Evaluation of replacing fallow with cover crops in irrigated

Anuncio
(YDOXDFLyQGHOPROHVWDGRGHODVDFHLWXQDVGHPHVDWUDVOD
UHFROHFFLyQPHGLDQWHDQiOLVLVGHLPiJHQHV\HVSHFWURVFRSLDYLVLEOH\GH
LQIUDUURMRFHUFDQR
)-LPHQH]--LPHQH]6&DVWUR-*DUFtD*/%ODQFR-5ROGDQ-$*LO-5LEHV
8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGRED'HSDUWDPHQWRGH,QJHQLHUtD5XUDO&DPSXVGH5DEDQDOHV
(GLILFLR/HRQDUGR'D9LQFLÈUHDGH,QJHQLHUtD$JURIRUHVWDO&WUD1DFLRQDO,9NP
&yUGRED7OI(-PDLOJMLMLI#XFRHV
3DODEUDV FODYH 5HFROHFFLyQ PHFDQL]DGD YLEUDGRUHV GH WURQFRV GDxR DO IUXWR FDOLGDG
2OHDHXURSDHDYDULHGDG0DQ]DQLOOD
,1752'8&&,Ï1
/DVDFHLWXQDVGHPHVDVRQHOVHJXQGRSURGXFWRPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHOFXOWLYRGHOROLYR2OHD
HXURSDHD / FRQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH PLOORQHV GH WRQHODGDV SURGXFLGDV DQXDOPHQWH
,22& (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG OD UHFROHFFLyQ GH OD DFHLWXQD GH PHVD VH UHDOL]D
SULQFLSDOPHQWHGHIRUPDPDQXDO 6LQ HPEDUJR HO HOHYDGRFRVWHGHODPDQRGHREUDVX
GLVSRQLELOLGDG WHPSRUDO \ HO EDMR UHQGLPLHQWR GH FDPSR JHQHUD XQ UHGXFLGR EHQHILFLR
HFRQyPLFRDOVHFWRUROLYDUHUR3RUHOOROD2UJDQL]DFLyQ,QWHUSURIHVLRQDOGHOD$FHLWXQDGH
0HVD,17(5$&(,781$KDLPSXOVDGRXQSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUDODDGDSWDFLyQ
\PHMRUDGHORVVLVWHPDVGHUHFROHFFLyQPHFDQL]DGDHQODVSODQWDFLRQHVGHROLYDUGHPHVD
PHGLDQWHHOHPSOHRGHYLEUDGRUHVGHWURQFRV'XUDQWHODUHFROHFFLyQ\ODVRSHUDFLRQHVGH
PDQHMR\WUDQVSRUWHHQSRVWFRVHFKDODVDFHLWXQDVGHPHVDUHFLEHQJROSHVTXHGDQOXJDUDO
IHQyPHQRGHPROHVWDGR)HUJXVRQ(OGDxRSRUPROHVWDGRFRQVLVWHHQXQDURWXUD
GHO WHMLGR FHOXODU \ OLEHUDFLyQ GH DJXD LQWUDFHOXODU OR TXH LPSOLFD XQD R[LGDFLyQ GH ORV
FRPSXHVWRV IHQyOLFRV (Q XQ WLHPSR GHSHQGLHQGR GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO LPSDFWR OD
]RQD GH OD SLHO DIHFWDGD VH RVFXUHFH \ ORV GDxRV VRQ YLVLEOHV UHVDOWDQGR VREUH HO FRORU
YHUGHGHODDFHLWXQD6HJRYLD-%UDYRHWDO(VWHDVSHFWRUHGXFHODFDOLGDGGHORV
IUXWRV \D TXH HO DVSHFWR H[WHUQR GH ORV IUXWRV HV HO FULWHULR PiV LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGGHpVWRVDOOOHJDUDODLQGXVWULD5HMDQR%DUUHLURHWDO
3RU WDQWR OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH OD UHFROHFFLyQ PHFDQL]DGD HQ pO HVWi OLJDGD D OD
UHGXFFLyQ GH ORV SRVLEOHV GDxRV RFDVLRQDGRV D ORV IUXWRV &DVWUR HW DO \ D ODV
FRQGLFLRQHV GH WUDQVSRUWH WLHPSR \ WHPSHUDWXUD KDVWD OD HQWDPDGRUD TXH ORV SURFHVD
3DUD HOOR HV QHFHVDULR HPSOHDU ODV WpFQLFDV GLVSRQLEOHV SDUD OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV IUXWRV \ VX LQIOXHQFLD VREUH OD FDOLGDG GH OD FRVHFKD FRPR VRQ OD
WpFQLFDGHDQiOLVLVGHLPiJHQHV \ODHVSHFWURVFRSLDYLVLEOH \GHLQIUDUURMRFHUFDQR9LV1,56 /DV WpFQLFDV GH DQiOLVLV GH LPiJHQHV PHGLDQWH RUGHQDGRU VRQ XQD KHUUDPLHQWD
PX\FRQRFLGD\~WLOSDUDGHWHUPLQDUFRORUHVIRUPDVWDPDxRV\WH[WXUD\VXUHODFLyQFRQ
ORVGHIHFWRVHQDFHLWXQDGHPHVD'LD]HWDO5LTXHOPHHWDO/DVWpFQLFDV
GHHVSHFWURVFRSLDPHGLDQWHHOHPSOHRGHHVSHFWURIRWyPHWURVSDUDODUHJLyQYLVLEOHRGHO
LQIUDUURMR FHUFDQR KDQ GHPRVWUDGR VX XWLOLGDG FRPR WpFQLFDV QR GHVWUXFWLYDV HQ OD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHSDUiPHWURVGHORVIUXWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODFDOLGDGHQGLYHUVRVIUXWRV\
SURGXFWRVKRUWRIUXWtFRODV.DYGLUHODO1LFRODLHWDO
(OREMHWLYRJHQHUDOGHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVODHYDOXDFLyQGHOPROHVWDGRGH
ODV DFHLWXQDV GH PHVD GXUDQWH OD UHFROHFFLyQ PHGLDQWH HVSHFWURVFRSLD \ DQiOLVLV GH
LPiJHQHV
&217(1,'2'(/$,19(67,*$&,Ï1
(Q HVWD VHFFLyQ VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV PDWHULDOHV \ PpWRGRV MXQWR FRQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV
DJUXSDGRV SRU REMHWLYRV HVSHFtILFRV \D TXH FDGD XQR GH HOORV KD GDGR OXJDU D XQD
SXEOLFDFLyQFLHQWtILFD-&5
$QiOLVLV\HYDOXDFLyQGHODUHFROHFFLyQPHFDQL]DGDGHODDFHLWXQDGHPHVDSDUDSDUD
VXSURFHVDGRHQYHUGH\HOHIHFWRVREUHODFDOLGDGGHOIUXWR
3XEOLFDGRHQKWWSG[GRLRUJMELRV\VWHPVHQJ
6HKDQUHDOL]DGRXQWRWDOGHHQVD\RVGHFDPSRVREUHODUHFROHFFLyQPHFDQL]DGD
FRQ YLEUDGRUHV GH WURQFRV GH OD DFHLWXQD GH PHVD GXUDQWH FXDWUR FDPSDxDV KDVWD
FRQIHFKDVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHHOGHVHSWLHPEUH\HOGHQRYLHPEUHGHFDGD
DxR /RV HQVD\RV VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR HQ SODQWDFLRQHV GH ROLYDU GH PHVD GLIHUHQWHV
ORFDOL]DGDVHQFXDWURGHODVSULQFLSDOHVSURYLQFLDVSURGXFWRUDV6HYLOOD&yUGRED+XHOYD
\%DGDMR]HQHOVXUGH(VSDxD6HKDQUHFROHFWDGRWUHVWLSRORJtDVGHSODQWDFLyQGHROLYDU
GHPHVD7UDGLFLRQDOWUDGLFLRQDODGDSWDGDDODUHFROHFFLyQPHFDQL]DGDHLQWHQVLYD/RV
UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV PRVWUDURQ XQ SRUFHQWDMH GHUULER PHGLR HQ WRUQR DO 3DUD
REWHQHU XQ SRUFHQWDMH GH GHUULER VXSHULRU DO ORV SDUiPHWURV GH YLEUDFLyQ HQ HO
WURQFRGHOiUEROVHHVWDEOHFLHURQSRUHQFLPDGHXQYDORUGHDFHOHUDFLyQGHPV-\D
XQDIUHFXHQFLDGH+]6LQHPEDUJRODPHMRUDGHOSRUFHQWDMHGHGHUULERLPSOLFyXQ
PD\RUQLYHOGHGDxRDOIUXWRSRUPROHVWDGR/RVGDxRVFDXVDGRVDORVIUXWRVPHGLDQWHOD
UHFROHFFLyQ PHFDQL]DGD IXHURQ YHFHV PD\RU TXH HO GDxR FDXVDGR GXUDQWH OD
UHFROHFFLyQPDQXDO(ODMXVWHGHORVSDUiPHWURVGHYLEUDFLyQODOLPLWDFLyQGHODSRWHQFLD
GHODVPiTXLQDVODIRUPDFLyQGHODFRSDGHORViUEROHVSDUDUHGXFLUHOYROXPHQ\IDFLOLWDU
ODWUDQVPLVLyQGHYLEUDFLRQHVKDVWDORVIUXWRVMXQWRFRQORVWUDWDPLHQWRVGHSRVWFRVHFKD
HQ FDPSR HILFDFHV SDUD PDQWHQHU OD FDOLGDG GH OD IUXWD VRQ WRGRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD
JDUDQWL]DUHOp[LWRGHODUHFROHFFLyQPHFDQL]DGDGHODDFHLWXQDGHPHVDFRQYLEUDGRUHVGH
WURQFRV
'HVDUUROOR\DSOLFDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHOGDxRGHODVDFHLWXQDVHQ
FDPSRPHGLDQWHODVWpFQLFDVGHYLVLyQDUWLILFLDOEDVDGDVHQHODQiOLVLVGHLPiJHQHV
3XEOLFDGRHQKWWSG[GRLRUJVMDU-
6H KD HPSOHDGR OD WpFQLFD GH SURFHVDGR GLJLWDO GH LPiJHQHV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU GH
XQDIRUPDREMHWLYDHOGDxRGHWLSRPHFiQLFRVXIULGRSRUODVDFHLWXQDVGHPHVDGXUDQWHOD
UHFROHFFLyQ(OHQVD\RVHKDUHDOL]DGRHQXQROLYDULQWHQVLYRGHODYDULHGDGµ0DQ]DQLOOD¶
HQ 6HYLOOD (VSDxD 6H WRPDURQ LPiJHQHV GH ORV IUXWRV HQ ORV LQVWDQWHV GH WLHPSR
SRVWHULRUHVDODUHFROHFFLyQ6HGHVDUUROOyXQtQGLFHGHPROHVWDGRGLJLWDOXVDQGRWpFQLFDV
GHDQiOLVLVGHLPiJHQHV(VWHtQGLFHVHGHILQHFRPRHOSRUFHQWDMHGHIUXWRPROHVWDGRHQ
IXQFLyQGHOQ~PHURGHSL[HOHVGHOWRWDOGHODLPDJHQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDOPROHVWDGR\HO
Q~PHUR GH SL[HOHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DO IUXWR H[SUHVDGR HQ WpUPLQRV GH SRUFHQWDMH /DV
DFHLWXQDVUHFROHFWDGDVFRQYLEUDGRUHVGHWURQFRVPHGLDQWHGHUULERDOVXHORSUHVHQWDQXQ
DOWR JUDGR GH PROHVWDGR YHFHV VXSHULRU D OD UHFROHFFLyQ PDQXDO /D PD\RU SDUWH GHO
GDxRRFDVLRQDGRDORVIUXWRVGXUDQWHHOGHUULERVHGHEHDOPRYLPLHQWRGHOIUXWRGHQWURGH
ODFRSDGXUDQWHODYLEUDFLyQ\FDtGDGHELGRDJROSHV\URFHVGHOWLSRIUXWR-IUXWR \IUXWRUDPD(VWDHWDSDVHSXHGHFXDQWLILFDUHQXQGHOGDxRRFDVLRQDGRGXUDQWHVXGHUULER
UHFRJLGD VREUH PDOODV \ GHVFDUJD DO FRQWHQHGRU (O PROHVWDGR HYROXFLRQy GH IRUPD
FUHFLHQWHFRQHOWLHPSRGXUDQWHODV-SULPHUDVKRUDVWUDVODUHFROHFFLyQ(OHVFDQGDOOR
GLJLWDOUHDOL]DGRPHGLDQWHHODQiOLVLVGHLPiJHQHVVHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQDWpFQLFDREMHWLYD\
UiSLGD SDUD OD HVWLPDFLyQ GHO PROHVWDGR GHO IUXWR \ OD HYROXFLyQ GH pVWH WUDV OD
UHFROHFFLyQ
(VWXGLR GH OD VXVFHSWLELOLGDG D ORV GDxRV PHFiQLFRV GH ORV IUXWRV GXUDQWH OD
UHFROHFFLyQ\HYROXFLyQWHPSRUDOGHOPROHVWDGR
3XEOLFDGRHQKWWSG[GRLRUJMSRVWKDUYELR
6H KDQ HYDOXDGR WUHV YDULHGDGHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH DFHLWXQD GH PHVD 2OHD
HXURSDHDFY0DQ]DQLOOD*RUGDO \³+RMLEODQFD´/DVXVFHSWLELOLGDGDOPROHVWDGRVH
GHWHUPLQyFRPRODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDSURGXFLUXQDXQLGDGGHYROXPHQGHPROHVWDGR
3DUD GHWHUPLQDU D HYROXFLyQ WHPSRUDO GHO PROHVWDGR VH WRPDURQ HVSHFWURV GH OD ]RQD
PROHVWDGD\QRPROHVWDGDWUDVHOLPSDFWR3DUDHOORVHHPSOHyXQHVSHFWUyPHWURSDUDOD
UHJLyQ YLVLEOH H LQIUDUURMD 6H GLVHxy XQ tQGLFH GH PROHVWDGR SRU UHIOHFWDQFLD EDVDGR HQ
WUHV ORQJLWXGHV GH RQGD \ QP $ PD\RU HQHUJtD PD\RU HV HO PROHVWDGR
FDXVDGRDODVDFHLWXQDVWUDVHOLPSDFWRU -/RVQLYHOHVGHHQHUJtDGRQGHVH
REVHUYD XQ GDxR LPSRUWDQWH RVFLODQ HQWUH ORV - \ - OR TXH HTXLYDOH D XQD
VXSHUILFLH PROHVWDGD GH PP \ PP UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH (O PROHVWDGR GHELGR DO
LPSDFWR GHORV IUXWRV GHSHQGHSURIXQGDPHQWHGHODYDULHGDGGH DFHLWXQD /D UHVLVWHQFLD
GHODDFHLWXQD*RUGDODOPROHVWDGRHVOLJHUDPHQWHLQIHULRUDODGHODDFHLWXQD0DQ]DQLOOD
SDUDXQPLVPRQLYHOGHHQHUJtD$XQDVtHOPD\RUSHVRGHODYDULHGDG*RUGDO\SRUWDQWR
PD\RUHQHUJtDSRWHQFLDOHQHOiUEROKDFHTXHHVWDYDULHGDGVHVLW~HFRPRODYDULHGDGPiV
VXVFHSWLEOH DO PROHVWDGR GXUDQWH OD UHFROHFFLyQ PHFDQL]DGD /D YDULHGDG +RMLEODQFD VH
SUHVHQWD FRPR OD YDULHGDG GH PHVD PiV UHVLVWHQWH 3DUD XQ PLVPR QLYHO GH HQHUJtD HO
PROHVWDGRHQOD+RMLEODQFDHVXQ-LQIHULRUDOREWHQLGRHQ0DQ]DQLOODR*RUGDO
(O tQGLFH GH PROHVWDGR PHGLDQWH WpFQLFDV GH HVSHFWURVFRStD GH LQIUDUURMR FHUFDQR \
YLVLEOHSHUPLWHHVWXGLDUODHYROXFLyQGHOSURFHVRGHOPROHVWDGR\SDUGHDPLHQWRGH pVWRV
GHELGRDODVUHDFFLRQHVGHR[LGDFLyQLPSOLFDGDV
'HWHUPLQDFLyQQRGHVWUXFWLYDGHOPROHVWDGREDMRLPSDFWRVGHHQHUJtDFRQWURODGDHQ
DFHLWXQDVGHPHVDPHGLDQWHHVSHFWURVFRStD9,6-1,5
3XEOLFDGRHQKWWSG[GRLRUJMELRV\VWHPVHQJ
6HKDHPSOHDGRODWpFQLFDGH HVSHFWURVFRStDYLVLEOH \GHLQIUDUURMR FHUFDQRSDUD
GHWHFWRUHOGDxRSRUPROHVWDGRHQIUXWRVFRQGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVGHHQHUJtDGHLPSDFWR/D
LQIRUPDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO IXH DQDOL]DGD PHGLDQWH VRIWZDUH GH DQiOLVLV PXOWLYDULDQWH /D
HVSHFWURVFRStDGHUHIOHFWDQFLDHQODUHJLyQYLVLEOH\GHOLQIUDUURMRFHUFDQRVHKDHPSOHDGR
SDUD GHWHFWDU DQiOLVLV FXDOLWDWLYR \ FXDQWLILFDU DQiOLVLV FXDQWLWDWLYR HO PROHVWDGR HQ
DFHLWXQDV GH PHVD GH OD YDULHGDG 0DQ]DQLOOD HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD HQHUJtD GHO LPSDFWR /D
GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH IUXWRV PROHVWDGRV \ QR PROHVWDGRV VH HQFRQWUDURQ HQ OD UHJLyQ GHO
HVSHFWUR YLVLEOH FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH ORV - QP /DV PD\RUHV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ
UHIOHFWDQFLD HQ OD UHJLyQ FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH ORV \ QP SHUPLWLHURQ HO DQiOLVLV
FXDQWLWDWLYR GLVWLQJXLHQGR HQWUH GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GH HQHUJtD GH LPSDFWR 0HGLDQWH
PRGHORV GH DQiOLVLV PXOWLYDULDQWH 3/6 \ 03/6 VH KD HVWDEOHFLGR XQ PRGHOR GH
SUHGLFFLyQHQWUHODLQIRUPDFLyQHVSHFWUDO\ODGHWHUPLQDGDHQODERUDWRULRFRQXQRVYDORUHV
GHU \(7&GHPPSDUDHOYROXPHQGHPROHVWDGR\GHU \(7&GH
P- SDUD OD HQHUJtD GHO LPSDFWR (VWH HVWXGLR PXHVWUD TXH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HVSHFWUDO
PHGLDQWH PRGHORV GH DQiOLVLV PXOWLYDULDQWH 3/6 \ 03/6 HV XQD KHUUDPLHQWD ~WLO \
UiSLGDSDUDSUHGHFLUHOJUDGRGHPROHVWDGRGHORVIUXWRV\ODHQHUJtDGHOLPSDFWRVLHQGR
QR GHVWUXFWLYD SRU OR TXH SHUPLWH UHDOL]DU UHSHWLGDV PHGLGDV HQ XQD PXHVWUD 3RU WDQWR
HVWDKHUUDPLHQWDSXHGHDSOLFDUVHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODFDOLGDGGHORVIUXWRVWUDVODFRVHFKD
%,%/,2*5$)Ë$
%DUUHLUR 3 5XL]-$OWLVHQW 0 0R\D $ $JXOKHLUR $& *DUFtD )- 6HJUHJDWLRQ RI VRIW ROLYHV XVLQJ 'XURIHO DQG RQ-OLQH UHERXQG -RXUQDO RI $JULFXOWXUDO
5HVHDUFK-
%ODQFR-5ROGiQ */ *LO-5LEHV -$ .RXUDED . &DVWUR-*DUFtD 6 (IIHFWV RI
WUXQNVKDNHUGXUDWLRQDQGUHSHWLWLRQVRQUHPRYDOHIILFDF\IRUWKHKDUYHVWLQJRIRLOROLYHV
$SSOLHGHQJLQHHULQJLQDJULFXOWXUH-
&DVWUR-*DUFtD 6 %ODQFR-5ROGiQ */ *LO-5LEHV -$$JHUD-9HJD - '\QDPLF
DQDO\VLVRIROLYHWUHHVLQLQWHQVLYHRUFKDUGVXQGHUIRUFHGYLEUDWLRQ7UHHV-
&DVWUR*DUFtD65RVD8$*OLHYHU&-6PLWK'%XUQV-..UXHJHU:+)HUJXVRQ
/ *OR]HU . 9LGHR HYDOXDWLRQ RI WDEOH ROLYH GDPDJH GXULQJ KDUYHVW ZLWK D
FDQRS\VKDNHU+RUWWHFKQRORJ\-
&DVWUR-*DUFtD6%ODQFR-5ROGiQ*/*LO-5LEHV-HV~V)UHTXHQF\UHVSRQVHRI
3LQXV 3LQHD/ IRUVHOHFWLYHFRQHKDUYHVWLQJE\YLEUDWLRQ 7UHHV-6WUXFWXUH DQG)XQFWLRQ
-
'LD]5)DXV*%ODVFR0%ODVFR-0ROWR(7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDIDVW
DOJRULWKPIRUWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQRIROLYHVE\PDFKLQHYLVLRQ)RRG5HVHDUFK,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-
)HUJXVRQ / 7UHQGV LQ ROLYH IUXLW KDQGOLQJ SUHYLRXV WR LWV LQGXVWULDO
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ*UDVDV$FHLWHV-
,22&
&RQVHMR
2OHtFROD
,QWHUQDFLRQDO
KWWSZZZLQWHUQDWLRQDOROLYHRLORUJÒOWLPRDFFHVR-XQLRGH
'LSRQLEOH
HQ
1LFRODL%%HXOOHQV.%REHO\Q(3HLUV$6DH\V:7KHURQ.,/DPPHUW\Q
- 1RQGHVWUXFWLYH PHDVXUHPHQW RI IUXLW DQG YHJHWDEOH TXDOLW\ E\ PHDQV RI 1,5
VSHFWURVFRS\$UHYLHZ3RVWKDUYHVW%LRORJ\DQG7HFKQRORJ\-
5HMDQR/6HYLOOLDQJHQXLQH0DQ]DQLOODFXOWLYDU*UDVDV\$FHLWHV-
5LTXHOPH07%DUUHLUR35XL]-$OWLVHQW09DOHUR&2OLYHFODVVLILFDWLRQ
DFFRUGLQJWRH[WHUQDOGDPDJHXVLQJLPDJHDQDO\VLV-RXUQDORI)RRG(QJLQHHULQJ
-
6HJRYLD-%UDYR .$ *DUFtD-*DUFtD 3 /ySH]-/ySH] $ *DUULGR-)HUQiQGH] $
(IIHFWRIEUXLVLQJRQUHVSLUDWLRQVXSHUILFLDOFRORUDQGSKHQROLFFKDQJHVLQIUHVK
0DQ]DQLOOD ROLYHV 2OHD HXURSDHD SRPLIRUPLV 'HYHORSPHQW RI WUHDWPHQWV WR PLWLJDWH
EURZQLQJ-RXUQDORI$JULFXOWXUDODQG)RRG&KHPLVWU\-
.DYGLU , %X\XNFDQ 0 % /X 5 .RFDEL\LN + 6HNHU 0 3UHGLFWLRQ RI
ROLYH TXDOLW\ XVLQJ )7-1,5 VSHFWURVFRS\ LQ UHIOHFWDQFH DQG WUDQVPLWWDQFH PRGHV
%LRV\VWHPVHQJLQHHULQJ-
Descargar