Cap 7- Implicaciones del cambio climático en la incidencia

Anuncio
Impactos y Vulnerabilidad
J. Bosch
Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC
Correo electrónico: bosch@mncn.csic.es
7
Implicaciones del cambio climático en la incidencia
GHORVKRQJRVTXLWULGLRVSDWyJHQRVGHDQ¿ELRV
Resultados clave
‡ /D TXLWULGLRPLFRVLV XQD HQIHUPHGDG HPHUJHQWH
HVSHFt¿FD GH DQ¿ELRV FDXVDGD SRU XQ KRQJR SDWyJHQR
UHVXOWD H[WUHPDGDPHQWH GHSHQGLHQWH GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD
DPELHQWDO VLHQGR ODV ]RQDV DOWDV GH PRQWDxD ODV PiV
VHQVLEOHVHQODViUHDVWHPSODGDV
‡(QODViUHDVWHPSODGDVODTXLWULGLRPLFRVLVHVFDSD]GH
SURGXFLU PRUWDOLGDGHV PDVLYDV GH PXFKDV HVSHFLHV GH
DQ¿ELRVGHFOLYHVSREODFLRQDOHVVLJQL¿FDWLYRVHLQFOXVR
H[WLQFLRQHVORFDOHVGHSREODFLRQHV
‡ (Q iUHDV WHPSODGDV HO LQFUHPHQWR UHFLHQWH GH OD
WHPSHUDWXUD HQ ]RQDV DOWDV GH PRQWDxD SRGUtD HVWDU
H[DFHUEDQGRHOGHVDUUROORGHODHQIHUPHGDGSRWHQFLDQGR
HO FUHFLPLHQWR GHO KRQJR FXDQGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHVQRSHUPLWHQXQDUHVSXHVWDLQPXQHH¿FD]HQ
ORVDQ¿ELRV
Contexto
(O FDPELR FOLPiWLFR HVWi SURGXFLHQGR HIHFWRV
HYLGHQWHV HQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH PXFKRV SDWyJHQRV \
VXV KRVSHGDGRUHV +DUYHOO HW DO (QWUH RWURV HO
DXPHQWRGHODVWHPSHUDWXUDVSXHGHVXSRQHUXQLQFUHPHQWR
HQODVWDVDVGHGHVDUUROORRWUDQVPLVLyQGHORVSDWyJHQRV
SRUHMHPSORPLQLPL]DQGRODVUHVWULFFLRQHVHQHOFLFORGH
YLGDGHORVSDWyJHQRVGXUDQWHHOLQYLHUQRSHURWDPELpQ
LQFUHPHQWDQGR OD VXVFHSWLELOLGDG GH ORV KRVSHGDGRUHV
KDFLDORVSDWyJHQRVSRUHMHPSORGHELOLWDQGRVXVLVWHPD
LQPXQROyJLFR 'XUDQWH ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV DGHPiV
GH ORV HIHFWRV GHULYDGRV GH FDPELRV DPELHQWDOHV ORV
PRYLPLHQWRV LQFRQWURODGRV GH DQ¿ELRV SRU SDUWH GHO VHU
KXPDQRHVWiQSURYRFDQGRXQGHVHTXLOLEULRGHYDVWDGRUHQ
ODUHODFLyQSDWyJHQRKRVSHGDGRU
/D TXLWULGLRPLFRVLV HV XQD HQIHUPHGDG
HPHUJHQWHHVSHFt¿FDGHDQ¿ELRVSURYRFDGD SRU
DO
PHQRV GRV HVSHFLHV GH KRQJRV SDWyJHQRV GHO JpQHUR
Batrachochytrium%HUJHUHWDO0DUWHOHWDO
/RV KRQJRV GHO JpQHUR Batrachochytrium SUHVHQWDQ
HVSRUDV DFXiWLFDV FRQ ÀDJHORV TXH VH ¿MDQ DO VXVWUDWR
GHVDUUROODQGR XQ WDOR FRQ XQ ~QLFR ]RRVSRUDQJLR TXH
SURGXFH QXHYDV ]RRVSRUDV 'LFKDV ]RRVSRUDV VH ¿MDQ
D ODV ]RQDV TXHUDWLQL]DGDV GHO FXHUSR GH ORV DQ¿ELRV
TXH HQ HO FDVR GH ODV ODUYDV GH ORV DQXURV VH OLPLWDQ DO
GLVFR RUDO (Q OD PHWDPRUIRVLV OD TXHUDWLQD VH H[WLHQGH
SRUWRGRHOFXHUSR\FRQHOODODLQIHFFLyQ$GHPiVHVWD
IDVH GHO GHVDUUROOR FRQOOHYD XQ JUDQ FRVWH PHWDEyOLFR \
ORV LQGLYLGXRV D~Q QR KDQ GHVDUUROODGR ORV PHFDQLVPRV
GH GHIHQVD DQWH SDWyJHQRV TXH Vt SUHVHQWDQ ORV DGXOWRV
SRUORTXHODPD\RUWDVDGHPRUWDOLGDGVHSURGXFHHQHVWRV
HMHPSODUHVUHFLpQPHWDPRUIRVHDGRV
(Q PXFKDV ]RQDV GHO SODQHWD ORV DQ¿ELRV
QDWLYRVQXQFDKDEtDQHVWDGRHQFRQWDFWRFRQHVWHQXHYR
SDWyJHQR(QRWUDV]RQDVODVFHSDVDXWyFWRQDVGHOKRQJR
\D HQ HTXLOLEULR FRQ VXV KRVSHGDGRUHV HVWiQ VLHQGR
UHHPSOD]DGDVSRURWUDVQXHYDVPiVYLUXOHQWDVUHVXOWDQWHV
GH SURFHVRV GH UHFRPELQDFLyQ JHQpWLFD HQWUH ODV FHSDV
HQGpPLFDV \ ODV UHFLpQ OOHJDGDV SRU PRYLPLHQWRV
LQFRQWURODGRV GH DQ¿ELRV /D VXVFHSWLELOLGDG GH ODV
GLVWLQWDVHVSHFLHVGHDQ¿ELRVDQWHODVFHSDVQXHYDVRDQWH
ODVUHFLpQOOHJDGDVHVFRQVLGHUDEOHVLHQGRODHQIHUPHGDG
FDSD] GH SURYRFDU PRUWDOLGDGHV PDVLYDV \ H[WLQFLRQHV
ORFDOHV HQ PXOWLWXG GH HVSHFLHV GH DQ¿ELRV GH WRGR HO
PXQGR SH -RKQVRQ 0F&DOOXP 6NHUUDWW HW
DO$FWXDOPHQWHHVWHKRQJRSDWyJHQRVHHQFXHQWUD
HQ WRGR HO SODQHWD LQIHFWDQGR DO PHQRV D PiV GH HVSHFLHV GH DQ¿ELRV 2OVRQ HW DO $GHPiV HVWH
KRQJR SRGUtD VHU HO UHVSRQVDEOH GHO GHFOLYH \ H[WLQFLyQ
GHJUDQSDUWHGHODVFHUFDGHHVSHFLHVGHDQ¿ELRV
TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ VHULDPHQWH DPHQD]DGDV SRU FDXVDV
GHVFRQRFLGDV /DV ]RQDV WURSLFDOHV SUHVHQWDQ OD PD\RU
137
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH HVSHFLHV GH DQ¿ELRV GHO PXQGR \
UHFLELHURQWRGRHOSURWDJRQLVPRD¿QDOHVGHORVDxRV
FXDQGRVHGHVFULELyHOKRQJRSDWyJHQR6LQHPEDUJRHV
IXHUDGHODViUHDVK~PHGDV\FiOLGDVWURSLFDOHVGRQGHVH
KDQUHJLVWUDGRIUHQWHVHSLGpPLFRVFODURV/LSVHWDO
3RURWURODGRHQODVUHJLRQHVWHPSODGDVVHKDFRQVWDWDGR
TXH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV SXHGHQ PRGXODU SRU
FRPSOHWR HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD HQIHUPHGDG $Vt PLHQWUDV
TXH OD KXPHGDG DPELHQWDO UHVXOWD IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD OD
VXSHUYLYHQFLDGHOSDWyJHQRFX\DVHVSRUDVQRVREUHYLYHQ
D OD GHVHFDFLyQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV HO IDFWRU FODYH TXH
JRELHUQDVXFUHFLPLHQWR/RQJFRUHHWDO$XQTXH
HOFLFORGHOSDWyJHQRVHSURGXFHFDVLSRUFRPSOHWRGHQWUR
GHO KRVSHGDGRU OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWDO GHWHUPLQD
FRPSOHWDPHQWHHOGHVDUUROORGHODHQIHUPHGDGGDGRTXH
ORV DQ¿ELRV QR JHQHUDQ FDORU FRUSRUDO \ SRU WDQWR VX
WHPSHUDWXUD FRUSRUDO HV SUy[LPD D OD GHO DPELHQWH (Q
ODERUDWRULR VH KD GHPRVWUDGR TXH OD WROHUDQFLD WpUPLFD
GHO SDWyJHQR HV PX\ DPSOLD 0LHQWUDV TXH ODV EDMDV
WHPSHUDWXUDV VLPSOHPHQWH UDOHQWL]DQ VX FUHFLPLHQWR ODV
DOWDVWHPSHUDWXUDVQRVyORGHWLHQHQVXFUHFLPLHQWRVLQR
TXH LQFOXVR SURGXFHQ VX PXHUWH ODV FHSDV WURSLFDOHV
SUHVHQWDQ XQ FUHFLPLHQWR ySWLPR HQWUH \ ž& \
FRQVLJXHQVREUHYLYLULQFOXVRDž&PLHQWUDVTXHDž&
GHWLHQHQVXFUHFLPLHQWR\PXHUHQWUDVXQDVHPDQDDPiV
GHž&3LRWURZVNLHWDO
'H HVWD IRUPD XQD YLVLyQ VLPSOLVWD GH HVWH
SURFHVR KL]R SHQVDU D OD FRPXQLGDG FLHQWt¿FD TXH OD
TXLWULGLRPLFRVLVSRGUtDVHUXQDGHODVSRFDVHQIHUPHGDGHV
TXHQRUHVXOWDVHQIDYRUHFLGDVSRUHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRSH
+DUYHOOHWDO6LQHPEDUJRODUHDOLGDGKDUHVXOWDGR
VHU PiV FRPSOHMD \ FDGD YH] WHQHPRV PiV HYLGHQFLDV
TXHGHPXHVWUDQTXHHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRQRVyORQRHVWi
GHWHQLHQGR OD TXLWULGLRPLFRVLV VLQR TXH HQ FRQGLFLRQHV
SDUWLFXODUHV FRPR HQ PRQWDxDV GH iUHDV WHPSODGDV
SRGUtDHVWDUH[DFHUEDQGRHOGHVDUUROORGHODHQIHUPHGDG
Resultados y Discusión
(O SULPHU FDVR FRQRFLGR GH PRUWDOLGDGHV
PDVLYDVSRUTXLWULGLRLPLFRVLVHQ(XURSDWXYROXJDUHQHO
0DFL]R GH 3HxDODUD HQ HO FRUD]yQ GHO 3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO
GH OD 6LHUUD GH *XDGDUUDPD HQWUH ORV DxRV \ %RVFK HW DO (VWH HSLVRGLR SURYRFy OD SUiFWLFD
GHVDSDULFLyQGHODSREODFLyQORFDOGHVDSRSDUWHURFRP~Q
Alytes obstetricansTXHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHHUDXQDGHODV
HVSHFLHV PiV DEXQGDQWHV \ FRQWDED FRQ PLOHV GH ODUYDV
HQ PXOWLWXG GH SXQWRV GH DJXD 3RVWHULRUPHQWH HO VDSR
FRP~QBufo bufo\ODVDODPDQGUDFRP~QSalamandra
salamandra H[SHULPHQWDURQ WDPELpQ HSLVRGLRV GH
PRUWDOLGDG PDVLYD UHJLVWUDQGR WDPELpQ GHFOLYHV
SREODFLRQDOHV PX\ VLJQL¿FDWLYRV %RVFK 0DUWtQH]
6RODQR %RVFK HW DO GDWRV QR SXEOLFDGRV 7RGDV
ODV HVSHFLHV DIHFWDGDV RFXSDQ FKDUFDV SHUPDQHQWHV
SRVHHQSHUtRGRVODUYDULRVSURORQJDGRV\HQHOFDVRGHO
VDSR SDUWHUR \ OD VDODPDQGUD SUHVHQWDQ DGHPiV ODUYDV
LQYHUQDQWHV TXH SDVDQ HO LQYLHUQR HQ ODV PDVDV GH DJXD
EDMRODFXELHUWDGHKLHOR
(OKRQJRTXLWULGLRHQODSHQtQVXODLEpULFDQRVH
FLUFXQVFULEHDO3DUTXH1DFLRQDOGHOD6LHUUDGH*XDGDUUDPD
VLQRTXHVHHQFXHQWUDGLVWULEXLGRSRUSUiFWLFDPHQWHWRGR
VXWHUULWRULR(QODSHQtQVXODLEpULFDVHKDPRVWUDGRTXHOD
SUHVHQFLDGHOKRQJRQRVHUHODFLRQDFRQODVFRQGLFLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHV SHUR pVWDV Vt FRQGLFLRQDQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH
PRUWDOLGDGHV PDVLYDV HQ ODV SREODFLRQHV GH DQ¿ELRV
:DONHU HW DO $Vt ORV HSLVRGLRV GH PRUWDOLGDG
PDVLYD VyOR VH KDQ UHJLVWUDGR HQ ]RQDV SRU HQFLPD GH
ORV P (VWR HV ]RQDV FRQ EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV \
FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH GRQGH YDULDV HVSHFLHV GH DQ¿ELRV
SUHVHQWDQ GHVDUUROORV ODUYDULRV SURORQJDGRV$GHPiV OD
DSDULFLyQGHPRUWDOLGDGHVPDVLYDVHQODSHQtQVXODLEpULFD
FODUDPHQWH QR VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ XQ IUHQWH HSLGpPLFR
ORTXHVXJLHUHTXHODOOHJDGDGHOSDWyJHQRDHVWDV]RQDV
HV DQWHULRU D OR HVWLPDGR LQLFLDOPHQWH \ SRGUtDQ VHU
FDPELRV DPELHQWDOHV FRPR OD VXELGD GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD
HQ ]RQDV DOWDV ORV GHVHQFDGHQDQWHV GHO GHVDUUROOR GH OD
HQIHUPHGDG
Figura 1.
Figura 1. &XUYDGHFUHFLPLHQWRGHXQDFHSDGHOKRQJRTXLWULGLRSDWyJHQRGHDQ¿ELRVGHODVPRQWDxDVLEpULFDVHQIXQFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD(O
YDORUySWLPRGHFUHFLPLHQWRVHLQGLFDFRQXQDOtQHDFRQWLQXD/DVOtQHDVGLVFRQWLQXDVLQGLFDQODWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLDGHODJXDHQ3HxDODUDDQWHVGHTXH
FRPHQ]DVHQODVPRUWDOLGDGHVPDVLYDVGHDQ¿ELRVHQD]XO\GHVSXpVHQURMR
)XHQWHHODERUDFLyQSURSLD
138
$XQTXHQRFRQRFHPRVODIHFKDGHLQWURGXFFLyQ
GHOKRQJRTXLWULGLRHQHO3DUTXH1DFLRQDOGHOD6LHUUDGH
*XDGDUUDPDVtVDEHPRVFRQWRWDOVHJXULGDGODIHFKDGH
LQLFLRGHORVHSLVRGLRVGHPRUWDOLGDGPDVLYDDFDHFLGRV3RU
ORWDQWRQRUHVXOWyFRPSOLFDGRDQDOL]DUVLKDEtDH[LVWLGR
XQ FDPELR VLJQL¿FDWLYR HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV
HQ HO 3DUTXH GHVGH OD PDQLIHVWDFLyQ LQHTXtYRFD GH OD
HQIHUPHGDG%RVFKHWDO$VtHODQiOLVLVGHYDULDEOHV
PHWHRUROyJLFDVGHXQSHUtRGRDQWHULRUD\GHOSHUtRGR
LQGLFyTXHODVFRQGLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVKDEtDQ
FDPELDGRHQOD]RQDGHHVWXGLR/DVDQRPDOtDVFOLPiWLFDV
SURGXFLGDV HQ OD ]RQD GHVGH DOFDQ]DURQ VX YDORU
Pi[LPR SUHFLVDPHQWH MXVWR DQWHV GH OD DSDULFLyQ GH ORV
EURWHVGHODHQIHUPHGDGHQ$GHPiVORVFDPELRV
UHFRJLGRVSRUODVHVWDFLRQHVPHWHRUROyJLFDVHQVXSHU¿FLH
VH FRUUHVSRQGtDQ FRQ FDPELRV DPELHQWDOHV HQ ODV FDSDV
DOWDVGHODDWPyVIHUDFRQ¿UPiQGRVHODUHODFLyQHQWUHORV
SDWURQHV GH FLUFXODFLyQ JOREDO \ OD FOLPDWRORJtD ORFDO
'HVGH TXH HPSH]DURQ ODV PRUWDOLGDGHV PDVLYDV HQ OD
]RQDHOQ~PHURGHGtDVFDOXURVRVHQ*XDGDUUDPDKDEtD
DXPHQWDGR VLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWH GXUDQWH HO SHUtRGR GHO
DxRHQHOTXHWLHQHOXJDUODPHWDPRUIRVLVGHODVHVSHFLHV
DIHFWDGDV TXH HV MXVWR FXDQGR HO GHVDUUROOR GHO KRQJR
HQ ORV DQ¿ELRV UHVXOWD OHWDO (Q FRQFUHWR HO Q~PHUR GH
GtDVHQORVFXDOHVVHDOFDQ]yXQDWHPSHUDWXUDFRLQFLGHQWH
FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FUHFLPLHQWR ySWLPR GHO KRQJR HQ
ODERUDWRULRž&KDEtDDXPHQWDGRGHVGHHOLQLFLRGH
ODPRUWDOLGDG6LQHPEDUJRQRHQFRQWUDPRVGLIHUHQFLDV
VLJQL¿FDWLYDV HQ OD SURSRUFLyQ GH GtDV FRQ WHPSHUDWXUDV
GHPDVLDGR EDMDV SDUD HO FUHFLPLHQWR GHO KRQJR \ HQ
QLQJ~QFDVRHODXPHQWRGHODWHPSHUDWXUDKDEtDDOFDQ]DGR
HOXPEUDOTXHLQKLEHVXFUHFLPLHQWR
7RGR SDUHFtD LQGLFDU TXH DXQTXH HV SRVLEOH
TXH OD HQIHUPHGDG \D HVWXYLHVH DFWXDQGR HQ 3HxDODUD
FRQ DQWHULRULGDG D HO FDPELR GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHV SURSLFLy HO GHVHQFDGHQDPLHQWR GH ODV
PRUWDOLGDGHV PDVLYDV \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH HO GHVSORPH
SREODFLRQDO )LJXUD 6LQ HPEDUJR SDUD UHIRU]DU HVWD
KLSyWHVLVHUDQHFHVDULRFRQWDUFRQRWURVHMHPSORVHQORV
TXH SHTXHxDV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWDO
HVWXYLHVHQDVRFLDGRVDUHVSXHVWDVSREODFLRQDOHVGLVWLQWDV
Figura 2
Figura 2. 1~PHURGHODUYDVGHAlytes muletensis\WHPSHUDWXUDGHODJXDHQGRVWRUUHQWHVLQIHFWDGRVFRQHOKRQJRTXLWULGLRSDWyJHQR
GHDQ¿ELRV(OUDQJRGHFUHFLPLHQWRGHOKRQJRSDWyJHQRHQIXQFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDDSDUHFHHQFRORUD]XO\ODOtQHDKRUL]RQWDOLQGLFDVXWHPSHUDWXUD
ySWLPDGHFUHFLPLHQWR
)XHQWHHODERUDGRDSDUWLUGH'RGGLQJWRQHWDO
139
8Q HMHPSOR VLJQL¿FDWLYR OR HQFRQWUDPRV
DxRV PiV WDUGH FXDQGR HVWXGLDPRV ODV WHQGHQFLDV
GHPRJUi¿FDVGHWRGDVODVSREODFLRQHVFRQRFLGDVGHOVDSR
SDUWHURGH0DOORUFDAlytes muletensisXQHQGHPLVPR
EDOHDU 'HVJUDFLDGDPHQWH GH ODV SREODFLRQHV
GH HVWD HVSHFLH TXH H[LVWHQ HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG UHVXOWDURQ
LQIHFWDGDV FRQ HO KRQJR TXLWULGLR GXUDQWH HO SURJUDPD
GHUHLQWURGXFFLyQGHODHVSHFLHHQODGpFDGDGHORV
FXDQGR D~Q HO SDWyJHQR QR KDEtD VLGR GHVFULWR SDUD OD
FLHQFLD :DONHU HW DO 7RGDV ODV SREODFLRQHV GH
VDSRSDUWHUREDOHDUOLEUHVGHOSDWyJHQRKDQLQFUHPHQWDGR
VXWDPDxRSREODFLRQDOHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVPLHQWUDV
TXH ODV SREODFLRQHV LQIHFWDGDV SUHVHQWDQ WHQGHQFLDV
FRQWUDSXHVWDV 'RGGLQJWRQ HW DO /DV GRV
SREODFLRQHVFRQEDMRVQLYHOHVGHLQIHFFLyQQRSUHVHQWDURQ
XQD WHQGHQFLD SREODFLRQDO VLJQL¿FDWLYD PLHQWUDV
TXH ODV RWUDV GRV SREODFLRQHV LQIHFWDGDV VLWXDGDV D
HVFDVRV NLOyPHWURV XQD GH RWUD SUHVHQWDURQ WHQGHQFLDV
SREODFLRQDOHV RSXHVWDV /D SREODFLyQ HPSOD]DGD HQ
XQ WRUUHQWH PX\ DELHUWR VRSRUWD WHPSHUDWXUDV GHO DJXD
VXSHULRUHV D ORV ž& HQ YHUDQR \ VH HQFXHQWUD SRU
HQFLPDGHORVž&GXUDQWHPiVGHOGREOHGHKRUDVDODxR
TXHODRWUDSREODFLyQVLWXDGDHQXQWRUUHQWHPiVVRPEUtR
(Q DPEDV SREODFLRQHV OD SUHYDOHQFLD GH LQIHFFLyQ KD
VLGR GHO GXUDQWH OD HVWDFLyQ IUtD GH ORV ~OWLPRV
DxRV\HQODVGRVKHPRVHQFRQWUDGRHMHPSODUHVPXHUWRV
GXUDQWHORVWUDEDMRVGHFDPSR6LQHPEDUJRODSREODFLyQ
GHOWRUUHQWHµFiOLGR¶QRKDGHMDGRGHFUHFHUGHVGH
PLHQWUDVTXHODSREODFLyQµIUtD¶HVWiDOERUGHGHOFRODSVR
SDVDQGR GH WHQHU PiV GH ODUYDV D SUiFWLFDPHQWH
FHUR)LJXUD
$XQTXH VyOR FRQWDPRV FRQ UHJLVWURV SUHFLVRV
GH FUHFLPLHQWR GHO KRQJR HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD
HQFXOWLYRVGHODERUDWRULR\QRFRQRFHPRVFRQH[DFWLWXG
HO SURFHVR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV QDWXUDOHV OD WHPSHUDWXUD
SDUHFH H[SOLFDU FDVL SRU FRPSOHWR HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD
HQIHUPHGDG3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHQRHVVRUSUHQGHQWHTXHHO
LQFUHPHQWR GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD HVWp PRGXODQGR HO HIHFWR
GH OD TXLWULGLRPLFRVLV (O FDOHQWDPLHQWR DO TXH HVWiQ
VRPHWLGDV JUDQGHV iUHDV GHO SODQHWD QXQFD DOFDQ]DUi
SUREDEOHPHQWH ORV OtPLWHV TXH SHUPLWLUtDQ LQKLELU HO
FUHFLPLHQWRGHOKRQJR\VLQHPEDUJRHQ]RQDVIUHVFDV
GH PRQWDxDV Vt SRGUtD VHU VX¿FLHQWH SDUD FRQVHJXLU VX
ySWLPRGHFUHFLPLHQWR
Recomendaciones para la adaptación
/DOXFKDFRQWUDODHQIHUPHGDGSDVDHQSULPHU
OXJDU SRU HYLWDU ORV PRYLPLHQWRV QR QDWXUDOHV GH
DQ¿ELRVHQODV]RQDVTXHD~QVHHQFXHQWUDQOLEUHVGHODV
FHSDV YLUXOHQWDV GHO KRQJR 3RU RWUR ODGR HQ ODV ]RQDV
DIHFWDGDVODVSRVLEOHVVROXFLRQHVTXHVHHVWiQHQVD\DQGR
VRQGHPX\GLYHUVDQDWXUDOH]D'HIRUPDHVSHUDQ]DGRUD
ODV ~OWLPDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DSXQWDQ D TXH VLPSOHPHQWH
EDMDQGR ORV QLYHOHV GH LQIHFFLyQ VH SXHGHQ HYLWDU ODV
PRUWDOLGDGHVPDVLYDV\SHUPLWLUDVtTXHODVSREODFLRQHV
DIHFWDGDVVREUHYLYDQKDVWDTXHHQFRQWUHPRVXQDVROXFLyQ
GH¿QLWLYD R VH DGTXLHUD XQ FLHUWR JUDGR GH LQPXQLGDG
QDWXUDO:RRGKDPVHWDO
'DGR TXH ODV WHPSHUDWXUDV DOWDV GL¿FXOWDQ HO
GHVDUUROOR GH OD HQIHUPHGDG OD DGDSWDFLyQ DO FDPELR
FOLPiWLFR SRGUtD SDVDU SRU WHQHU SUHVHQWH HVWH DVSHFWR
HQ ORV SURJUDPDV GH FUHDFLyQ R PHMRUD GH PHGLRV
GH UHSURGXFFLyQ HQ SREODFLRQHV DPHQD]DGDV 3RU
HMHPSOR D OD KRUD GH OD FUHDFLyQ R PHMRUD GH PHGLRV
GH UHSURGXFFLyQ VH GHEHUtD RSWDU SRU PDVDV GH DJXD
140
WHPSRUDOHV TXH VH VHTXHQ HQ YHUDQR VL OR SHUPLWH OD
ELRORJtD GH ODV HVSHFLHV GH DQ¿ELRV HQ FXHVWLyQ \ HQ
FXDOTXLHU FDVR IDYRUHFHU OD H[SRVLFLyQ GHO DJXD DO VRO
SDUDHOHYDUVXWHPSHUDWXUDKDVWDTXHVHVXSHUHQORVž&
HQYHUDQRSRUHMHPSORUHGXFLHQGRODSURIXQGLGDGGHOD
PDVDGHDJXDRULHQWiQGRODDOVXU\HYLWDQGRORVREMHWRV
TXHSXGLHUDQSURGXFLUVRPEUDVREUHHODJXD
Material suplementario
1XHVWURV WUDEDMRV VH GHVDUUROODQ IXQGDPHQ
WDOPHQWHHQiUHDVGHPRQWDxDGHODSHQtQVXODLEpULFD\ODV
,VODV%DOHDUHV(QHVWDV]RQDVODVHVSHFLHVPiVVHQVLEOHV
DODHQIHUPHGDGVRQHOJUXSRGHORVVDSRVSDUWHURVJpQHUR
AlytesFRQGHVXVHVSHFLHVHQGpPLFDVGH(VSDxD3HUR
DGHPiVHOVDSRFRP~Q\ODVDODPDQGUDFRP~QSUHVHQWDQ
XQ FRQVLGHUDEOH JUDGR GH GLYHUVL¿FDFLyQ JHQpWLFD HQ OD
SHQtQVXOD LEpULFD \ VRQ D OD YH] DOWDPHQWH VXVFHSWLEOHV
DODTXLWULGLRPLFRVLV(VWDVGRVHVSHFLHVTXHKDFHDxRV
RFXSDEDQJUDQSDUWHGHOWHUULWRULRSHQLQVXODUKDQVXIULGR
XQGHFOLYHPX\VLJQL¿FDWLYRHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVSRU
GLYHUVRV SUREOHPDV PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV ELHQ FRQRFLGRV
FRPR OD GHVWUXFFLyQ GHO KiELWDW OD SpUGLGD GH XVRV
WUDGLFLRQDOHVGHOVXHORRODGHVHUWL¿FDFLyQ3RUGHVJUDFLD
KR\ SRU KR\ ODV ]RQDV DOWDV GH PRQWDxD FRQVWLWX\HQ
XQ UHIXJLR IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD VX VXSHUYLYHQFLD SHUR
HO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR HVWi FRQYLUWLHQGR HVWRV ~OWLPRV
VDQWXDULRVHQOXJDUHVPiVIDYRUDEOHVDOGHVDUUROORGHOD
TXLWULGLRPLFRVLV
(Q]RQDVSURWHJLGDVGHOD6LHUUDGH*XDGDUUDPD
\ OD 6LHUUD GH 7UDPRQWDQD YHQLPRV GHVDUUROODQGR
SURJUDPDV GH UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH SREODFLRQHV DPHQD]DGDV
GH DQ¿ELRV SRU OD TXLWULGLRPLFRVLV GHVGH HQ
FRODERUDFLyQ FRQ ODV &RQVHMHUtDV GH 0HGLR $PELHQWH
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV (VWRV SURJUDPDV GH UHFXSHUDFLyQ
LQFOX\HQ PHGLGDV PX\ GLYHUVDV TXH YDQ GHVGH OD FUtD
HQFDXWLYLGDG\HOUHIXHU]RGHSREODFLRQHVHQORVFDVRV
PiV H[WUHPRV OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GH HVSHFLHV SUHGDGRUDV
LQWURGXFLGDV R OD FUHDFLyQ GH PHGLRV DOWHUQDWLYRV GH
UHSURGXFFLyQ KDVWD HVWUDWHJLDV HVSHFt¿FDV GHVWLQDGDV
D GLVPLQXLU ORV HIHFWRV GH OD TXLWULGLRPLFRVLV 'HQWUR
GH HVWDV ~OWLPDV DOJXQDV GH ODV SRVLEOHV VROXFLRQHV
TXH HVWDPRV HQVD\DQGR SDVDQ SRU LQWHQWDU GHVDUUROODU
OD LQPXQLGDG GH ORV DQLPDOHV PHGLDQWH HO FRQWDFWR
FRQ FHSDV DWHQXDGDV GHO KRQJR R PHQRV YLUXOHQWDV R
SRU VXPLQLVWUDU R IDYRUHFHU HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH EDFWHULDV
VLPELRQWHV TXH YLYHQ VREUH OD SLHO GH ORV DQ¿ELRV \
TXH JHQHUDQ VXVWDQFLDV TXH LQKLEHQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR GHO
KRQJR6LQHPEDUJRQXHVWURVPD\RUHVHVIXHU]RVVHHVWiQ
FHQWUDQGRHQLQWHQWDUGLVPLQXLUORVQLYHOHVGHLQIHFFLyQ
HQSREODFLRQHVLQIHFWDGDVGHVDSRSDUWHUREDOHDU\VDSR
SDUWHURFRP~QPHGLDQWHODGHVHFDFLyQGHORVPHGLRVGH
UHSURGXFFLyQ\HOWUDWDPLHQWRGHORVDQLPDOHVLQIHFWDGRV
PHGLDQWHIXQJLFLGDV
5HIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiÀFDV
%HUJHU/6SHDUH5'DV]DN3*UHHQ'(&XQQLQJKDP
$$ *RJJLQ &/ 6ORFRPEH 5 5DJDQ 0$
+\DWW$'0F'RQDOG.5+LQHV+%/LSV.5
0DUDQWHOOL*3DUNHV+&K\WULGLRP\FRVLV
FDXVHV DPSKLELDQ PRUWDOLW\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
SRSXODWLRQ GHFOLQHV LQ WKH UDLQ IRUHVWV RI
$XVWUDOLD DQG &HQWUDO $PHULFD Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences USA
%RVFK - &DUUDVFDO /0 'XUiQ / :DONHU 6 )LVKHU
0& &OLPDWH FKDQJH DQG RXWEUHDNV RI
DPSKLELDQFK\WULGLRP\FRVLVLQDPRQWDQHDUHD
RI&HQWUDO6SDLQLVWKHUHDOLQN"Proceedings of
the Royal Society B
2OVRQ'+$DQHQVHQ'05RQQHQEHUJ./3RZHOO&,
:DONHU6)%LHOE\-*DUQHU7:-:HDYHU*7KH
%G0DSSLQJ*URXS)LVKHU0&0DSSLQJ
WKH *OREDO (PHUJHQFH RI Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis WKH$PSKLELDQ &K\WULG )XQJXV
PLoS ONE H GRLMRXUQDO
SRQH
3LRWURZVNL-6$QQLV6//RQJFRUH-(3K\VLRORJ\
RI Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis D FK\WULG
SDWKRJHQRIDPSKLELDQVMycologia
6NHUUDWW/)%HUJHU/6SHDUH5&DVKLQV60F'RQDOG
.5 3KLOORWW$' +LQHV +%.HQ\RQ 1 6SUHDG RI FK\WULGLRP\FRVLV KDV FDXVHG WKH
UDSLG JOREDO GHFOLQH DQG H[WLQFWLRQ RI IURJV
EcoHealth±
%RVFK - 0DUWtQH]6RODQR , &K\WULG IXQJXV
LQIHFWLRQ UHODWHG WR XQXVXDO PRUWDOLWLHV RI
Salamandra salamandra DQG Bufo bufo LQ WKH
3HxDODUD 1DWXUDO 3DUN &HQWUDO 6SDLQ Oryx
:DONHU6)%RVFK-*RPH]9*DUQHU7:-&XQQLQJKDP
$$ 6FKPHOOHU '6 1LQ\HUROD 0 +HQN '
*LQHVWHW & $UWKXU &3 )LVKHU 0) )DFWRUVGULYLQJSDWKRJHQLFLW\YHUVXVSUHYDOHQFH
RI DPSKLELDQ SDQ]RRWLF FK\WULGLRP\FRVLV LQ
,EHULDEcology Letters
%RVFK - 0DUWtQH]6RODQR , *DUFtD3DUtV 0 (YLGHQFHRIDFK\WULGIXQJXVLQIHFWLRQLQYROYHG
LQ WKH GHFOLQH RI WKH FRPPRQ PLGZLIH WRDG
Alytes obstetricans LQ SURWHFWHG DUHDV RI
&HQWUDO6SDLQBiological Conservation
:DONHU6)%RVFK--DPHV7</LWYLQWVHYD$32OLYHU-$
3LxD 6 *DUFtD * 5RVD$* &XQQLQJKDP$$
+ROH6*ULI¿WKV5)LVKHU0&,QYDVLYH
SDWKRJHQV WKUHDWHQ VSHFLHV UHFRYHU\ SURJUDPV
Current Biology55
'RGGLQJWRQ%-%RVFK-2OLYHU-$*UDVVO\1&*DUFtD
*%HQHGLNW56*DUQHU7:-)LVKHU0&
&RQWH[WGHSHQGHQW DPSKLELDQ KRVW SRSXODWLRQ
UHVSRQVH WR DQ LQYDGLQJ SDWKRJHQ Ecology
:RRGKDPV'&%RVFK-%ULJJV&K-&DVKLQV6'DYLV
/5/DXHU$0XWKV(3XVFKHQGRUI56FKPLGW
%5 6KHDIRU % 9R\OHV - 0LWLJDWLQJ
DPSKLELDQ GLVHDVH VWUDWHJLHV WR PDLQWDLQ ZLOG
SRSXODWLRQVFrontiers in Zoolog\
+DUYHOO &' 0LWFKHOO &( :DUG -5$OWL]HU 6 'REVRQ
$3 2VWIHOG 56 6DPXHO 0' &OLPDWH
ZDUPLQJ DQG GLVHDVH ULVNV IRU WHUUHVWULDO DQG
PDULQHELRWDScience
-RKQVRQ37-$PSKLELDQGLYHUVLW\'HFLPDWLRQE\
GLVHDVH Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA
/LSV .5 'LIIHQGRUIHU - 0HQGHOVRQ -5 ,,, 6HDUV 0:
5LGLQJ WKH ZDYH 5HFRQFLOLQJ WKH UROHV
RI GLVHDVH DQG FOLPDWH FKDQJH LQ DPSKLELDQ
GHFOLQHV PLoS Biology H GRL
MRXUQDOSELR
/RQJFRUH -( 3HVVLHU $3 1LFKROV '. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisJHQHWVSQRY
DFK\WULGSDWKRJHQLFWRDPSKLELDQVMycologia
0DUWHO $ 6SLW]HQYDQ GHU 6OXLMV $ %ORRL 0 %HUW :
'XFDWHOOH5)LVKHU0&:RHOWMHVE$%RVPDQE
: &KLHUVD . %RVVX\WH ) 3DVPDQV ) Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans VS QRY
FDXVHV OHWKDO FK\WULGLRP\FRVLV LQ DPSKLELDQV
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences86$
0F&DOOXP0/$PSKLELDQGHFOLQHRUH[WLQFWLRQ"
&XUUHQW GHFOLQHV GZDUI EDFNJURXQG H[WLQFWLRQ
UDWHJournal of Herpetology
141
Descargar