lists of spanish sentences with equivalent

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Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2010, 111, 2, 1-­‐‑13. © Perceptual and Motor Skills 2010
LISTS OF SPANISH SENTENCES WITH EQUIVALENT PREDICTABILITY, PHONETIC CONTENT, LENGTH, AND FREQUENCY OF THE LAST WORD1
TERESA CERVERA
JULIO GONZÁLEZ-­‐‑ALVAREZ
University of Valencia
University Jaume I
Summary.—This paper presents a pool of Spanish sentences designed for use ’—ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŠ—ȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ȱ’—ȱŒ’›Œž–œŠ—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱ
context are relevant. These lists of sentences are divided into six lists of 25 equiva-­‐‑
lent high-­‐‑predictability sentences and six lists of 25 low-­‐‑predictability sentences according to the extent to which the last word can be predicted by the preceding context. These lists were also equivalent in phonetic content, length and frequency of the last word. These lists are intended for use in psycholinguistic research with Spanish-­‐‑speaking listeners.
‘Žȱ ŠœœŽœœ–Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ŽěŽŒœȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜—Ž¡ȱ ˜—ȱ ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ œ™˜”Ž—ȱ
words has been the subject of extensive research in cognitive science and •Š—žŠŽȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ǯȱȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱꛖ•¢ȱŽœŠ‹•’œ‘Žȱ‘ŠȱŠȱ™›ŽŒŽ’—ȱŒ˜—-­‐‑
text favors the recognition of a word compared to words in isolation (Mill-­‐‑
Ž›ǰȱ
Ž’œŽǰȱǭȱ’Œ‘Ž—ǰȱŗşśŗDzȱžĜȱǭȱ’˜•ŠœǰȱŗşŝŚǼǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ’–™˜œŽœȱœ¢—-­‐‑
tactic and semantic constraints which increase the predictability of the last word in the sentence.
‘ŽȱŽŸŠ•žŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ’—Ž••’’‹’•’¢ȱ’œȱŠȱœ™ŽŒ’ęŒȱŠ›ŽŠȱ˜ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ’—ȱ
which this question is especially relevant. If the intention of the research-­‐‑
er is to approach everyday communicative situations as much as possible, then sentences are the most appropriate speech stimuli. However, in the ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœǰȱœŽ—œ˜›¢ȱ˜›ȱ‹˜Ĵ˜–Ȭž™ȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒœȱ ’‘ȱ
top-­‐‑down or linguistic information provided by the sentence’s context. ‘Žȱ –˜œȱ ›ŽšžŽ—ȱ Š¢ȱ ˜ȱ ŠœœŽœœȱ ‘Žȱ ›Ž•Š’ŸŽȱ Œ˜—›’‹ž’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‹˜Ĵ˜–Ȭž™ȱ
and top-­‐‑down information has been to present to listeners short sentences Œ˜—Š’—’—ȱŠȱŒ˜—Ž¡žŠ•ȱ™Š›ȱŠ—ȱŠȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ǯȱ‘Žȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œȱ–žœȱ›Žœ™˜—ȱ
‹¢ȱ™›˜Ÿ’’—ȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŒ˜-­‐‑
—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱŠœœŽœœŽȱ‹¢ȱŒ˜–™Š›’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜™˜›’˜—ȱ˜ȱ
correct responses in high-­‐‑predictability sentences with the responses in low-­‐‑predictability sentences, on the assumption that increased contextual ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱŒ˜—›’‹žŽœȱ˜ȱŠȱ‹ŽĴŽ›ȱž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ȱǻŠ-­‐‑
•’”˜ ǰȱŽŸŽ—œǰȱǭȱ••’˜ǰȱŗşŝŝǼǯ
The evaluation of speech intelligibility is especially important in certain situations such as background noise or with certain types of lis-­‐‑
1
Address correspondence to Teresa Cervera, Ph.D., Departamento de Psicología Básica, Uni-­‐‑
ŸŽ›œ’ŠȱŽȱŠ•Ž—Œ’Šǰȱ•ŠœŒ˜ȱ‹Š—Ž£ȱŘŗǰȱŚŜŖŗŖȱŠ•Ž—Œ’Šǰȱ™Š’—ȱ˜›ȱŽ–Š’•ȱǻŽ›ŽœŠǯŽ›ŸŽ›ŠȓžŸǯŽœǼǯ
ISSN 0031-­‐‑5125
2
T. CERVERA & J. GONZÁLEZ-­‐‑ALVAREZ
Ž—Ž›œȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ Ž•Ž›•¢ȱ ™Ž›œ˜—œȱ ǻŽ››¢ȱ ǭȱ ’—ęŽ•ǰȱ ŗşşŚDzȱ ’Œ‘˜›ŠȬž••Ž›ǰȱ Œ‘—Ž’Ž›ǰȱ ǭȱ Š—Ž–Š—ǰȱ ŗşşśDzȱ ˜›˜—ȬŠ•Š—ȱ ǭȱ ’£’‹‹˜—œǰȱ ŗşşŝDzȱ ˜–-­‐‑
–Ž›œȱǭȱŠ—’Ž•œ˜—ǰȱŗşşşDzȱž‹—˜ǰȱ‘•œ›˜–ǰȱǭȱ
˜› ’£ǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱ’—ęŽ•ǰȱ
ž—ǰȱǭȱŒ˜¢ǰȱŘŖŖśDzȱ’Œ‘˜›ŠȬž••Ž›ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ—ȱœžŒ‘ȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œǰȱŽŒ›ŽŠœŽœȱ’—ȱ
sensory information due to loss of auditory acuity, especially under ad-­‐‑
verse listening conditions involving background noise or voices, can be compensated by top-­‐‑down information provided by the context. With the aim of equating perceptual properties of the sentences, speech materials are constructed to be equivalent in certain relevant characteristics such as •Ž—‘ȱŠ—ȱ™‘˜—Ž’ŒȱŒ˜—Ž—ǯȱ—ȱŠ’’˜—ǰȱ‘Žȱ™›˜™Ž›’Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ȱ
or target word must be controlled. Thus, these words must also be equiva-­‐‑
lent in their main characteristics such as length, syntactic category (nouns Š›ŽȱžœžŠ••¢ȱžœŽǼǰȱœ›ŽœœǰȱŠ—ǰȱ™›’—Œ’™Š••¢ǰȱ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›ǯȱ‘Žȱ’—-­‐‑
̞Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ ˜›ȱ ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ȱ ˜—ȱ œ™˜”Ž—Ȭ ˜›ȱ ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ ’œȱ Ž••Ȭ”—˜ —ȱ
œ’—ŒŽȱ‘Žȱœž’Žœȱ˜ȱŠ–žŽ•ȱǻŗşŞŗǼȱŠ—ȱŠ›œ•Ž—Ȭ’•œ˜—ȱǻŗşŞŝǼǰȱŠ—ȱ™•Š¢œȱŠȱ
fundamental role in speech perception theories (Forster, 1981; McClelland ǭȱ•–Š—ǰȱŗşŞŜDzȱŠ›œ•Ž—Ȭ’•œ˜—ǰȱŗşŞŝǼǯȱ
In the English language, the speech materials which satisfy all of these ›Žšž’œ’ŽœȱŠ›Žȱ‘Žȱȱǻ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱŽ›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ’—ȱ˜’œŽǼȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱǻŠ•’”˜ ǰȱ
et alǯǰȱŗşŝŝǼǯȱ—ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•œǰȱ ˜ȱ¢™Žœȱ˜ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱŠ›ŽȱžœŽDZȱ‘’‘Ȭ™›Ž-­‐‑
’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ ‘˜œŽȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ȱŒŠ—ȱ‹Žȱœ˜–Ž ‘Šȱ™›Ž’ŒŽȱ‹¢ȱ‘Žȱ
™›ŽŒŽ’—ȱ Œ˜—Ž¡ǰȱ Š—ȱ •˜ Ȭ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱ œŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ ‘˜œŽȱ ꗊ•ȱ ˜›ȱ
ŒŠ——˜ȱ‹Žȱ™›Ž’ŒŽȱ‹¢ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ǯȱ‘ŽȱœŠ–Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›œȱŠ™™ŽŠ›ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ
high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑predictability sentences. By comparing the recognition per-­‐‑
˜›–Š—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•œȱ˜—ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ ˜ȱ¢™Žœȱ˜ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœǰȱœŽ™Š›ŠŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ
of auditory acuity and cognitive processing, expressed as capability of us-­‐‑
’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ˜ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’£Žȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ǰȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱŠœœŽœœŽǯȱ‘’œȱ¢™Žȱ˜ȱ
testing is especially important for elderly listeners because they frequent-­‐‑
•¢ȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ’‘ȱŠŽȬ›Ž•ŠŽȱŽŒ›ŽŠœŽȱŠž’˜›¢ȱŠŒž’¢ȱǻ™›Žœ‹¢Œžœ’œǼȱŠ—ǰȱ
’—ȱœ˜–ŽȱŒŠœŽœǰȱŠŽȬ›Ž•ŠŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱŽŒ•’—Žȱǻ˜––’ĴŽŽȱ˜›ȱ
ŽŠ›’—ǰȱ’˜-­‐‑
ŠŒ˜žœ’ŒœǰȱŠ—ȱ’˜–ŽŒ‘Š—’ŒœǰȱŗşŞŞǼǯȱŽĴŽ›ȱ™Ž›˜›–Š—ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ‘’‘Ȭȱ‘Š—ȱ˜—ȱ
low-­‐‑predictability sentences is expected to be independent of the hearing œŠžœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œǯȱ‘žœǰȱ’ȱ—˜ȱœžŒ‘ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱŠ›Žȱ˜ž—ǰȱœ˜–ŽȱŽę-­‐‑
ciencies in cognitive processing might be suspected. ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒȱ˜ȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ˜—ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœž‹œŽšžŽ—ȱ ˜›ȱ˜›ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ
types of listeners also is a relevant issue. One example would be nonna-­‐‑
tive listeners ‘ŠŸ’—ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱœŽŒ˜—ȱ•Š—žŠŽȱ™›˜ęŒ’Ž—Œ¢ǯȱ˜——Š-­‐‑
’ŸŽȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱŒ˜––ž—’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ’œȱ”—˜ —ȱ˜ȱ‹Žȱ•ŽœœȱŽěŽŒ’ŸŽȱ‘Š—ȱ—Š’ŸŽȱŒ˜–-­‐‑
–ž—’ŒŠ’˜—ȱǻ•ŽŽǰȱŗşşśǼǯȱ˜——Š’ŸŽȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œȱŠ”Žȱ•ŽœœȱŠŸŠ—ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
Œ˜—Ž¡ȱ ‘Š—ȱ —Š’ŸŽȱ •’œŽ—Ž›œȱ ˜ǯȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’‘Ȭȱ
and low-­‐‑predictability sentences would presumably indicate the extent ˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘Žȱ—˜——Š’ŸŽȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œȱŠ›Žȱ̞Ž—ȱŽ—˜ž‘ȱ˜ȱ™›˜ęȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ-­‐‑
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH SENTENCES
3
mantic and syntactic information provided by context (Mayo, Florentine, ǭȱžžœǰȱŗşşŝǼǯȱ‘žœǰȱ‘ŽȱžœŽȱ˜ȱ‘’‘ȬȱŠ—ȱ•˜ Ȭ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ’œȱ
appropriate for assessing the type of sensory or cognitive processes in-­‐‑
volved in sentence processing by bilingual listeners. In addition, the use of high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑predictability sentences by audiologists has demonstrated ‘Ž’›ȱŽĜŒŠŒ¢ȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŽŸŠ•žŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽŠ›’—Ȭ’–™Š’›Žȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œȱǻ
žŒ‘Ž›œ˜—ǰȱ
’›”œǰȱǭȱ˜›Š—ǰȱŗşŝşǼǯȱ
Several listening conditions have been used in examining high-­‐‑ and •˜ Ȭ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœǰȱ’—Œ•ž’—ȱ‹ŠŒ”›˜ž—ȱ—˜’œŽȱŠȱ’쎛Ž—ȱœ’-­‐‑
—Š•Ȭ˜Ȭ—˜’œŽȱ •ŽŸŽ•œȱ ǻŠ•’”˜ ǰȱ et alǯǰȱ ŗşŝŝDzȱ ˜›˜—ȬŠ•Š—ȱ ǭȱ ’£’‹‹˜—œǰȱ
1999, 2001, 2004; Dubno, et al., 2000; Gordon-­‐‑Salant, Fitzgibbons, & Fried-­‐‑
–Š—ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ
ž–Žœǰȱž›”ǰȱ˜ž‘•’—ǰȱžœŽ¢ǰȱǭȱ›ŠžœŽ›ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǰȱŠœȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ
(Gordon-­‐‑Salant & Fitzgibbons, 1999, 2001, 2004; Humes, et alǯǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ˜›Ȭ
Gor-­‐‑
don-­‐‑Salant, et alǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǰȱœŠ–ŽȱŸŽ›œžœȱ’쎛Ž—ȱœ™ŽŠ”Ž›œȂȱŸ˜’ŒŽœȱǻ˜¢ǰȱ’-­‐‑
Œ‘˜›ŠȬž••Ž›ǰȱ ŸŠ—ȱ ’Žœ‘˜žǰȱ ’—‘ǰȱ ǭȱ Œ‘—Ž’Ž›ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ˜›ȱ œ˜–Žȱ œ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ
’œ˜›’˜—œȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ “’ĴŽ›ȱ ǻ’Œ‘˜›ŠȬž••Ž›ǰȱ Œ‘—Ž’Ž›ǰȱ ŠŒ˜—Š•ǰȱ Šœœǰȱ
ǭȱ ›˜ —ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼȱ ˜›ȱ —˜’œŽȬŸ˜Œ˜Žȱ œ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ ǻ‘Ž•˜—ǰȱ ’Œ‘˜›ŠȬž••Ž›ǰȱ ǭȱ Œ‘—Ž’Ž›ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ
The high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑predictability sentences have also been used to ŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱ ‘Žȱ Ž¡Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ Ž•Ž›•¢ȱ •’œŽ—Ž›œȱ –Š¢ȱ ‹Ž—Žęȱ ›˜–ȱ Œ˜—Ž¡ǰȱ
both in perception and recall. Working memory capacity (Baddeley & ’Œ‘ǰȱŗşŝŚǼȱ ŠœȱŠœœŽœœŽȱ‹¢ȱ’Œ‘˜›ŠȬž••Ž›ǰȱet alǯȱǻŗşşśǼȱžœ’—ȱŠ—ȱŠž’˜›¢ȱ
version of the Daneman and Carpenter task for reading materials (Dane-­‐‑
–Š—ȱǭȱŠ›™Ž—Ž›ǰȱŗşŞřǼǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱœž¢ȱ‹¢ȱ’Œ‘˜›ŠȬž••Ž›ǰȱet alǯȱǻŗşşśǼǰȱ™Š›-­‐‑
’Œ’™Š—œȱ Ž›ŽȱŠœ”Žȱ˜ȱ›Ž™˜›ȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱ’––Ž’ŠŽ•¢ȱ
ŠĞŽ›ȱ‘ŽŠ›’—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱœžŒŒŽœœ’ŸŽ•¢ȱ–Š’—Š’—ȱŠȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ
ꗊ•ȱ ˜›œȱ’—ȱ–Ž–˜›¢ȱž—’•ȱ‘Ž¢ȱ Ž›ŽȱŠœ”Žȱ˜ȱ›ŽŒŠ••ȱ‘Ž–ȱŠȱ‘ŽȱŽ—ȱ˜ȱŠȱ
set of sentences. Finally, the availability of several equivalent lists of high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑predictability sentences is useful when it is necessary to test the same individuals on several occasions over a period of time.
Although these questions are interesting regardless of the native lan-­‐‑
guage of the individuals, most studies have been conducted with English-­‐‑
speaking participants and English-­‐‑language materials. To date, there are no sets of high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑predictability sentences in the Spanish language œ’–’•Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘˜œŽȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ—•’œ‘ȱ•Š—žŠŽȱǻȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœǼȱ˜›ȱžœŽȱ‹¢ȱ›Ž-­‐‑
œŽŠ›Œ‘Ž›œȱŠ—ȱŒ•’—’Œ’Š—œǯȱ‘Žȱ
ŽŠ›’—ȱ’—ȱ˜’œŽȱŽœȱǻ
Ǽǰȱ˜›’’—Š••¢ȱŽ-­‐‑
ŸŽ•˜™Žȱ‹¢ȱ’•œœ˜—ǰȱ˜•’ǰȱŠ—ȱž••’ŸŠ—ȱǻŗşşŚǼȱŠ—ȱŠŠ™Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠœ’•’Š—ȱ
™Š—’œ‘ȱ•Š—žŠŽȱ‹¢ȱ
žŠ›ŽȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱžœŽœȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱŠœȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ‹žȱ
the distinction between high and low predictability is not contemplated in these lists. In the present study, equivalent sets of high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑predict-­‐‑
Š‹’•’¢ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ Ž›ŽȱŽ—Ž›ŠŽǯȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ™˜˜•ȱŒ˜—œ’œŽȱ˜ȱœ’¡ȱ‘’‘Ȭ™›Ž-­‐‑
dictability lists of sentences, and six low-­‐‑predictability lists, each list com-­‐‑
4
T. CERVERA & J. GONZÁLEZ-­‐‑ALVAREZ
prising 25 sentences. These lists were equivalent on predictability, but also on other characteristics such as length, phonetic content (both the whole œŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ•Šœȱ ˜›Ǽǰȱœ¢••Š‹’Œȱœ›žŒž›Žǰȱ ˜›ȱœ›ŽœœǰȱŠ—ȱ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ȱ
˜ȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ǯȱ‘Žȱ•Ž—‘ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱŠ—ȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œȱ
because processing the sentence cannot take so long that it requires exten-­‐‑
sive memory. It is also important because there is a positive relation be-­‐‑
 ŽŽ—ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱ•Ž—‘ȱŠ—ȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
•Šœȱ ˜›ȱǻŸŠ—ȱŽĴŽ—ȱǭȱžŠœǰȱŗşşŖǼǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ǰȱŠœȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ
Š›Žȱ Œ˜—œ›žŒŽȱ ˜›ȱ žœŽȱ ’—ȱ ’쎛Ž—’Š••¢ȱ ŠœœŽœœ’—ȱ œŽ—œ˜›¢ȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ
processing of the sentence, an important property of the sentence (includ-­‐‑
’—ȱ‘Žȱ•Šœȱ ˜›Ǽȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ–žœȱ‹Žȱ‹Š•Š—ŒŽȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ™‘˜—Ž’ŒȱŒ˜—Ž—ǯ
At the same time, controlling the characteristics of the last word is also ’–™˜›Š—ǰȱŠœȱ‘’œȱ ˜›ȱǻ›Š‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱ‘Žȱ ‘˜•ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽǼȱ’œȱ—˜›–Š••¢ȱ›Ž-­‐‑
šž’›ŽȱŠœȱŠȱ›Žœ™˜—œŽȱ‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱ’ȱœ’–™•’ęŽœȱ‘Žȱ•’œŽ—Ž›ȂœȱŠœ”ǰȱŠ—ȱ’ȱ’œȱŠœŽ›ȱ
and easier for the researcher or clinician to evaluate. The last words used in the present study were also equivalent in frequency of occurrence. All ‘Žȱ ˜›œȱŠ›Žȱ‹’œ¢••Š‹’ŒȱŠ—ȱŠŒŒŽ—Žȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱꛜȱœ¢••Š‹•Žȱǻ’—œŽŠȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
–˜—˜œ¢••Š‹’Œȱ ˜›œȱžœŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—•’œ‘ȱ•Š—žŠŽǼȱ‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱ‘’œȱœ›žŒž›Žȱ
is the most frequent one in the Spanish language. These lists of sentences, ‘’Œ‘ȱŠ›ŽȱŽšž’ŸŠ•Ž—ȱ’—ȱ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ǰȱ•Ž—‘ǰȱŠ—ȱꗊ•ȱ ˜›ȱ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ǰȱ
are suitable for use in psycholinguistic research with Spanish-­‐‑speaking participants in those circumstances in which sensory reception and cog-­‐‑
—’’ŸŽȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ȱǻŒ˜—Ž¡ȱŽěŽŒœǼȱŠ›Žȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱŠŒ˜›œȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŒ˜—œ’Ž›Žǯ
ђѡѕќё
Procedure
Selecting the last word of sentencesǯȯ‘ŽȱꛜȱœŽ™ȱ’—ȱŽ—Ž›Š’—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—-­‐‑
tences was to select the words which would be the last words in the sen-­‐‑
Ž—ŒŽœǯȱЎ›ȱ‘Šǰȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ Ž›ŽȱŽ—Ž›ŠŽǯȱ˜••˜ ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽž›Žȱ
by Š•’”˜ ǰȱet alǯȱǻŗşŝŝǼǰ the last word in the sentence must be a noun, but ’ȱ‘Šœȱ˜ȱ‹Žȱ‹’œ¢••Š‹’ŒȱŠ—ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‘Žȱœ›Žœœȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱꛜȱœ¢••Š‹•ŽȱŠœȱ‘’œȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ
most representative syllabic structure in Spanish, rather than the mono-­‐‑
syllabic words preferably used in the English language. Another require-­‐‑
ment was that all the words have a similar frequency index. The words Œ˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‹Žȱ•’Ĵ•ŽȱžœŽȱ˜›ȱŸŽ›¢ȱ›ŽšžŽ—•¢ȱžœŽǯȱ‘Žȱ–ŽŠœž›Žȱ˜ȱ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ȱ
˜ȱ˜ŒŒž››Ž—ŒŽȱžœŽȱ Šœȱ˜—Žȱ ˜›ȱ™Ž›ȱ–’••’˜—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™Š—’œ‘ȱ ›’ĴŽ—ȱ•Š—-­‐‑
žŠŽȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ•Š–ŽŠȱŠ—ȱžŽ˜œȂȱŒ˜›™žœȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱ‘Žȱ ˜›œȱœŽ•ŽŒŽȱ
had a frequency of between 16 and 41 per million, and they were nouns, ‹’œ¢••Š‹’ŒǰȱŠ—ȱœ›ŽœœŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱꛜȱœ¢••Š‹•Žǯȱ‘Žȱ’—’’Š•ȱ™˜˜•ȱŒ˜—œ’œŽȱ˜ȱ
240 words.
Generation of sentences.—The next step was to generate a high-­‐‑pre-­‐‑
dictability sentence and a low-­‐‑predictability sentence for each of the 240 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH SENTENCES
5
words. The low-­‐‑predictability sentences were formed with the target word ™›ŽŒŽŽȱ‹¢ȱŠȱ—Žž›Š•ȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱȃ˜ȱŽ–Šœȱ‘Š‹•Š›ȱŽȱǯȺȺǯȺ ǯȄȱǻȃ˜—Ȃȱ‹Žȱ
Š›Š’ȱ˜ȱŠ•”ȱŠ‹˜žȱǯȺȺǯȺ ǯȄȱǼȱ˜›ȱȃŠ›•˜œȱ‘Š‹•àȱœ˜‹›ŽȱǯȺȺǯȺ ǯȄȱǻȃŠ›•˜œȱŠ•”ŽȱŠ‹˜žȱ
ǯȺȺǯȺ ǯȄǼǯȱ‘Žȱhigh-­‐‑predictability sentences were generated by using the last word preceded by a context semantically connected with that word, such Šœȱȃ•Žàȱž—Šȱ‘˜›ŠȱŠ›ŽȱŠȱœžȱŒ’ŠȄȱǻ
ŽȦœ‘ŽȱŠ››’ŸŽȱŠ—ȱ‘˜ž›ȱ•ŠŽ›ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȦ‘Ž›ȱ
Š™™˜’—–Ž—ȄǼȱ˜›ȱȃŽ—˜ȱŽ•ȱ’—Ž›˜ȱŽ—ȱŽ•ȱ‹Š—Œ˜Ȅȱǻȃȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‘Žȱ–˜—Ž¢ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ
‹Š—”ȄǼǰȱ‹žȱ ’‘˜žȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱ ˜›ȱ‹Ž’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜—•¢ȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ ˜›ǯȱ›˜ŸŽ›‹œǰȱ
sayings, maxims, adages, etc., were avoided. All sentences with both high and low predictability had a similar length of seven to 10 syllables, and they had a variety of syntactic structures.
Predictability of the sentences and initial selection.—The 210 h
high-­‐‑
igh-­‐‑predict-­‐‑
ability sentences were judged on their predictability by a group of 150 participants, students at the University of Valencia from 21 to 26 years of age who participated voluntarily and gave their informed consent. All the sentences were presented as a paper-­‐‑and-­‐‑pencil test without the last ˜›ȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱǻŽǯǯǰȱȃŽ—˜ȱŽ•ȱ’—Ž›˜ȱŽ—ȱŽ•ȱǯȺȺǯȺ ǯǰȄȱȃȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‘Žȱ–˜—Ž¢ȱ
’—ȱ‘ŽǯȺȺǯȺ ǯȄǼǯȱ‘Žȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œȱ Ž›Žȱ’—œ›žŒŽȱ˜ȱꕕȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ•Šœȱ ˜›ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—-­‐‑
tence according to what they thought was the most likely word to occur. They were told that the last word was a bisyllabic noun stressed on the ꛜȱœ¢••Š‹•Žǯȱ‘ŽȱŠœ”ȱ Šœȱ™Ž›˜›–Žȱ’—ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱœŽœœ’˜—œȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱŠȱ™Ž›’˜ȱ
of several weeks.
For each sentence, the number of responses which coincided with the last word, transformed into percentages (of the total number of partici-­‐‑
™Š—œȂȱŠ—œ Ž›œǼǰȱ ŠœȱŠ”Ž—ȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ–ŽŠœž›Žȱ˜ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ǯȱ›˜–ȱ
the initial pool of 240 sentences, those sentences whose predictability was between 10% and 90% were selected. This way, the sentences of very high or very low predictability were excluded. The total number of selected sentences was 168. Of these 168 sentences, 150 were randomly selected and randomly assigned to the six lists of 25 high-­‐‑predictability sentences. The 18 remaining sentences were not used. The means and the standard deviations for the values of predictabil-­‐‑
’¢ȱ˜›ȱŽŠŒ‘ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ’¡ȱ•’œœȱ˜ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ Ž›ŽȱŒŠ•Œž•ŠŽȱǻŠ‹•ŽȱŗǼǯȱœȱ‘Žȱ
intention was to have lists homogeneous in predictability values, the pres-­‐‑
ent objective was to obtain similar mean values for all the lists. To con-­‐‑
ꛖȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱœ’¡ȱ•’œœȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ’쎛ȱœŠ’œ’ŒŠ••¢ȱ˜—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱŸŠ•-­‐‑
ues, a one-­‐‑way ANOVA was conducted with the predictability scores for ŽŠŒ‘ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱǻŽ¡™›ŽœœŽȱ’—ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ—ǼȱŠœȱŠȱŽ™Ž—Ž—ȱŸŠ›’Š‹•ŽȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ•’œȱ
˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ ‘Žȱ œŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ ‹Ž•˜—Žȱ ǻ•’œǼȱ Šœȱ Š—ȱ ’—Ž™Ž—Ž—ȱ ŸŠ›’Š‹•Žȱ ’‘ȱ
œ’¡ȱ •ŽŸŽ•œǯȱ—Š•¢œ’œȱ œ‘˜ Žȱ —˜ȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱ ŽěŽŒœȱ ˜ȱ •’œȱ ǻFȶƽȶŖǯśşǰȱ pȶǁȶǯŖśDzȱ
Ș2ȶƽȶŖǯŖŘǼǰȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ‘Žȱœ’¡ȱ•’œœȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ’쎛ȱ ’‘ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™›Ž’Œ-­‐‑
ability of the last word.
6
T. CERVERA & J. GONZÁLEZ-­‐‑ALVAREZ
TABLE 1
ђюћѠȱюћёȱѡюћёюџёȱђѣіюѡіќћѠ ќџȱѡѕђȱђюѠѢџђѠȱќѓȱџђёіѐѡюяіљіѡѦȱǻƖǼȱюћёȱџђўѢђћѐѦȱ
ќѓȱѡѕђȱюѠѡȱќџёȱіћȱѡѕђȱђћѡђћѐђȱіћȱѡѕђȱіѠѡȱќѓȱ
ієѕȬѝџђёіѐѡюяіљіѡѦȱђћѡђћѐђѠ
Predictability
List 1
List 2
List 3
List 4
List 5
List 6
Frequency
M
SD
M
SD
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.22
0.28
26.50
ŘŜǯŝŘ
28.50
31.36
28.90
25.86
12.48
ȱŝǯřŚ
8.33
15.01
14.38
14.38
Frequency of the last word.—From the initial pool of 240 words selected ›˜–ȱ•Š–ŽŠȱŠ—ȱžŽ˜œȂȱŒ˜›™žœȱǻŗşşśǼǰȱ˜—•¢ȱŗśŖȱǻœ’¡ȱ•’œœȱ˜ȱŘśȱœŽ—Ž—Œ-­‐‑
Žœǰȱ Š‹•Žȱ ŗǼȱ Ž›Žȱ ꗊ••¢ȱ žœŽȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ ™›ŽŒŽ’—ȱ ‘’‘Ȭȱ ˜›ȱ •˜ Ȭ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱ
sentence, as explained above. Because it was necessary to test whether the frequency values of the last word were similar for the six lists, a one-­‐‑way ANOVA was conducted on values of frequency of the last word, obtained ›˜–ȱ•Š–ŽŠȱŠ—ȱžŽ˜œȂȱŒ˜›™žœȱǻŗşşśǼȱŠœȱ‘ŽȱŽ™Ž—Ž—ȱŸŠ›’Š‹•ŽǰȱŠ—ȱ
•’œȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž™Ž—Ž—ȱŸŠ›’Š‹•Žȱ ’‘ȱœ’¡ȱ•ŽŸŽ•œǯȱ‘Ž›Žȱ Ž›Žȱ—˜ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱ
ŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱ•’œȱǻFȶƽȶŖǯŗŗǰȱpȶǁȶǯŖśDzȱȘ2ȶƽȶŖǯŖśǼǰȱ’—’ŒŠ’—ȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱœ’¡ȱ•’œœȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ
’쎛ȱ ’‘ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•Šœȱ ˜›ǯ
Phonetic content.—Another aim of the present study was for the six lists of 25 high-­‐‑predictability sentences to have similar phonetic content in case these lists were to be used in intelligibility experiments. For this pur-­‐‑
pose, the phonetic balance of the speech materials should be controlled. For the low-­‐‑predictability sentences this question was not as relevant be-­‐‑
cause the same 25 preceding contexts were used in each of the six lists. The phonetic counts were performed separately for the last words of the 150 high-­‐‑predictability sentences and for the whole high-­‐‑predictability sen-­‐‑
Ž—ŒŽȱǻ‘Žȱ™›ŽŒŽ’—ȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ™•žœȱ‘Žȱ•Šœȱ ˜›Ǽǯȱ—ȱ‘ŽœŽȱŒ˜ž—œǰȱ˜—•¢ȱŒ˜—-­‐‑
Ž—ȱ ˜›œȱǻŸŽ›‹œǰȱ—˜ž—œǰȱŠ—ȱŠ“ŽŒ’ŸŽœǼȱ Ž›ŽȱŠ”Ž—ȱ’—˜ȱŠŒŒ˜ž—ǰȱŠ—ȱŠ›-­‐‑
ticles, prepositions, and adverbs were not considered. The phonetic count was calculated by counting the number of occurrences of segments in each ™‘˜—Ž–ŽȱŒ•Šœœȱǻ˜ŒŒ•žœ’ŸŽœǰȱ›’ŒŠ’ŸŽœǰȱ—ŠœŠ•œǰȱ•’šž’œǰȱŠ—ȱŸ˜ Ž•œǼǯȱ‘˜—Ž-­‐‑
ic content calculations were performed by the authors. No special training in phonetics is needed for this task because the correspondence between ™‘˜—Ž–ŽȱŠ—ȱ•ŽĴŽ›ȱ’œȱŠ•–˜œȱ‹’ž—’Ÿ˜ŒŠ•ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™Š—’œ‘ȱ•Š—žŠŽǯ
A distribution of frequencies for each phoneme class was obtained for ŽŠŒ‘ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŗśŖȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱǻ‘Žȱ ‘˜•ŽȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽǼǯȱ‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ’œ›’‹ž’˜—ȱ–ŠŽȱ
it possible to specify whether any of the sentences deviated in the number of occurrences in any of the phoneme classes. For instance, the table of fre-­‐‑
quencies for the occlusives showed that most of their values ranged from ŝ
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH SENTENCES
1 to 4, and only one sentence had 5 occlusives. Thus, this sentence was re-­‐‑
placed by one of the remaining 18 sentences from the initial distribution of sentences to the six lists. The new sentence had to have approximately the same predictability as the one which was replaced. Only one sentence had to be replaced by another. Table 2 shows the number of occurrences of each phoneme class for the six lists of high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑predictability sentences. TABLE 2
ѕќћђѡіѐȱќѢћѡѠȱяѦȱѢњяђџȱќѓȱѐѐѢџџђћѐђѠȱіћȱюѐѕȱѕќћђњђȱ љюѠѠȱќџȱюѠѡȱќџёȱюћёȱѕќљђȱђћѡђћѐђǰȱќџȱќѡѕȱ
ієѕȬ ѝџђёіѐѡюяіљіѡѦȱǻ
ǼȱюћёȱќѤȬѝџђёіѐѡюяіљіѡѦȱǻǼȱђћѡђћѐђѠ
List
List 1
List 2
List 3
List 4
List 5
List 6
Count Type
Last word
HP whole sentence
LP whole sentence
Last word
HP whole sentence
LP whole sentence
Last word
HP whole sentence
LP whole sentence
Last word
HP whole sentence
LP whole sentence
Last word
HP whole sentence
LP whole sentence
Last word
HP whole sentence
LP whole sentence
Phoneme Class
Occlusive
Fricatives
Nasals
Liquids
Vowels
24
80
93
21
ŝś
90
18
81
Şŝ
26
ŝŗ
95
24
81
93
26
83
95
14
38
49
10
35
45
16
řŝ
52
19
49
54
15
řŝ
50
15
39
50
3
23
39
ȱŝ
41
43
11
39
Śŝ
ȱŝ
25
43
10
35
46
10
řŝ
46
15
52
59
15
řŝ
59
11
44
55
13
48
śŝ
14
46
58
15
52
59
48
ŗŝŗ
213
48
ŗŝŘ
210
50
ŗŝŜ
214 56
184
222
55
ŗŝş
220
50
ŗŝŘ
219
To test whether all the sentences of each type (high and low predict-­‐‑
Š‹’•’¢Ǽȱ‘ŠȱŽšž’ŸŠ•Ž—ȱ™‘˜—Ž’ŒȱŒ˜—Ž—ǰȱŠȱȤ2 analysis was performed with the counts obtained from the phonetic content analysis for each sentence ¢™Žǯȱ ‘˜—Ž–Žȱ Œ•Šœœȱ ǻ˜ŒŒ•žœ’ŸŽœǰȱ ›’ŒŠ’ŸŽœǰȱ —ŠœŠ•œǰȱ •’šž’œǰȱ Š—ȱ Ÿ˜ Ž•œǼȱ
Š—ȱ•’œȱǻœ’¡ȱ•ŽŸŽ•œǼȱ Ž›Žȱ’—Œ•žŽȱŠœȱŠŒ˜›œǯȱ‘ŽȱȤ2ȱŸŠ•žŽœȱ Ž›Žȱ—˜ȱœ’—’ę-­‐‑
cant for the high-­‐‑ or low-­‐‑predictability sentences (Ȥ2ȶƽȶŗşǯřŖǰȱdfȶƽȶŘŖǰȱpȶǁȶǯŖśǰȱ
and Ȥ2ȶƽȶŘǯŞŖǰȱȶƽȶŘŖǰȱpȶǁȶǯŖśǰȱ›Žœ™ŽŒ’ŸŽ•¢Ǽǯȱ‘žœǰȱ‘Žȱœ’¡ȱ•’œœȱ˜ȱ‘’‘ȬȱŠ—ȱ
•˜ Ȭ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱœŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ’쎛ȱ’—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ™‘˜—Ž’ŒȱŒ˜—Ž—ǯȱ‘Žȱ
ꗊ•ȱ •’œœȱ ˜ȱ ‘’‘Ȭȱ Š—ȱ •˜ Ȭ™›Ž’ŒŠ‹’•’¢ȱ œŽ—Ž—ŒŽœȱ Š›Žȱ ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ
™™Ž—’¡ȱǻ™™ǯȱȊȊȬȊȊǼǯ
іѠѐѢѠѠіќћ
The objective was to generate equivalent lists of high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑pre-­‐‑
dictability Spanish sentences, as none existed for use in the Spanish lan-­‐‑
8
T. CERVERA & J. GONZÁLEZ-­‐‑ALVAREZ
guage. Such sentences have many applications in the psycholinguistics, especially in those circumstances in which one would be interested in as-­‐‑
œŽœœ’—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—œ˜›¢ȱ˜›ȱ‹˜Ĵ˜–Ȭž™ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱǻŽěŽŒ’ŸŽȱ
žœŽȱ˜ȱŒ˜—Ž¡Ǽȱ˜›ȱ˜™Ȭ˜ —ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ȱœ”’••œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•’œŽ—Ž›œȱž›’—ȱ•Š—-­‐‑
guage processing. The six lists of 25 high-­‐‑predictability sentences and the equivalent six lists of 25 low-­‐‑predictability sentences were generated. All sentences were equivalent on characteristics of predictability, length, and ™‘˜—Ž’ŒȱŒ˜—Ž—ǯȱœȱ‘Žȱ•Šœȱ˜›ȱ”Ž¢ȱ ˜›ȱ’œȱ—˜›–Š••¢ȱžœŽȱ’—ȱŽœ’—ȱŽěŽŒ-­‐‑
tive processing of a sentence by the listener, it was also necessary to con-­‐‑
›˜•ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜™Ž›’Žœȱ˜ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ ˜›œDZȱ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ȱ˜ȱ˜ŒŒž››Ž—ŒŽǰȱ•Ž—‘ǰȱœ›Žœœǰȱ
and phonetic content. The data showed that all the lists of high-­‐‑ and low-­‐‑
predictability sentences were equivalent in these characteristics. These lists are intended for use in psycholinguistic research and they would be suitable for an intelligibility assessment in future studies.
REFERENCES
љюњђёюǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱѢђѡќѠǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼȳ’ŒŒ’˜—Š›’˜ȱŽȱ›ŽŒžŽ—Œ’ŠœȱŽȱ•Šœȱž—’ŠŽœȱ•’—ûǜ’-­‐‑
cas del castellanoǯȱŸ’Ž˜ǰȱ™Š’—DZȱŽ›Ÿ’Œ’˜ȱŽȱž‹•’ŒŠŒ’˜—ŽœȱŽȱ•Šȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’ŠȱŽȱ
Oviedo.
юёёђљђѦǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱ
іѡѐѕǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşŝŚǼȳ˜›”’—ȱ–Ž–˜›¢ǯȱ—ȱǯȱǯȱ˜ Ž›ȱǻ.Ǽǰ Recent advances in learning and motivation.ȱ˜•ǯȱǯȱŽ ȱ˜›”DZȱŒŠŽ–’Œȱ›Žœœǯȱ™ǯȱŚŝȬşŖǯ
ќњњіѡѡђђȱ ѓќџȱ ђюџіћєǰȱ іќюѐќѢѠѡіѐѠǰȱ юћёȱ іќњђѐѕюћіѐѠǯȱ ǻŗşŞŞǼȳ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ ž—Ž›-­‐‑
standing and aging. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 83, 859-­‐‑895.
юћђњюћǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱюџѝђћѡђџǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşŞřǼȳ—’Ÿ’žŠ•ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ’—Ž›Š’—ȱ’—˜›-­‐‑
mation between and within sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 1-­‐‑18.
ѢяћќǰȱǯȱǯǰȱѕљѠѡџќњǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱ
ќџѤіѡѧǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼȳœŽȱ˜ȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ‹¢ȱ¢˜ž—ȱŠ—ȱ
aged adults with normal hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaǰȱŗŖŝǰȱ
538-­‐‑546.
Ѣѓѓіǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱіќљюѠǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşŝŚǼȳŽ—Ž—ŒŽȱ’—Ž••’’‹’•’¢ȱŠœȱŠȱž—Œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ”Ž¢ȱ ˜›ȱ
selection. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, ŗŝǰȱŜřŗȬŜřŝǯ
љђєђǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼȳŽŒ˜—Ȭ•Š—žŠŽȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ•ŽŠ›—’—DZȱ‘Ž˜›¢ǰȱꗍ’—œǰȱŠ—ȱ™›˜‹•Ž–œǯȱ—ȱ
ǯȱ›Š—ŽȱǻǯǼǰȱSpeech perception and linguistic experience: issues in cross-­‐‑language researchǯȱ’–˜—’ž–ǰȱDZȱ˜›”ȱ›Žœœǯȱ™ǯȱŘŘşȬŘŝřǯ
ќџѠѡђџǰȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşŞŗǼȳ›ŽšžŽ—Œ¢ȱ ‹•˜Œ”’—ȱ Š—ȱ •Ž¡’ŒŠ•ȱ ŠŒŒŽœœDZȱ ˜—Žȱ –Ž—Š•ȱ •Ž¡’Œ˜—ȱ ˜›ȱ
two? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 190-­‐‑203.
ќџёќћȬюљюћѡǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱіѡѧєіяяќћѠǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşşŝǼȳŽ•ŽŒŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱŠŒ˜›œȱŠ—ȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ
recognition performance among young and elderly listeners. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 423-­‐‑431.
ќџёќћȬюљюћѡǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱіѡѧєіяяќћѠǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşşşǼȳ›˜ę•Žȱ˜ȱŠž’˜›¢ȱŽ–™˜›Š•ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ȱ
in older adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 300-­‐‑311.
ќџёќћȬюљюћѡǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱіѡѧєіяяќћѠǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼȳ˜ž›ŒŽœȱ˜ȱŠŽȬ›Ž•ŠŽȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ’-­‐‑
ꌞ•¢ȱ ˜›ȱ ’–ŽȬŒ˜–™›ŽœœŽȱ œ™ŽŽŒ‘ǯȱ Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Re-­‐‑
searchǰȱŚŚǰȱŝŖşȬŝŗşǯ
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH SENTENCES
9
ќџёќћȬюљюћѡǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱіѡѧєіяяќћѠǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼȳ쎌œȱ˜ȱœ’–ž•žœȱŠ—ȱ—˜’œŽȱ›ŠŽȱŸŠ›’-­‐‑
ability on speech perception by younger and older adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, ŗŗśǰȱŗŞŖŞȬŗŞŗŝǯ
ќџёќћȬюљюћѡǰȱǯǰȱіѡѧєіяяќћѠǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱџіђёњюћǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼȳŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ’–ŽȬ
compressed and natural speech with selective temporal enhancements by young and elderly listeners. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 50, 1181-­‐‑1193.
ќѦǰȱ
ǯǰȱіѐѕќџюȬѢљљђџǰȱǯȱǯǰȱѣюћȱіђѠѕќѢѡǰȱǯǰȱіћєѕǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱѐѕћђіёђџǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ
쎌ȱ˜ȱ ’‘’—ȬȱŠ—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȬŠ•”Ž›ȱŸŠ›’Š‹’•’¢ȱ˜—ȱ ˜›ȱ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ’—ȱ—˜’œŽȱ‹¢ȱ
younger and older adults. Canadian Acoustics, 35, 108-­‐‑109.
ѢюџѡђǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȳ‘ŽȱŠœ’•’Š—ȱ™Š—’œ‘ȱ
ŽŠ›’—ȱ’—ȱ˜’œŽȱŽœǯȱInternational Journal of Audiology, ŚŝǰȱřŜşȬřŝŖǯ
ѢњђѠǰȱǯȱǯǰȱѢџјǰȱǯȱ
ǯǰȱќѢєѕљіћǰȱǯȱǯǰȱѢѠђѦǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱѡџюѢѠђџǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼȳž-­‐‑
’˜›¢ȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱŠ—ȱŸ’œžŠ•ȱŽ¡ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ’—ȱ¢˜ž—Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ˜•Ž›ȱŠž•œDZȱ
œ’–’•Š›’’Žœȱ Š—ȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ –˜Š•’’Žœȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŽěŽŒœȱ ˜ȱ ™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—ȱ
rate. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 283-­‐‑303.
ѢѡѐѕђџѠќћǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ іџјѠǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ &ȱ ќџєюћǰȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşŝşǼȳŸŠ•žŠ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ
Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ’—ȱ˜’œŽȱǻǼȱŽœǯȱOtolaryngology-­‐‑Head and Neck Surgery, ŞŝǰȱŘřşȬŘŚśǯ
юљіјќѤǰȱǯȱǯǰȱѡђѣђћѠǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱљљіќѡǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşŝŝǼȳŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ˜ȱŠȱŽœȱ˜ȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ
intelligibility in noise using sentence materials with controlled word predictabil-­‐‑
ity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaǰȱśǰȱŗřřŝȬŗřŜŖǯ
юџѠљђћȬіљѠќћǰȱǯȱǻŗşŞŝǼȳž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱ™Š›Š••Ž•’œ–ȱ’—ȱœ™˜”Ž—ȱ ˜›ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ǯȱCog-­‐‑
nition, ŘśǰȱŝŗȬŗŖŘǯ
юѦќǰȱǯȱ
ǯǰȱљќџђћѡіћђǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱѢѢѠǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŝǼȳŽȱ˜ȱœŽŒ˜—Ȭ•Š—žŠŽȱŠŒšž’œ’’˜—ȱ
and perception of speech in noise. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 3, 686-­‐‑693.
ѐљђљљюћёǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱљљњюћǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşŞŜǼȳThe TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1-­‐‑86.
іљљђџǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ
ђіѠђǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱіѐѕѡђћǰȱǯȱǻŗşśŗǼȳ‘Žȱ’—Ž••’’‹’•’¢ȱ˜ȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱŠœȱŠȱž—Œ-­‐‑
tion of the context in test materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41, 329-­‐‑335.
іљѠѠќћǰȱǯǰȱќљіǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱѢљљіѣюћǰȱǯȱǯȱ(1994ǼȳŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
ŽŠ›’—ȱ’—ȱ˜’œŽȱ
Test for the measurement of speech reception thresholds in quiet and in noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95, 1085-­‐‑1099.
ђџџѦǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱіћєѓіђљёǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŚǼȳ˜—Ž¡žŠ•ȱŽ—Œ˜’—ȱ‹¢ȱ¢˜ž—ȱŠ—ȱŽ•Ž›•¢ȱŠž•œȱ
as revealed by cued and free recall. Aging and Cognition, 1, 120-­‐‑139.
іѐѕќџюȬѢљљђџǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȳœŽȱ˜ȱœž™™˜›’ŸŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ȱ‹¢ȱ¢˜ž—ȱŠ—ȱ˜•Ž›ȱŠž•ȱ•’œ-­‐‑
Ž—Ž›œDZȱ‹Š•Š—Œ’—ȱ‹˜Ĵ˜–Ȭž™ȱŠ—ȱ˜™Ȭ˜ —ȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ǯȱInternational Journal of Audiology, Śŝǻž™™•ǯȱŘǼǰȱŝŘȬŞŘǯ
іѐѕќџюȬѢљљђџǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ ѐѕћђіёђџǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ &ȱ юћђњюћǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşśǼȳ
˜ ȱ ¢˜ž—ȱ Š—ȱ
old adults listen and remember speech in noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaǰȱşŝǰȱśşřȬŜŖŞǯ
іѐѕќџюȬѢљљђџǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ ѐѕћђіёђџǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ юѐќћюљёǰȱ ǯǰȱ юѠѠǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ &ȱ џќѤћǰȱ ǯȱ
ǻŘŖŖŝǼȳŽ–™˜›Š•ȱ“’ĴŽ›ȱ’œ›ž™œȱœ™ŽŽŒ‘ȱ’—Ž••’’‹’•’¢ǯȱHearing Research, 223, 114-­‐‑
121.
юњѢђљǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŗşŞŗǼȳ‘Žȱ›˜•Žȱ˜ȱ‹˜Ĵ˜–Ȭž™ȱŒ˜—ę›–Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱ™‘˜—Ž–Žȱ›Žœ˜›Š’˜—ȱ’••ž-­‐‑
sion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, ŝǰȱŗŗŘŚȬ
1131.
10
T. CERVERA & J. GONZÁLEZ-­‐‑ALVAREZ
ѕђљёќћǰȱǯǰȱіѐѕќџюȬѢљљђџǰȱǯȱǯǰȱ&ȱѐѕћђіёђџǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȳ쎌œȱ˜ȱŠŽǰȱ™›ŽœŽ—-­‐‑
Š’˜—ȱ–Ž‘˜ǰȱŠ—ȱ•ŽŠ›—’—ȱ˜—ȱ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ—˜’œŽȬŸ˜Œ˜Žȱ ˜›œǯȱJournal of the Acoustical Society of America, ŗŘřǰȱŚŝŜȬŚŞŞǯ
ќњњђџѠǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ &ȱ юћіђљѠќћǰȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşşǼȳ—‘’‹’˜›¢ȱ ™›˜ŒŽœœŽœȱ Š—ȱ œ™˜”Ž—ȱ ˜›ȱ
›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ ’—ȱ ¢˜ž—ȱ Š—ȱ ˜•ȱ Šž•œDZȱ ‘Žȱ ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ •Ž¡’ŒŠ•ȱ Œ˜–™Ž’’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ
semantic context. Psychology and Aging, ŗŚǰȱŚśŞȬŚŝŘǯ
юћȱђѡѡђћǰȱǯǰȱ&ȱѢѡюѠǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŖǼȳInteractions between sentence context and word frequency in event-­‐‑related brain potentials. Memory & Cognition, 18, 380-­‐‑393.
іћєѓіђљёǰȱǯǰȱ Ѣћǰȱ ǯȱǯǰȱ &ȱ ѐќѦǰȱ ǯȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼȳ
ŽŠ›’—ȱ •˜œœȱ ’—ȱ ˜•Ž›ȱ Šž•‘˜˜DZȱ
what it is and how it interacts with cognitive performance. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 14, 144-­‐‑148.
Accepted October 13, 2010.
11
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH SENTENCES
APPENDIX
іѠѡѠȱќѓȱ
ієѕȬѝџђёіѐѡюяіљіѡѦȱђћѡђћѐђѠȱіѡѕȱѕђіџȱ ўѢіѣюљђћѡȱіѠѡѠȱќѓȱќѤȬѝџђёіѐѡюяіљіѡѦȱђћѡђћѐђѠ
High-­‐‑predictability Sentences
List 1
En el castillo se alza la ŠȱŽ¡™•˜œ’à—ȱŒŠžœàȱž—
Iba vestida con falda y
Ata el regalo con una
Guardo el dinero en el Žȱ˜ŒàȱŽ•ȱ™›’–Ž›
œȱž—ȱ›Š—ȱœŠ•à—ȱŽ
Hay que limpiar, hay mucho
El río sigue por su
•ȱ•Š›à—ȱ™Ž›Ž—ŽŒŽȱŠȱ•Šȱ
–˜—à—Š•˜ȱŽ—ȱž—Šȱ
’œ™Š›àȱŒ˜—ȱ•Šœȱ̎Œ‘ŠœȱŽ•ȱ
›ž£àȱŽ•ȱŒ‘Š›Œ˜ȱŽȱž—
Le gusta escurrir el Lleva la compra en la ŽȱŒ˜—ŸŽ—Œ’àȱŒ˜—ȱ–Š•Šœȱ
Bebe la leche de la
No suelen comer carne de
˜œȱ›ŽŒ’‹’àȱŽ—ȱ™ħŠ–Šȱ¢ȱ
Žȱ•ŠȱŒ•˜ŠŒŠȱœŠ•’àȱž—Š
Žȱ›ŽŸ˜•ŒàȱŽ—ȱŽ•ȱœžŒ’˜ȱ
En el cielo hay bandadas de Son auténticos perros de
Soplaba una suave
Todo se repite es un
List 2
Voy al museo de Pronto alcanzarán la Iba cargado como un •Žàȱž—Šȱ‘˜›ŠȱŠ›ŽȱŠȱœžȱ
Dicen que habrá un cambio de
Yo estudio música y
Voy al trabajo en
˜›Œ’àȱ•Šȱ‹˜ŒŠȱŽ—ȱž—Š
à–ŠŽȱŒŠ•’Ž—Žȱ•Š
Todos seguíamos al Tiene una casa junto a un
Tengo que podar esa
Te has pasado de la
Sírveme ginebra con Tengo el dinero en el Se requiere vestido de
Dormimos hasta el ŽȱŽ“àȱ•ŠȱŒ˜–’ŠȱŽ—ȱŽ•ȱ
Žȱ‹Ž‹’àȱŽ•ȱŸ’—˜ȱŽȱž—
La carta lleva su
Refresca mucho chupar un ŽžŒŽȱ•ŠȱŽ–’œ’à—ȱŽ
˜›ȱę—ȱ‘Š—ȱŽ››’‹Š˜ȱŽ•
Paramos para hacer una
Para leer necesita Last Word torre
caos
blusa
cinta
bolso
premio
baile
polvo
cauce
banda
pila
arco
salto
bulto
bolsa
artes
taza
cerdo
bata
rata
barro
aves
caza
brisa
ciclo
cera
cima
burro
cita
clima
danza
metro
mueca
sopa
guía
lago
rama
raya
hielo
banco
gala
alba
plato
trago
ꛖŠ
polo
gases
muro
pausa
gafas
Low-­‐‑predictability Sentences
Last Word
List 1
Ha estado pronunciando
torre
Ellos escribieron
caos
Pronuncia la palabra
blusa
Ahora voy a decir
cinta
••Šȱħ˜ȱ•Šȱ™Š•Š‹›Š
bolso
ȱŠȱŒ˜—’—žŠŒ’à—ȱħ˜
premio
No temas hablar del
baile
No discutieron sobre el
polvo
Tu oíste que decía
cauce
Está interesado en decir
banda
Juan no discute de la
pila
Espero que hables de un
arco
La niña sabía decir
salto
Laura no pudo hablar del
bulto
Les oí que hablaban de una
bolsa
Š›•˜œȱ‘Š‹•àȱœ˜‹›Žȱ•Šœ
artes
Deberías poder decir
taza
Estábamos pensando en un
cerdo
¢Ž›ȱž’œȱœ˜ÛàȱŒ˜—ȱž—Š
bata
Ellos no consideraron la
rata
Laura estaba pronunciando barro
Es probable que hablen de unas
aves
No creas que voy a decir
caza
Lo que esta describiendo es la
brisa
Adivina lo qué es un
ciclo
List 2
Ha estado pronunciando
cera
Ellos escribieron
cima
Pronuncia la palabra
burro
Ahora voy a decir
cita
••Šȱħ˜ȱ•Šȱ™Š•Š‹›Š
clima
ȱŠȱŒ˜—’—žŠŒ’à—ȱħ˜
danza
No temas hablar del
metro
No discutieron sobre una
mueca
Tu oíste que decía
sopa
Está interesado en decir
guía
Juan no discute del
lago
Espero que hables de una
rama
La niña sabía decir
raya
Laura no pudo hablar del
hielo
Les oí que hablaban del
noble
Š›•˜œȱ‘Š‹•àȱœ˜‹›Žȱ•Š
gala
Deberías poder decir
alba
Estábamos pensando en un
plato
¢Ž›ȱž’œȱœ˜ÛàȱŒ˜—ȱž—
trago
Ellos no consideraron la
ꛖŠ
Laura estaba pronunciando polo
Es probable que hablen de unos
gases
No creas que voy a decir
muro
Lo que esta describiendo es la
pausa
Adivina lo qué son unas
gafas
12
T. CERVERA & J. GONZÁLEZ-­‐‑ALVAREZ
High-­‐‑predictability Sentences
List 3
Para entrar necesitas un
Colecciona objetos de
Nos guiamos siguiendo el ˜œȱŽœ™Ž›àȱŽ•ȱŒŠ—˜ȱŽ•ȱ
No quiero meter la Sirve a una causa muy
No lo acabes, guárdame un No cabía en sí de No arañes con esas
Mete la guitarra en su
Me obligan a seguir esa Me gusta cantar en la Llevaba un pañuelo de Llego tarde, cogeré un
Los leones viven en la
˜œȱŒŠà•’Œ˜œȱŸŠ—ȱŠ
Lo mediré con una Žȱ›ŽŠ•àȱž—ȱ›Š–˜ȱŽ
Le gusta el fútbol y los Žȱ˜•™ŽàȱŒ˜—ȱž—
Las maletas las lleva el La sangre corre por sus La pluma mancha de
La modista compra una
La lengua mas hablada es el
List 4
La escayola inmoviliza el ŠȱŠŒ›’£ȱ—˜ȱœ˜™˜›àȱ•Š
Juega al ajedrez y las Juan fue a un colegio de
Haz un hoyo con pala y Hay que resolver ciertas Guarda bien el dinero y las En el cielo no se ven Fue escrito con su propia
Este piso no está en
Estás rayado como un Estaba encerrado en la Es un sagrado lugar de
Es un consumidor de Es un bolso negro de
Es letal a ciertas Es el primero de la
Es el militar de más Es el colmo de todos los ’›–àȱž—ȱŒ‘ŽšžŽȱŒ˜—ȱ–žŒ‘Šœ
›ŠȱŠ—ȱꎛ˜ȱŒ˜–˜ȱž—ȱ
Enciende la mecha de esa
En matemáticas es un En la urna deposito el
—ȱ•Šȱ˜›–Ž—ŠȱŒŠ¢àȱž—
List 5
En la cola espero mi En Italia comí mucha En el mar hay grandes Last Word pase
lujo
mapa
gallo
pata
noble
trozo
gozo
uñas
funda
norma
ducha
seda
taxi
selva
misa
regla
rosas
toros
palo
mozo
venas
tinta
tela
chino
hueso
fama
damas
curas
pico
dudas
joyas
nubes
letra
venta
disco
jaula
culto
droga
cuero
dosis
ꕊ
rango
males
cifras
lobo
vela
genio
voto
rayo
turno
pasta
olas
Low-­‐‑predictability Sentences
List 3
Ha estado pronunciando
Ellos escribieron
Pronuncia la palabra
Ahora voy a decir
••Šȱħ˜ȱ•Šȱ™Š•Š‹›Š
ȱŠȱŒ˜—’—žŠŒ’à—ȱħ˜
No temas hablar del
No discutieron sobre el
Tu oíste que decía
Está interesado en decir
Juan no discute de la
Espero que hables de una
La niña sabía decir
Laura no pudo hablar del
Les oí que hablaban de la
Š›•˜œȱ‘Š‹•àȱœ˜‹›Žȱ•Š
Deberías poder decir
Estábamos pensando en unas
¢Ž›ȱž’œȱœ˜ÛàȱŒ˜—ȱž—˜œ
Ellos no consideraron el
Laura estaba pronunciando Es probable que hablen de unas
No creas que voy a decir
Lo que esta describiendo es la
Adivina lo qué es un
List 4
Ha estado pronunciando
Ellos escribieron
Pronuncia la palabra
Ahora voy a decir
••Šȱħ˜ȱ•Šȱ™Š•Š‹›Š
ȱŠȱŒ˜—’—žŠŒ’à—ȱħ˜
No temas hablar de unas
No discutieron sobre unas
Tu oíste que decía
Está interesado en decir
Juan no discute de un
Espero que hables de una
La niña sabía decir
Laura no pudo hablar de la
Les oí que hablaban del
Š›•˜œȱ‘Š‹•àȱœ˜‹›Žȱ•Š
Deberías poder decir
Estábamos pensando en el
¢Ž›ȱž’œȱœ˜ÛàȱŒ˜—ȱ•˜œ
Ellos no consideraron las
Laura estaba pronunciando Es probable que hablen de una
No creas que voy a decir
Lo que esta describiendo es el
Adivina lo qué es un
List 5
Ha estado pronunciando
Ellos escribieron
Pronuncia la palabra
Last Word
pase
lujo
mapa
gallo
pata
noble
trozo
gozo
uñas
funda
norma
ducha
seda
taxi
selva
misa
regla
rosas
toros
palo
mozo
venas
tinta
tela
chino
hueso
fama
damas
curas
pico
dudas
joyas
nubes
letra
venta
disco
jaula
culto
droga
cuero
dosis
ꕊ
rango
males
cifras
lobo
vela
genio
voto
rayo
turno
pasta
olas
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPANISH SENTENCES
High-­‐‑predictability Sentences
En el mapa sigue la
En el informe nos falta un
Fue herido con una La nota mínima es un
En el camino pinché una •ȱŸ’Ž—˜ȱ•ŽŸŠ—àȱœž
Casi me muero del
El tren circula por las
El silencio fue en señal de
El seguro cubrirá los
••ŠȱŒŠ›àȱŒ˜—ȱ˜Šȱ•Š
El rey se sienta en su El pescador recoge las El palacio pertenece al El detective sigue la
•ȱ‹Š›Œ˜ȱŽ—ŒŠ••àȱŽ—ȱ•Šœ
El anillo se lo puso el El abuelo cuida de su •ȱ™˜ŽŠȱ•ŽȱŽœŒ›’‹’àȱž—
Duermo con un cojín de Devuelve lo robado a su Es austero como un
List 6
ŽȱŽœ™’’àȱŒ˜—ȱž—ȱ
La soprano da clases de
Corta el tallo y las Para abrir la puerta tengo ˜’àȱŒ˜—ȱœžœȱŠ››Šœȱ•Šȱ
•ȱ›Ž—ȱŽ—›àȱŽ—ȱŽ•ȱ˜œŒž›˜
Canta de tenor en un El caballo tira del
Al mar van a desembocar los Al correr se me acelera el Al caer se dio en la
A la miel acuden las
Deja el niño en la
Brindamos alzando la
El siempre gasta pesadas
La historia tiene una buena
Espere su turno en la
Tengo asiento en primera
•ȱ›Šà—ȱŒŠ¢˜ȱŽ—ȱ•Š
Acampamos con nuestras
El sabe como lanzar un De noche hay luz de
Corta la carne en pequeños
No hubo heridos en el
El árbitro hizo sonar el
Last Word ruta
dato
lanza
cero
rueda
falda
susto
vías
duelo
daños
culpa
trono
redes
duque
pista
rocas
novio
nieto
verso
plumas
dueña
monje
beso
canto
hojas
llave
presa
túnel
coro
carro
ríos
pulso
nuca
moscas
cuna
copa
bromas
trama
cola
ꕊ
trampa
tiendas
dardo
luna
trozos
choque
pito
Low-­‐‑predictability Sentences
Ahora voy a decir
••Šȱħ˜ȱ•Šȱ™Š•Š‹›Š
ȱŠȱŒ˜—’—žŠŒ’à—ȱħ˜
No temas hablar del
No discutieron sobre la
Tu oíste que decía
Está interesado en decir
Juan no discute de las
Espero que hables de un
La niña sabía decir
Laura no pudo hablar de la
Les oí que hablaban de un
Š›•˜œȱ‘Š‹•àȱœ˜‹›Žȱ•Šœ
Deberías poder decir
Estábamos pensando en una
¢Ž›ȱž’œȱœ˜ÛàȱŒ˜—ȱž—Šœ
Ellos no consideraron al
Laura estaba pronunciando Es probable que hablen de un
No creas que voy a decir
Lo que esta describiendo es la
Adivina lo qué es un
List 6
Ha estado pronunciando
Ellos escribieron
Pronuncia la palabra
Ahora voy a decir
••Šȱħ˜ȱ•Šȱ™Š•Š‹›Š
ȱŠȱŒ˜—’—žŠŒ’à—ȱħ˜
No temas hablar del
No discutieron sobre el
Tu oíste que decía
Está interesado en decir
Juan no discute de la
Espero que hables de unas
La niña sabía decir
Laura no pudo hablar de la
Les oí que hablaban de unas
Š›•˜œȱ‘Š‹•àȱœ˜‹›Žȱ•Š
Deberías poder decir
Estábamos pensando en una
¢Ž›ȱž’œȱœ˜ÛàȱŒ˜—ȱ•Š
Ellos no consideraron la
Laura estaba pronunciando Es probable que hablen de la
No creas que voy a decir
Lo que esta describiendo es el
Adivina lo qué es un
13
Last Word
ruta
dato
lanza
cero
rueda
falda
susto
vías
duelo
daño
culpa
trono
redes
duque
pista
rocas
novio
nieto
verso
plumas
dueña
metal
beso
canto
hoja
llave
presa
túnel
coro
carro
ríos
pulso
nuca
moscas
cuna
copa
bromas
trama
cola
ꕊ
trampa
tienda
dardo
luna
trozo
choque
pito
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