RESERVORIOS, EMBALSES Y LAGUNAS DE LA CUENCA HIDROGRÁFICA DEL CANAL DE PANAMÁ Compilación hecha el 4 de abril de 2011 del documento: PREPAC – OIRSA – OSPESCA. 2005 RESERVORIOS Y LAGUNAS AGUSTÍN DÍAZ &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLHWDULRVFRQILQHVDJURSHFXDULRV 6H OH FRQRFH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH $JXVWtQ 'tD] SRU ORV PLHPEURV GH OD FRPXQLGDG TXH HV HO QRPEUH GH OD ILQFD /HRQLGDV 3DGLOOD FRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO ',1$$& 'LFKR QRPEUH VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD 1R ,9 TXH VH HPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6H FODVLILFD FRPR UHVHUYRULR GH DFXHUGR D OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GHO 35(3$& FXHQWDFRQXQDVXSHUILFLHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP /HRQLGDV 3DGLOOD FRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO ',1$$& ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH /DV =DQJHQJDV FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH +HUUHUD GLVWULWR GH /D &KRUUHUDSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPiDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´ GH ORQJLWXG RHVWH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ (,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD&HQVR)LJ Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR$JXVWtQ'tD] 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHVDVtFRPRWDPSRFRGHODVSURIXQGLGDGHV /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&D)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR$JXVWtQ'tD] 'HELGR D TXH HV XQ FXHUSR GH DJXD SULYDGR QR KD\ DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD QL DFXtFROD /DV HVSHFLHV GH SHFHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ OD Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLD\ODCyprinus carpioFDUSDFRP~Q/HRQLGDV3DGLOOD &RPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV(OSULQFLSDO XVRGHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVSDUDDFWLYLGDGHVSHFXDULDV (QWUH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV HQ HO UHVHUYRULR VH HQFXHQWUD HO 0LQLVWHULR GH 'HVDUUROOR $JURSHFXDULR D WUDYpV GH OD 'LUHFFLyQ (MHFXWLYD 5HJLRQDOGH3DQDPi2HVWHGHVGHVXRILFLQDXELFDGDHQODFLXGDGGH&DSLUD SURYLQFLDGH3DQDPi /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E (OUHVHUYRULR$JXVWtQ'tD]VHHQFXHQWUDHQODFRPXQLGDGGH/D=DQJHQJDV TXH WLHQH XQD SREODFLyQ GH KDELWDQWHV GH ORV FXDOHV VRQ KRPEUHV \ HO VRQ PXMHUHV /D PHGLDQD GHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQRFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiVHVGH86\HOVDODULRSURPHGLR SDUD HO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO1'HFUHWR1RGHGHMXOLRGH /D FRPXQLGDG SUHVHQWD VHUYLFLR GH HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD WHOpIRQR DJXD SRWDEOH OX] HOpFWULFD SXHVWR GH VDOXG FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD \ WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR(QFXDQWRDRUJDQL]DFLRQHVJUXSDOHV\DFWLYLGDGHVGHJpQHURQR VHSUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV 1RVHHQFRQWUDURQUHIHUHQFLDVVREUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHD 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD /D DFWLYLGDG GH OD SHVFD QR SUHVHQWD HVSHFLHV HQ SHOLJUR GH VREUHH[SORWDFLyQ ÁRBOL FINO &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLHWDULRVFRQILQHVUHFUHDFLRQDO6HOH FRQRFH FRQ HOQRPEUH GH ÈUERO)LQR QRPEUH GDGRSRUHOSURSLHWDULR GH OD ILQFD TXLHQ OR FUHy FRPR DWUDFFLyQ WXUtVWLFD SDUD OD XUEDQL]DFLyQ GHO iUHD 'LFKR QRPEUH VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD 1R ,, TXH VH HPLWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GH 3DQDPi (ULF &RUWpVFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6H FODVLILFD FRPR UHVHUYRULR GH DFXHUGR D OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GHO 35(3$& FXHQWD FRQ XQD VXSHUILFLH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV P (ULF &RUWp] FRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH 0DUtD /XLVD R (O &KXQJDO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH /DV &XPEUHV GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLDGH3DQDPiDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXG RHVWH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ ( ,QW *HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD&HQVR)LJ ! ( Arbol Fino Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULRÈUERO)LQR 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHV /D SURIXQGLGDG SURPHGLR GHO UHVHUYRULR HV GH PHWURV QR WHQLpQGRVH UHIHUHQFLDGHODPi[LPD(ULF&RUWpVFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&D)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR$UERO)LQR 1RVHUHDOL]DQDFWLYLGDGHVGHSHVFD\DTXHIXHFRQVWUXLGRSDUDDFWLYLGDGHV UHFUHDFLRQDOHVSULYDGDV(ULF&RUWpVFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHQSUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVX HQWRUQR /DV HVSHFLHV GH SHFHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ HO Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLD\Cyprinus carpioFDUSDFRP~Q(QWUHODHVSHFLHVQDWLYDV GH SHFHV VH SXHGHQ PHQFLRQDU HO Hoplias malabaricus SHMH SHUUR Aequidens coeruleopunctatus &KRJRUUR \ Gobiomorus dormitor JXDELQD 6LHQGR SDUD HO FDVR GH ORV FUXVWiFHRV HO Macrobrachium americanum (camarón de río)SDUDORVPROXVFRVGHDJXDGXOFHHODiplodom sppDOPHMD \ TXHORQLRV FRPR HO Kinostemon angustipons WRUWXJD (ULF &RUWpV FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV(OSULQFLSDO XVRGHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVSDUDUHFUHDFLyQSULYDGD 1RH[LVWHQLQVWLWXFLRQHVFRQDFWLYLGDGHVHQHOUHVHUYRULR /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E /D FRPXQLGDG GH 0DUtD /XLVD R &KXQJDO GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUD HO FXHUSR GH DJXDFXHQWDFRQXQDSREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQ KRPEUHV \ HO VRQ PXMHUHV /D PHGLDQD GHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQRFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiVHVGH86\HOVDODULRSURPHGLR SDUD HO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV (V XQD XUEDQL]DFLyQ SULYDGDGHFDPSR&HQVR*DFHWD2ILFLDO1'HFUHWR1RGH GHMXOLRGH /DFRPXQLGDGGH0DUtD/XLVDR&KXQJDOSUHVHQWDVHUYLFLRVGHDJXDSRWDEOH OX]HOpFWULFDWHOpIRQRFDUUHWHUDDVIDOWDGD\WUDQVSRUWHFROHFWLYR(QFXDQWRD RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQ UHJLVWURV GHODVPLVPDV 1RKD\UHIHUHQFLDVGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHD 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD 1RVHSUHVHQWDQHVSHFLHVHQSHOLJURGHVREUHH[SORWDFLyQ BRAZO CAIMITILLO &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSDUDDFWLYLGDGHVGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRGHO&DQDO GH 3DQDPi 6H OH FRQRFH FRQ HOQRPEUHGH %UD]R &DLPLWLOOR R5HG7DQN *XWLHUUH] et. al 6H UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH HO QRPEUH ³%UD]R &DLPLWLOOR´ SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD 1R ,, TXH VH HPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6HFODVLILFDFRRUHVHUYRULRGHDFXHUGRDODFODVLILFDFLyQGHO35(3$&FXHQWD FRQXQDVXSHUILFLHGHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP *XWLHUUH]et. al VH HQFXHQWUD ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $QFyQ GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi D ORV ¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXGRHVWHORTXHUHSUHVHQWD HQFRRUGHQDGDV8701\(,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD &HQVR)LJ Brazo Caimitillo Estanque de Pedro Miguel Estanque de Railroad Lago Miraflores Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR%UD]R&DLPLWLOOR 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULR 1RVHFXHQWDFRQLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODSURIXQGLGDGSURPHGLRGHOUHVHUYRULR /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&E)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR%UD]R&DLPLWLOOR /DSHVFDHVUHDOL]DGDHQHOUHVHUYRULRSRUSHVFDGRUHVHYHQWXDOHVGH FRPXQLGDGHV GHO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $QFyQ XWLOL]DQ FRPR DUWH GH SHVFD DQ]XHORV FRQ OtQHDV \ FDxD GH SHVFDU FRQ XQD SURGXFFLyQ HVWLPDGD GH NLORVDQXDOHV+XPEHUWR3DFKHFRFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHQSUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVX HQWRUQR /DVHVSHFLHVGHSHFHVLQWURGXFLGDVDOFXHUSRGHDJXDVRQHOCichla ocellaris VDUJHQWRAstronotus occelatus2VFDU\ Oreochromis niloticus7LODSLD (VSHFLHV QDWLYDV SXHGHQ HVWDU SUHVHQWHV HQ HO UHVHUYRULR \D TXH IXHURQ FROHFWDGDVHQHOiUHDGH0LUDIORUHV\&RUWH&XOHEUDiUHDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ HVWH UHVHUYRULR HQWUH ODV HVSHFLHV LGHQWLILFDGDV KD\ HVSHFLHV PDULQDV HXULKDOLQDV\GHDJXDGXOFHLile stoliferaVDUGLQDAnchoa exigua DQFKRDAnchoa lucida$QFKRDAnchoa panamensis$QFKRYHWDAnchovia arenicola $QFKRD Anchovia spp $QFKRD Caranx marginatus -XUHO Oligoplites mundus 3iUDPR Selene brevortii $GROILWR FDEDOOLWR Elops affinis Roeboides occidentalis Brycon chagrensis 6iEDOR Curimata magdalenae 6DUGLQD PDQi Rhamdia guatemalensis %DUEXGR Centropomus armatuV 5REDOR Lutjanus argentiventris 3DUJR Eugerres brevimanus Eugerres linneatus Vieja maculicauda 9LHMD Cichla ocellaris 6DUJHQWRNeetroplus panamensisMugil curema/LVDHoplias microlepis 3HMHSHUURDormitator latifrons 3RUURFRCitharichthys gilbertiSH]SODQR (QWUH ORV FUXVWiFHRV VH LGHQWLILFDURQ HO Litopenaeus stylirostris /DQJRVWLQR Macrobrachium amazonicum FDPDUyQ DPD]yQLFR Macrobrachium sp &DPDUyQ GH DJXD GXOFH Callinectes toxotyes &DQJUHMR (QWUH ORV PROXVFRVVHKDLGHQWLILFDGRODPomacea sp*XWLpUUH]et al 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV (O SURGXFWR H[WUDtGR VH XWLOL]D SDUD DXWRFRQVXPR \ QR VH GHVWLQD D OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ (O SULQFLSDO XVR GHO FXHUSR GH DJXD HV SDUD OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO FDQDO GH 3DQDPiVLHQGRTXHODSHVFDUHSUHVHQWDXQDSURGXFFLyQHVWLPDGDGH NLORJUDPRVDQXDOHVGHSHVTXHUtDVGHSRUWLYDVRGHHVSDUFLPLHQWR /D$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPiHVODHQFDUJDGDGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGH ORV UHFXUVRV KtGULFRV \ WDPELpQ KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH OD $XWRULGDG 1DFLRQDO GHO $PELHQWHSRUVXOtPLWHFRQHOSDUTXH1DFLRQDO&DPLQRGH&UXFHV /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E /DV FRPXQLGDGHV TXH VH EHQHILFLDQ GHO UHVHUYRULR WLHQHQ XQD SREODFLyQ GH KDELWDQWHV/DFRPXQLGDGGH3HGUR0LJXHOFXHQWDFRQXQDSREODFLyQ GHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUHV\HOVRQPXMHUHV /DPHGLDQDGHOLQJUHVRPHQVXDOGHODSREODFLyQRFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiV HV GH 86 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR 1R GH GH MXOLRGH /DV FRPXQLGDGHV FXHQWDQ FRQ ORV VHUYLFLRV GH WHOpIRQR GH OX] HOpFWULFD DJXD SRWDEOH WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR \ FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD \ DOJXQDV FRPXQLGDGHVFXHQWDQFRQSXHVWRGHVDOXGHGXFDFLyQSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULD (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHDHVWiQLQIOXHQFLDGDVSRUYLHQWRVGHO QRUWHFRQXQDYHORFLGDGSURPHGLRGHDNPKFRQXQUHJLVWURGHOD KXPHGDGGHDFRQXQDSUHFLSLWDFLyQGHPPPHQVXDO\OD WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHGH&*XWLpUUH]et. al 6HUHSRUWDQSUREOHPDVGHSUHVHQFLDGHSODQWDVDFXiWLFDVGHODVVLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHV Ceratophyllum sp. \ Chara sp, TXH FXEUHQ HOiUHD GHOFXHUSR GH DJXDHQXQWDPELpQKD\SUHVHQFLDGHHydrillaTXHGRPLQDODRULOODVXU GHO UHVHUYRULR Pistia striatotes, Eichhornia crassipes Eichhornia azurea, Azolla sp. \ Salvinia sp.,VXIOXFWXDFLyQHVVHJ~QODWHPSRUDGDMontrichardia sp. , Achrostycum aureum, Typha sp., Paspalum repens, Cyperus sp., Eleocharis sp., Phragmites sp., Jussiea sp. y Ludwigia sp., FRORQL]DQ RULOODV IDQJRVDVGHOUHVHUYRULR\ODEchinodorus spHVODHVSHFLHPHQRVIUHFXHQWH *XWLpUUH]HWDO 1RKD\UHIHUHQFLDVGHSUREOHPDVGHVHGLPHQWDFLyQSHURVtGH FRQWDPLQDFLyQSRUFROLIRUPHVEDMRORV&)8PO'DPHVDQG0RRUH ,QF $O KDEHU DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD HYHQWXDO SRU UHFUHDFLyQ R GHSRUWH QR VH SUHVHQWDQHVSHFLHVHQSHOLJURGHVREUHH[SORWDFLyQ BRAZO CAMARÓN &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSDUDDFWLYLGDGHVGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRGHO&DQDO GH3DQDPi6HOHGLRHOQRPEUHGH%UD]R&DPDUyQSRUODGHVHPERFDGXUD GHO UtR FDPDUyQ 'LFKR QRPEUH HV UHFRQRFLGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD1R,,TXHVHHPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW*HR 1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6HFODVLILFDFRRUHVHUYRULRGHDFXHUGRDODFODVLILFDFLyQGHO35(3$&FXHQWD FRQXQDVXSHUILFLHGHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP *XWLHUUH]et. al VH HQFXHQWUD ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $QFyQ GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi D ORV ¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXGRHVWHORTXHUHSUHVHQWD HQFRRUGHQDGDV8701\(,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD &HQVR)LJ Estanque de Pedro Miguel Brazo Caimitillo ! ( Estanque de Railroad Lago Miraflores Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR%UD]R&DPDUyQ 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULR 1RVHFXHQWDFRQLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODSURIXQGLGDGSURPHGLRGHOUHVHUYRULR /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&D)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR%UD]R&DPDUyQ /DSHVFDHVUHDOL]DGDHQHOUHVHUYRULRSRUSHVFDGRUHVHYHQWXDOHVGH FRPXQLGDGHV GHO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $QFyQ XWLOL]DQ FRPR DUWH GH SHVFD DQ]XHORV FRQ OtQHDV \ FDxD GH SHVFDU FRQ XQD SURGXFFLyQ HVWLPDGD GH NLORVDQXDOHV+XPEHUWR3DFKHFRFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHQSUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVX HQWRUQR /DVHVSHFLHVGHSHFHVLQWURGXFLGDVDOFXHUSRGHDJXDVRQHOCichla ocellaris VDUJHQWRAstronotus occelatus2VFDU\Oreochromis niloticus7LODSLD 2WUDVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVSXHGHQHVWDUSUHVHQWHVHQHOUHVHUYRULR\DTXHIXHURQ FROHFWDGDVHQHOiUHDGH0LUDIORUHV\&RUWH&XOHEUDiUHDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ %UD]R &DPDUyQ HQWUH ODV HVSHFLHV LGHQWLILFDGDV KD\ HVSHFLHV PDULQDV HXULKDOLQDV\GHDJXDGXOFHLile stoliferaVDUGLQDAnchoa exiguaDQFKRD Anchoa lucida $QFKRD Anchoa panamensis $QFKRYHWD Anchovia arenicola $QFKRD Anchovia spp $QFKRD Caranx marginatus -XUHO Oligoplites mundus 3iUDPR Selene brevortii $GROILWR FDEDOOLWR Elops affinis Roeboides occidentalis Brycon chagrensis 6iEDOR Curimata magdalenae 6DUGLQD PDQi Rhamdia guatemalensis %DUEXGR Centropomus armatuV 5REDOR Lutjanus argentiventris 3DUJR Eugerres brevimanus Eugerres linneatus Vieja maculicauda 9LHMD Neetroplus panamensisMugil curema/LVDHoplias microlepis3HMHSHUURDormitator latifrons 3RUURFRCitharichthys gilbertiSH]SODQR (QWUHORVFUXVWiFHRVVHLGHQWLILFDURQHOLitopenaeus stylirostris/DQJRVWLQR Macrobrachium amazonicum FDPDUyQ DPD]yQLFR Macrobrachium sp &DPDUyQ GH DJXD GXOFH Callinectes toxotyes &DQJUHMR (QWUH ORV PROXVFRVVHKDLGHQWLILFDGRODPomacea sp*XWLpUUH]et al 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV (O SURGXFWR H[WUDtGR VH XWLOL]D SDUD DXWRFRQVXPR \ QR VH GHVWLQD D OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ (O SULQFLSDO XVR GHO FXHUSR GH DJXD HV SDUD OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO FDQDO GH 3DQDPiVLHQGRTXHODSHVFDUHSUHVHQWDXQDSURGXFFLyQHVWLPDGDGH NLORJUDPRVDQXDOHVGHSHVTXHUtDVGHSRUWLYDVRGHHVSDUFLPLHQWR /D$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPiHVODHQFDUJDGDGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGH ORV UHFXUVRV KtGULFRV \ WDPELpQ KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH OD $XWRULGDG 1DFLRQDO GHO $PELHQWHSRUVXOtPLWHFRQHOSDUTXH1DFLRQDO&DPLQRGH&UXFHV /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E /DV FRPXQLGDGHV TXH VH EHQHILFLDQ GHO UHVHUYRULR WLHQHQ XQD SREODFLyQ GH KDELWDQWHV/DFRPXQLGDGGH3HGUR0LJXHOFXHQWDFRQXQDSREODFLyQ GHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUHV\HOVRQPXMHUHV /DPHGLDQDGHOLQJUHVRPHQVXDOGHODSREODFLyQRFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiV HV GH 86 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR 1R GH GH MXOLRGH /DV FRPXQLGDGHV FXHQWDQ FRQ ORV VHUYLFLRV GH WHOpIRQR GH OX] HOpFWULFD DJXD SRWDEOH WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR \ FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD \ DOJXQDV FRPXQLGDGHVFXHQWDQFRQSXHVWRGHVDOXGHGXFDFLyQSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULD (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DPELHQWDOHV GHOiUHD HVWiQ LQIOXHQFLDGDV SRUYLHQWRV GHO QRUWH FRQ XQD YHORFLGDG SURPHGLR GH D NPK FRQ XQ UHJLVWUR GH OD KXPHGDG GH D FRQ XQD SUHFLSLWDFLyQ GH PP PHQVXDO \ OD WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHGH&*XWLHUUH]et. al 6H UHSRUWDQ SUREOHPDV GH SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHV Ceratophyllum sp. \ Chara sp, TXH FXEUHQ HOiUHD GHOFXHUSR GH DJXDHQXQWDPELpQKD\SUHVHQFLDGHHydrillaTXHGRPLQDODRULOODVXU GHO UHVHUYRULR Pistia striatotes, Eichhornia crassipes Eichhornia azurea, Azolla sp.,y Salvinia sp.,VXIOXFWXDFLyQHVVHJ~QODWHPSRUDGDMontrichardia sp., Achrostycum aureum, Typha sp., Paspalum repens, Cyperus sp., Eleocharis sp., Phragmites sp., Jussiea sp. y Ludwigia sp., FRORQL]DQ RULOODV IDQJRVDVGHOUHVHUYRULR\ODEchinodorus spHVODHVSHFLHPHQRVIUHFXHQWH *XWLHUUH]et. al 1R KD\ UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ SHUR Vt GH FRQWDPLQDFLyQSRUFROLIRUPHVEDMRORV&)8PO'DPHVDQG0RRUH ,QF /D DFWLYLGDG GH SHVFD HV GHSRUWLYD \ HYHQWXDO SRU OR TXH QR VH SUHVHQWDQ HVSHFLHVHQSHOLJURGHVREUHH[SORWDFLyQ CINCO ESTRELLAS &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLHWDULRVFRQILQHVDJURSHFXDULRV6H OH FRQRFH FRQHOQRPEUH GH &LQFR(VWUHOODV SRUORV SURSLHWDULRVGH ODILQFD /HRQLGDV3DGLOODFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO'LFKRQRPEUHQRWLHQHXQ VLJQLILFDGR HVSHFtILFR \ VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD+RMD&DUWRJUiILFD1R,9TXHVHHPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi ,Q*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6HFODVLILFDFRRUHVHUYRULRGHDFXHUGRDODFODVLILFDFLyQGHO35(3$&FXHQWD FRQ XQD VXSHUILFLH GH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV P /HRQLGDV 3DGLOODFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO6HORFDOL]DHQODFRPXQLGDGGH$OWRV GHO-RERFRUUHJLPLHQWRGH/D5HSUHVDGLVWULWRGH/D&KRUUHUDSURYLQFLDGH 3DQDPiDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXGRHVWHOR TXHUHSUHVHQWDHQFRRUGHQDGDV8701\(&HQVR,Q *HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD)LJ Cinco Estrella ! ( Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR&LQFR(VWUHOODV 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHV 1R VH WLHQH UHIHUHQFLD GH OD SURIXQGLGDG SURPHGLR GHO UHVHUYRULR QL GH OD SURIXQGLGDGPi[LPD /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&D)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR&LQFR(VWUHOODV /D SHVFD HV UHDOL]DGD HQ HO UHVHUYRULR SRU FLQFR SHVFDGRUHV TXH XWLOL]DQ FRPRDUWHGHSHVFDOtQHDVFRQDQ]XHORVFRQXQDSURGXFFLyQGHNLORV DQXDOHV /DV HVSHFLHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ Oreochromis niloticus 7LODSLD Cyprinus carpio &DUSD \ Parachromis managuensis *XDSRWH WLJUH/HRQLGDV3DGLOODFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV SHVTXHUDV QLDFXtFRODV (OSURGXFWR H[WUDtGRVHXWLOL]DSDUDDXWRFRQVXPR\QRVHGHVWLQDDODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ (OUHVHUYRULR HV XWLOL]DGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH SDUD XVR SHFXDULR (Q FXDQWR D OD SHVFDHVSRUiGLFDTXHVHGDHQHOFXHUSRGHDJXDVHHVWLPDTXHWLHQHXQD SURGXFFLyQGHNLORJUDPRVDQXDOHV (QWUH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV HQ HO UHVHUYRULR VH HQFXHQWUD HO 0LQLVWHULR GH 'HVDUUROOR $JURSHFXDULR D WUDYpV GH OD 'LUHFFLyQ (MHFXWLYD 5HJLRQDOGH&DSLUD /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&D /DFRPXQLGDGGH(O-RERFXHQWDFRQXQDSREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHVGHORV FXDOHV VRQ KRPEUHV \ HO VRQ PXMHUHV /D PHGLDQD GHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQ RFXSDGD GH DxRV R PiV HV GH 86 \ HO VDODULR SURPHGLR SDUD HOiUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR6LHQGRODSREODFLyQHFRQyPLFDPHQWHDFWLYDGHSHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR 1R GH GH MXOLR GH /DFRPXQLGDGGH(O-RERFXHQWDFRQVHUYLFLRVGHDJXDSRWDEOHOX]HOpFWULFD FDUUHWHUDDVIDOWDGDHGXFDFLyQSULPDULD\DFFHVRDOWUDQVSRUWHFROHFWLYR (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVVREUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHD 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD DR. CALEB &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLHWDULRV 6H OH FRQRFH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH /DJR 'U &DOHE SRU ORV PLHPEURV GH OD FRPXQLGDGVLHQGRHOQRPEUHGHOSURSLHWDULRGHODILQFD%HUWD1RULHJD FRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO 6H UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH FRPR 'U&DOHESRUHO,QVWLWXWR*HRJUiILFR1DFLRQDO³,QJ7RPP\*XDUGLD´VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGRHQOD+RMD&DUWRJUiILFD1R,TXHVHHPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD GH3DQDPi,QW1DO*HR7RPP\*XDUGLD 6HFODVLILFDFRRUHVHUYRULRGHDFXHUGRDODFODVLILFDFLyQGHO35(3$&FXHQWD FRQXQDVXSHUILFLHGHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP ORFDOL]DGRHQOD FRPXQLGDG GH &DO]DGD ODUJD FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $OFDOGH 'tD] GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPiSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPiDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´ GH ORQJLWXG RHVWH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ (,QW1DO*HR7RPP\*XDUGLD&HQVR)LJXUD Lago Alajuela Lago Doctor Caleb Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR'U&DOHE 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHV /D SURIXQGLGDG SURPHGLR GHO UHVHUYRULR HV GH PHWURV QR WHQLpQGRVH UHIHUHQFLDGHODPi[LPD3DEOR&DVWLOOR&RPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&D)LJXUD Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULRUHVHUYRULR'U&DOHE (VXQUHVHUYRULRSULYDGRUHDOL]DQGRODSHVFDXQRVSHVFDGRUHVTXHXWLOL]DQ FRPRDUWHGHSHVFDDQ]XHORV\OtQHDVFRQXQDSURGXFFLyQHVWLPDGDGH NLORJUDPRVDQXDOHV%HUWD1RULHJDFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHQSUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVX HQWRUQR /DV HVSHFLHV GH SHFHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ OD Oreochromis niloticus WLODSLD Parachromis managuensis JXDSRWH WLJUH \ HO Cichla ocellarisVDUJHQWR (QWUH OD HVSHFLHV QDWLYDV GH SHFHV VH SXHGHQ PHQFLRQDU HO Astyanax ruberrimus VDUGLQD Hoplias malabaricus SHMH SHUUR \ Aequidens coeruleopunctatusFKRJRUUR (Q HO FDVR GH ORV TXHORQLRV VH HQFXHQWUD OD Kinosternon angustipons WRUWXJD \ HQ ORV UHSWLOHV HO Caiman crocodilus fuscus ODJDUWR %HUWD 1RULHJDFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1R KD\ OD SUHVHQFLD GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV SHVTXHUDV VyOR ORV SLORWHV GH XQ DQWLJXRPXHOOHWDPSRFRQRH[LVWHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDDFXtFRODV)LJ Fig. 3,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDVDQWHULRUPHQWHXWLOL]DGDV SDUDVRSRUWHGHPXHOOH (O SURGXFWR H[WUDtGR VH XWLOL]D SDUD DXWRFRQVXPR \ QR VH GHVWLQD D OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ)LJXUD Fig. 4(QWUHYLVWDDOD6UD%HUWD1RULHJD (O SULQFLSDO XVR GHO FXHUSR GH DJXD HV SDUD UHFUHDFLyQ PLHQWUDV TXH OD SHVFDUHSUHVHQWDXQDSURGXFFLyQHVWLPDGDGHNLORJUDPRVDQXDOHV 1RKD\LQVWLWXFLRQHVFRQDFWLYLGDGHVHQHOFXHUSRGHDJXD /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E /D FRPXQLGDG GH &DO]DGD /DUJD GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUD HO UHVHUYRULR FXHQWD FRQXQDSREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUH\HO VRQ PXMHUHV /D PHGLDQD GHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQ RFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiVHVGH86\HOVDODULRSURPHGLRSDUDHO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR1RGHGHMXOLRGH /DFRPXQLGDGSUHVHQWDVHUYLFLRGHHGXFDFLyQSULPDULDWHOpIRQRDJXD SRWDEOHOX]HOpFWULFDSXHVWRGHVDOXGFDUUHWHUDDVIDOWDGD\WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHDHVWiQLQIOXHQFLDGDVSRUYLHQWRVGHO QRUWHQRFRQWiQGRVHFRQUHIHUHQFLDVVREUHRWURVUHJLVWURVDPELHQWDOHV 3DEOR&DVWLOORFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD /D DFWLYLGDG GH OD SHVFD QR SUHVHQWD HVSHFLHV HQ SHOLJUR GH VREUHH[SORWDFLyQ ESTANQUE DE PEDRO MIGUEL &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSDUDDFWLYLGDGHVGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRGHO&DQDO GH3DQDPi 6HOHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGH(VWDQTXHGH3HGUR0LJXHOSRUHVWDUFHUFDGH OD FRPXQLGDG TXH OOHYD HO PLVPR QRPEUH *XWLpUUH] et. al 'LFKR QRPEUHVHUHFRPLHQGDVHDDGRSWDGRRILFLDOPHQWHSRUHO,QVWLWXWR*HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO³,QJ7RPP\*XDUGLD´VLHQGRUHIHUHQFLDGRHQOD+RMD&DUWRJUiILFD 1R,,TXHVHHPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW*HR1DO7RPP\ *XDUGLD 6HFODVLILFDFRRUHVHUYRULRGHDFXHUGRDODFODVLILFDFLyQGHO35(3$&FXHQWD FRQXQDVXSHUILFLHGHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP *XWLpUUH]et. al VH HQFXHQWUD ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $QFyQ GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi D ORV ¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXGRHVWHORTXHUHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ ( &HQVR ,QW *HR 1DO 7RPP\*XDUGLD)LJ Estanque de Pedro Miguel Brazo Caimitillo Estanque de Railroad Lago Miraflores Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR(VWDQTXHGH3HGUR0LJXHO 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULR 1RVHFXHQWDFRQLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODSURIXQGLGDGSURPHGLRGHOUHVHUYRULR /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&D)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR(VWDQTXHGH3HGUR0LJXHO /DSHVFDHVUHDOL]DGDHQHOUHVHUYRULRSRUSHVFDGRUHVGHODFRPXQLGDGGH 3HGUR0LJXHOVHUHSRUWDQERWHSDUDODSHVFD\XWLOL]DQFRPRDUWHGHSHVFD DQ]XHORV \ OtQHDV FRQ XQD SURGXFFLyQ HVWLPDGD GH NLORV DQXDOHV +XPEHUWR3DFKHFRFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHQSUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVX HQWRUQR /DVHVSHFLHVGHSHFHVLQWURGXFLGDVDOFXHUSRGHDJXDVRQHOCichla ocellaris VDUJHQWRAstronotus occelatusRVFDUOreochromis niloticusWLODSLD /DVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVSXHGHQHVWDUSUHVHQWHVHQHOUHVHUYRULR\DTXHIXHURQ FROHFWDGDVHQHOiUHDGH0LUDIORUHV\&RUWH&XOHEUDiUHDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ HVWH UHVHUYRULR HQWUH ODV HVSHFLHV LGHQWLILFDGDV KD\ HVSHFLHV PDULQDV HXULKDOLQDV\GHDJXDGXOFHLile stoliferaVDUGLQDAnchoa exigua DQFKRD Anchoa lucida $QFKRD Anchoa panamensis $QFKRYHWD Anchovia arenicola $QFKRD Anchovia spp $QFKRD Caranx marginatus -XUHO Oligoplites mundus 3iUDPR Selene brevortii $GROILWR FDEDOOLWR Elops affinis Roeboides occidentalis Brycon chagrensis 6iEDOR Curimata magdalenae 6DUGLQD PDQi Rhamdia guatemalensis %DUEXGR Centropomus armatuV 5REDOR Lutjanus argentiventris 3DUJR Eugerres brevimanus Eugerres linneatus Vieja maculicauda 9LHMD Cichla ocellaris 6DUJHQWRNeetroplus panamensisMugil curema/LVDHoplias microlepis 3HMHSHUURDormitator latrifrons 3RUURFRCitharichthys gilbertiSH]SODQR (QWUHORVFUXVWiFHRVVHLGHQWLILFDURQHOLitopenaeus stylirostris/DQJRVWLQR Macrobrachium amazonicum FDPDUyQ DPD]yQLFR Macrobrachium sp &DPDUyQ GH DJXD GXOFH Callinectes toxotyes &DQJUHMR (QWUH ORV PROXVFRVVHKDLGHQWLILFDGRODPomacea sp*XWLpUUH]et al 7DPELpQ VH KDQ LGHQWLILFDGR RWURV SHFHV PDULQRV; Lutjanus guttatus SDUJR GH OD PDQFKD Scianidae sp.FRUYLQD Megalops atlanticus ViEDOR UHDO UHSRUWiQGRVH GH LJXDO IRUPD TXHORQLRV FRPR Kinosternon angustipons WRUWXJD\ UHSWLOHV FRPRHO Caiman crocodilus EDELOOR +XPEHUWR 3DFKHFR FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV (O SURGXFWR H[WUDtGR VH XWLOL]D SDUD DXWRFRQVXPR \ QR VH GHVWLQD D OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ (O SULQFLSDO XVR GHO FXHUSR GH DJXD HV SDUD OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO FDQDO GH 3DQDPi GHVDKRJR GH OD H[FOXVD GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO VLHQGR TXH OD SHVFD UHSUHVHQWD XQD SURGXFFLyQ HVWLPDGD GH NLORJUDPRV DQXDOHV GH SHVTXHUtDVUHFUHDWLYDV /D$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPiHVODHQFDUJDGDGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGH ORVUHFXUVRVKtGULFRV /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E /DFRPXQLGDGGH3HGUR0LJXHOFXHQWDFRQXQDSREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHV GHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUH\HOVRQPXMHUHV/DPHGLDQDGHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQ RFXSDGD GH DxRV R PiV HV GH 86 \HOVDODULRSURPHGLRSDUDHOiUHDHVGH86SRUKRUDVDODULRGH HPSOHDGRV GHO FDQDO 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR 1R GH GH MXOLRGH /D FRPXQLGDG FXHQWD FRQ ORV VHUYLFLRV GH WHOpIRQR GH OX] HOpFWULFD DJXD SRWDEOH WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR \ FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQ UHJLVWURV GHODVPLVPDV /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHDHVWiQLQIOXHQFLDGDVSRUYLHQWRVGHO QRUWHFRQXQDYHORFLGDGSURPHGLRGHDNPKFRQXQUHJLVWURGHOD KXPHGDGGHDFRQXQDSUHFLSLWDFLyQGHPPPHQVXDO\OD WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHGH&*XWLpUUH]et. al 6HUHSRUWDQSUREOHPDVGHSUHVHQFLDGHSODQWDVDFXiWLFDVGHODVVLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHVPistia spp.\Eichhornia crassipes, VLQFRQRFHUFXiQWRHVHOiUHD FXELHUWDSRUHOODV*XWLpUUH]et. al 1RKD\UHIHUHQFLDVGHSUREOHPDVGHVHGLPHQWDFLyQQLGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ $O KDEHU DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD HYHQWXDO QR VH SUHVHQWDQ HVSHFLHV HQ SHOLJUR GHVREUHH[SORWDFLyQ ESTANQUE DE RAILROAD &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSDUDDFWLYLGDGHVGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRGHO&DQDO GH3DQDPi 6HOHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGH(VWDQTXHGH5DLOURDGSRUHVWDUFHUFDQRDOD YtD IHUURYLDULD *XWLpUUH] et. al 'LFKR QRPEUH VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD 1R ,, TXH VH HPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6H FODVLILFD FRPR UHVHUYRULR GH DFXHUGR D OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GHO 35(3$& FXHQWDFRQXQDVXSHUILFLHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP*XWLpUUH] et. al VH HQFXHQWUD ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $QFyQ GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi D ORV ¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXGRHVWHORTXHUHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ ( &HQVR ,QW *HR 1DO 7RPP\*XDUGLD)LJ Estanque de Pedro Miguel Brazo Caimitillo Estanque de Railroad Lago Miraflores Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR(VWDQTXHGH5DLOURDG 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULR 1RVHFXHQWDFRQLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODSURIXQGLGDGSURPHGLRGHOUHVHUYRULR QLGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFRTXtPLFDV)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR(VWDQTXHGH5DLOURDG 1R KD\ DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD HQ HO UHVHUYRULR (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG QR H[LVWHQ SUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVXHQWRUQR /DVHVSHFLHVGHSHFHVLQWURGXFLGDVDOFXHUSRGHDJXDVRQHOCichla ocellaris VDUJHQWRAstronotus occelatus2VFDUOreochromis niloticus7LODSLD /DVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVSXHGHQHVWDUSUHVHQWHVHQHOUHVHUYRULR\DTXHIXHURQ FROHFWDGDVHQHOiUHDGH0LUDIORUHV\&RUWH&XOHEUDiUHDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ HVWH UHVHUYRULR HQWUH ODV HVSHFLHV LGHQWLILFDGDV KD\ HVSHFLHV PDULQDV HXULKDOLQDV\GHDJXDGXOFHLile stoliferaVDUGLQDAnchoa exigua DQFKRD Anchoa lucida $QFKRD Anchoa panamensis $QFKRYHWD Anchovia arenicola $QFKRD Anchovia spp $QFKRD Caranx marginatus -XUHO Oligoplites mundus 3iUDPR Selene brevortii $GROILWR FDEDOOLWR Elops affinis Roeboides occidentalis Brycon chagrensis 6iEDOR Curimata magdalenae 6DUGLQD PDQi Rhamdia guatemalensis %DUEXGR Centropomus armatuV 5REDOR Lutjanus argentiventris 3DUJR Eugerres brevimanus Eugerres linneatus Vieja maculicauda 9LHMD Cichla ocellaris 6DUJHQWRNeetroplus panamensisMugil curema/LVDHoplias microlepis 3HMHSHUURDormitator latrifrons 3RUURFRCitharichthys gilbertiSH]SODQR (QWUHORVFUXVWiFHRVVHLGHQWLILFDURQHOLitopenaeus stylirostris/DQJRVWLQR Macrobrachium amazonicum FDPDUyQ DPD]yQLFR Macrobrachium sp &DPDUyQ GH DJXD GXOFH Callinectes toxotyes &DQJUHMR (QWUH ORV PROXVFRVVHKDLGHQWLILFDGRODPomacea sp*XWLpUUH]et al 7DPELpQ VH KDQ LGHQWLILFDGR RWURV SHFHV PDULQRV; Lutjanus guttatus SDUJR GH OD PDQFKD Scianidae sp.FRUYLQD Megalops atlanticus ViEDOR UHDO UHSRUWiQGRVH GH LJXDO IRUPD TXHORQLRV FRPR Kinosternon angustipons WRUWXJD\ UHSWLOHV FRPRHO Caiman crocodilus EDELOOR +XPEHUWR 3DFKHFR FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV (O SULQFLSDO XVR GHO FXHUSR GH DJXD HV SDUD OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO FDQDO GH 3DQDPi /D $XWRULGDG GHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi HV OD HQFDUJDGD GH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVKtGULFRV /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E /D FRPXQLGDG GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO FHUFDQD DO UHVHUYRULR FXHQWD FRQ XQD SREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUHV\HO VRQ PXMHUHV /DPHGLDQD GHOLQJUHVR PHQVXDOGH OD SREODFLyQRFXSDGD GH DxRV R PiV HV GH 86 \ HO VDODULR SURPHGLR SDUD HO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR GH HPSOHDGRV GHO FDQDO 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR1RGHGHMXOLRGH /D FRPXQLGDG FXHQWD FRQ WRGRV ORV VHUYLFLRV GH WHOpIRQR GH OX] HOpFWULFD DJXD SRWDEOH SXHVWR GH VDOXG HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD \ VHFXQGDULD WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR \ FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHVGHJpQHURQRVHSUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHDHVWiQLQIOXHQFLDGDVSRUYLHQWRVGHO QRUWHFRQXQDYHORFLGDGGHD.PKFRQXQUHJLVWURGHODKXPHGDG UHODWLYDGHDFRQXQDSUHFLSLWDFLyQGHPPPHQVXDO\OD WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHGH&*XWLpUUH]et. al 6H UHSRUWDQ SUREOHPDV GH SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHVCeratophyllum sp. y Chara spHQXQODHydrillaHVGRPLQDQWH HQHOIRQGRPistia striatotesEichhornia crassipesEichhornia azureaAzolla sp \ Salvinia sp ODV FXDOHV IOXFW~DQ VHJ~Q WHPSRUDGD Montrichardia sp Achrostycum aureumTypha sp.,Paspalum repensCyperus spEleocharis sp Phragmites sp Jussieae sp \ Ludwigia sp. FRORQL]DQ ODV RULOODV IDQJRVDV GHO UHVHUYRULR Echinodorus sp. VRQ ODV PHQRV IUHFXHQWHV *XWLpUUH]et. al 1RKD\UHIHUHQFLDVGHSUREOHPDVGHVHGLPHQWDFLyQSHURVtGHFRQWDPLQDFLyQ SRUFROLIRUPHVEDMRORV&)8PO'DPHVDQG0RRUH,QF 1RVHSUHVHQWDQHVSHFLHVHQSHOLJURGHVREUHH[SORWDFLyQ FÉLIX SÁNCHEZ &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLHWDULRVFRQILQHVDJURSHFXDULRV 6H OH FRQRFH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH )pOL[ 6iQFKH] SRU ORV PLHPEURV GH OD FRPXQLGDG TXH HV HO QRPEUH GHO SURSLHWDULR GH OD ILQFD /HRQLGDV 3DGLOOD FRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO 'LFKRQRPEUH VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD 1R ,,, TXH VHHPLWHGH OD 5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW1DO*HR7RPP\*XDUGLD 6HFODVLILFDFRRUHVHUYRULRGHDFXHUGRDODFODVLILFDFLyQGHO35(3$&FXHQWD FRQXQDVXSHUILFLHGHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP ORFDOL]DGRHQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH /D &RORUDGD FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH ,WXUUUDOGH GLVWULWR GH /D &KRUUHUDSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPiDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´ GH ORQJLWXG RHVWH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ ()LJ,QW1DO*HR7RPP\*XDUGLD&HQVR Felix Sánchez ! ( ! ( Tico Tico Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR)pOL[6iQFKH] 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHV 1R KD\ UHIHUHQFLDV VREUH OD SURIXQGLGDG FRPR WDPSRFR GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFRTXtPLFDVGHODJXD)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR)pOL[6iQFKH] 'HELGR D TXH HV XQ FXHUSR GH DJXD SULYDGR QR KD\ DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD QL DFXtFROD /DV HVSHFLHV GH SHFHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ OD Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLD\ODCyprinus carpioFDUSDFRP~Q/HRQLGDV3DGLOOD FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV(OSULQFLSDO XVRGHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVSHFXDULR (QWUH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV HQ HO UHVHUYRULR VH HQFXHQWUD HO 0LQLVWHULR GH 'HVDUUROOR $JURSHFXDULR D WUDYpV GH OD 'LUHFFLyQ (MHFXWLYD 5HJLRQDOGH3DQDPi2HVWHGHVGHVXRILFLQDXELFDGDHQODFLXGDGGH&DSLUD SURYLQFLDGH3DQDPi /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E (O UHVHUYRULR )pOL[ 6iQFKH] VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH /D &RORUDGD TXHWLHQHXQDSREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUH \HOVRQPXMHUHV/DPHGLDQDGHOLQJUHVRPHQVXDOGHODSREODFLyQ RFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiVHVGH86\HOVDODULRSURPHGLRSDUDHO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR1RGHGHMXOLRGH /D FRPXQLGDG SUHVHQWD VHUYLFLR GH HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD WHOpIRQR DJXD SRWDEOH OX] HOpFWULFD SXHVWR GH VDOXG FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD \ WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR(QFXDQWRDRUJDQL]DFLRQHVJUXSDOHV\DFWLYLGDGHVGHJpQHURQR VHSUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV 1RVHHQFRQWUDURQUHIHUHQFLDVVREUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHD 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD /D DFWLYLGDG GH OD SHVFD QR SUHVHQWD HVSHFLHV HQ SHOLJUR GH VREUHH[SORWDFLyQ 6+$1*5,/$ &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLHWDULRVFRQILQHVUHFUHDFLRQDO6HOH FRQRFH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH 6KDQJULOD QRPEUH GDGR SRU HO SURSLHWDULR GH OD ILQFD TXLHQ OR FUHR FRPR DWUDFFLyQ WXUtVWLFD SDUD OD XUEDQL]DFLyQ GHO iUHD 'LFKR QRPEUH VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD1R,,TXHVHHPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW*HR 1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6H FODVLILFD FRPR UHVHUYRULR GH DFXHUGR D OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GHO 35(3$& FXHQWDFRQXQDVXSHUILFLHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVP(ULF&RUWp] FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDOORFDOL]DGRHQODFRPXQLGDGGH/D/DJXQDRHO 7HFDO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH /DV &XPEUHV GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPiDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXGRHVWHORTXH UHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ ( &HQVR ,QW *HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD)LJ Shangrila Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR6KDQJULOD SURYLQFLDGH3DQDPi 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHV /D SURIXQGLGDG SURPHGLR GHO UHVHUYRULR HV GH PHWURV QR WHQLpQGRVH UHIHUHQFLDGHODPi[LPD(ULF&RUWp]FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWDQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWR \ WHPSHUDWXUD GH & 35(3$&D)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR6KDQJULOD 1R VH UHDOL]DQ DFWLYLGDGHV GH SHVFD (ULF &RUWH] 5 &RPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHQSUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVX HQWRUQR /DV HVSHFLHV GH SHFHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ HO Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLD\Cyprinus carpioFDUSDFRP~Q(QWUHODHVSHFLHVQDWLYDV GH SHFHV VH SXHGHQ PHQFLRQDU HO Hoplias malabaricus SHMH SHUUR Aequidens coeruleopunctatus &KRJRUUR \ Gobiomorus dormitor JXDELQD 6LHQGR SDUD HO FDVR GH ORV FUXVWiFHRV HO Macrobrachium spp (ULF &RUWH] FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV(OSULQFLSDO XVRGHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVSDUDUHFUHDFLyQSULYDGD 1RH[LVWHQLQVWLWXFLRQHVFRQDFWLYLGDGHVHQHOUHVHUYRULR /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E /D FRPXQLGDG GH /D /DJXQD R HO 7HFDO GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUD HO FXHUSR GH DJXD FXHQWD FRQ XQD SREODFLyQ GH KDELWDQWHV GH ORV FXDOHV VRQ KRPEUH \ HO VRQ PXMHUHV /D PHGLDQD GHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQRFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiVHVGH86\HOVDODULRSURPHGLR SDUD HO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV (V XQD XUEDQL]DFLyQ SULYDGDGHFDPSR&HQVR*DFHWD2ILFLDO1'HFUHWR1R /D FRPXQLGDG SUHVHQWD VHUYLFLRV GH DJXD SRWDEOH OX] HOpFWULFD WHOpIRQR FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD \ WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV\DFWLYLGDGHVGHJpQHURQRVHSUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHDHVWiQLQIOXHQFLDGDVSRUYLHQWRVGHO QRUWHQRFRQWiQGRVHFRQUHIHUHQFLDVVREUHRWURVUHJLVWURVDPELHQWDOHV 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD 1RSUHVHQWDHVSHFLHVHQSHOLJURGHVREUHH[SORWDFLyQ TICO TICO &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRSRUORVSURSLHWDULRVFRQILQHVDJURSHFXDULRV 6HOHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGH7LFR7LFRSRUORVPLHPEURVGHODFRPXQLGDG SRU VHU HO QRPEUH GH OD ILQFD /HRQLGDV 3DGLOOD FRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO 'LFKR QRPEUH VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD 1R ,,, TXH VH HPLWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GH3DQDPi ,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6H FODVLILFD FRPR UHVHUYRULR GH DFXHUGR D OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GHO 35(3$& FXHQWD FRQ XQD VXSHUILFLH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV P ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH /D &RORUDGD FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH ,WXUUDOGH GLVWULWR GH /D &KRUUHUDSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPiDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´ GH ORQJLWXG RHVWH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWD HQ FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1 \ (,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD&HQVR)LJXUD Felix Sánchez ! ( ! ( Tico Tico Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR7LFR7LFR 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHV 1R KD\ UHIHUHQFLDV VREUH OD SURIXQGLGDG FRPR WDPSRFR GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFRTXtPLFDVGHODJXD)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR7LFR7LFR 'HELGR D TXH HV XQ FXHUSR GH DJXD SULYDGR QR KD\ DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD QL DFXtFROD /DV HVSHFLHV GH SHFHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ OD Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLD\ODCyprinus carpioFDUSDFRP~Q/HRQLGDV3DGLOOD FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV (OSULQFLSDO XVR GHOFXHUSRGH DJXD HVSDUD ULHJR QR WHQLpQGRVHUHIHUHQFLD GHOiUHDUHJDGD (QWUHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVFRQDFWLYLGDGHVHQHOUHVHUYRULRVHHQFXHQWUDHO 0LQLVWHULRGH'HVDUUROOR$JURSHFXDULRDWUDYpVGHOD'LUHFFLyQ(MHFXWLYD 5HJLRQDOGH3DQDPi2HVWHGHVGHVXRILFLQDXELFDGDHQODFLXGDGGH&DSLUD SURYLQFLDGH3DQDPi /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E (O UHVHUYRULR 7LFR 7LFR VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH /$ &RORUDGD TXH WLHQHXQDSREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUH\HO VRQ PXMHUHV /D PHGLDQD GHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQ RFXSDGDGHDxRVRPiVHVGH86\HOVDODULRSURPHGLRSDUDHO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR1RGHOGHMXOLRGH /D FRPXQLGDG SUHVHQWD VHUYLFLR GH HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD WHOpIRQR DJXD SRWDEOH OX] HOpFWULFD SXHVWR GH VDOXG FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD \ WUDQVSRUWH FROHFWLYR (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV 1RVHHQFRQWUDURQUHIHUHQFLDVVREUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHD 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD VILLA GINA &XHUSR GH DJXD FRQVWUXLGR SRU ORV SURSLHWDULRV FRQ ILQHV WXUtVWLFRV GH UHFLHQWHFRQVWUXFFLyQ 6HOHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGH9LOOD*LQDSRUORVPLHPEURVGHODFRPXQLGDG HQ UHODFLyQ DO ³5HVRUW´ /HRQLGDV 3DGLOOD FRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO 'LFKR QRPEUH VH UHFRPLHQGD VHD DGRSWDGR RILFLDOPHQWH SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD1R,9TXHVHHPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPi,QW*HR 1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6H FODVLILFD FRPR UHVHUYRULR FRQ XQD VXSHUILFLH GH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV P ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH /D &RORUDGD FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH ,WXUUDOGH GLVWULWR GH /D &KRUUHUD SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi D ORV ¶´ GH ODWLWXG QRUWH \ ¶´ GH ORQJLWXG RHVWH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWDHQFRRUGHQDGDV8701\(,QW*HR1DO 7RPP\*XDUGLD&HQVR)LJ Villa Gina ! ( Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHOUHVHUYRULR9LOOD*LQD 1RVHFXHQWDFRQUHIHUHQFLDVREUHODFXHQFDTXHDOLPHQWDDOUHVHUYRULRQLGH WLHUUDVIOXFWXDQWHV /D SURIXQGLGDG SURPHGLR GHO UHVHUYRULR HV GH PHWURV QR WHQLpQGRVH UHIHUHQFLDGHODPi[LPD)pOL[ÈOYDUH]FRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO 1R VH HQFRQWUDURQ UHIHUHQFLDV VREUH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOUHVHUYRULR9LOOD*LQD 1R KD\ DFWLYLGDG SHVTXHUD QL DFXtFROD SRU OR FXDO WDPSRFR VH KDQ HVWDEOHFLGRLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSDUDGLFKRSURSyVLWR (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRH[LVWHQSUR\HFWRVGHDFXLFXOWXUDHQHOUHVHUYRULRRHQVX HQWRUQR /DV HVSHFLHV GH SHFHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ OD Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLDCyprinus carpioFDUSDFRP~Q\Colossoma macropomum FRORVRPD/HRQLGDV3DGLOOD&RPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO (OSULQFLSDOXVRGHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVSDUDWXULVPRQRWHQLpQGRVHUHIHUHQFLD GHOQ~PHURGHYLVLWDQWHVDODxRVLHQGRGHUHFLHQWHFRQVWUXFFLyQ)LJ (QWUHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVFRQDFWLYLGDGHVHQHOUHVHUYRULRVHHQFXHQWUDHO 0LQLVWHULRGH'HVDUUROOR$JURSHFXDULRDWUDYpVGHOD'LUHFFLyQ(MHFXWLYD 5HJLRQDOGH3DQDPi2HVWHGHVGHODRILFLQDHQODFLXGDGGH&DSLUD SURYLQFLDGH3DQDPi /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOUHVHUYRULRLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPR OD/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\ GH/H\GHHO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV 'HFUHWRV (MHFXWLYRV 1R GH 1R GH 1R GH 35(3$&E (O UHVHUYRULR VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH /D &RORUDGD FRQ XQD SREODFLyQGHKDELWDQWHVGHORVFXDOHVVRQKRPEUH\HO VRQ PXMHUHV /DPHGLDQD GHOLQJUHVR PHQVXDOGH OD SREODFLyQRFXSDGD GH DxRV R PiV HV GH 86 \ HO VDODULR SURPHGLR SDUD HO iUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR 6LHQGR OD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR1RGHOGHMXOLRGH /D FRPXQLGDG SUHVHQWD VHUYLFLR GH HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD \ VHFXQGDULD WHOpIRQR DJXD SRWDEOH OX] HOpFWULFD SXHVWR GH VDOXG FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD \ WUDQVSRUWHFROHFWLYR (Q FXDQWR D RUJDQL]DFLRQHV JUXSDOHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV GH JpQHUR QR VH SUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURVGHODVPLVPDV Fig. 3 (QWUHYLVWDDO6U)pOL[ÈOYDUH] (QUHODFLyQDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHDQRVHFXHQWDFRQ UHIHUHQFLDVVREUHRWURVUHJLVWURVDPELHQWDOHV 1R KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH SODQWDV DFXiWLFDV HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD DVt FRPR WDPSRFR UHIHUHQFLDV GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ \ FRQWDPLQDFLyQ RUJiQLFDHLQRUJiQLFD EMBALSES DE LA CUENCA DEL CANAL LAGO ALAJUELA (PEDOVHFRQVWUXLGRHQWUH\SRUHOUHSUHVDPLHQWRGHOUtR&KDJUHV HQXQDVHFFLyQDJXDVDUULEDGHORTXHDFWXDOPHQWHHVHOODJR*DW~QFRQHO SURSyVLWR GH FRQWURODU ODV LQXQGDFLRQHV HVWDFLRQDOHV FRPR SDUWH GH ORV HPEDOVHVFRQVWUXLGRVSDUDODRSHUDFLyQGHOFDQDO 6H OH FRQRFH FRPR ³/DJR $ODMXHOD´ /DJR $OKDMXHOD´ R ³0DGGHQ´ 2ILFLDOPHQWHHVUHFRQRFLGRSRUHO,QVWLWXWR*HRJUiILFR1DFLRQDO³,QJ7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ TXLHQ OR UHIHUHQFLD HQ ORV PDSDV FDUWRJUiILFRV TXH HPLWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GH 3DQDPi HQ OD +RMD , FRPR ³/DJR $ODMXHOD´ ,QVW *HR 1DFLRQDO³7RPP\*XDUGtD (OHPEDOVHGHNLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRVVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOFRUUHJLPLHQWRGH &KLOLEUH GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi \ ORV FRUUHJLPLHQWRV GH 6DQ-XDQ\6DODPDQFDHQODSURYLQFLDGH&ROyQ (O DFFHVR D OD FRUWLQD R UHSUHVD GHO HPEDOVH VH WLHQH HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH &KLOLEUHFRUUHJLPLHQWRGH&KLOLEUHGLVWULWRGH3DQDPiSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPi HVWDGRXELFDGRDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\¶´GHORQJLWXGRHVWH ORTXHUHSUHVHQWDHQ8701\()LJ Fig. 18ELFDFLyQGHOHPEDOVH/DJR$ODMXHOD /DFXHQFDKLGURJUiILFDGHO$ODMXHODGHNP HVODTXHFRPSUHQGHPD\RU FREHUWXUDYHJHWDOGHORVHPEDOVHVGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPiDVtFRPRWDPELpQ ODPiVK~PHGDGRPLQDQGRODVURFDVEDViOWLFDV\DQGHVtWLFDVDOWHUDGDV/RV UtRV SULQFLSDOHV GH OD FXHQFD VRQ HO &KDJUHV 3HTXHQt \ %RTXHUyQ OR TXH HQ FRQMXQWR FRQ OD VXEFXHQFD GHO HPEDOVH FRQVWLWX\H HO GHO iUHD WRWDO GH OD FXHQFD GHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi *RQ]iOH]et al (OQLYHOGHODJXDGXUDQWHHODxRYDUtDGHPLOORQHVP FXDQGRHVWiOOHQRD PLOORQHVPDOQLYHOPiVEDMRORTXHUHSUHVHQWDXQiUHDIOXFWXDQWHGH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV /D SURIXQGLGDG SURPHGLR GHO HPEDOVH HV GH PHWURVVLHQGRODPi[LPDGHPHWURV*XWLpUUH]5et al*RQ]iOH] $., et al /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFRTXtPLFDV GHO DJXD SUHVHQWD WHPSHUDWXUD SURPHGLR GH & FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ SURPHGLR GH PJO SDUD HO R[tJHQR GLVXHOWRPJOGHGXUH]DWRWDOPJOGHDOFDOLQLGDGGHS+\PHWURV GH WXUELGH] /RV FDWLRQHV SUHVHQWHV FRQ XQD PD\RU FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VRQ HO FDOFLRFRQPJOHOVRGLRFRQPJO\HOPDJQHVLRFRQPJOVLHQGRODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV SDUD ORV VLOLFDWRV FORUXURV \ VXOIDWRV GH \ PJO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH /D FRQGXFWLYLGDG SURPHGLR HQ HO HPEDOVH HV GH X6FPPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOFDVRGHORVQLWUDWRV12 ±PJOHVGHORV QLWULWRV12±PJOGH\HODPRQLR1+±PJOGH)LJ Fig. 29LVWDGHO(PEDOVH$ODMXHODSXQWRGHSUHVD Foto CortesíaGHOD$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPi (Q HO HPEDOVH UHDOL]DQ OD SHVFD FHUFD GH SHVFDGRUHV GH ORV FXDOHV XQRVHVWiQRUJDQL]DGRV /DVSULQFLSDOHVFRPXQLGDGHVSHVTXHUDVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQODVORFDOLGDGHVGH 9LFWRULDQR /RUHQ]R 6DQ -XDQ GH 3HTXHQt 4XHEUDGD 0RQR &RQJR 4XHEUDGD $QFKD 4XHEUDGD %HQtWH] 4XHEUDGD 3HxD %ODQFD 4XHEUDGD 7UDQTXLOOD 6DQ 9LFHQWH &RPXQLGDG (PEHUi R 'RV 6HVHQWD 3DUDQi 3XU~ *XDUXPDO&DO]DGD/DUJD&DLPLWLOOR\1XHYR0p[LFRHQHOFRUUHJLPLHQWRGH &KLOLEUH SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi 0LHQWUDV TXH HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH &ROyQ VH XELFDQHQODVORFDOLGDGHVGH%RTXHUyQ$EDMR6DODPDQFD\6DODPDQTXLWDHQ HO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH 6DODPDQFD ,VOD 9HUGH 1XHYR 6DQ -XDQ \ 1XHYR 9LJLD HQHOFRUUHJLPLHQWRGH6DQ-XDQ0,'$',1$$&7DEOD 6HHVWLPDODSUHVHQFLDGHERWHV\ODQFKDVHQHOHPEDOVHXWLOL]DQGR FRPR DUWHV GH SHVFD UHGHV DJDOOHUDV GH IRUPD WHQGLGD DQ]XHORV FRQ OtQHD \ WUDVPDOORV TXH XWLOL]DQ \ SHVFDGRUHV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHSDUDXQDSURGXFFLyQGHPLONLORVDQXDOHV)LJ /XHJR GH OD SUHVD GHO HPEDOVH $ODMXHOD VH HQFXHQWUD OD (VWDFLyQ $FXtFROD /DJR *DW~Q GH OD 'LUHFFLyQ 1DFLRQDO GH $FXLFXOWXUD GHO 0LQLVWHULR GH 'HVDUUROOR $JURSHFXDULR GHVWLQDGD D OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ UHSURGXFFLyQ GH HVSHFLHVFRPRODOreochromis niloticusWLODSLDParachromis managuensis (JXDSRWH WLJUH Macrobrachium rosenbergii (FDPDUyQ GH UtR Colossoma macropomum FRORVRPD Ctenopharyngodon idella &DUSD KHUEtYRUD \ Cyprinus carpio&DUSDFRP~Q. Fig 3.3HVFDGRUHVHQODIDHQD (VSHFLHV LQWURGXFLGDV DO HPEDOVH VRQ OD Oreochromis niloticus WLODSLD Cichla ocellaris VDUJHQWR\ Colossoma macropomum FRORVRPD WRGDV GH LQWHUpVFRPHUFLDODOLJXDOTXHHOFDUDFROPomacea zeteki 6DQ-XDQGH 3HTXHQt 4XHEUDGD 0RQR&RQJR 4XHEUDGD $QFKD 4XHEUDGD %HQtWH] 4XHEUDGD 3HxD%ODQFD 4XHEUDGD 7UDQTXLOOD 6DQ9LFHQWH 9LOOD8QLGD &RPXQLGDG (PEHUiR'RV VHVHQWD 3DUDQi3XU~ %RTXHUyQ $EDMR 6DODPDQFD 6DODPDQTXLWD ,VOD9HUGH Nº de Pescadores 9LFWRULDQR /RUHQ]R Comunidad Nº de botes N' Pangas Producción Kg Nº pesc. usan 7DEOD&RPXQLGDGHV3HVTXHUDV\SURGXFFLyQSRUDUWHGHSHVFD Unidad Producción kg Red Agallera Nº pesc. usan Unidad Producción kg Trasmallo Nº pesc. usan Unidad Anzuelo Producción kg 1,043 &DO]DGD/DUJD &DLPLWLOOR 1XHYR0p[LFR Total Nº de Pescadores *XDUXPDO Comunidad 285 Nº de botes 17 N' Pangas 490,116 Producción Kg 204 Red Agallera Nº pesc. usan 103 Unidad Trasmal lo 7DEODFRQW«&RPXQLGDGHV3HVTXHUDV\SURGXFFLyQSRUDUWHGHSHVFD 2,040 Anzuelo Producción kg 241 204 Unidad Nº pesc. usan 481,642 Producción kg 591 Nº pesc. usan 591 Unidad 6,434 Producción kg (QWUH ODV HVSHFLHV QDWLYDV GH SHFHV FRQ YDORU FRPHUFLDO HVWiQ HO Brycon chagrensis,ViEDOR\HOHoplias microlepis (SHMHSHUUR2WUDVHVSHFLHVVRQ HO Rhamdia guatemalensis, EDUEXGR GH UtR Cyphocharax magdalenae (VDUGLQDPDQiAstyanax ruberrimus (VDUGLQDAstyanax fasciatusVDUGLQD Brycon petrosus ViEDOR GH UtR Bryconamericus emperador ViEDOR Roeboides guatemalensis VDUGLQD Gephyrocharax atricaudatus (PRMDUUD Piabucina panamensis (cDQGHOD Hoplias microlepis SHMHSHUUR Brachyhypopomus occidentales (cabuya), Rhamdia wagneri (EDUEXGR Trichomycturus striatum, Ancistrus chagresi, Chaetostoma fischeri, Loricaria uracantha (cKXSDSLHGUD Rivulus montium, Poecilia gilli, Brachyrhaphis episcopi (pDULYLYR Aequidens coeruleopunctatus FKRJRUUR Vija maculicauda YLHMD Neetroplus panamensis, Synbranchus marmoratus FXOHEUDGHDJXDMelaniris chagrensi, Gobiomorus dormitor (gXDELQD /RVFUXVWiFHRVSUHVHQWHVHQHOHPEDOVHVRQFDPDURQHVLQWURGXFLGRVFRPRHO Macrobrachium amazonicum\HQORVPROXVFRVHOFDUDFROPomacea sp. 7DPELpQ VH HQFXHQWUD OD Polymmesoda nicaraguana DOPHMD GH YDORU FRPHUFLDO /DV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV SHVTXHUDV FRQVLVWHQ HQ GHVHPEDUFDGHURV ORFDOL]DGRV HQODVFRPXQLGDGHVSRUORFXDOVHSXHGHQLGHQWLILFDUXQRVHQHOHPEDOVH QRVLHQGRSURYLVWRVGHVHUYLFLRVGHDJXDKLHORVHJXULGDGHWF)LJ Fig 4'HVHPEDUFDGHURGHO&RURW~ Foto Cortesía:GHOD',1$$& /DSHVTXHUtDHQHVWHHPEDOVHVHVRVWLHQHHQODFDSWXUDGHVDUJHQWRWLODSLD\ ODVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVViEDORYLHMDEDUEXGRHQWUHRWUDV/DFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ VH UHDOL]D GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV GH ORV SHVFDGRUHV OD FDUUHWHUD WUDQVtVWPLFD TXHFRPXQLFDDODVFLXGDGHVGH3DQDPi\&ROyQDVtFRPRHQPHUFDGRV\ VXSHUPHUFDGRV GH HVWDV FLXGDGHV GHVWDFiQGRVH OD YHQWD GH WLODSLD \ VDUJHQWHRHQWUHORVSHFHVLQWURGXFLGRVODDOPHMD\HVSHFLHVQDWLYDVSDUDOD FRORQLDFKLQD)LJ Fig. 5&HQWURGH$FRSLRGHSHVFDGRUHVGH9LFWRULDQR/RUHQ]R (O SULQFLSDO XVR GHO HPEDOVH HV HO DVHJXUDU XQD UHVHUYD GH DJXD SDUD PDQWHQHUHOQLYHOGHO/DJR*DW~QXWLOL]DGRHQHOWUiQVLWRGHORVEDUFRVSRUHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi DGHPiV VLUYH GH IXHQWH GH DJXD SDUD ODV FLXGDGHV GH 3DQDPi\&ROyQ\ODJHQHUDFLyQGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFDSDUDHO&DQDOFRQXQD FDSDFLGDGGH0:K (QWUH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV HQ HO HPEDOVH VH HQFXHQWUD HO 0LQLVWHULRGH'HVDUUROOR$JURSHFXDULRDWUDYpVGHODV$JHQFLDGH%XHQD9LVWD HQ &ROyQ \ $OFDOGH 'tD] HQ 3DQDPi GH OD 'LUHFFLyQ (MHFXWLYD 5HJLRQDOGH &ROyQ \ HO 3URJUDPD GH 0DQHMR 3HVTXHUR GH $JXDV &RQWLQHQWDOHV GH OD 'LUHFFLyQ 1DFLRQDO GH $FXLFXOWXUD FRQ VHGH HQ OD FLXGDG GH 3DQDPi /D $XWRULGDG 1DFLRQDO GHO $PELHQWH $1$0 PDQWLHQH RILFLQDV HQ ODV ORFDOLGDGHVGH1XHYR&DLPLWLOORHQ3DQDPi\1XHYR6DQ-XDQHQ&ROyQ\HO 0LQLVWHULRGH6DOXGWLHQHFHQWURVGHVDOXGHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVGH1XHYR6DQ -XDQ 6DUGLQLOOD 6DODPDQFD *DWXQFLOOR 6DODPDQTXLWD HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH &ROyQ /D$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPiGHDFXHUGRDO7tWXOR,9GHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFDGH3DQDPi\ ODOH\GHGHMXQLRGHHVODHQWLGDGTXHOH FRUUHVSRQGH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ PDQWHQLPLHQWR XVR \ FRQVHUYDFLyQ GHO UHFXUVRVKtGULFRVGHODFXHQFDKLGURJUiILFDGHOFDQDO ,QVWLWXFLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD FXHQFD GHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi VRQ HO 0LQLVWHULR GH $VXQWRV GHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi HO 0LQLVWHULR GH (FRQRPtD \ )LQDQ]DV0()OD$XWRULGDGGHOD5HJLyQ,QWHURFHiQLFD$5,OD$VRFLDFLyQ GH0XQLFLSLRV\ODV2UJDQL]DFLRQHV1R*XEHUQDPHQWDOHVFRPROD$VRFLDFLyQ SDUD OD &RQVHUYDFLyQ GH OD 1DWXUDOH]D $1&21 OD )XQGDFLyQ SDUD OD &RQVHUYDFLyQGHORV5HFXUVRV1DWXUDOHV1$785$HQWUHRWUDV 3UR\HFWRVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQHOFXHUSRGHDJXDVRQ 3UR\HFWRGH3HVFD$UWHVDQDO/DFXVWUH'LUHFFLyQ1DFLRQDOGH $FXLFXOWXUD'XUDFLyQ3HUPDQHQWH 3UR\HFWRGH'HVDUUROOR(PSUHVDULDOGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH3HVFDGRUHV GH9LFWRULDQR/RUHQ]R$FXHUGR7ULSDUWLWD0,'$$1$0$VRFLDFLyQ GH3HVFDGRUHV9LFWRULDQR/RUHQ]R 8QLyQ&DPSHVLQDGHO/DJR$ODMXHOD8ELFDFLyQ9LFWRULDQR/RUHQ]R 'XUDFLyQSHUPDQHQWH 3ODQGH&RQVHUYDFLyQGH$OWR&KDJUHV8ELFDFLyQ&DPSR&KDJUHV %RTXHUyQ$OKDMXHOD\&HUUR$]XO,PSOHPHQWDGDSRU$XWRULGDG 1DFLRQDOGHO$PELHQWH$1$086$,'7KH1DWXUH&RQVHUYDQF\ 71&$VRFLDFLyQ1DFLRQDOSDUDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHOD1DWXUDOH]D $1&216RFLHGDG1DFLRQDOSDUDHO'HVDUUROORGH(PSUHVDV\iUHDV UXUDOHV621'($5&HQWURGHHVWXGLRV\$FFLyQ6RFLDO3DQDPHxR &($63$'XUDFLyQ7UHVDxRV,QLFLR &RQVHUYDFLyQGH/RV5HFXUVRV1DWXUDOHV\'HVDUUROOR&RPXQLWDULRHQ HO3DUTXH&KDJUHV-,&$)XQGDFLyQ1DWXUD'XUDFLyQ1RKD\ UHIHUHQFLD &RVHFKD6RVWHQLEOH,QWHUQDFLRQDO(FR3UR\HFWR'XUDFLyQ1RKD\ UHIHUHQFLD 'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOHFRQODVFRPXQLGDGHV(PEHUiGHO3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO&KDJUHV$)2785,$)'XUDFLyQ1RKD\UHIHUHQFLD 5HIRUHVWDFLyQ6HOHFWLYD8&/$$1&21$&3'XUDFLyQ1RKD\ UHIHUHQFLD 7UDQVIRUPDFLyQGHSDMDFDQDOHUD$5,0,'$'XUDFLyQ1RKD\ UHIHUHQFLD 3URJUDPDGH0DQHMR6RVWHQLEOHGHOD&XHQFD+LGURJUiILFDGHO&DQDO GH3DQDPi)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD)$2'XUDFLyQDxRV,QLFLR /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOHPEDOVHLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPROD /H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH/H\GH /H\ GH HO 'HFUHWR /H\ 1R GH 1R GH \ ORV 'HFUHWRV(MHFXWLYRV1RGH1RGH1RGH (QWUHODVOH\HVHVSHFtILFDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVWDODOH\ GHGHMXOLRGH\HO'HFUHWRHMHFXWLYR1RGHGHRFWXEUHGH 35(3$&$E /DFRQGLFLyQVRFLRHFRQyPLFDJHQHUDOGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVSHVTXHUDVHQ HOHPEDOVH LQGLFDQXQD SREODFLyQWRWDOGH SHUVRQDVGH ODV FXDOHV HO VRQKRPEUHV\HOVRQPXMHUHV&LQFRFRPXQLGDGHVWLHQHQXQ LQJUHVRSURPHGLRGH86FRQXQLQJUHVRSURPHGLRGH86 \XQDFRQLQJUHVRSURPHGLR86(OVDODULRSURPHGLRSDUDHOiUHD HV GH 86 SRU KRUD VDODULR DJURSHFXDULR &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO1'HFUHWR1R 7RGDVODVFRPXQLGDGHVSUHVHQWDQVHUYLFLRGHDJXDSRWDEOHPLHQWUDVYDUtDOD SUHVHQFLD HQ FXDQWR D ORV VHUYLFLRV GH WHOpIRQR HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD OX] HOpFWULFD FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGD SXHVWR GH VDOXG HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD \ WUDQVSRUWHFROHFWLYR 'HODVFRPXQLGDGHVLGHQWLILFDGDVWLHQHQDVRFLDFLRQHVFRPXQDOHVFRQXQ WRWDOGHDVRFLDGRVHQDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVDSHVFD\HFRWXULVPR'H HOODVVRORFXHQWDFRQSHUVRQHUtDMXUtGLFD 8QWRWDOGHPXMHUHVVHHQFXHQWUDQUHODFLRQDGDVDODDFWLYLGDGGHODSHVFD RUJDQL]DGDV HQ DVRFLDFLRQHV FRQ SHUVRQHUtD MXUtGLFD \ HQ XQD DVRFLDFLyQUHODFLRQDGDFRQHFRWXULVPRTXHSUHVHQWDWDPELpQSHUVRQHUtD /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DPELHQWDOHV SUHGRPLQDQWHV HQ OD 5HJLyQ ,QWHURFHiQLFD GHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi LQGLFDQ XQ FOLPD LVRWpUPLFR YDULDFLyQ QRUPDO GH OD WHPSHUDWXUDPHGLDPHQVXDO\ODWHPSHUDWXUDKRUDULDGXUDQWHHOGtDPHQRUGH JUDGRV'HLJXDOIRUPDHVPDFURWpUPLFRFRQWHPSHUDWXUDVUHODWLYDPHQWH DOWDV \ PHGLDV SRU HQFLPD GH ORV & HQFRQWUiQGRVH HQ OD 5HSUHVD GH 0DGGHQ XQ SURPHGLR DQXDO GH & FRQ XQD Pi[LPD GH & \ XQD PtQLPDGH&,QWHUFDULE\*XWLpUUH]et. al. /D SUHFLSLWDFLyQ GHELGR D OD LQIOXHQFLD GH OD =RQD GH ,QWHUFRQYHUJHQFLD 7URSLFDO YDUtD GH D PPDxR OR TXH UHVXOWD HQ XQ FOLPD GH FDUiFWHUK~PHGR\SHUK~PHGR/DSUHFLSLWDFLyQDXPHQWDKDFLDHO1RUHVWH\ HQPHQRUSURSRUFLyQKDFLDHO6XURHVWHVLHQGRODORFDOLGDGPiVOOXYLRVD6DQ 0LJXHOHQHOFRUUHJLPLHQWRGH&KLOLEUHHQOD&XHQFDGHO/DJR$ODMXHOD /D KXPHGDG UHODWLYD SUHVHQWD VX Pi[LPR HQ HO PHV GH QRYLHPEUH \ HO PtQLPR HQ PDU]R FRQ YDORUHV SURPHGLR GH FRQ XQ PtQLPR GH \ Pi[LPRGH*RQ]iOH]et. al (QFXDQWRDORVYLHQWRVVHREVHUYDXQDHVWDFLRQDOLGDGJUDQGHPHQWHPDUFDGD HQ LQWHQVLGDG \ GLUHFFLyQ GXUDQWH OD HVWDFLyQ VHFD 6RSODQGR ORV DOLVLRV GHVGHHO1RUWH\1RUHVWHHOGHOWLHPSR/RVYLHQWRVSUHVHQWDQXQSDWUyQ HVWDFLRQDO YDULDQGR GH NPK FRPR PtQLPR GXUDQWH MXQLR \ DJRVWR D YDORUHVHQWUH\NPKHQODHVWDFLyQVHFD*XWLpUUH]et. al /D KXPHGDG HVWLPDGD SDUD ODV HVWDFLRQHV GH PRQLWRUHR HQ HO HPEDOVH $ODMXHODLQGLFDQXQDHVWDFLyQVHFDGHHQHURDDEULORSWLPDGHPD\RDMXOLR\ PX\K~PHGDGHDJRVWRDGLFLHPEUH /DVSODQWDVDFXiWLFDVGHELGRDODVYDULDFLRQHVDQXDOHVGHOQLYHOGHOHPEDOVH PHWURV SUHYLHQHQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR H[SRQHQFLDO GH ODV 0DFUyILWDV /DV SODQWDV SUHVHQWHV HQ HO HPEDOVH \ VX IUHFXHQFLD HQ HO FXHUSR GH DJXD VRQ Cyperaceae Azolla sp Ceratopteris pteridoides Lemna minor Ambrosia cumanensis Commelina elegans Ginerium saggitatum Hymenachne amplexicaulis Jussiaea natans Mimosa pigra Panicum purpurascens Paspalum repens Paspalum sp Polygonum acuminatum Polygonum hyspidum Senna alata Sesbania emerus Sorghum vulgare Chara sp \ Hydrilla verticillata*XWLpUUH]et. al /D HURVLyQ SRWHQFLDO HVWLPDGD SDUD OD VXEFXHQFD GHO /DJR $ODMXHOD HV GH WRQDxRVLHQGRTXHGHFDGDPGHVXHORTXHVHHURVLRQDXQR OOHJD DO HPEDOVH GHSRVLWiQGRVH HO HQ HO YROXPHQ ~WLO \ HO HQ HO YROXPHQ PXHUWR GHELGR D OD IRUPD DODUJDGD \ FRQ HVWUDQJXODFLRQHV TXH SUHVHQWDHOHPEDOVH,QWHUFDULE )XHQWHV SXQWXDOHV GRPpVWLFDV \ DJURLQGXVWULDOHV VH PDQLILHVWDQ HQ HO DXPHQWR GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH FRQLIRUPHV SRU HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH ODV DOJDV \ OD PDOD DSDULHQFLD GHO DJXD DO IORWDU SOiVWLFRV \ RWUDV FODVHV GH UHVLGXRV (O PHUFXULR VH KD GHWHFWDGR HQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH XJO \ HO SORPRHQXJO*RQ]iOH]et al 1RKD\UHIHUHQFLDVVREUHHVSHFLHVHQVREUHSHVFD LAGO GATÚN (PEDOVHFRQVWUXLGRHQWUH\SRUHOUHSUHVDPLHQWRGHOUtR&KDJUHV FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH DOPDFHQDU OD VXILFLHQWH FDQWLGDG GH DJXD SDUD TXH ORV EDUFRV GH DOWR FDODGR SXGLHUDQ WUDQVLWDU SRU HVWD YtD HQ OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO &DQDOGH3DQDPi 6H OH FRQRFH RILFLDOPHQWH FRPR ³/DJR *DW~Q´ SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ TXLHQ OR UHIHUHQFLD HQ ORV PDSDV FDUWRJUiILFRVTXHHPLWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3DQDPiHQOD+RMD,,, ,9, ,,,,, ,, ,9 HVFDOD ,QVW *HR 1DO ³7RPP\ *XDUGLD /D SUHVD FRQVWUXLGD D WUDYpV GHO FDXFH GHO UtR &KDJUHV IXH WHUPLQDGD HQ FXEULHQGR ORV SREODGRV GH *DW~Q \ 0DWDFKtQ FRQ PiV GH SLHV GH URFD\WLHUUDEDMRODUHSUHVD(OHPEDOVHIXHHOPiVJUDQGHGHOPXQGRKDVWD FXDQGR VH FUHy HO 0HGG SDUD UHSUHVDU HO UtR +RRYHU HQ 1HYDGD \ OD UHSUHVD OD PiV LPSRUWDQWH KDVWD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH )RUW 3HFN HQ 0RQWDQD (VWDGRV8QLGRV (O HPEDOVH GH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO FRUUHJLPLHQWRVGH$QFyQGLVWULWRGH3DQDPi,WXUUDOGH$PDGRU\/D5HSUHVD HQ HO GLVWULWR GH /D &KRUUHUD SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi \ ORV FRUUHJLPLHQWRV GH &ULVWyEDO /LPyQ 1XHYD 3URYLGHQFLD &DWLYD \ 6DEDQLWD HQ HO GLVWULWR GH &ROyQSURYLQFLDGH&ROyQVLHQGRXELFDGRDORV¶´GHODWLWXGQRUWH\ ¶´ GH ORQJLWXG RHVWH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWH HQ 870 1 \ (,QVW*HR1DO³7RPP\*XDUGLD&HQVR (O DFFHVR DO HPEDOVH VH SXHGH UHDOL]DU D WUDYpV GH OD FRPXQLGDG GH *DPERDFRUUHJLPLHQWRGH&ULVWyEDOGLVWULWRGH&ROyQSURYLQFLDGH&ROyQR SRU OD FRPXQLGDG GH $UHQRVD FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH ,WXUUDOGH GLVWULWR GH /D &KRUUHUDSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPi)LJ COLON COLON Lago Gatún COLON PANAMA PANAMA Fig. 18ELFDFLyQGHOHPEDOVH/DJR*DW~Q /D FXHQFD KLGURJUiILFD GHO /DJR *DW~Q HV GH NP KD GRPLQDQ ODV IRUPDFLRQHV VHGLPHQWDULDV GHO WHUFLDULR ,QIHULRU DO 6XSHULRU FRPSXHVWDVGHDUHQLVFDVOXWLWDVWREDV\FDOL]DVHQFRQWUiQGRVHDOVXUGHO HPEDOVHIRUPDFLRQHVURFRVDVYROFiQLFDVLQGLIHUHQFLDGDVGHO7HUFLDULR,QIHULRU DO6XSHULRU/RVUtRVSULQFLSDOHVGHODFXHQFDVRQHO&KDJUHVDJXDVGHEDMR GHODUHSUHVD0DGGHQ&LUt*DW~Q\7ULQLGDG (OQLYHOGHODJXDGXUDQWHHODxRYDUtDGHPHWURVHQSURPHGLRPtQLPRD PHWURV FRPR Pi[LPR FRQ XQ UDQJR SURPHGLR GH PHWURV /D SURIXQGLGDGSURPHGLRGHOHPEDOVHHVGHPHWURVVLHQGRODPi[LPDGH PHWURV*XWLpUUH]HWDO Fig. 29LVWDGHO/DJR*DW~Q Foto Cortesía$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPi /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFRTXtPLFDVGHODJXDSUHVHQWDQWHPSHUDWXUDSURPHGLR GH&D&\FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQSURPHGLRGHPJOSDUD HOR[tJHQRGLVXHOWRPJOGHGXUH]DWRWDOPJOGHDOFDOLQLGDGGHS+ \WXUELGH]GHXQLW/DVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHFDOFLRVRQGHPJOVRGLR PJOPDJQHVLRPJO\FORUXURVGHPJO/DFRQGXFWLYLGDGSURPHGLRHQ HOHPEDOVHHVGHPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOFDVRGHORVQLWUDWRV12 ±PJOHV GHORVQLWULWRV12±PJOGH\HODPRQLR1+±PJOGH &KDSPDQ,QWHUFDULE*XWLpUUH]5 et al0RUDOHV5., et al.)LJ (Q HO HPEDOVH UHDOL]DQ OD SHVFD FHUFD GH SHVFDGRUHV GH ORV FXDOHV XQRVHVWiQRUJDQL]DGRV /DV SULQFLSDOHV FRPXQLGDGHV SHVTXHUDV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ ORV GLVWULWRV GH &ROyQ HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH &ROyQ \ /D &KRUUHUD HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi 0,'$',1$$&7DEOD 7DEOD&RPXQLGDGHV3HVTXHUDVHQHO/DJR*DW~Q Distrito Corregimiento Comunidad /DJDUWHULWD $PDGRU /DJDUWHUD /D&KRUUHUD ,WXUUDOGH $UHQRVD /D5HSUHVD /D/DJXQD &LULGH/RV6RWRV &LULGH/RV6RWRV &LUL*UDQGH &LUL*UDQGH $UDxDJDWDO &DxD%UDYD &LULFLWR &XLSR &LULFLWR (O&RQJDO /D+XPLOGDG /RV&HGURV /RV/DJXLWRV &ROyQ 1XHYR3RUYHQLU &DPSR$OHJUH (VFREDO (VFREDO /D8OODPD 9LQR7LQWR $OIDJtD /LPyQ /LPyQ 5tR*DW~Q 1XHYD3URYLGHQFLD 1XHYD3URYLGHQFLD %DUULDGD6DQ-RVp 6DEDQLWD &DPSHyQ 6HHVWLPDODSUHVHQFLDGHERWHV\ODQFKDVHQHOHPEDOVHXWLOL]DQGR FRPRDUWHVGHSHVFDDUSRQHVRFKX]RVSRULJXDOQ~PHURGHSHVFDGRUHV FRQXQDSURGXFFLyQGHNLORV\DQ]XHORVFRQOtQHDTXHXVDQLJXDO FDQWLGDGGHSHVFDGRUHVSDUDXQDSURGXFFLyQGHPLONLORVDQXDOHV /D SURGXFFLyQ WRWDO GHO HPEDOVH HV GH NLORV DQXDOPHQWH VLHQGR HVWLPDGD VX SURGXFFLyQ HQWUH D WRQHODGDV VHJ~Q &KDSPDQ 7DEOD /DSHVFD GHSRUWLYD HV XQD DFWLYLGDG TXH VHYLHQH UHDOL]DQGRHQ HO HPEDOVH HQODVFRPXQLGDGHVGH$UHQRVDOD5HSUHVD\HQ/D&KRUUHUDSURYLQFLDGH 3DQDPiDVtFRPRWDPELpQHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVGH*DPERD\3XHUWR(VSLQDO HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH &ROyQ 'H LJXDO IRUPD VH SURPXHYH D WUDYpV GH ORV KRWHOHV\DJHQFLDVGHYLDMHVTXLHQHVRUJDQL]DQLPSRUWDQWHVWRUQHRV &DxD%UDYD &LULFLWR &XLSR (O&RQJDO /D+XPLOGDG /RV&HGURV /RV /DJXLWRV 1XHYR 3RUYHQLU &DPSR $OHJUH (VFREDO /D8OODPD 9LQR7LQWR /D/DJXQD &LULFLWR (VFREDO /D5HSUHVD $PDGRU &LULGHORV 6RWRV &LUL*UDQGH $UDxDJDWDO /DJDUWHUD /DJDUWHULWD &LULGH/RV 6RWRV &LUL*UDQGH Nº de Pescadores Comunidad Corregimiento Nº de botes N' Pangas 7DEOD&RPXQLGDGHV3HVTXHUDV\SURGXFFLyQSRUDUWHGHSHVFD Producción Kg Nº pesc. usan Unidades Producción kg Arpón o Chuzo Nº pesc. usan Unidades Anzuelo Producción kg Nº de Pescadores Comunidad $OIDJtD /LPyQ 5tR*DW~Q 1XHYD 3URYLGHQFLD $UHQRVD %DUULDGD 6DQ-RVp &DPSHyQ Corregimiento /LPyQ 1XHYD 3URYLGHQFLD 2EDOGtD 6DEDQLWD TOTAL Nº de botes N' Pangas Producción Kg 7DEODFRQW&RPXQLGDGHV3HVTXHUDV\SURGXFFLyQSRUDUWHGHSHVFD Nº pesc. usan Unidades Producción kg Arpón o Chuzo Nº pesc. usan Unidades Anzuelo Producción kg /RVUHQGLPLHQWRVSRUSHVFDGRUHVHQODFRPXQLGDGGHOD$UHQRVDHVWiQHQWRUQRD± NJK±OEVKUGHGLFiQGRVHDOVHUYLFLRGHDOTXLOHUGHERWHVHQODSURYLQFLDGH 3DQDPiGHDGtDVDODVHPDQDXWLOL]DQGRDQ]XHORFRQOtQHDVRFDxDVGHSHVFDU\ KDVWDHQRFDVLRQHVDUSRQHV0DUPROHMRFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO)LJ (QODFRPXQLGDGGH*DPERDH[LVWHQSHVFDGRUHVTXHEULQGDQHOVHUYLFLRGHDOTXLOHU GHERWHV\JXtDDORVVLWLRVGHSHVFDFRQSUHFLRVTXHRVFLODQHQWUHORV86DSRU SHUVRQD LQFOX\HQGR HO FKDOHFR VDOYDYLGDV \ FRPEXVWLEOH 7RUGHFLOOD &RPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO(QWDQWRHQORVKRWHOHVVHSXHGHDOTXLODUXQERWHSDUDFXDWUR DFLQFRSHUVRQDVSRUWUHVKRUDVDGyODUHVSRUSHUVRQD\SRUVHLVKRUDVGyODUHV Fig 3.3HVFDGRUHVHQODIDHQD&RUWHVtD',1$$& (VSHFLHVLQWURGXFLGDVDOHPEDOVHVRQOD Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLDCichla ocellaris VDUJHQWR Astronotus ocellatus RVFDU HVSHFLHV GH LQWHUpV FRPHUFLDO \ OD Ctenopharyngodon idellaFDUSDKHUEtYRUD (QWUHODVHVSHFLHVQDWLYDVGHSHFHVHVWiQHOAequidens coeruleopunctaus,cKRJRUUR Astyanax ruberrimus (VDUGLQD Brycon chagrensis ViEDOR Vieja maculicauda YLHMD Compsura gorgonae, (leotris pisonis, Eugerres plumieri Gambusia nicaraguensis, Gobiomorus dormitor JXDELQD Hoplias microlepis (SHMHSHUUR Hyphessobrycon panamensis, Hypostomus panamensis, Melaniris chagrensi, Neetroplus panamensis, Poecilia mexicana, Pseudocheirodon affinis, Rhamdia guatemalensis (VDUGLQD \ Roeboides guatemalensis bDUEXGR /RV FUXVWiFHRV SUHVHQWHV HQ HO HPEDOVH VRQ FDPDURQHV Macrobrachium sp. FDPDURQHVGHUtR (QWUH ORV PROXVFRV HO FDUDFRO Pomacea sp, HQ ORV UHSWLOHV Crocodylus acutus (cocodrilo), Caiman crocodilus FDLPiQ\Kinosternon angustiponsJDOiSDJRV (QHOFXHUSRGHDJXDVHHQFXHQWUDQPDPtIHURVFRPRHOTrichechus manatusPDQDWt\ HO Lutra longicaudisQXWULD /DVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVFRQVLVWHQPXHOOHVSDUDHOXVRGHOFDQDO\S~EOLFRHQXQ WRWDOGH GH PDGHUD PHWDO R FHPHQWR FRQ VHUYLFLR GH DJXD SRWDEOH WHOpIRQR KLHOR FRPEXVWLEOH\UHFROHFFLyQGHEDVXUDHQDOJXQRV 7DPELpQH[LVWHQGHVHPEDUFDGHURVHQODVSREODFLRQHVGRQGHGHVHPEDUFDQORVERWHV LGHQWLILFDGRVHQHOFXHUSRGHDJXD)LJXUD Fig 4'HVHPEDUFDGHURGH$UHQRVD /DSHVTXHUtDHQHVWHHPEDOVHVHVRVWLHQHFRQODFDSWXUDGHVDUJHQWRWLODSLD\HORVFDU DVt FRPR HVSHFLHV QDWLYDV HQWUH ODV FXDOHV VH SXHGHQ PHQFLRQDU HO ViEDOR YLHMD EDUEXGR HQWUH RWUDV /D FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ VH UHDOL]D GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV GH ORV SHVFDGRUHVODFDUUHWHUDWUDQVtVWPLFDTXHFRPXQLFDDODVFLXGDGHVGH3DQDPi\&ROyQ DVtFRPRHQPHUFDGRV\VXSHUPHUFDGRVGHHVWDVFLXGDGHVGHVWDFiQGRVHODYHQWDGH WLODSLD\VDUJHQWR0DUPROHMRFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO)LJXUD Fig. 5(QWUHYLVWDDSHVFDGRUVREUHSHVFDGHSRUWLYD (OSULQFLSDOXVRGHOHPEDOVHHVSDUDHOWUiQVLWRGHORVEDUFRVSRUHO&DQDOGH3DQDPi DGHPiVVLUYHGHIXHQWHGHDJXDSDUDODVFLXGDGHVGH&ROyQ\ODJHQHUDFLyQGHHQHUJtD HOpFWULFDSDUDHO&DQDOFRQXQDFDSDFLGDGGH0:K$SDUWLUGHORVFXOWLYRVGHSLxD HQHOVHFWRURHVWHGHODSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPiVHXWLOL]DSDUDULHJRGHHVWDDFWLYLGDG 6HHVWLPDTXHDODxRYLVLWDQHOHPEDOVHHQWRUQRDWXULVWDVTXHYLVLWDQHO&DQDO GHSDQDPi /DDFXLFXOWXUDVHUHDOL]DHQODORFDOLGDGGH/DJDUWHULWDPHGLDQWHHOFXOWLYRGHWLODSLDHQ MDXODV IORWDQWHV SRU OD (PSUHVD *DW~Q /DNH )LVK )DUP FRQ XQD SURGXFFLyQ GH NLORVDQXDOHV)LJ (QWUH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV HQ HO HPEDOVH VH HQFXHQWUD HO 0LQLVWHULR GH 'HVDUUROOR$JURSHFXDULRDWUDYpVGHODV$JHQFLDGH%XHQD9LVWD\&XLSRHQ&ROyQGHOD 'LUHFFLyQ(MHFXWLYD5HJLRQDOGH&ROyQ\HQ&DSLUDGHOD'LUHFFLyQ(MHFXWLYDUHJLRQDOGH 3DQDPi2HVWHDVtFRPRHO3URJUDPDGH0DQHMR3HVTXHURGH$JXDV&RQWLQHQWDOHVGH OD'LUHFFLyQ1DFLRQDOGH$FXLFXOWXUDFRQVHGHHQODFLXGDGGH3DQDPi/D$XWRULGDG 1DFLRQDOGHO$PELHQWH$1$0PDQWLHQHRILFLQDVHQODVORFDOLGDGHVGH/DJDUWHULWDHQ 3DQDPi\&XLSR\/LPyQ&ROyQPLHQWUDVTXHHO0LQLVWHULRGH6DOXGWLHQHFHQWURVGH VDOXGHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVGH(VFREDO&XLSR/LPyQ&LULFLWRHQODSURYLQFLDGH&ROyQ\ HQODSURYLQFLDGH3DQDPiHQ$UHQRVD/D5HSUHVD Fig 6.3UR\HFWRGHFXOWLYRGHWLODSLDHQMDXODVIORWDQWHV /D$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPiGHDFXHUGRDO7tWXOR,9GHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFD GH 3DQDPi \ OD OH\ GH GH MXQLR GH HV OD HQWLGDG TXH OH FRUUHVSRQGH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQPDQWHQLPLHQWRXVR\FRQVHUYDFLyQGHOUHFXUVRVKtGULFRVGHODFXHQFD KLGURJUiILFDGHOFDQDO ,QVWLWXFLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD FXHQFD GHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi VRQ HO 0LQLVWHULR GH $VXQWRV GHO &DQDO GH 3DQDPi HO 0LQLVWHULR GH (FRQRPtD \ )LQDQ]DV 0() OD $XWRULGDG GH OD 5HJLyQ ,QWHURFHiQLFD $5, OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH 0XQLFLSLRV \ ODV 2UJDQL]DFLRQHV 1R *XEHUQDPHQWDOHV FRPR OD $VRFLDFLyQ SDUD OD &RQVHUYDFLyQ GH OD 1DWXUDOH]D $1&21 OD )XQGDFLyQ SDUD OD &RQVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV 5HFXUVRV 1DWXUDOHV 1$785$HQWUHRWUDV 3UR\HFWRVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQHOFXHUSRGHDJXDVRQ 3URJUDPDGHPDQHMRVRVWHQLEOHGHODViUHDVUXUDOHVGHOD&XHQFD+LGURJUiILFD GHO&DQDOGH3DQDPi)$2±0,'$SRUXQSHULRGRGHDxRVHLQLFLRHQ 3UR\HFWRGH'HVDUUROOR5XUDO6RVWHQLEOHSDUDODVSURYLQFLDVGH&RFOp&ROyQ\ &DSLUD75,3/(&UHDOL]DGRSRUHO),'$±0,'$FRQLQLFLRHQ\ ILQDOL]DFLyQHQ 3UR\HFWR SDUD HO PDQHMR DXWRVRVWHQLEOH GH iUHDV UXUDOHV GH OD &XHQFD GHO &DQDO 3URJUDPDGH$UUR]EDMRIDQJXHRUHDOL]DGRSRUHO0,'$FRQLQLFLRHQ 3UR\HFWRD\XGDD&UHFHU5HDOL]DGRSRUHO0,'$\HO'HVSDFKRGHOD3ULPHUD 'DPDVLHQGRGHIRUPDSHUPDQHQWH 3URJUDPD 0DQHMR 3HVTXHUR GH (PEDOVHV \ $JXDV &RQWLQHQWDOHV 5HDOL]DGR SRUHO0,'$GHIRUPDSHUPDQHQWH 3URJUDPDGHPHMRUDPLHQWRGHSDVWR5HDOL]DGRSRUHO0,'$GHIRUPD SHUPDQHQWH 3URJUDPDGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQDJURSHFXDULD,PSOHPHQWDGRSRUHO0,'$GH DFXHUGRDOD/H\GHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQDJURSHFXDULD 3UR\HFWRSDUDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODFXHQFDGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPiUHDOL]DGRSRU OD$1$0\-,&$ 3URJUDPDGHJUDQMDGHSURGXFFLyQVRVWHQLEOH5HDOL]DGRSRUHO0,'$3611 0,16$ 3URJUDPDGH0XMHU5XUDO5HDOL]DGRSRUHO0,'$ 3URJUDPDGHVDOXG\KXHUWRVHVFRODUHV'HVDUUROODGRSRUHO0,'$0,16$&DMD GH$KRUUR0('8& /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOHPEDOVHLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPROD/H\GH /H\ GH /H\ GH /H\ GH /H\ GH /H\ GH HO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV'HFUHWRV(MHFXWLYRV1RGH 1RGH1RGH (QWUHODVOH\HVHVSHFtILFDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVWiODOH\GHGH MXOLR GH \ HO'HFUHWR HMHFXWLYR 1RGH GH RFWXEUH GH (QFRQWUiQGRVH HQWUH OD UHVROXFLRQHV OD GH OD $XWRULGDG 1DFLRQDO GHO $PELHQWH -' 2 GH GH PD\R GH SRU OD FXDO VH FUHD HO 3DUTXH ,QWHURFHiQLFR GH /DV $PpULFDV FRQ OD ILQDOLGDGGH&DSWDU\DOPDFHQDU\VXSOLUDJXDHQYROXPHQ\FDOLGDGDGHFXDGDSDUDHO EXHQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO FDQDO \ HO XVR LQGXVWULDO FRPHUFLDO \ GRPpVWLFR GH ODV FLXGDGHV\FHQWURVSREODGRVGHODUHJLyQ0HWURSROLWDQD35(3$&E /D FRQGLFLyQ VRFLRHFRQyPLFD JHQHUDO GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV SHVTXHUDV HQ HO HPEDOVH LQGLFD XQD SREODFLyQ WRWDO GH SHUVRQDV GH ODV FXDOHV HO VRQ KRPEUHV\HOVRQPXMHUHV1XHYHFRPXQLGDGHVWLHQHQXQLQJUHVRSURPHGLRGH 86\FRQXQLQJUHVRSURPHGLRGH86(OVDODULRSURPHGLRSDUDHO iUHD HV GH 86 SRUKRUD VDODULRDJURSHFXDULR&HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO1 'HFUHWR1RGHGHMXOLRGH 7RGDVODVFRPXQLGDGHVSUHVHQWDQVHUYLFLRGHDJXDSRWDEOHPLHQWUDVYDULDODSUHVHQFLD HQ FXDQWR D ORV VHUYLFLRV GH WHOpIRQR HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD OX] HOpFWULFD FDUUHWHUD DVIDOWDGDSXHVWRGHVDOXGHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD\WUDQVSRUWHFROHFWLYR 'H ODV FRPXQLGDGHV LGHQWLILFDGDV WLHQHQ DVRFLDFLRQHV FRPXQDOHV FRQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQGHSDUWLFLSDQWHVDPEDVFRQSHUVRQHUtDMXUtGLFD2WUDVWLHQHQJUXSRV VROLGDULRVFRQXQWRWDOGHDVRFLDGRVVLQSHUVRQHUtDMXUtGLFD 8Q WRWDO PXMHUHV VH HQFXHQWUDQ DJUXSDGDV HQ FRPXQLGDGHV HQ DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDVDODDFWLYLGDGGHODSHVFD\FRQSHUVRQHUtDMXUtGLFD(QFRPXQLGDGHVVH HQFXHQWUDQ RUJDQL]DGDV FRQ SHUVRQHUtD MXUtGLFD JUXSRV GH PXMHUHV HQ DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ ³$PDV GH &DVD´ \ HQ RWUDV FRPXQLGDGHV VH KDQ RUJDQL]DGR PXMHUHVHQDFWLYLGDGHVGHHFRWXULVPRWDPELpQFRQSHUVRQHUtDMXUtGLFD /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVSUHGRPLQDQWHVHQOD5HJLyQ,QWHURFHiQLFDGHO&DQDOGH 3DQDPi LQGLFDQ XQ FOLPD LVRWpUPLFR YDULDFLyQ QRUPDO GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLD PHQVXDO\ODWHPSHUDWXUDKRUDULDGXUDQWHHOGtDPHQRUGHJUDGRV'HLJXDOIRUPDHV PDFURWpUPLFRFRQWHPSHUDWXUDVUHODWLYDPHQWHDOWDV\PHGLDVSRUHQFLPDGHORV& HQFRQWUiQGRVH HQ OD 5HSUHVD GH 0DGGHQ XQ SURPHGLR DQXDO GH & FRQ XQD Pi[LPDGH&\XQDPtQLPDGH&,QWHUFDULE\*XWLpUUH]HWDO /D SUHFLSLWDFLyQ GHELGR D OD LQIOXHQFLD GH OD =RQD GH ,QWHUFRQYHUJHQFLD 7URSLFDO YDUtD GHDPPDxRORTXHUHVXOWDHQXQFOLPDGHFDUiFWHUK~PHGR\SHUK~PHGR /D SUHFLSLWDFLyQ DXPHQWD KDFLD HO 1RUHVWH \ HQ PHQRU SURSRUFLyQ KDFLD HO 6XURHVWH VLHQGR OD ORFDOLGDG PiV OOXYLRVD 6DQ 0LJXHO HQ HO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH &KLOLEUH HQ OD &XHQFDGHO/DJR$ODMXHOD/DKXPHGDGUHODWLYDSUHVHQWDXQiPELWRGHD (Q FXDQWR D ORV YLHQWRV VH REVHUYD XQD HVWDFLRQDOLGDG JUDQGHPHQWH PDUFDGD HQ LQWHQVLGDG\GLUHFFLyQGXUDQWHODHVWDFLyQVHFD6RSODQGRORVDOLVLRVGHVGHHO1RUWH\ 1RUHVWHHOGHOWLHPSR/RVYLHQWRVSUHVHQWDQXQSDWUyQHVWDFLRQDOYDULDQGRGH NPKUFRPRPtQLPRGXUDQWHMXQLR\DJRVWRDYDORUHVHQWUH\NPKUHQODHVWDFLyQ VHFD*XWLpUUH]HWDO /DKXPHGDGHVWLPDGDSDUDODVHVWDFLRQHVGHPRQLWRUHRHQHOHPEDOVH*DW~QLQGLFDQ XQDHVWDFLyQVHFDGHHQHURDDEULORSWLPDGHPD\RDMXOLR\PX\K~PHGDGHDJRVWRD GLFLHPEUH /DVSODQWDVDFXiWLFDVSUHVHQWHVHQHOHPEDOVHVRQODEichhornia crassipesMDFLQWRGH DJXD Eichhornia azurea Pistia stratiotes OHFKXJD GH DJXD y Hydrilla verticillata (hydrila). (VWD ~OWLPD VH HVWLPD RFXSD XQ iUHD GH KHFWiUHDV SURVSHUDQGR HQ SURIXQGLGDGHVGHQXHYHPHWURV*XWLpUUH]HWDO (OFRQWURO GH OD PLVPD VH KD UHDOL]DGR PHGLDQWH HOXVR GH DUVHQLDWR GH SORPR GHVGH D\GHDOOtKDVWDODIHFKDFRQVXOIDWRGHFREUHDGHPiVGH'\JOLIRVDWR DVtFRPREDUUHUDVUHFRQRFLGDV,QWHUFDULE 'HVGH VX FUHDFLyQ HO ODJR *DW~Q KD SHUGLGR HO GH VX FDSDFLGDG 9ROXPHQ ~WLO RFXSDGRSRUVHGLPHQWRVKDVWDKPHVWLPDQGRTXHHOGHORVVHGLPHQWRV VH GHSRVLWDQ HQ HO YROXPHQ ~WLO \ HQ HO YROXPHQ PXHUWR GHELGR D OD IRUPD GHO ODJR DO GUDJDGR VLVWHPiWLFR TXH VH UHDOL]D \ D OD PHQRU SHQGLHQWH \ PHDQGURV GH LQJUHVRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVUtRVTXHDOLPHQWDQHOHPEDOVH/DHURVLyQSRWHQFLDOSDUDHO ODJR*DW~QHVHVWLPDGDHQWRQKDDxR,QWHUFDULE /D FRQWDPLQDFLyQ REHGHFH D IXHQWHV SXQWXDOHV GRPpVWLFDV \ DJURLQGXVWULDOHV OD SURGXFLGD SRU OD RSHUDFLyQ GHO FDQDO \ ODV SREODFLRQHV HV DFFLGHQWDO WUDWDGD \ FRQWURODGDSRUORFXDOQRKDQDIHFWDGRODFDOLGDGGHODJXD/DHVWLPDFLyQGHODSRVLEOH FRQWDPLQDFLyQSRUSORPR\FREUHVHPRQLWRUHDSUHVHQWiQGRVHYDORUHVHQHOVHGLPHQWR GH\SSPUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 1R KD\ UHIHUHQFLDV VREUH HVSHFLHV HQ VREUHSHVFD LAGO MIRAFLORES &XHUSRGHDJXDFRQVWUXLGRFRPRSDUWHGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDOGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPi 6H OH FRQRFH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH /DJR 0LUDIORUHV 'LFKR QRPEUH HVWi RILFLDOPHQWH UHFRQRFLGR SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO ³,QJ 7RPP\ *XDUGLD´ VLHQGR UHIHUHQFLDGR HQ OD +RMD &DUWRJUiILFD 1R , TXH VH HPLWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GH 3DQDPi,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD 6H FODVLILFD FRPR HPEDOVH SRU WHQHU XQD VXSHUILFLH GH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV ORFDOL]DGR HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO FRUUHJLPLHQWR GH $QFyQ GLVWULWR GH 3DQDPi SURYLQFLD GH 3DQDPi D ORV ¶´ GH ODWLWXG QRUWH \ ¶´ GH ORQJLWXGRHVWHORTXHUHSUHVHQWDHQFRRUGHQDGDV8701\(&HQVR ,QW*HR1DO7RPP\*XDUGLD)LJ Estanque de Pedro Miguel Brazo Caimitillo Estanque de Railroad Lago Miraflores Fig. 1.8ELFDFLyQGHO/DJR0LUDIORUHV (O iUHD GH OD FXHQFD HV GH NLOyPHWURV FXDGUDGRV SHUR QR VH FXHQWD FRQ UHIHUHQFLD VREUH iUHD GH WLHUUDV IOXFWXDQWHV ,QWHUFDULE 6$1DWKDQ $VVRFLDWHV ,QF 1RVHWLHQHUHIHUHQFLDGHODVSURIXQGLGDGHVGHOHPEDOVH /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFRTXtPLFDVGHODJXDSUHVHQWDQFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQSURPHGLRGH D PJO SDUD HOR[tJHQR GLVXHOWR D GH S+ SSPGH ]LQF SSP GH SORPR \ GH PDQJDQHVR FRQ XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH D & 'DPHV DQG 0RRUH,QF)LJ Fig. 2.9LVWDGHOHPEDOVHGHO/DJR0LUDIORUHV /DVHVSHFLHVGHSHFHVLQWURGXFLGDVDOFXHUSRGHDJXDVRQHOCichla ocellarisVDUJHQWR \Oreochromis niloticusWLODSLD (Q HVWH HPEDOVH KD\ HVSHFLHV PDULQDV HXULKDOLQDV \ GH DJXD GXOFH Lile stolifera VDUGLQD Anchoa exigua DQFKRD Anchoa lucida $QFKRD Anchoa panamensis $QFKRYHWDAnchovia arenicola$QFKRDAnchovia spp$QFKRDCaranx marginatus -XUHO Oligoplites altus 3iUDPR Selene brevortii $GROILWR FDEDOOLWR Elops affinis Roeboides occidentalis Brycon chagrensis 6iEDOR Curimata magdalenae 6DUGLQD PDQi Rhamdia guatemalensis %DUEXGR Centropomus armatuV 5yEDOR Lutjanus argentiventris 3DUJR Eugerres brevimanus Eugerres linneatus Astronotus ocellatus 2VFDUVieja maculicauda9LHMDCichla ocellaris6DUJHQWRNeetroplus panamensis Mugil curema /LVD Hoplias microlepis 3HMHSHUUR Dormitator latrifrons 3RUURFR &LWKDUFKWK\VJLOEHUWLSH]SODQR (QWUH ORV FUXVWiFHRV VH LGHQWLILFDURQ HO Litopenaeus stylirostris, /DQJRVWLQR Macrobrachium amazonicum FDPDUyQ DPD]yQLFR Macrobrachium sp &DPDUyQ GH DJXDGXOFHCallinectes toxotyes&DQJUHMR(QWUHORVPROXVFRVVHKDLGHQWLILFDGROD Pomacea sp*XWLpUUH]et al 1RKD\ODSUHVHQFLDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVSHVTXHUDVQLDFXtFRODV (OSULQFLSDOXVRGHOFXHUSRGHDJXDHVSDUDRSHUDFLRQHVGHOFDQDOGH3DQDPi /DLQVWLWXFLyQTXHWLHQHODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGPi[LPDVREUHHOHPEDOVH\GHWRGRHO VLVWHPDFDQDOHURSRUFRQVWLWXFLyQHVOD$XWRULGDGGHO&DQDOGH3DQDPi /DOHJLVODFLyQVREUHHOHPEDOVHLPSOLFDOH\HVGHFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOHVFRPROD/H\GH /H\ GH /H\ GH /H\ GH /H\ GH /H\ GH HO'HFUHWR/H\1RGH1RGH\ORV'HFUHWRV(MHFXWLYRV1RGH 1RGH35(3$&E (O HPEDOVH FXHQWD FRQ XQD 5HVROXFLyQ -' ,15(1$5( 3DUTXH ,QWHURFHiQLFR GH /DV $PpULFDV GHO GH PD\R GH FX\R REMHWR GH OD UHVROXFLyQ HV &DSWDU \ DOPDFHQDU\VXSOLUDJXDHQYROXPHQ\FDOLGDGDGHFXDGDSDUDHOEXHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHOFDQDO\HOXVRLQGXVWULDOFRPHUFLDO\GRPpVWLFRGHODVFLXGDGHV\FHQWURVSREODGRV GHODUHJLyQ0HWURSROLWDQD,QWHUFDULE /D FRPXQLGDG GH 3HGUR 0LJXHO FXHQWD FRQ XQD SREODFLyQ GH KDELWDQWHV GH ORV FXDOHV VRQ KRPEUH \ HO VRQ PXMHUHV /D PHGLDQD GHO LQJUHVR PHQVXDO GH OD SREODFLyQ RFXSDGD GH DxRV R PiV HV GH 86 \ HO VDODULR SURPHGLRSDUDHOiUHDHVGH86SRUKRUDVDODULRGHOiUHDGHOFDQDO6LHQGROD SREODFLyQ HFRQyPLFDPHQWH DFWLYD GH SHUVRQDV &HQVR *DFHWD 2ILFLDO 1 'HFUHWR1RGHGHMXOLRGH /D FRPXQLGDG SUHVHQWD VHUYLFLR GH HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD VHFXQGDULD WHOpIRQR DJXD SRWDEOHOX]HOpFWULFDSXHVWRGHVDOXGFDUUHWHUDDVIDOWDGD\WUDQVSRUWHFROHFWLYR (QFXDQWRDRUJDQL]DFLRQHVJUXSDOHV\DFWLYLGDGHVGHJpQHURQRVHSUHVHQWDQUHJLVWURV GHODVPLVPDV /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiUHDHVWiQLQIOXHQFLDGDVSRUYLHQWRVGHOQRUWHFRQ XQDYHORFLGDGSURPHGLRGHDNPKFRQXQUHJLVWURGHODKXPHGDGGHD FRQ XQD SUHFLSLWDFLyQ GH PP PHQVXDO \ OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH GH & 'DPHVDQG0RRUH,QF +D\SUHVHQFLDGHSODQWDVDFXiWLFDVHQHOFXHUSRGHDJXD Pistia sp.Eichhornia sp.\ Ceratophipyllum demersumD VLQ FRQRFHU HO SRUFHQWDMH GH iUHD FXELHUWD \D TXH VRQ HVWDFLRQDOHV (Q WDQWR TXH HQ HO WHPD GH SUREOHPDV GH VHGLPHQWDFLyQ QR VH WLHQH UHIHUHQFLD HVSHFtILFDSDUDHVWH HPEDOVH \ VREUH FRQWDPLQDFLyQ ORV DQiOLVLVUHDOL]DGRV LQGLFDQTXHKD\XQDOWRFRQWHQLGRRUJiQLFR\HOFRQWHQLGRGHFROLIRUPHVIHFDOHVHVGH FIX $ GLIHUHQFLDGH ORV RWURV ODJRV GHOFDQDO HVWH HVXQ ODJR VDOLQR SRUOR FXDOVHFODXVXUySDUDFRQVXPRKXPDQRGHVGHORVDxRVDGHPiVUHFLEHODVDJXDVGH OD /DJXQD &DLPLWLOOR TXH VH HQFXHQWUD FHUFD GHO UHOOHQR VDQLWDULR 5(' 7$1. OR TXH SUREDEOHPHQWH KD FDXVDGR HOGHWHULRUR GH OD FDOLGD GH DJXD *XWLpUUH] et. all ,QWHUFDULE6$1DWKDQ$VVRFLDWHV,QF