACELERADOR DE LOS PROCESOS DE DEGRADACIÓN DEL SUELO. COLINAS DEL LIMONAR, MÁLAGA -RVp'DPLiQ5Xt]6LQRJD sinoga@uma.es Dpto. de Geografía, Universidad de Málaga $VXQFLyQ5RPHUR'tD] arodi@um.es )UDQFLVFR%HOPRQWH6HUUDWR franbel@um.es Dpto. de Geografía, Universidad de Murcia Resumen/DViUHDVSHULXUEDQDVVLWXDGDVHQODVSUR[LPLGDGHVGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQVWLWX\HQXQHVSDFLRVXPDPHQWHDWUDFWLYRGHVGHHOSXQWR GHYLVWDHVSHFXODWLYR\HVSHFLDOPHQWHXUEDQtVWLFR/DDFWXDOFULVLVPXQGLDOKDIRVLOL]DGRVXGLQiPLFDUHFLHQWHGHULYDQGRHQWRGRXQPRVDLFRGHVLWXDFLRQHVFX\R FRVWHDPELHQWDOHQDOJXQRVFDVRVKDVLGR\HVH[WUHPDGDPHQWHH[FHVLYR&RPR FRQVHFXHQFLDGHODHMHFXFLyQGHSUR\HFWRVHQORVTXHVHUHDOLFHQPRYLOL]DFLyQGH WLHUUDVWUDVODVPLVPDVSXHGHQOOHJDUDSURGXFLUVHSpUGLGDVGHVXHORLPSRUWDQWHV ORTXHUHTXLHUHODSXHVWDHQSUiFWLFDGHHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQHLQFOXVRSUHYHQWLYDV'HDKtTXHVHDQHFHVDULRGHWHQHUVHHQHOEDODQFHH[LVWHQWHHQWUHODVWDVDV GHIRUPDFLyQ\ODGHSpUGLGDGHVXHOR Palabras clave(URVLyQKtGULFDGHJUDGDFLyQGHVXHORVXUEDQL]DFLyQPHGLterráneo, riesgos. 7+(85%$1,60$6$&&(/(5$7,1*7+(352&(66(62)62,/ DEGRADATION. «COLINAS DEL LIMONAR», MÁLAGA Abstract 3HULXUEDQ DUHDV ORFDWHG LQ WKH YLFLQLW\ RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVDUHDSDUWLFXODUO\DWWUDFWLYHIURPDVSHFXODWLYHYLHZSRLQWDQGHVSHFLDOO\ XUEDQ 7KH FXUUHQW JOREDO FULVLV KDV IRVVLOL]HG LWV UHFHQW G\QDPLFV UHVXOWLQJ LQ D PRVDLF RI VLWXDWLRQV ZLWK HQYLURQPHQWDO FRVWV LQ VRPH FDVHV KDV EHHQ DQG LV H[WUHPHO\H[FHVVLYH)ROORZLQJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRISURMHFWVWREHFDUULHGRXW PRELOL]LQJODQGDIWHUWKHPWKH\FDQFDXVHVLJQL¿FDQWVRLOORVVHVZKLFKUHTXLUHV WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI FRQVHUYDWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV RU HYHQ SUHYHQWLRQ +HQFH LW LV QHFHVVDU\WRGZHOORQWKHEDODQFHEHWZHHQWUDLQLQJDQGUDWHVRIVRLOORVV Key words6RLOHURVLRQVRLOGHJUDGDWLRQXUEDQL]DWLRQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQDUHDV JHRPRUSKRORJLFDOULVN 1. 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Zona de estudio. 2006 )XHQWH6,*3$' /RVWUDEDMRVGHXUEDQL]DFLyQKDQVXSXHVWRODPRGL¿FDFLyQGHWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVGHOSDLVDMHDIHFWDQGRQRVRORDODPRUIRJUDItDGHOPLVPRHQGRQGHODV FROLQDV IXHURQ UHHPSOD]DGDV SRU DPSOLDV VXSHU¿FLHV GH DSODQDPLHQWR VLQR SRU VXSXHVWRDVXHORVYHJHWDFLyQ\UHGGHGUHQDMH)LJXUDV\ (VSHFLDOPHQWHUHTXLHUHQDWHQFLyQORVWUDEDMRVKLGUROyJLFRVHIHFWXDGRVSXHVWR TXHVHWUDWDGHXQDDFWXDFLyQXUEDQtVWLFDVLWXDGDHQOD]RQDPHGLDGHODFXHQFD GHODUUR\RGHO&DUQLFHUR)LJXUDFX\RFDUiFWHUWRUUHQFLDODQWHSUHFLSLWDFLRQHV LQWHQVDVREOLJDURQDXQDUHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODPLVPDD~QPiVQHFHVDULDGHELGR D OD SUR[LPLGDG GH OD FDSLWDO FX\R FDXFH DWUDYLHVD WRGD XQD VHULH GH XUEDQL]Dciones. FIGURA 2: Comparación de actuaciones en 2007 y 2009. )XHQWH*RRJOH(DUWK\6,*3$' FIGURA 3: Comparación del cauce del arroyo del Carnicero. 2007 y 2009. )XHQWH5HYLVWD(O2EVHUYDGRUGH0iODJD )LQDOL]DGRVORVWUDEDMRVGHPRYLOL]DFLyQGHWLHUUDV\ DSODQDPLHQWRVH FRQVWUX\HURQ XQD VHULH GH SODWDIRUPDV VREUH ODV TXH LUtDQ RWURV WDQWRV HGL¿FLRV (O SURFHVR HQ GH¿QLWLYD KD PRVWUDGR XQD HVSHFWDFXODU PRGL¿FDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH DIHFWDQGRDWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVGHOPLVPR)LJXUD FIGURA 4: Perspectiva paisajística de la actuación. 2007 y 2009. )XHQWH5HYLVWD(O2EVHUYDGRUGH0iODJD 3RU~OWLPRODUHFLHQWHVLWXDFLyQGHFULVLVLQPRELOLDULDKDVXSXHVWRHODEDQGRQRGHODVREUDV\SRVWHULRUPHQWHODTXLHEUDGHODFRQVWUXFWRUDTXHGDQGRSDUDOL]DGDVWRGDVODVDFWXDFLRQHV)LJXUD FIGURA 5: Desmontes realizados. 2007 y 2009. )XHQWH5HYLVWD(O2EVHUYDGRUGH0iODJD 2. 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Determinación de la agresividad de la lluvia /DSOXYLRPHWUtDKDVLGRDQDOL]DGDFRQVLGHUDQGRORVGDWRVHPLWLGRVSRUODHVWDFLyQGHOD5HG+LGURVXU©0iODJD2¿FLQDªFRQXQDFDGHQFLDKRUDULD'XUDQWH HO SHULRGR HQ HO TXH ORV FODYRV GH HURVLyQ HVWXYLHURQ LQVWDODGRV GRV DxRV VH UHJLVWUDURQ XQ WRWDO GH PP SURGXFLGRV HQ KRUDV 6X GLVWULEXFLyQ DWLHQGHDSDWURQHVFODUDPHQWHPHGLWHUUiQHRV &RQREMHWRGHGHWHUPLQDUODDJUHVLYLGDGGHODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVVHFDOFXODURQ WDQWR PHQVXDO FRPR DQXDOPHQWH tQGLFHV FRP~QPHQWH XWLOL]DGRV HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD FLHQWt¿FD '( /8,6 0 *21=È/(=+,'$/*2 -& 5$9(1726 - 6È1&+(=-5&257,1$-(OËQGLFHGH)RXUQLHUVHFDOFXODXWLOL]DQGR FRPREDVHODSUHFLSLWDFLyQPHGLDDQXDO\ODSUHFLSLWDFLyQGHOPHVPiVOOXYLRVR HOHYDGD DO FXDGUDGR (O ËQGLFH GH )RXUQLHU 0RGL¿FDGR SRU $UQROGXV ,)0HVWiGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVXPDGHOFXDGUDGRGHODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHV PHQVXDOHVSDUDXQDxRUHVSHFWRGHODSUHFLSLWDFLyQPHGLDDQXDO3RU~OWLPRHO ËQGLFH GH &RQFHQWUDFLyQ GH ODV 3UHFLSLWDFLRQHV ,&3 2OLYHU VH UH¿HUH D FyPR VH FRPSRUWDQ ODV SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV HQ VX FDQWLGDG DQXDO YDULDFLyQ HVWDFLRQDO \ GXUDFLyQ GH OD HVWDFLyQ OOXYLRVD HQ XQ DxR FXDOTXLHUD (V GHFLU HVWi UHIHULGR D VLODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVGHODpSRFDOOXYLRVDVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQFHQWUDGDVVREUHXQ SHUtRGRFRUWRRPiVODUJRGHQWURGHODxR 3. RESULTADOS 'XUDQWHHOWLHPSRTXHHVWXYLHURQLQVWDODGRVORVFODYRVGHHURVLyQHOGH ODVKRUDVGHOOXYLDWXYLHURQXQDSUHFLSLWDFLyQLQIHULRUGHPPORTXHVLJQL¿Fy HOGHOWRWDO(QHOVHSURGXMHURQUHJLVWURVHQWUH\PPORTXHVX SXVRXQGHOWRWDO(QHOGHODVKRUDVODFDQWLGDGGHOOXYLDUHJLVWUDGD RVFLOy HQWUH \ PP VXSRQLHQGR HO GH OD SUHFLSLWDFLyQ WRWDO< HQ HO GHODVKRUDVFRQXQDSUHFLSLWDFLyQVXSHULRUDPPVHUHFROHFWyHO GHODOOXYLDWRWDO(QHYHQWRVVHSURGXMRXQDLQWHQVLGDGVXSHULRUDORVPPK. FIGURA 6: Rangos de distribución de la precipitación. )XHQWHHODERUDFLyQSURSLDGHVGHGDWRVGH5HG+LGURVXU CUADRO 1: Índices mensuales de la agresividad de la lluvia. (Fournier, Arnoldus y Oliver) )XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDGHVGHGDWRVGHUHG+LGURVXU &XDOTXLHUD GH ORV tQGLFHV &XDGUR PXHVWUD XQRV YDORUHV DQXDOHV PX\ HOHYDGRVORTXHQRVPDUFDXQDDFXVDGDDJUHVLYLGDG\FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQWUHORVPHVHVGHRFWXEUHDIHEUHUR &RQVLGHUDQGRODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOVLVWHPDHFRJHRPRUIROyJLFRGHOiPELWRGH HVWXGLRVHWUDWDDVtGHXQPDQL¿HVWRLQGLFDGRUGHODHURVLYLGDGGHODOOXYLDTXH DGHPiVVHKDUHIRU]DGRSRUORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVHQORVFODYRVGHHURVLyQ D$OJXQRVFODYRVGHVDSDUHFLHURQSRUGLIHUHQWHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHULYDGDVGHTXHDOJXQRVWUDEDMRVGHPRYLOL]DFLyQGHWLHUUDVFRQWLQXDURQ HQGLFKRSHULRGR E (Q HO iUHD WHVWLJR GH ODV VRQGDV ORFDOL]DGDV HQ OD ODGHUD RULHQWDO WXYLHURQXQUHEDMHGHFPGHSURPHGLRORTXHVLJQL¿FDUtD\DHQVtPLVPRXQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH VXHOR PX\ DOWR SXHVWR TXH OD )$2 FRQVLGHUD TXH GHVSOD]DPLHQWRVVXSHULRUHVDWRQHODGDVSRUDxRFPDxRVHUtDQFDWDVWUy¿FRV(V GHFLUD~QHQOD]RQDVLQDFWXDFLyQXUEDQtVWLFDORVSURFHVRVGHHURVLyQWLHQHQXQD H[WUDRUGLQDULDLPSRUWDQFLDGHULYDGRVGHODVIXHUWHVSHQGLHQWHVHVFDVRVVXHORV\ VREUHWRGRPX\EDMDFXELHUWDYHJHWDO F(QVRQGDVLQVWDODGDVHQ]RQDVEDMDVGHODGHUDV\FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGH WRGRVORVSURFHVRVGHPRYLOL]DFLyQGHWLHUUDV\GHVFRPSDFWDFLyQGHORVVXHORV VHLQFUHPHQWRHOSHU¿OGHVXHORHQFP G/DVVRQGDVUHVWDQWHVVXIULHURQXQSURFHVRGHUHFHVRGHSHU¿ORSpUGLGD GH VXHOR FX\R SURPHGLR IXH GH FP HV GHFLU TXH SHUGLHURQ HQ PiV GH GRV DxRVDOUHGHGRUGHWRQHODGDVKDTXHGDUtDOXJDUDXQDWDVDSURPHGLRGH WRQHODGDVDQXDOHVFDWDVWUy¿FDGHDFXHUGRFRQOD)$2)LJXUD FIGURA 7: Rebaje del suelo. )XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD 0iVLPSRUWDQWHUHVXOWDODGLVWULEXFLyQGHORVUHEDMHVGHVXHORSXHVWRTXHORV PD\RUHVUHEDMHVVHVLW~DQHQODViUHDVFHQWUDOHVGHODVODGHUDVVLHQGRODV]RQDV DOWDV\HVSHFLDOPHQWHODVSUy[LPDVDOFDXFHDTXHOODVHQODVTXHORVSURFHVRVGH HURVLyQKDQWHQLGRPHQRULQFLGHQFLD)LJXUD (QFRQVHUYDFLyQGHVXHORVVHFRQVLGHUDQUDWLRVQRUPDOHVGHDPPDxR GHVGHODVXSHU¿FLHORTXHHTXLYDOGUtDDXQDVWRQKD6HVXSRQHTXHHVWDWDVD SHUPDQHFHUiHQHTXLOLEULRFRQODWDVDGHPHWHRUL]DFLyQTXtPLFDTXHVHIRUPDXQ QXHYRVXHOR FIGURA 8. Mapa de rebaje del suelo en cm. 4. CONCLUSIONES /D DFWXDFLyQ XUEDQtVWLFD QR VROR KD WHQLGR XQD LQFLGHQFLD SDLVDMtVWLFD VLQR TXHKDPRGL¿FDGRODGLQiPLFDJHRPRUIROyJLFDGHOD]RQDHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQOR relacionado con los procesos de erosión. 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RESULTADOS. LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LAS NUEVAS FORMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO TURÍSTICO DERIVADAS DE LA MORATORIA TURÍSTICA /DH[SDQVLyQWHUULWRULDOGHODViUHDVWXUtVWLFDVFRQVROLGDGDVGXUDQWHHOSURFHVR GHPRUDWRULDWXUtVWLFDHVFRQVHFXHQFLDGHORVHIHFWRVWHUULWRULDOHVGHWUHVWLSRVGH IRUPDV GH SURGXFFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR WXUtVWLFR QRV UHIHULPRV DO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD RIHUWDFRPSOHPHQWDULDXQGHODV]RQDVUHVLGHQFLDOHV\GHODRIHUWD DORMDWLYD¿JXUD FIGURA 2. Formas de producción del espacio turístico del modelo de desarrollo territorial del turismo derivado del tercer boom turístico. 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Resumen del número de plazas alojativas autorizadas antes y durante el proceso de moratoria turística Plazas alojativas autorizadas antes &RQDXWRUL]DFLRQHVSUHYLDVRWRUJDGDVHQWUH de la moratoria turística &RQDXWRUL]DFLyQSUHYLDRWRUJDGDDODPSDURGHODVH[FHSFLRQHVGHO'HFUHWR Plazas alojativas autorizadas durante la moratoria turística &RQ DXWRUL]DFLyQ SUHYLD RWRUJDGD DO DPSDUR GH OD /H\ 3OD]DVRWRUJDGDVDODPSDURGHVXGHFODUDFLyQFRPR©GH LQWHUpVJHQHUDOHQYLUWXGGHOD/H\ 3OD]DVGHULYDGDVGHORVUHFXUVRVHVWLPDGRVSRUHO7ULEXQDO6XSHULRUGH-XVWLFLDGH&DQDULDV Total )XHQWH3UR\HFWR5HLQYHQ785(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD 6LQHPEDUJRHOLPSDFWRWHUULWRULDOPiVVLJQL¿FDWLYRGHODHQWUDGDDOPHUFDGR WXUtVWLFRGHHVDVSOD]DVGHULYDGHOLQFUHPHQWRGHOWDPDxRGHODVSDUFHODVeVWHHV FRQVHFXHQFLDGHOFDPELRGHWLSRORJtDFRQVWUXFWLYDGHORVDORMDPLHQWRVWXUtVWLFRV TXHKHPRVGHQRPLQDGRFRPR©KRWHOHVKRUL]RQWDOHVª6,0$1&$6\*$5&Ë$ 6H WUDWD GH XQD WHQGHQFLD LQLFLDGD HQ &DQDULDV GHVGH PHGLDGRV GH ORV QRYHQWDHQXQLQWHQWRGHLPLWDFLyQGHORV©UHVRUWFDULEHxRVªFRQHOTXH¿QGH LQFUHPHQWDURDOPHQRVPDQWHQHUODFRPSHWLWLYLGDGUHQWDELOLGDG\DGHFXDFLyQ GHOPRGHORWXUtVWLFRDORVQXHYRVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHODGHPDQGDWXUtVWLFDDWUDYpV GHRIUHFHUXQFRQMXQWRLQWHJUDGRGHVHUYLFLRV\SURGXFWRVeVWDWLSRORJtDTXHGy IRUPDOL]DGDQRUPDWLYDPHQWHPHGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQWHUULWRULDOWDQWRGHOHVWiQGDU PtQLPRGHPGHSDUFHODSOD]D¿MDGRHQOD'LUHFWUL]GH2UGHQDFLyQGHO 7XULVPR FRPR GH ORV HVWiQGDUHV WXUtVWLFRV GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV \ HTXLSDPLHQWRV HVWDEOHFLGRV SRU OD OHJLVODFLyQ VHFWRULDO ORV FXDOHV VH KDQ UHYHODGRV FRPR VXVWDQFLDOHVHQHOSURFHVRGHUHJXODFLyQGHODGHQVLGDGDORMDWLYD\GHODVLQIUD HVWUXFWXUDVDSOLFDEOHVDORVVXHORVWXUtVWLFRV\SRUHQGHDODXUEDQL]DFLyQWXUtVWLFD(VWRVQXHYRVHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVKRUL]RQWDOHVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUXQDHOHYDGD FXDOL¿FDFLyQQRLQIHULRUDFXDWURHVWUHOODVODRFXSDFLyQGHSUiFWLFDPHQWHWRGD XQDPDQ]DQDXQDYROXPHWUtDLUUHJXODUXQGHVDUUROORYHUWLFDOOLPLWDGRDDOWXUDV XQDDOWDSURSRUFLyQHQWRUQRDOGHODSDUWHGHODSDUFHODQRHGL¿FDGDGHVWLQDGDD]RQDVYHUGHVSLVFLQDVVROiULXPHLQVWDODFLRQHVGHSRUWLYDV\GHRFLRGH XVRFRP~QGHORVFOLHQWHVDVtFRPRXQDPD\RUVXSHU¿FLHItVLFDFRQVWUXLGD²DO DXPHQWDUHOWDPDxRGHODVXQLGDGHVDORMDWLYDV\GHORVHVSDFLRVFRPXQHV²(O HIHFWRWHUULWRULDOPiVLQPHGLDWRGHHVWHWLSRHGL¿FDWRULRGHDORMDPLHQWRWXUtVWLFR HV TXH VL ELHQ VH FRQVWUX\H XQ PHQRU Q~PHUR GH HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV DORMDWLYRV VH LQFUHPHQWD OD VXSHU¿FLH GH ODV SDUFHODV TXH RFXSDQ ¿JXUD DVt FRPR VX FDSDFLGDGDORMDWLYD$VXYH]HVWHQXHYRWLSRHGL¿FDWRULDSXHGHOOHJDUDGXSOLFDU HO FRQVXPR GH DJXD \ OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH UHVLGXRV D OD YH] TXH FXDGULSOLFDU HO FRQVXPRGHHOHFWULFLGDG+(51È1'(= FIGURA 3. Evolución temporal del tamaño medio de las parcelas de los establecimientos alojativos turísticos )XHQWH3UR\HFWR5HLQYHQ785(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD 4. 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La necesaria separación entre industria ferroviaria y ciudad /RV WDOOHUHV \ OD HVWDFLyQ GH IHUURFDUULO FRQIRUPDURQ XQ HVSDFLR TXH QR VH OLPLWy D VHU XQ QXHYR DFFLGHQWH XUEDQR VLQR TXH DFWXy FRPR XQ SRWHQWH LPiQ GHVGH GRQGH VH SURGXMR OD H[SDQVLyQ GH QXPHURVRV EDUULRV REUHURV FRQ XQD FODUDLQFLGHQFLDIHUURYLDULD(QHVWRVHQFODYHVODDXVHQFLDGHFXDOTXLHUWLSRGH QRUPDWLYD XUEDQtVWLFD IDYRUHFLy OD LOHJDOLGDG GH OD RFXSDFLyQ OD FROPDWDFLyQ GH EDUULRV KLVWyULFRV \ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH RWURV QXHYRV HQ ODV FHUFDQtDV GH OD YtD -,0(1(='HHVWHPRGRHQODVLQPHGLDFLRQHVGHODHVWDFLyQVHSURGXMR XQDH[SDQVLyQGHOiUHDUHVLGHQFLDOVLQSUHFHGHQWHVSHURVLQGXGDHOKHFKRTXH PDUFy\FRQGLFLRQyHOFUHFLPLHQWRIXWXURGHODFLXGDGIXHHOWUDPRGHYtDGHOD OtQHD 0DGULG+HQGD\D TXH D OR ODUJR GH VXV VHLV NLOyPHWURV GLYLGLy OD FLXGDG HQ GRV PLWDGHV SHUIHFWDPHQWH GLIHUHQFLDGDV (VWD GLYLVLyQ VH SURGXMR GHVGH XQ SULQFLSLRSHURVHDFHQWXyDPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR;;FXDQGRODFLXGDGIXHGHFODUDGD3RORGH'HVDUUROOR,QGXVWULDO\VHHVWDEOHFLHURQHQHOODVQXPHURVDVLQGXVWULDV TXHDWUDMHURQSREODFLyQWDQWRGHOPHGLRUXUDOYDOOLVROHWDQRFRPRGHSURYLQFLDV FROLQGDQWHV(QHOHVSDFLRHQWUHYtDVQDFLHURQDVtDOJXQRVGHORVEDUULRVPiVSRSXODUHVGHODFLXGDGFRPR'HOLFLDV3DMDULOORV3LODULFDR%HOpQTXHDFWXDOPHQWH VXPDQ FDVL XQ WHUFLR GH OD SREODFLyQ GH OD FDSLWDO 3URQWR ORV PiUJHQHV GH OD YtD VH UHYHODURQ FRPR HVSDFLRV LQVDOXEUHV \ SRFR DFRQGLFLRQDGRV XQD IXHQWH SHUPDQHQWHGHFRQÀLFWRVHQWUHORVYHFLQRVGHXQODGR\RWURGHODYtDTXHYHtDQ TXH OD GRWDFLyQ GH HTXLSDPLHQWRV HUD FODUDPHQWH GHVLJXDO 3RU HOOR GHVGH ORV DxRV VH SXVLHURQ HQ PDUFKD SUR\HFWRV GH UHIRUPD LQWHULRU FRQ HO REMHWLYR GH UHDFRQGLFLRQDU ORV PiUJHQHV \ KDFHU PiV SHUPHDEOH OR TXH VH KD FRQRFLGR FRPR ©FLFDWUL] XUEDQDª 1R REVWDQWH HVWDV DFWXDFLRQHV SXQWXDOHV QR ORJUDURQ VXREMHWLYR\DTXHODWDUHDGHLQWHJUDUODFLXGDGUHTXHUtDGHXQSUR\HFWRPXFKR PiV DPELFLRVR HO VRWHUUDPLHQWR GHO IHUURFDUULO TXH VL ELHQ VH WHQtD HQ PHQWH HUD LPSRVLEOH GH DFRPHWHU SRU VX DOWR FRVWR \ ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV SUHVXSXHVWDULDV GH OD pSRFD$ SHVDU GH HOOR HQ HO 3*28 GH SURPRYLGR SRU HO XUEDQLVWD %HUQDUGR<QFHQJD\DVHSUHYHtDXQDUHVHUYDGHVXHORLPSRUWDQWHHQODVDIXHUDV GHODFLXGDGFRQHOREMHWLYRGHWUDVODGDUDOOtORVWDOOHUHVGH5(1)(\SRGHUOLEHUDUHOWHUUHQRTXHDFWXDOPHQWHRFXSDQHQHOFHQWURGH9DOODGROLG$VtSRGUtDQ CUADRO 1. Cronograma del proyecto urbanístico-ferroviario de Valladolid AÑO ACTUACIÓN 1984 1XHYR3*28%HUQDUGR<QFHQJD 1986 &RQFXUVR©5HFXSHUDFLyQGHORVERUGHVXUEDQRVGHOIHUURFDUULOHQHOFLXGDGGH 9DOODGROLGªSDUDHODFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR\YDOODGRGHORVPiUJHQHVGHODYtD 1990 (VWXGLRVFRQMXQWRVGH5(1)($\XQWDPLHQWRDWUDYpVGHODFRQVXOWRUD,QHFR 1995 3UR\HFWRGHWUDVODGR\FRQYHUVLyQHQ(VWDFLyQ7pUPLQRGHQWURGHOPXQLFLSLR de La Cistérniga 1996 &RQFXUVR&ROHJLRGH$UTXLWHFWRV©,GHDVSDUD9DOODGROLGª 1998 (VWXGLR&RQVXOWRUD,'20SDUDHOHQWRUQRGHODHVWDFLyQGH&DPSR*UDQGH 2002 $\XQWDPLHQWR©3URSXHVWD0XQLFLSDOGH6RWHUUDPLHQWRª\FRQYHUVDFLRQHVFRQ HO0LQLVWHULRGH)RPHQWR 2003 &RQVWLWXFLyQGHOD6RFLHGDG9DOODGROLG$OWD9HORFLGDG 2005 &RQFXUVRS~EOLFRSDUDHOGLVHxRGHO3ODQGH2UGHQDFLyQ*DQDHOHVWXGLRGH 5LFKDUG5RJHUV 2007 /OHJDHO$9(DODFLXGDG 2010 &RPLHQ]DODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOby passGHPHUFDQFtDV\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHO1XHYR&RPSOHMRIHUURYLDULR )XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGHOLQIRUPH©6RWHUUDPLHQWRGHOIHUURFDUULO\WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV XUEDQtVWLFDVHQ9DOODGROLGª DFRPHWHUVHODVSHUWLQHQWHVREUDVGHXUEDQL]DFLyQWDQWRHQHVWDiUHDFHQWUDOFRPR HQHOUHVWRGHORVWHUUHQRVDIHFWDGRVSRUODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDIHUURYLDULD\FRQHVWRV FDPELRVVHORJUDUtD¿QLTXLWDUODVHSDUDFLyQItVLFDHQWUHHO(VWH\HO2HVWHGHOD FLXGDGDGHPiVGHSRQHUHQYDORUXQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHLQVWDODFLRQHVIHUURYLDULDV LQGXVWULDOHV HQ GHVXVR (VWH WUDVODGR VH YHUi DSR\DGR DGHPiV SRU OD QXHYD FLUFXQYDODFLyQIHUURYLDULDGHQRPLQDGDby passGHPHUFDQFtDVTXHFRQHFWDHOQXHYR FRPSOHMR IHUURYLDULR H LQGXVWULDO FRQ OD DFWXDO YtD 0DGULG+HQGD\D D OD DOWXUD GHO3LQDUGH$QWHTXHUD'LFKDYDULDQWHURGHDODFLXGDGHQVXYHUWLHQWH(VWHGH PDQHUD TXH VH SHUPLWH OD FLUFXODFLyQ GH WUHQHV GH PHUFDQFtDV SRU HVWH WUD]DGR VLQQHFHVLGDGGHDWUDYHVDUODFLXGDG&RQHOORVHSHUPLWLUiXQDPD\RUÀXLGH]HQ HOWUi¿FRIHUURYLDULRDODSDUTXHVHHOLPLQDUiQORVUXLGRVTXHJHQHUDQHVWHWLSR GHFRQYR\HVDVXSDVRSRUHOFDVFRXUEDQR 2.2. Las nuevas propuestas de ordenación. El Plan Rogers 'HVGHHODxRKDQVLGRPXFKDVODVSURSXHVWDVUHIHULGDVDODFRQYHQLHQFLD RQRGHVRWHUUDUHOIHUURFDUULO&$/'(5Ï1\6$,1=(OLQWHUpVTXHWLHQH HVWHSUR\HFWRWDQWRXUEDQtVWLFDFRPRHFRQyPLFDPHQWHKDREOLJDGRDFRQVLGHUDU DVSHFWRV FRPR OD SURSLD YLDELOLGDG HQ WpUPLQRV ¿QDQFLHURV R ODV UHSHUFXVLRQHV TXHSDUDHOFUHFLPLHQWRIXWXURGHODFLXGDGSRGtDWHQHUHVWDDFWXDFLyQ'HHVWH PRGR\DVHDSRUWUDWDUVHGHXQWHPDSROpPLFRKHUHGDGRDORODUJRGHFDVL DxRV\DVHDSRUODGL¿FXOWDGGHFRQMXJDUWRGDVODVRSFLRQHVSRVLEOHVSDUDVDWLVIDFHUODVSUHWHQVLRQHVGHORVDFWRUHVTXHFRQIRUPDQHVWDDFWXDFLyQORFLHUWRHV TXHDORODUJRGHGRVGpFDGDVVHKDQVXFHGLGRGLYHUVDVSURSXHVWDVVROXFLRQHV FRQFXUVRVRLGHDV/RVDUJXPHQWRVHVJULPLGRVSRUHO$\XQWDPLHQWRHO&ROHJLR GH $UTXLWHFWRV \ ODV DVRFLDFLRQHV YHFLQDOHV KDQ QXWULGR HO SUR\HFWR GH¿QLWLYR HQFDUJDGR D 5LFKDUG 5RJHUV XQD RSFLyQ TXH VH VXSRQH UHFRJH WRGDV DTXHOODV GHPDQGDVSROtWLFDV\FLXGDGDQDV(OOODPDGRPlan RogersVXSRQHXQD0RGL¿FDFLyQ3XQWXDOGHO3*28YLJHQWHHQ9DOODGROLG(VWDPRGL¿FDFLyQWLHQHSRUREMHWLYROOHYDUDFDERXQDRSHUDFLyQXUEDQtVWLFDOLJDGDDOIHUURFDUULOTXHEiVLFDPHQWH VXSRQH HO VRWHUUDPLHQWR GH OD OtQHD 0DGULG+HQGD\D D VX SDVR SRU OD FLXGDG \ ODXUEDQL]DFLyQGHHVWHFRUUHGRUDVtFRPRGHORVHVSDFLRVDQHMRVTXHVHOLEHUDQ FRQ HO WUDVODGR GH OD LQGXVWULD IHUURYLDULD DO H[WUDUUDGLR 6HJ~Q VH UHFRJH HQ OD SURSLD 0HPRULD ,QIRUPDWLYD ©el desarrollo urbanístico propuesto permitirá el cosido de la ciudad y la aparición de nuevos barrios así como la mejora de los equipamientos y dotaciones en los actuales, mejorando a su vez la movilidad en la zona y generando nuevos espacios de actividades mixtas en zonas actualmente congestionadas y desestructuradas»52*(56(VGHFLUVHWUDWDGHXQD RSHUDFLyQ JOREDO TXH QR VyOR LPSOLFD HO VRWHUUDPLHQWR GHO IHUURFDUULO VLQR TXH SUHWHQGHUHXQLUEDMRXQPLVPRSUR\HFWRGHUHIRUPDXUEDQDXQDQXHYDHVWUDWHJLD GH PRYLOLGDG OD UHKDELOLWDFLyQ GH HGL¿FDFLRQHV KLVWyULFDV OLJDGDV D OD LQGXVWULD IHUURYLDULD\ODFUHDFLyQGHQXHYRVEDUULRVHQORVWHUUHQRVOLEHUDGRVTXHGLFKR VHDGHSDVRGHEHQFRQWULEXLUD¿QDQFLDUODPD\RUSDUWHGHODRSHUDFLyQ(QHVWH SUR\HFWRLQWHUYLHQHQGLIHUHQWHVDJHQWHV$\XQWDPLHQWR0LQLVWHULRGH)RPHQWR $',) 5(1)( -XQWD GH &DVWLOOD \ /HyQ FDGD XQD FRQ XQ SDSHO TXH VH KDQ DJUXSDGREDMRXQDVRFLHGDGGHQRPLQDGD9DOODGROLG$OWD9HORFLGDGFX\RUROHV DFWXDUFRPRIRURGHFRQVHQVRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHORVWHUUHQRVDIHFWDGRVSRU ODRSHUDFLyQSHUWHQHFHQHQXQSRUFHQWDMHGHVLJXDODFDGDXQRGHHOORV FIGURA 2. 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ANÁLISIS DE LOS INDICADORES DE TURISMO (OGHVDUUROORWXUtVWLFRKDVLGRHOSULQFLSDOPRWRUGHODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVWHUULWRULDOHVVLHQGRORVEHQH¿FLRVHFRQyPLFRV\VRFLDOHVGHOFRUWRSOD]RXQRGHORV SULQFLSDOHVMXVWL¿FDWLYRVSDUDPDQWHQHUXQFUHFLPLHQWRLOLPLWDGR'HHVWDIRUPD HOPRGHORWXUtVWLFRVHKDEDVDGRKLVWyULFDPHQWHHQXQDH[SDQVLyQFXDQWLWDWLYD\ KDVLGRPX\GHSHQGLHQWHGHOLQFUHPHQWRFRQWLQXRGHODVOOHJDGDV6LQHPEDUJR OD PDVL¿FDFLyQ \ HO GHWHULRUR GHO HVSDFLR WXUtVWLFR TXH HVWR KD RULJLQDGR HQ XQ GHVWLQR PDGXUR FRPR 7RUUHPROLQRV XQLGR D ORV FDPELRV HQ ORV SDWURQHV GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODGHPDQGD/Ï3(=2/,9$5(6HW$O(;&(/785 GRQGH GHVWDFDQ HQWUH RWURV DVSHFWRV XQ SHU¿O GH WXULVWD TXH YDORUD FDGD YH]PiVODFDOLGDGGHOHQWRUQR\TXHHIHFW~DXQPD\RUXVRGHODORMDPLHQWRUHVLGHQFLDOKDLPSOLFDGRXQFDPELRVLJQL¿FDWLYRHQODHYROXFLyQGHODDFWLYLGDG FIGURA 1: Evolución pernoctaciones establecimientos hoteleros. 1999-2010. FIGURA 2: Evolución estancia media en establecimientos hoteleros. 1999-2010 )XHQWH,1((ODERUDFLyQSURSLD )XHQWH,1((ODERUDFLyQSURSLD (QOD~OWLPDGpFDGDORVLQGLFDGRUHVEiVLFRVGHWXULVPR vienen UHÀHMDQGRXQDWHQGHQFLDGHFUHFLHQWHSRWHQFLDGDDO¿QDOGHOSHUtRGRSRUODFULVLV HFRQyPLFD\¿QDQFLHUDLQWHUQDFLRQDO/DVpernoctaciones en los establecimientos hoteleros GH7RUUHPROLQRVVHKDQUHGXFLGRXQSDVDQGRGH D/Destancia media KDSHUGLGRDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQ GtDHQWUHUHJLVWUDQGRXQRVOHYHVUHSXQWHVDSDUWLUGHOTXHODVLW~D /DVFLIUDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDOD(QFXHVWDGH2FXSDFLyQ+RWHOHUD,1(KDQVLGRHQOD]DGDVPHGLDQWHORVFRH¿FLHQWHVSURSRUFLRQDGRVSRUHO,1(SDUDJDUDQWL]DUVXFRPSDUDELOLGDGWUDVHOFDPELR PHWRGROyJLFRUHJLVWUDGRHQHODxR HQGtDVSHURD~QSRUGHEDMRGHORVYDORUHVGHODSULPHUDPLWDGGHOD GpFDGDHQWRUQRDGtDV El gasto medio diario de bolsilloYLHQHH[SHULPHQWDQGRXQGHVFHQVRHQWpUPLQRVFRQVWDQWHV$OHOJDVWRPHGLRGLDULRHQ7RUUHPROLQRVVHHVWLPDHQ ¼GtD3$7521$723529,1&,$/'(785,602'(/$&267$'(/ 62/VLHQGRHOPiVEDMRGHWRGRVORVGHVWLQRVGHODSURYLQFLDGH0iODJD DQDOL]DGRVSRUHOHVWXGLRGHO2EVHUYDWRULR7XUtVWLFRGHOD&RVWDGHO6RO6LELHQ QR HV S~EOLFR HO GDWR GH DxRV DQWHULRUHV SRU ORFDOLGDG HV SRVLEOH HQPDUFDU VX HYROXFLyQHQODFLIUDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDWRGDOD&RVWDGHO6ROTXHGHPXHVWUDQ XQDFDtGDHQWUHGHOSDVDQGRGH¼GtDD¼GtDSUHFLRV EDVH El grado de ocupación media anual en los establecimientos hoteleros presenWD WDPELpQ XQD GLVPLQXFLyQ FRQVLGHUDEOH SHUGLHQGR SXQWRV GHVGH DO SDVDQGRGHXQDXQ$SDUWLUGHOVHSURGXFHXQ GHVFHQVRFDVLFRQWLQXRKDVWDHODxRTXHWUDVXQUHSXQWHHQHO UHWRPDODWHQGHQFLDQHJDWLYD(VWDWHQGHQFLDVHPDQWLHQHHQODORFDOLGDG KDVWDHODxRDSHVDUGHORVLQFUHPHQWRVTXHHVWHLQGLFDGRUKDHPSH]DGRD UHJLVWUDUDQLYHOQDFLRQDOSXQWRVFRQUHVSHFWRDOHQ$QGDOXFtD \HQODSURYLQFLDGH0iODJD (VWDHYROXFLyQQHJDWLYDGHODVtasas de ocupaciónKD\TXHUHODFLRQDUODVFRQ la evolución de las plazas de los establecimientos hoteleros TXHQRKDVHJXLGRHO ULWPRGHODGHPDQGD'XUDQWHORVDxRVHOQ~PHURGHSOD]DVRIHUWDGDV KD FUHFLGR GH PDQHUD FDVL FRQWLQXDGD UHÀHMDQGR XQ LQFUHPHQWR GH XQ FRQUHVSHFWRDODxRPLHQWUDVTXHODVSHUQRFWDFLRQHVPDQWXYLHURQHQOtQHDV JHQHUDOHV OD WHQGHQFLD GHFUHFLHQWH DQWHULRUPHQWH PHQFLRQDGD 6L ELHQ HQ ORV ~OWLPRVDxRVHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODRIHUWDVHGHWLHQH²LQFOXVRQRWRGDVODVSOD]DV H[LVWHQWHVVRQSXHVWDVHQHOPHUFDGR²ODDPSOLDFLyQGHODEUHFKDDQWHODFDtGD FIGURA 3: Grado de ocupación media anual. 1999-2010. FIGURA 4: Variación plazas y pernoctaciones hoteleras. 1999-2010. )XHQWH,1((ODERUDFLyQSURSLD )XHQWH,1((ODERUDFLyQSURSLD CUADRO 2: Indicadores económicos establecimientos hoteleros a precios constantes (base 2006). 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Evolución comparada de la población del municipio de Cuenca y provincia entre 1950 y 2010 1950 1960 1970 1981 1991 2001 2010 Evolución 1950-2010 (1950=Base 100) Municipio de Cuenca Provincia de Cuenca )XHQWH,1(3DGUyQ0XQLFLSDOGH+DELWDQWHV /D ~OWLPDV GRV GpFDGDV SDUHFHQ FRQ¿UPDU OD WHQGHQFLD DUULED DSXQWDGD XQ GpELO SHUR VRVWHQLGR FUHFLPLHQWR TXH VH QXWUH GH OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH HIHFWLYRV SREODFLRQDOHVSURFHGHQWHVGHORVQ~FOHRVUXUDOHVGHVXHQWRUQRSURYLQFLDO\TXH SDUHFHKDEHUVHDQLPDGRDSDUWLUGHODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHORVDxRVQRYHQWDFRQOD OOHJDGDGHLQPLJUDQWHVH[WUDQMHURV(VWHSURFHVRGHVXFFLyQRVDQJUtDGHPRJUi¿FD VRVWHQLGD WLHQH FRPR QR SRGtD VHU PHQRV XQDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV H[WUHPDGDPHQWHQHJDWLYDVVREUHHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWR\GHVSREODFLyQSURYLQFLDOFLUFXQVWDQFLD TXHHQHOIXWXURSRGUtDDFDEDUUHYLUWLHQGR\SDUFLDOPHQWHKLSRWHFDQGRHOIXWXUR de la capital. 2EYLDPHQWH HVWH GLQiPLFD QR VH GLVWULEX\H GH IRUPD KRPRJpQHD VREUH HO FRQMXQWRGHORVGLVWULWRV\VHFFLRQHVFHQVDOHVTXHLQWHJUDQHOWpUPLQRPXQLFLSDO FRPRHUDGHSUHYHUWDQWRHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODFLXGDGDOWDRFDVFRKLVWyULFR FRPRGHODViUHDVFHQWUDOHV\PiVFRQVROLGDGDVQDGDWLHQHTXHYHUFRQHOGHORV EDUULRV \ XUEDQL]DFLRQHV PiV UHFLHQWHV TXH DUWLFXODGRV HQ WRUQR D ORV JUDQGHV HMHVYLDULRVGHHQWUDGDVDOLGDDODFLXGDG\DQLPDGRVSRUODySWLPDVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHQHJRFLRTXHODGLQiPLFDGHOPHUFDGRLQPRELOLDULRKDYHQLGRDEULHQGRD ORVSURPRWRUHVSULYDGRVVHKDQFRQVWLWXLGRHQDFWXDFLRQHVXQLWDULDVSOHQDPHQWH XUEDQL]DGRUDVHQDOJXQRVFDVRV6HSRWHQFLDQDXQTXHGHIRUPDGHVLJXDOORVHMHV GHFUHFLPLHQWRGHODVFDUUHWHUDVGH9DOHQFLD$OFi]DUGH6DQ-XDQ\0DGULGYHU ¿JXUD 6LQRVGHWHQHPRVEUHYHPHQWHHQODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV\IXQFLRQHVXUEDQDV GH OD FLXGDG GH &XHQFD LQGXGDEOHPHQWH OD IXQFLyQ KRVWHOHUD \ WXUtVWLFD TXH\DFRPHQ]DEDDFRQVROLGDUVHDSULQFLSLRVGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWDKDVLGR XQD GH ODV PiV EHQH¿FLDGDV SRU XQD VHULH GH IDFWRUHV IDYRUDEOHV XQ FRQMXQWR KLVWyULFRGHLQGLVFXWLEOHYDORUFXOWXUDOPDUFDGDVLQJXODULGDG\DWUDFWLYRHVWpWLFR \SDLVDMtVWLFR*DUFtD0DUFKDQWH7URLWLxRDE99$$ OD SUR[LPLGDG JHRJUi¿FD GH JUDQGHV Q~FOHRV XUEDQRV FRPR 0DGULG \ 9DOHQFLD SULQFLSDOHV HPLVRUHV GH YLVLWDQWHV \ WXULVWDV \ ODV SROtWLFDV GH DSR\R GHFLGLGRDOGHVDUUROORWXUtVWLFRGHODFLXGDG3ODQGH'LQDPL]DFLyQ7XUtVWLFDGH &XHQFD(OSRWHQFLDOGHXQDSRVLFLyQJHRJUi¿FDSULYLOHJLDGDSUy[LPDDUHFXUVRVSDLVDMtVWLFRVGHPRQWDxDGHJUDQYDORUQDWXUDO\H[FHOHQWHFDOLGDGDPELHQWDO XQLGRDODFUHDFLyQGHHTXLSDPLHQWRVHLQLFLDWLYDVFRPRHO0XVHRGH$UWH$EVWUDFWROD8QLYHUVLGDG,QWHUQDFLRQDO0HQpQGH]3HOD\RHO0XVHRGHODV&LHQFLDV HO &HQWUR GH ,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ$UV 1DWXUD HWF MXVWL¿FDQ HO QRWDEOH LQFUHPHQWR GH WXULVWDV \ FRQVLJXLHQWHPHQWH GH HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV KRWHOHURV UHVWDXUDFLyQ \ HPpleo generado en el sector. 1RREVWDQWHVLSXHGHKDEODUVHGHXQVHFWRUTXHKDH[SHULPHQWDGRXQFUHFLPLHQWRH[SORVLYRGHVGHSULQFLSLRVGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWDGHOSDVDGRVLJOR KDVWDHODxRpVHHVVLQGXGDODFRQVWUXFFLyQ$QLPDGRSRUHOERRPLQPRELOLDULRGHQWURGHXQDFR\XQWXUDHFRQyPLFDTXHIDYRUHFLyODLQYHUVLyQ\HODKRUUR HVSHFXODWLYRHQELHQHVLQPXHEOHVEDMRVWLSRVGHLQWHUpVLQHVWDELOLGDGGHOVHFWRU EXUViWLOGHVJUDYDFLRQHV\D\XGDVGLUHFWDVDODFRPSUDGHYLYLHQGDHWFHOVHFWRU GHODFRQVWUXFFLyQVHKDHULJLGRHQXQRGHORVSLODUHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODHFR FIGURA 1. 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