Dinámica de la red de drenaje en sistemas orogénicoscuencas: implicaciones sobre los sistemas petroleros 0$5&9,$3/$1$08=$6 Junio 2015 8QLYHUVLWDW$XWzQRPDGH%DUFHORQD Departament de Geologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Dinámica de la red de drenaje en sistemas orogénicoscuencas: implicaciones sobre los sistemas petroleros MARC VIAPLANA MUZAS Memoria presentada para optar al grado de doctor en Geología Director: Julien Babault Cerdanyola de Vallès, Junio 2015 ProyectocoͲfinanciadoporelministeriodeeconomíaycompetitividad(nºproyecto:CGL2010Ͳ 15416/BTE)yunconvenioREPSOL/UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona,(Noviembre2011). A la meva família, als que hi són i als que se n’han anat. Nuestras vidas son los ríos que van a dar en la mar, que es el morir: allí van los señoríos, derechos a se acabar y consumir; allí los ríos caudales, allí los otros medianos y más chicos; y llegados, son iguales los que viven por sus manos y los ricos. Jorge Manrique Agraïments/Agradecimientos/Remerciements Arribat aquest moment miro enrere i em sembla mentida haver arribat fins aquí. Penso en tota la gent que m’ha ajudat a tirar endavant, que ha estat molta, i no puc fer res més que dedicarvos unes paraules que són insignificants comparades amb l’ajuda rebuda. En primer lugar quiero agradecerte la confianza, esfuerzo y paciencia a ti, Julien. Confiaste en mí desde el trabajo de máster y lograste un convenio entre la Universidad y REPSOL para ofrecerme este Doctorado. Siempre recordaré las largas horas de “manip” al sótano escuchando, como no, “El sótano”. Me has guiado, orientado y aconsejado cuando estaba perdido... Sin ti, esto no hubiera sido posible. Muchísimas gracias Ju! Este doctorado tampoco hubiera sido posible sin la ayuda de Xavier Legrand, que nos apoyó con el proyecto desde Repsol. Mercie beaucoup! On doit aller à pécher pour célébrer la fin de la thèse! A todos los miembros de Repsol que han confiado en mí y me han ayudado en todo lo posible. José Luis Tornero, Elvira Álvarez, Carlos Díaz, Valerio Memmo y Claudia Bertoni. Un agradecimiento especial a Manu por la ayuda prestada y la paciencia. Stephane Dominguez, has sido una pieza clave en este doctorado. Has hecho que todo en el laboratorio estuviera preparado para cuando llegara, me has ayudado en la preparación de las “manips” y en todo lo que te he pedido. He aprendido mucho junto a ti. Te agradezco la confianza que has tenido en mí y también la paciencia y los consejos. Mercie Steph! ;-) A Christian Romano, por haberme ayudado en cualquier pequeño (o gran) problema que me encontraba en el laboratorio, además de las charlas que amenizaban las interminables horas debajo “el sótano”. Jean Van Den Driessche por los consejos y la ayuda prestada. Mercie VDD! A tots els professors: Grigri, Teixi, Reche, Gumer, Esteve, Mercè, Paco, Mª Luisa, Pini i al David perquè, voluntària o involuntàriament, m’heu ajudat a tirar endavant amb consells o, simplement, fent-me riure al menjador y a les barbacoes/calçotades/garrinades que em fet. Gràcies! A les “secres” de geologia: Sara, Sílvia, Glòria i Tere, sense vosaltres encara no hagués fet ni la matrícula del primer any! Gràcies per haver tingut tanta paciència amb mi i, sobretot, per rebrem sempre amb un somriure. À tous mes amis de Montpellier et, en particulier, à Yannick et GianLuca. Je souhaite remercier Antoine et Fatna pour m'avoir hebergé et ouvert leurs portes comme si j'étais un membre de leur famille. Je n'ai pas de mots pour vous remercier de votre hospitalité, votre gentillesse et l'amitié que vous m'avez portée. Je n'oublierai jamais les bières, les discussions et l"aventure" passées à vos côtés. J'espère que cette amitié ne se perdra jamais. Merci beaucoup à vous deux, vous êtes super ("cojonudos"). Als “becarios precarios” Eudald, Víctor i Jordi. Als “masterandos”, Andreu Badia i Andreu Vinyoles i als ja doctors, Alvar, Isi i Carlos. Una abraçada al Salva, al “parcerinho” Camilo, Mireia, Lucia, Marta i Dídac. Sense vosaltres, aquests anys no haguessin valgut la pena! Amics i companys de la llicenciatura Salva, Raquel, Ori, Enric i, en especial, a tu Ciscu, amic, germà, confident i company d’aventures, de birres, d’escalada, de muntanya, de platja, de festa… Gràcies per tot! Als meus amics de sempre: Maria, Emili, Alex, Lara, Alba i Adri. Encara que no sabéssiu ni entenguéssiu res del que feia m’heu ajudat moltíssim! A la meva família, aquesta tesi també és vostra, papa, mama i Roger. A tu, Ester, que m’has ajudat, recolzat i animat en l’últim tram de la tesi. Gràcies carinyo! 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Esta tesis está dividida en dos partes, en la primera se presentan los resultados de una modelización experimental (Capítulo 1 y Capítulo 2), y en la segunda, se realiza un estudio de un caso natural sobre un sistema orógeno-cuenca ubicado en Irian Jaya (Indonesia), compuesto por la cordillera del Central Range y la cuenca de Cendrawasih (Capítulo 3). En el Capítulo 1 se investiga experimentalmente como la interacción entre la deformación y la red de drenaje controla las variaciones del flujo sedimentario a lo largo de los modelos experimentales, sometidos a acortamiento y erosión. Primero se muestra que el comportamiento (geométrico y cinemático) de los canales experimentales bajo condiciones de levantamiento es similar al de los ríos observados en la naturaleza. Se muestra también que variar la proporción entre la tasa de lluvia y la tasa de acortamiento controla la organización de la red de drenaje. Si esta proporción es alta, la red de drenaje está dominada por tramos transversales, resultando en un sistema deposicional lineal a lo largo del frente de la estructura activa. Por el contrario, si la proporción es baja, la red de drenaje está dominada por tramos longitudinales, resultando en sistemas deposicionales puntuales. Finalmente se muestra que este comportamiento está controlado por una relación no lineal entre el caudal de los canales y la tasa de levantamiento. En el Capítulo 2 se muestra experimentalmente que una red de drenaje dominada por canales longitudinales se reorganiza a una red de drenaje dominada por canales transversales mediante migraciones de divisorias de aguas y procesos de capturas. La reorganización de la red de drenaje tiene como consecuencia la modificación del tamaño de las áreas de drenaje y, por consiguiente, de las tasas de sedimentación en las partes externas de los modelos. Estas tasas parecen no solo estar controladas por las fuerzas externas al sistema geomorfológico, que son la Tectónica y el Clima, sino también por la dinámica intrínseca del sistema geomorfológico. Además esta reorganización de la red de drenaje por capturas hacia un estadio dominado por tramos transversales, más estables, modifica la distribución espacial de los cuerpos sedimentarios en las partes externas de los modelos. En el Capítulo 3 se realiza un estudio geomorfológico que sugiere que la red de drenaje del Central Range se está reorganizando desde un estado inicial dominado por un drenaje longitudinal, formado hace 12 Ma, a uno dominado por un drenaje transversal siguiendo el mismo patrón que en los modelos experimentales. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido realizar un balance de volúmenes erosionados y sedimentados por las principales cuencas del Central Range que desembocan a la bahía de Cendrawasih y estimar la composición del relleno sedimentario que muestra que la cuenca ha sido alimentada mayoritariamente por filitas negras con materia orgánica. El balance de volúmenes se basa en un análisis de imágenes sísmicas de la cuenca sedimentaria y en una síntesis en el área fuente de los datos de erosión precedentes de la literatura. Este estudio muestra que el sistema orógeno-cuenca, Central Range–Cuenca de Cendrawasih, es un sistema dinámico que está en un estado transitorio probablemente desde la emersión de la cadena montañosa en el Mioceno Superior. 1 Abstract This thesis studies the interaction between tectonics and the river network and how this interaction controls the patters and rates of sedimentation. This work is composed of two parts, the first one presents the results of the experimental modeling (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2), and the second one shows the study of a natural Source-To-Sink system located in Irian Jaya (Indonesia), composed by the Central Range and Cendrawasih Basin (Chapter 3). In Chapter 1 I investigate experimentally the interactions between tectonics and the drainage network and its control on along-strike sediment fluxes in wedges submitted to shortening and rainfall. We first show that the behavior (geometries and kinematics) of experimental channels evolving under uplifting conditions are similar to what is observed in natural landscapes. We show substantial differences in both the drainage organization and along-strike variations in sediment accumulations by varying the ratio of rainfall rate over shortening rate. If this ratio is high, transverse channels draining a wedge are not diverted and a line-source dispersal system develops in front of the active structure. At low ratio, the merger of drainage basins in the backlimb of frontal structures results in gridiron drainage patterns and in point-sourced depositional systems separated by areas fed only by small channels developed in the external limbs. We show that this behavior is controlled by a non-linear relation between the channel discharge and the uplift rate. In Chapter 2 experiments show that a longitudinal-dominated drainage network can be reorganized to a transverse-dominated drainage network by divide migration and captures. This reorganization of the drainage network implies variations in the size of drainage basins, and consequently, in the rates of sedimentation at the external parts of the models. The rates of sedimentation appear to be controlled not only by Tectonics and Climate, but also by the intrinsic dynamics of the geomorphic system. In addition, the drainage-network reorganization also modifies the spatial distribution of clastic bodies from point-sourced depositional systems to line-source dispersal systems. In Chapter 3 the Source-To-Sink system, made of the Central Range and the Cendrawasih basin, is analyzed. The geomorphic study the Central Range suggests that the drainage network is reorganizing following the same pattern as in the experimental modeling. A balance between the eroded volumes in the main drainage basins of the Central Range and the deposited volumes stored in the Cendrawasih basin allowed to estimate the infilling composition and it shows the basin has been mainly fed by graphitic black phyllites. The volume balance has been done using erosion rates extracted from the literature and the seismic lines of the Cendrawasih basin. 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sedimentation depend conceptually on the ability or not for preexisting reaches to incise uplifting thrust sheets. In this study we investigate experimentally the dynamics of drainage network in a wedge submitted to shortening and erosion. It allows us to reproduce and monitor the interactions between tectonics, erosion and sedimentation during the development of up to five successive thrust sheets. In the experiments channels adjust to uplift rate by both increasing their slope and narrowing their channels as it is observed in nature. The series of experiments shows that the proportion of persistent preexisting transverse channels increases with the ratio of rainfall over shortening rates. The experiments confirm the view that the competition between discharge and tectonic uplift controls along-strike variations in sediment flux in sedimentary basins by controlling drainage organization. If the transverse channels draining a wedge are not diverted, a linesource dispersal system develops in front of the active structure. If channels are diverted in the backlimb of the frontal structure it results in point-sourced depositional systems separated by areas fed only by small channels developing in the front of the wedge. Fans accumulated in front of the active structures reveal two stages of sedimentation, one of progradation, while the frontal structure is active and a second one of valley backfilling and sealing of the thrust during internal deformation of the wedge. The experiments also suggest that spatial variations in rock uplift rate along a thrust front may be evidenced by minimum-discharge variations of persistent transverse channels. Keywords: experimental modeling, accretionary wedge, drainage network organization, river diversion, sedimentation patterns, source-to-sink. 11 En el Capítulo 1 se investiga experimentalmente como la interacción entre la deformación y la red de drenaje controla las variaciones del flujo sedimentario a lo largo de los modelos experimentales, sometidos a acortamiento y erosión. Primero se muestra que el comportamiento (geométrico y cinemático) de los canales experimentales bajo condiciones de levantamiento es similar al de los ríos observados en la naturaleza. Se muestra también que variar la proporción entre la tasa de lluvia y la tasa de acortamiento controla la organización de la red de drenaje. Si esta proporción es alta, la red de drenaje está dominada por tramos transversales, resultando en un sistema deposicional lineal a lo largo del frente de la estructura activa. Por el contrario, si la proporción es baja, la red de drenaje está dominada por tramos longitudinales, resultando en sistemas deposicionales puntuales. 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La reorganización de la red de drenaje tiene como consecuencia la modificación del tamaño de las áreas de drenaje y, por consiguiente, de las tasas de sedimentación en las partes externas de los modelos. Estas tasas parecen no solo estar controladas por las fuerzas externas al sistema geomorfológico, que son la Tectónica y el Clima, sino también por la dinámica intrínseca del sistema geomorfológico. 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Los resultados obtenidos han permitido realizar un balance de volúmenes erosionados y sedimentados por las principales cuencas del Central Range que desembocan a la bahía de Cendrawasih y estimar la composición del relleno sedimentario que muestra que la cuenca ha sido alimentada mayoritariamente por filitas negras con materia orgánica. El balance de volúmenes se basa en un análisis de imágenes sísmicas de la cuenca sedimentaria y en una síntesis en el área fuente de los datos de erosión precedentes de la literatura. 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- - - - 4 1 211116 84.70 60 1.41 0.01 17.65 9.12 8.90 2.10 0.10 4 2 11016 30.60 34 0.90 0.01 - - - - - 4 2 24580 - - - - 10.02 3.37 4.90 0.99 0.08 4 3 5932 45.20 124 0.36 0.01 13.12 5.20 4.45 0.64 0.12 5 2 11224 - - - - 10.06 6.32 3.97 0.25 0.03 5 3 112732 31.30 30 1.04 0.01 23.62 11.97 7.43 2.04 0.03 5 4 32384 44.14 41 1.08 0.01 - - - - - 5 4 44988 21.60 23 0.94 0.01 - - - - - 5 4 38380 - - - - 12.82 6.80 6.73 1.01 0.11 5 5 40068 51.31 41 1.25 0.01 15.14 7.86 4.60 0.42 0.09 5 5 26492 14.66 23 0.64 0.01 - - - - - 5 8 15096 - - - - 11.90 4.24 4.95 0.64 0.09 $1(;26 Shortening rate:8cm/h Rainfall rate: 9mm/h DRAINAGE AREA UNIT CHANNEL DISTANCE 2 Δt KNICKPOINT WAVE CELERITY (C) (mm ) (mm) (min) (mm/min) σ NORMALIZED STEEPNESS INDEX (KSN) σ WIDTH (W) σ (mm) RELATIVE UPLIFT (mm/min) 3 1 41544 56.80 31.00 1.83226 0.10 - - - - 0.11 3 1 40316 - - - - 13.87 6.80836 4.2 0.42426 0.11 3 2 14056 36.50 31.00 1.17742 0.10 - - - - 0.19 3 2 13908 23.80 19.00 1.25263 0.10 12.89 1.42937 4.1 0.14142 0.19 3 3 51632 42.80 31.00 1.38 0.10 - - - - 0.19 3 3 47112 - - - - 17.70 5.30434 4 0.6 0.19 3 4 100000 115.60 31.00 3.72903 0.10 19.16 10.72904 6.5 1.41421 0.13 4 1 65200 90.80 25.00 3.632 0.10 17.20 3.26712 6.05 1.06066 0.18 4 2 48944 65.11 25.00 2.6044 0.10 16.15 4.87985 5.2 0.45826 0.14 4 3 82708 81.00 25.00 3.24 0.10 19.98 11.85479 4.06667 0.40415 0.16 $1(;26 Shortening rate: 9cm/h UNIT Rainfall rate: 9mm/h DRAINAGE AREA CHANNEL DISTANCE 2 Δt KNICKPOINT WAVE CELERITY (C) (mm ) (mm) (min) (mm/min) 51648 82.20 25.00 3.288 2 1 2 1 66052 - - 3 1 109228 42.20 15.00 3 1 91384 3 2 24252 3 2 21080 - - 3 2 22568 25.00 20.00 4 1 102424 50.00 12.00 4 1 105724 - 4 2 49752 4 2 56904 σ NORMALIZED STEEPNESS INDEX (KSN) σ RELATIVE UPLIFT (mm/min) 0.10 - - - - 0.20 - - 9.31 3.60735 4.63333 0.83267 0.20 2.81333 0.10 - - - - 0.21 23.28 5.15602 4 1.17898 0.21 0.10 - - - - 0.20 - - 14.52 2.29952 3.5 0.56569 0.20 1.25 0.10 - - - - 0.20 4.16667 0.10 - - - - 0.18 - - - 18.21 5.68605 4.66667 1.15036 0.18 53.30 12.00 4.44167 0.10 - - - - 0.20 - - - - 14.60 1.62678 3.56667 0.77675 0.20 38.40 15.00 2.6 WIDTH (W) (mm) σ $1(;26 Shortening rate: 20cm/h Rainfall rate: 9mm/h DRAINAGE AREA CHANNEL DISTANCE UNIT 2 (mm ) (mm) Δt KNICKPOINT WAVE CELERITY (C) (min) (mm/min) NORMALIZED STEEPNESS INDEX (KSN) σ WIDTH (W) σ σ (mm) RELATIVE UPLIFT (mm/min) 2 1 57168 73.45 15.00 4.89667 0.10 21.82 5.69973 3.03333 0.40415 0.49 2 2 55084 88.80 15.00 5.92 0.10 16.55 9.84294 2.43333 0.41633 0.58 3 1 148756 77.60 10.00 7.76 0.10 4 1 63704 110.37 15.00 7.358 0.10 18.24 8.48999 3.9 0.56569 0.33 4 2 103724 125.68 15.00 8.37867 0.10 19.80 9.41119 4.16667 0.32146 0.33 5 1 244528 74.80 8.00 9.35 0.10 32.10 12.11843 4.6 0.28284 0.40 - - - - 0.40 $1(;26 Shortening rate: 50cm/h UNIT Rainfall rate: 9mm/h DRAINAGE AREA CHANNEL DISTANCE 2 Δt KNICKPOINT WAVE CELERITY (C) (mm ) (mm) (min) (mm/min) σ NORMALIZED STEEPNESS INDEX (KSN) σ WIDTH (W) σ (mm) RELATIVE UPLIFT (mm/min) 2 1 90004 59.80 5.00 11.96 0.20 - - - - - 2 1 124804 - - - - 15.51 8.42275 3.6 0.56569 0.98 3 1 95120 51.40 5.00 10.28 0.20 34.23 16.95308 2.73333 0.41633 1.24 4 1 133404 53.80 5.00 10.76 0.20 37.27 9.50224 3.16667 0.37859 1.06 5 1 163356 51.60 3.00 17.16667 0.20 - - - - 1.25 5 1 122812 62.70 5.00 12.54 0.20 56.52 35.67788 2.83333 0.32146 1.25 σ NORMALIZED STEEPNESS INDEX (KSN) σ WIDTH (W) σ RELATIVE UPLIFT Shortening rate: 100cm/h UNIT Rainfall rate: 9mm/h DRAINAGE CHANNEL DISTANCE AREA 2 Δt KNICKPOINT WAVE CELERITY (C) (mm ) (mm) (min) (mm/min) (mm) (mm/min) 3 1 112096 115.70 8 14.4625 0.20 19.09 7.91118 2.75 0.49497 1.50 5 1 138460 124.20 5.00 24.84 0.20 37.29 18.0204 2.4 0.28284 1.66 5 2 110244 77.20 5.00 15.44 0.20 45.25 16.83882 2.05 0.35355 2.60 $1(;26 Shortening rate: 8cm/h UNIT Rainfall rate: 18mm/h CHANNEL DISTANCE Δt KNICKPOINT WAVE CELERITY (C) (mm ) (mm) (min) (mm/min) DRAINAGE AREA 2 2 1 16644 42.00 15.00 2.8 0.10 2 1 68772 52.30 10.00 5.23 0.10 3 1 24856 35.80 10.00 3.6 0.10 3 1 36400 31.30 10.00 3.13 0.10 3 2 21996 32.07 10.00 3.2 0.10 3 2 12412 22.11 10.00 2.3 0.10 3 4 66568 55.80 10.00 5.58 0.10 4 2 63056 73.70 15.00 4.91333 0.10 σ $1(;26 Shortening rate: 18cm/h UNIT Rainfall rate: 18mm/h CHANNEL DISTANCE Δt KNICKPOINT WAVE CELERITY (C) (mm ) (mm) (min) (mm/min) DRAINAGE AREA 2 2 2 108356 111.50 15.00 7.43333 0.10 3 1 118664 90.40 15.00 6.02667 0.10 3 2 42084 83.00 15.00 5.53333 0.10 4 1 99880 63.00 9.00 7 0.10 4 1 99880 66.50 11.00 6.04545 0.10 4 2 217148 70.40 9.00 7.82222 0.10 4 2 217148 92.20 11.00 8.38182 0.10 σ $11(;26 $11(;26 &$3Ë78/2 $1(;26 )LJXUDQRLQWHUSUHWDGDGHOFDStWXORPRGHOR$ 7DVDGHDFRUWDPLHQWRFPK\WDVDGHOOXYLDPPK $1(;26 )LJXUDQRLQWHUSUHWDGDGHOFDStWXORPRGHOR$ 7DVDGHDFRUWDPLHQWRFPK\WDVDGHOOXYLDPPK $1(;26 )LJXUDQRLQWHUSUHWDGDGHOFDStWXORPRGHOR% 7DVDGHDFRUWDPLHQWRFPK\WDVDGHOOXYLDPPK $1(;26 &$3Ë78/2 $1(;26 Perfiles longitudinales de los ríos y regresiones de los índices de pendiente (ksn) 0DSDGHORVtQGLFHVGHSHQGLHQWHNVQGHORVSULQFLSDOHVUtRV GHFDGDFXHQFD(VWHtQGLFH LQGLFD HO YDORU GH OD SHQGLHQWH HQ ORV SHUILOHV HOHYDFLyQȤ /RV YDORUHV URMRV LQGLFDQ PiV SHQGLHQWH\ORVYDORUHVYHUGHVSHQGLHQWHVPiVVXDYHV $1(;26 %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQD %DVLQ% $1(;26 %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ $1(;26 %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ $1(;26 %DVLQ %DVLQ %DVLQ $1(;26 Localización y nomenclatura de las cuencas utilizada en el cálculo del parámetro χ. $1(;26 Graficas de elevación/χ de los ríos principales de cada cuenca y sus afluentes, $1(;26 Test de colinearidad de cada cuenca, Cuenca 425 $1(;26 $1(;26 Cuenca 15925 $1(;26 $1(;26 Cuenca 16112 $1(;26 $1(;26 Cuenca 16671 $1(;26 $1(;26 Cuenca 17614 $1(;26 $1(;26 Cuenca 18020 $1(;26 $1(;26 Cuenca 18750 $1(;26 $1(;26 Concavidad media de cada cuenca, $1(;26 Concavidad mediana de todas las cuencas, $1(;26 Líneas sísmicas $1(;26 LÍNEAS DEEP, orientación NO-SE $1(;26 $1(;26 Líneas strike, orientación SO-NE $1(;26 192