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Edwards, Arthur MacEwan y los docentes de Social Sciences 125 { | { ~ } | { La enseñanza de la economía. /DVWHQGHQFLDV\DPHQFLRQDGDVGHOSURJUHVRWHFQROyJLFRDFW~DQLQFOXVR HQDXVHQFLDGHXQVHVJRGHîQLGRTXHUHGX]FDGHIRUPDGLUHFWDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHOWUDEDMRHQHOLQJUHVRHQODHOHFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDVTXHDKRUUDQ FDSLWDORWUDEDMR(QXQDVRFLHGDGFRQXQPHUFDGRGHIDFWRUHVPiVRPHQRVFRPSHWLWLYRSHURFRQXQFRQWUROFROHFWLYRGHORVFDSLWDOLVWDVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\HOGHVDUUROORSXHGHPRVWUDUVHIiFLOPHQWHTXHODHOHFFLyQGHO SDWUyQGHSURJUHVRWHFQROyJLFRVHUiGHVIDYRUDEOHSDUDORVWUDEDMDGRUHV Estas tendencias hacia la desigualdad se derivan directamente de las instituciones fundamentales. No sostendremos, sin embargo, que la distriEXFLyQGHOLQJUHVRHVWpFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGDSRUHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVFDSLWDOLVWDV/DGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOLQJUHVRHVTXL]iV PiVTXHFXDOTXLHURWUDFRVDXQDOXFKD8QRGHORVDVSHFWRVSULQFLSDOHVGH HVWDOXFKDHVHOHVIXHU]RTXHUHDOL]DQORVGLYHUVRVJUXSRVSDUDLQFUHPHQWDU ORVSUHFLRVGHDTXHOORVIDFWRUHVTXHSRVHHQ3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODOXFKDSRU HOLQJUHVRSXHGHYHUVHFRPRXQDOXFKDGHFODVHVGRQGHpVWDVVHGHîQHQ HQWpUPLQRVGHVXUHODFLyQFRQORVPHGLRVGHSURGXFFLyQ Alienación /DGLFRWRPtDRFLRWUDEDMRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHORVDQiOLVLVHFRQyPLFRVQHRFOiVLFRVUHïHMDXQDDFHSWDFLyQGHODLGHDGHTXHHQJHQHUDOODVDFWLYLGDGHV ODERUDOHV VHUiQ XQD PRQRWRQtD LQVDWLVIDFWRULD UHDOL]DGDV SDUD DVHJXUDU XQ LQJUHVR \ TXH D VX YH] ODV DFWLYLGDGHV FUHDWLYDV FRQGXFHQWHV DO GHVDUUROOR LQGLYLGXDOGHEHQVHUQHFHVDULDPHQWHDFWLYLGDGHVQRODERUDOHV§RFLR¨([LVWH FRQVLGHUDEOHHYLGHQFLDDQWURSROyJLFDGHTXHHVWDGLYLVLyQGHODYLGDHVKLVWyULFDPHQWHHVSHFtîFDGHODVVRFLHGDGHVGHWUDEDMRPHUFDQWLOL]DGR\GHTXHODV DFWLYLGDGHVSURGXFWLYDVQRHVWXYLHURQVLHPSUHVHSDUDGDVGHODVFUHDWLYDVGH SURJUHVRLQGLYLGXDO'DOWRQ (QHOVHQRGHODVRFLHGDGFDSLWDOLVWDHOFRQWUROGHOSURFHVRGHWUDEDMRHQPDQRVGHORVFDSLWDOLVWDVVLJQLîFDTXHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVHVGHFLUTXLHQHVYHQGHQ VXPDQRGHREUDHQHOPHUFDGRQRGHWHUPLQDQODRUJDQL]DFLyQWHFQROyJLFD QLVRFLDOGHHVWHSURFHVRFRPRWDPSRFRGHWHUPLQDQTXpVHSURGXFLUiQLSDUD TXpVHHPSOHDUiHOSURGXFWR3RUWDQWRHOWUDEDMDGRUHVWiVHSDUDGRRDOLHQDGR WDQWRUHVSHFWRGHVXDFWLYLGDGODERUDOFRPRGHOSURGXFWRGHODPLVPD$GHPiVFRPRQRVHSXHGHVHSDUDUDODIXHU]DGHWUDEDMRGHOSURSLRWUDEDMDGRUHO FRQWUROTXHHMHUFHQORVFDSLWDOLVWDVVREUHHOWUDEDMRGHORVREUHURVLPSOLFDHO control de la vida del trabajador durante la jornada de trabajo. 24 En estas circunstancias, las actividades laborales no son en general creativas ni contribuyen con el desarrollo individual. El obrero no tiene un LQWHUpVLQWUtQVHFRQLHQODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHUHDOL]DGLUHFWDPHQWHQLHQHOîQ DTXHVHGLULJHQODPRWLYDFLyQGHEHWRPDUHQWRQFHVRWUDIRUPDODGHWUDEDMDUSRUHOLQFHQWLYRH[WUtQVHFRGHOVDODULR&RPRVHxDODPRVDQWHVSDUD TXHORVLQFHQWLYRVVDODULDOHVVHDQHIHFWLYRVGHEHH[LVWLUXQDPDUFDGDGHVLJXDOGDG\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHUHPXQHUDFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDTXLHQHV VH§WRPDQHQVHULR¨VXWUDEDMR 3HURODVROXFLyQGHOSUREOHPDGHODPRWLYDFLyQHQXQPDUFRGHWUDEDMR DOLHQDGR QR SDVD VyOR SRU ORV VDODULRV \ OD GHVLJXDOGDG VDODULDO UHTXHULGD 0DU[SURYHHODIRUPXODFLyQFOiVLFDGHHVWHSURFHVRGHDOLHQDFLyQ$OJXQDVOHFWXUDV EDVDGDV HQ OD VLWXDFLyQ PiV PRGHUQD LQFOX\HQ *HUWK \ 0LOOV &KLQR\ %ODXQHU-RVHSKVRQ\-RVHSKVRQ\)URPP 3DUDH[SUHVDUORGHPDQHUDPiVJHQHUDOHQWDQWRH[LVWDXQWUDGHRǺHQWUHODFDOLGDGGHO SURFHVRGHWUDEDMR\HOPi[LPRGHEHQHîFLRHQXQDVRFLHGDGFDSLWDOLVWDVLHPSUHVHVDFULîFDUiORSULPHURHQIDYRUGHORVHJXQGR/DVLWXDFLyQSXHGHLOXVWUDUVHHQJUiîFDPHQWHHQ OD)LJXUD3RUVXSXHVWRHQXQDVRFLHGDGGRQGHODVSUHIHUHQFLDVGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVGRPLQDUDHOSXQWRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQSRGUtDVHUPX\GLIHUHQWHWDQWRGHELGRDXQDRULHQWDFLyQ PRWLYDFLRQDO GLIHUHQWH GH ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV FRPR SRU HO GHVDUUROOR FRQVFLHQWH GH QXHYDV tecnologías en consonancia con un trabajo de mayor calidad. 25 £ ¥ ¡ ¢ ¤ ¢ £ ¢ ¡ Richard G. Edwards, Arthur MacEwan y los docentes de Social Sciences 125 La enseñanza de la economía. HOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRFXPSOHODIXQFLyQGHSUHSDUDUDORVREUHURVSDUDHVDV FRQGLFLRQHVGHHPSOHR(OVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRGLVFLSOLQDDODIXHU]DGHWUDEDMR /D PD\RU SDUWH GH OD JHQWH QR HQFXHQWUD HQ HO WUDEDMR PD\RU XVR GH ODV FDSDFLGDGHV LQWHOHFWXDOHV DGTXLULGDV HQ OD HVFXHOD PiV DOOi GH PiV elementales (leer, escribir, y aritmética elemental), o, en el caso de que las DSOLTXHQ SRGUtDQ KDEHUODV DSUHQGLGR HQ HO SURSLR WUDEDMR 3RU RWUD SDUWH VHUSXQWXDOHQHOWUDEDMRVHJXLUODVGLUHFWLYDV\DSUHQGHUDUHVSHWDUODDXWRULGDGDSUHQGHUDWUDEDMDUVLJXLHQGRLQFHQWLYRVH[WHUQRVFDOLîFDFLRQHV \ DGPLQLVWUDU HO WLHPSR VRQ PRGRV GH FRQGXFWD \ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DIHFWLvas que la escuela inculca y el trabajo requiere. De esta forma, la escuela SUHSDUDDVXVDOXPQRVSRUODPLVPDH[SHULHQFLDTXHWLHQHQHQHOODSDUD IXQFLRQDUGHPDQHUDHîFLHQWHHQXQDPELHQWHDOLHQDGR6 /DVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHODDOLHQDFLyQVRQREYLDPHQWHHQRUPHV&XDQGR ODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\ORVREMHWLYRVGHXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVUROHVHQODYLGDHV GHFLU HO WUDEDMR VRQ FRQWURODGRV \ PRWLYDGRV H[WHUQDPHQWH WDQWR HO URO asumido como la vida misma tienden a transformarse en algo sin sentido. (OGHVDUUROORGHOFDUiFWHU\ODDXWRH[SUHVLyQVHGLVWRUVLRQDQ\VHGHVSOD]DQ SRUHOHQWRUQRODERUDO\DOFDQ]DQVyORXQDUHDOL]DFLyQPH]TXLQDDWUDYpVGH DFWLYLGDGHVUHDOL]DGDVHQHOWLHPSROLEUH(OUHVXOWDGRVXHOHVHUHOFLQLVPR (hacia uno mismo, hacia los otros y hacia la sociedad). /DDOLHQDFLyQGHOWUDEDMDGRUSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHFRPRXQDIUDJPHQWDFLyQGHVXH[LVWHQFLDpOQRFRQWURODVXVKRUDVGHWUDEDMRQLODVGLVSRQH RUJDQL]D R PRWLYD \ SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH VH KDOODQ HVFLQGLGDV GHO UHVWR GH VXH[LVWHQFLD6XIDPLOLDVXHVSDUFLPLHQWRVXDFWLYLGDGLQWHOHFWXDOQRVH hallan integradas con la actividad laboral que domina su vida.70iVD~Q (Q HO $SpQGLFH VH DPSOtD HVWH DUJXPHQWR HQ SDUWLFXODU FRQ UHVSHFWR DO SDSHO GH ODV FDOLîFDFLRQHV3XHGHQYHUVHWDPELpQORVWUDEDMRVVREUHODIXQFLyQGHODVHVFXHODVGH*LQWLV 3DUVRQV,QNHOHV\)ULHQGHQEHUJ'HEHVHxDODUVHTXHORTXHVH KDGLFKRDFHUFDGHODDOLHQDFLyQ\ODHGXFDFLyQHQHOPHGLRFDSLWDOLVWDWDPELpQSXHGHDSOLFDUVHDRWUDVVRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDVDOWDPHQWHEXURFUDWL]DGDV\RUJDQL]DGDV3RUORWDQWR ODHOLPLQDFLyQGHOFDSLWDOLVPRHVXQDFRQGLFLyQQHFHVDULDSHURQRVXîFLHQWHSDUDVXSHUDU HVWH SUREOHPD 6REUH ORV UHTXLVLWRV GH SHUVRQDOLGDG SDUD OD EXURFUDFLD YpDVH :HEHU HQ *HUWK\0LOOV\0HUWRQ &RQUHVSHFWRDODIUDJPHQWDFLyQGHODYLGDYpDQVHORVWUDEDMRVFLWDGRVHQODQRWDDQWHULRU DVtFRPRWDPELpQ3RODQ\LHQ'DOWRQ\.HQLVWRQHVSHFLDOPHQWHSS 26 ODVPLVPDVDFWLYLGDGHVODERUDOHVHVWiQIUDJPHQWDGDVODSURGXFFLyQFDSLWDOLVWDOOHYDKDFLDXQDWHFQRORJtDTXHLPSOLFDXQDGLYLVLyQGHOWUDEDMRD~Q PiVGHVDUUROODGDGHWDOPRGRTXHHOREUHURQRSDUWLFLSDVLTXLHUDHQODSURGXFFLyQGHXQSURGXFWRFRPSOHWR /DDOLHQDFLyQQRHVVLPSOHPHQWHXQ§FRVWR¨TXHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVSXHGHQFXEULUPHGLDQWHXQSUHFLRGHRIHUWDPiVDOWRSDUDHOWUDEDMR(QSULPHU OXJDUQRSXHGHQORJUDUVDODULRVPiVDOWRVFRPR§FRPSHQVDFLyQ¨SRUTXH GLVSRQHQ GH SRFDV R QLQJXQD DOWHUQDWLYD VLJQLîFDWLYD QR DOLHQDQWH HV GHFLUODDOLHQDFLyQHVRPQLSUHVHQWHHQODHFRQRPtDFDSLWDOLVWD0iVD~Q HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH H[LVWH XQD JUDQ YDULHGDG GH FRQGLFLRQHV ODERUDOHV ODHVWUDWLîFDFLyQGHOPHUFDGRGHWUDEDMRDVHJXUDTXHODSHUVRQDLQPHUVD HQXQPHGLRGHWUDEDMRDOLHQDGRVyORKDOOHFRPRDOWHUQDWLYDRWURVPHGLRV VLPLODUHV XQ EXUyFUDWD HQ JHQHUDO QR WLHQH OD RSFLyQ GH FRQYHUWLUVH HQ médico). 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Edwards, Arthur MacEwan y los docentes de Social Sciences 125 § ¦ La enseñanza de la economía. - GRǺ 0DJGRǺ )UDQN %DUDQ \ /HQLQ 3DUD XQD KLVWRULD GHO LPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQRYHU/D)HEHU:LOOLDPV\1HDULQ\)UHHPDQ 29 0LFKDHO5HLFKHQVXLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHODUHODFLyQHQWUHUDFLVPR\GLYLVLRQHVGHFODVH KDHQFRQWUDGRTXHODGHVLJXDOGDGUDFLDOHQWUHQHJURV\EODQFRVPHGLGDSRUODGLIHUHQFLD HQWUHORVLQJUHVRVPHGLRVGHEODQFRV\QREODQFRVJXDUGDXQDFRUUHODFLyQVLJQLîFDWLYD\ SRVLWLYDFRQODGHVLJXDOGDGGHFODVHHQWUHEODQFRVPHGLGDSRUHOFRHîFLHQWHGH*LQLSDUDHO LQJUHVRGHORVEODQFRV9pDVHWDPELpQ6SHUR\+DUULVFDS9,,\SDVVLP 30 è â Ù â Ñ Ø Ù × à Û ê é Ù Ñ Ý Û Ù Ü à Ó æ Ò Ñ × Ü Û × Ò Ù Ð × Ö Û Û Ù à å Ó Ý è Ô × Ø å Ù × Ô × â Û Ñ Ô Ó ç Ù å Ù à Ü Ô Ó Ø à Ó Ö Ü Ñ Ü Ô Û Ó Ý Ø Ù à Ó å Ù Ø Ù ä à × Ö ã Ù Ø × â Û Þ Ñ Ý Ù Ý á Ñ Ü Ù à Ü Ô × Ù Ø ß Û Þ Ñ Ý Ù Ü Û × Ò Ú × Ô Ù Ø × Ö Õ Ô Ó Ò El sometimiento de la mujer /DVHJPHQWDFLyQGHODIXHU]DODERUDOLPSOLFDSRUFLHUWRPXFKDVPiVGLYLVLRQHVTXHODVUDFLDOHV3RVHHQLPSRUWDQFLDREYLDODVGLYLVLRQHVJHQHUDOL]DGDVVHJ~QOD§FDSDFLWDFLyQ¨\ORVQLYHOHVGHHGXFDFLyQ/DGLYLVLyQSRUVH[R \HOFRQFRPLWDQWHVRPHWLPLHQWRGHODPXMHULPSUHJQDQODVRFLHGDGWRGD(Q HVWHWUDEDMRVRORGHVWDFDUHPRVTXHH[LVWHQPXFKRVSDUDOHORVFRQHOUDFLVPR\TXHORVDVSHFWRVVHxDODGRVDQWHVHQSDUWLFXODUORVTXHFRQFLHUQHQDO UROIXQFLRQDOGHODHVWUDWLîFDFLyQTXHSRVLELOLWDTXHVHSDJXHQEDMRVVDODULRV æ Richard G. 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(1969). The Political Economy of Women’s Liberation. Monthly Rev., Sept. %ODXQHU5Alienation and Freedom: 8QLY2I&KLFDJR3UHVV %RQQHQ-7KH'LVWULEXWLRQRI%HQHîWVIURP6HOHFWHG86)DUP3URJUDPV Rural Poverty in the United States 1DWLRQDO $GYLVRU\ &RPPLVVLRQ RQ 5XUDO Poverty, May. Bottomore, T. B (1966). Classes in Modern Society5DQGRP+RXVH %RZOHV67RZDUGVDQ(GXFDWLRQDO3URGXFWLRQ)XQFWLRQIRUWKFRPLQJLQ: Lee Hansen, ed., en Education, Income, and Human Capital. N.B.E.R. %R\QH'&KDQJHVLQWKH,QFRPH'LVWULEXWLRQLQ$JULFXOWXUHJournal. Of Farm Economics, &DUOHWRQ ) 7 (FRQRPLF ,QïXHQFHV XSRQ (GXFDWLRQDO 3URJUHVV LQ WKH United States,8QLYHUVLW\RI:LVFRQVLQ3UHVV. 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Edwards, Arthur MacEwan y los docentes de Social Sciences 125 á ì é á ì ë ä â è ç è ê â é ç è á ç æ å á ä ã â á La enseñanza de la economía. 'DOWRQ*(G Primitive, Archaic, and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi'RXEOHGD\DQG&R 'REE 0 Studies in the Development of Capitalism: ,QWHUQDWLRQDO Publishers. 'RPKRǺ*:Who Rules America?3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF 'UHHEHQ5On What Is Learned in School$GGLVRQ:HVOH\3XE&R )UDQN$*&DSLWDOLVPDQG8QGHUGHYHORSPHQWLQ/DWLQ$PHULFD0RQWKO\ 5HYLHZ3UHVV )ULHGHQEHUJ(=Coming of Age in America: Random House. )URPP(,QGLYLGXDODQG6RFLDO2ULJLQVRI1HXURVLV. American Sociological 44 45 R La enseñanza de la economía. *DOEUDLWK-.The New Industrial State+RXJKWRQ0LǹLQ&R *HUWK+\0LOOV&:(GVFrom Max Weber: Essays in Sociology: 2[IRUG University. 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Inequality in Education, Dec. 0LOOHU+3Rich Man Poor Man1HZ$PHULFDQ/LEUDU\ 0LOOV&:The Power Elite2[IRUG8QLY3UHVV Socialist Revolution. .DONR*2Q%ODPLQJWKH3RRUIRU3RYHUW\New Politics9RO1R /D)HEHU:The New Empire&RUQHOO8QLY3UHVV /HQLQ9,DImperialism, the Highest Stage of CapitalismîUVWSXEOLVKHG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3XEOLVKHUV E State and Revolution îUVW SXEOLVKHG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3XEOLVKHUV 46 Richard G. Edwards, Arthur MacEwan y los docentes de Social Sciences 125 0LWFKHOO - :RPHQ 7KH /RQJHVW 5HYROXWLRQ New Left Rev., Nov.-Dec. $YDLODEOHDVDSDPSKOHWIURP1HZ(QJODQG)UHH3UHVV%RVWRQ0DVV 1HDULQJ6\)UHHPDQ-Dollar Diplomacy0RQWKO\5HYLHZ3UHVV 3DUVRQV77KH6FKRRO&ODVVDVD6RFLDO6\VWHP6RPHRI,WV)XQFWLRQVLQ American Society. Harvard Educa. 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