expenditure by level of education

EDUCATION • EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
EDUCATION • EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
EXPENDITURE BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
EXPENDITURE BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Expenditure on education by level
US dollars, 2001 prices and PPPs
Data for Hungary, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and Turkey
are for public institutions only.
Expenditure in national currency is converted to US
dollars by PPP exchange rates. The PPP exchange
rate is used because the market exchange rate is
affected by many factors (interest rates, trade policies,
expectations of economic growth, etc.) that have little
to do with relative purchasing power of currencies in
different countries.
Tertiary
Australia
Tertiary
GDP per capita
13 897
23 135
6 063
12 688
26 685
..
10 341
24 889
7 852
11 274
28 372
Belgium
..
..
23 868
6 781
11 589
27 096
Canada
..
..
24 826
..
..
29 290
Czech Republic
2 927
8 785
13 426
2 819
5 555
14 861
Denmark
6 515
11 499
25 830
7 865
14 280
29 223
Finland
5 238
10 900
20 992
5 733
10 981
26 344
France
5 938
7 801
23 580
6 783
8 837
26 818
Germany
5 820
9 698
23 279
6 055
10 504
25 456
Greece
2 409
3 264
14 199
3 475
4 280
17 020
Hungary
2 335
7 767
10 171
2 677
7 122
13 043
Iceland
..
..
23 564
7 010
7 674
29 036
Ireland
3 042
7 223
18 802
4 397
10 003
29 821
Italy
6 577
5 621
22 889
7 714
8 347
25 377
Japan
5 134
9 691
25 092
6 179
11 164
26 636
Korea
..
…
12 780
4 406
6 618
15 916
Luxembourg
..
..
37 220
11 091
..
49 229
Mexico
1 263
4 821
7 737
1 575
4 341
9 148
Netherlands
4 548
12 311
24 503
5 654
12 974
28 711
..
..
19 053
..
..
21 230
Norway
8 425
14 087
31 146
8 109
13 189
36 587
Poland
1 528
4 023
7 682
2 396
3 579
10 360
Portugal
3 052
4 664
14 939
5 065
5 199
17 912
Slovak Republic
1 467
5 250
8 987
1 681
5 285
11 323
Spain
3 775
5 624
17 637
4 870
7 455
21 347
Source
Sweden
6 180
..
22 846
6 372
15 188
26 902
OECD (2004), Education at a Glance, OECD, Paris.
Switzerland
8 844
15 802
27 537
8 844
20 230
30 036
Turkey
..
..
5 994
..
..
6 046
United Kingdom
4 941
10 981
23 006
5 324
10 753
26 715
United States
7 034
20 207
30 753
8 144
22 234
35 178
• Analytical publications
US dollars, 2001 prices and PPPs
OECD (2004), Higher Education Management and Policy,
OECD, Paris.
20 000
• Methodological publications
15 000
5 000
OECD F
FACTBOOK 2005 – ISBN 92-64-01869-7 – © OECD 2005
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OECD FACTBOOK
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2005 – ISBN 92-64-01869-7 – © OECD 2005
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OECD Education at a Glance: www.oecd.org/edu/eag2004.
Tertiary 2001
10 000
ico
UIS, OECD and Eurostat (2002), UOE Data Collection
– 2002 Data Collection on Education Systems: Definitions,
Explanations and Instructions, OECD, Paris.
Primary, secondary 2001
25 000
OECD (2004), Quality and Recognition in Higher Education:
The Cross-border Challenge, OECD, Paris.
OECD (2004), OECD Handbook for Internationally
Comparative Education Statistics: Concepts, Standards,
Definitions and Classifications, OECD, Paris.
Tertiary 1995
30 000
Re
OECD (2004), Reviews of National Policies for Education,
OECD, Paris.
Primary, secondary 1995
35 000
Po
OECD (2004), Internationalisation and Trade in Higher
Education: Opportunities and Challenges, OECD, Paris.
StatLink: 00.0000/000000000000
Expenditure on education by level
OECD (2003), Education Policy Analysis, OECD, Paris.
Fr
Further information
• Web sites
156
Primary, secondary and postsecondary non-tertiary education
4 846
ex
At the tertiary level Denmark, Greece, Italy,
Spain and Switzerland increased expenditure
per tertiary student by over 20% per student in
the period 1995-2001. In general however, there
is a stronger trend towards decreased spending.
In seven countries – Australia, Czech Republic,
Hungary, Mexico, Norway, Poland and the United
Kingdom – expenditure per tertiary student in
real terms was lower in 2001 than in 1995.
GDP per capita
Austria
M
Expenditure per primary, secondary and postsecondary non-tertiary student increased
between 1995 and 2001 by over 25% in Australia,
Greece, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Spain and
Turkey. Conversely, expenditure per student
in the Czech Republic and Norway declined by
over 5%. For Norway, the decline in expenditure
by student between 1995 and 2001 is due to a
substantial change in the GDP deflator caused
primarily by an increase in oil prices. In 6 out of
the 23 OECD countries, changes remained within
plus or minus 6% compared with 1995.
Expenditure per student
Primary, secondary and postsecondary non-tertiary education
New Zealand
Long-term trends
2001
Expenditure per student
lan
Expenditure on education per student at each level of
education is obtained by dividing the total expenditure
on educational institutions at that level by the number
of full-time students (part-time students are converted
to full-time equivalents). Only those educational
institutions and programmes are taken into account
for which both enrolment and expenditure data are
available.
The data on expenditure for 1995 were obtained by
a special survey conducted in 2003. OECD countries
were asked to collect the 1995 data according to the
definitions and the coverage of a joint UNESCO-OECDEurostat data collection programme. All expenditure
data have been adjusted to 2001 prices using the GDP
price deflator.
1995
Ire
Definition
Comparability
Sp
ain
Expenditure per student is an indicator of the
investment made by countries in each student at the
different level of education.
StatLink: 00.0000/000000000000
157
EDUCATION • EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
EDUCATION • EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
Private
Total
Australia
4.5
1.2
5.7
4.5
1.4
6.0
Austria
5.9
0.3
6.2
5.6
0.2
5.8
..
..
..
6.0
0.4
6.4
Canada
6.2
0.8
7.0
4.9
1.3
6.1
Czech Republic
4.7
0.7
5.4
4.2
0.4
4.6
Denmark
6.1
0.2
6.3
6.8
0.3
7.1
Finland
6.2
..
6.3
5.7
0.1
5.8
France
5.9
0.4
6.3
5.6
0.4
6.0
Germany
4.5
1.0
5.5
4.3
1.0
5.3
Greece
3.1
..
3.2
3.8
0.2
4.1
Hungary
4.9
0.6
5.5
4.6
0.6
5.2
Iceland
..
..
..
6.1
0.6
6.7
Ireland
4.7
0.5
5.3
4.1
0.3
4.5
Italy
4.7
..
..
4.9
0.4
5.3
Japan
3.5
1.1
4.6
3.5
1.2
4.6
Korea
..
..
..
4.8
3.4
8.2
Luxembourg
..
..
..
3.6
0.0
3.6
Mexico
4.6
1.0
5.6
5.1
0.8
5.9
Netherlands
4.5
0.4
4.9
4.5
0.4
4.9
New Zealand
4.8
..
..
5.5
..
..
Norway
6.8
0.4
7.1
6.1
0.2
6.4
Poland
5.7
..
..
5.6
..
..
Portugal
5.3
0.0
5.3
5.8
0.1
5.9
Comparability
Slovak Republic
4.6
0.1
4.7
4.0
0.1
4.1
Spain
4.5
0.9
5.4
4.3
0.6
4.9
The broad definition of institutions outlined above
ensures that expenditure on services, which are
provided in some OECD countries by schools
and universities and in others by agencies other
than schools, are covered on a comparable basis.
Additionally, to ensure comparability over time the
data on expenditure for 1995 were obtained by a
special survey in 2003; expenditure for 1995 was
adjusted to the methods and definitions used in the
2003 data collection.
Sweden
6.1
0.1
6.2
6.3
0.2
6.5
Switzerland
5.4
..
..
5.4
..
..
Turkey
2.3
0.0
2.3
3.5
0.0
3.5
United Kingdom
4.8
0.7
5.5
4.7
0.8
5.5
United States
5.0
2.2
7.2
5.1
2.3
7.3
Country Mean
..
..
..
5.0
0.7
5.6
OECD total
..
..
..
4.8
1.4
6.2
Belgium
In principle, public expenditure includes public
subsidies to households attributable for educational
institutions although several countries actually include
them in private expenditure. Public expenditure also
includes direct expenditure on educational institutions
from international sources.
StatLink: 00.0000/000000000000
Expenditure on educational institutions
As a percentage of GDP
1995
%
Source
OECD (2004), Education at a Glance, OECD, Paris.
Further information
OECD total
6
• Analytical publications
OECD (2002), Education and Health Expenditure, and
Development: The Cases of Indonesia and Peru, OECD, Paris.
4
OECD FACTBOOK
F
2005 – ISBN 92-64-01869-7 – © OECD 2005
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• Web sites
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UIS, OECD and Eurostat (2002), UOE Data Collection
– 2002 Data Collection on Education Systems: Definitions,
Explanations and Instructions, OECD, Paris.
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OECD (2004), OECD Handbook for Internationally
Comparative Education Statistics: Concepts, Standards,
Definitions and Classifications, OECD, Paris.
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• Methodological publications
OECD Education at a Glance: www.oecd.org/edu/eag2004.
158
2001
8
kR
It should be noted that strong growth in GDP (as
for example in the case of Ireland), masks the
fact that there was a significant increase in real
terms in spending on educational institutions
in almost all of the OECD countries from 1995
to 2001. In addition, the size of the school age
population shapes the demand for education and
training, and national levels of teachers’ salaries
also affect the share of expenditure on education.
Public
ov
a
Of the 22 countries that provided comparable
data for both 1995 and 2001, only 8 countries
increased their spending on education relative
to GDP (Australia, Denmark, Greece, Mexico,
Sweden, Portugal, Turkey and the United States).
Spending by Greece and Turkey increased
the most significantly although this does not
include data on private spending which was
not available. However these countries still
spend the least on education relative to GDP
out of the OECD countries for which data are
available. Eleven countries decreased their
spending relative to GDP over the same period
(Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France,
Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, the Slovak
Republic and Spain) and in five of these countries
expenditure as a percentage of GDP decreased
by more than 10% (Canada, the Czech Republic,
Ireland, Norway and the Slovak Republic).
In the remaining three countries (Japan, the
Netherlands and the United Kingdom) there was
little if any change.
Total
y
In 2001, OECD countries spent on average 5.6%
of their GDP on education (from both public
and private sources) ranging from the United
States which spent 7.3% of GDP in 2001 down to
Turkey’s 3.5%.
Private
Gr
Long-term trends
2001
Public
Sl
The expenditure data shown here includes expenditure
on instructional educational institutions as well as
expenditure on non-instructional institutions that
1995
ke
Definition
As a percentage of GDP
provide administrative, advisory or professional
services to other educational institutions, although
they do not enrol students themselves (e.g. national,
state and provincial ministries or departments of
education). Expenditure on institutions is not limited
to expenditure on instructional services but also
includes public and private expenditure on ancillary
services for students and families, where these services
are provided through educational institutions. At the
tertiary level, spending on research and development
can also be significant and is included in this indicator,
to the extent that the research is performed by
educational institutions. However, public subsidies for
educational expenditure outside institutions even if it
is subsidised, student living costs at tertiary level for
example, are excluded.
Tu
r
Expenditure on education is an investment that can
help to foster economic growth, enhance productivity,
contribute to personal and social development, and
reduce social inequality. The proportion of total financial
resources devoted to education is one of the key choices
made in each country by governments, enterprises and
individual students and their families alike.
Education expenditure
StatLink: 00.0000/000000000000
OECD F
FACTBOOK 2005 – ISBN 92-64-01869-7 – © OECD 2005
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