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TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Impacto del conflicto armado sobre la población civil en la Orinoquía y Amazonía Colombiana
(C) Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento CODHES
ISBN: 978-­958-­99715-­3-­6
Jorge Enrique Rojas Rodríguez
Presidente
Marco Alberto Romero Silva
Director
Este documento es uno de los productos del proyecto: “Seguimiento a la dinámica del conflicto armado, desplazamiento forzado y transfronterizo en la Amazonía y Orinoquia Colombiana”, financiado por la oficina en Colombia del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados –ACNUR-­ La compilación y preparación de la versión final de este documento estuvo a cargo de Karina Ríos Cano, analista regional de CODHES y coordinadora del proyecto. En la preparación del mismo colaboraron Sol Alejandra Gaitán y Miguel Antonio Cruz, analistas regionales de CODHES. Fotografia
Karina Ríos Cano
Mapas
Jhon Rátiva
Diseño, Diagramación e Impresión
GRUPO NATIVO
Contacto: nativo@nativoproducciones.com
Impreso en Colombia
Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos
y el Desplazamiento CODHES
Bogotá -­ Colombia
Carrera 6 No 34-­62 Of. 302
PBX (571) 2325666
www.codhes.org
Quito -­ Ecuador
Av. de la República E4-­87
e Inglaterra -­ Oficina 11A
Teléfonos: (593-­2) 6012081
Celular: 081691603
“El contenido de la información reproducida en este documento no representa necesariamente la opinión del ACNUR” э4 э Contenido
TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
Pag.
Presentación
9
Introducción
13
Estructura del documento
15
-­ 17
1. CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES DE LA REGION. Territorio, población y recursos
22
24
24
25
Delimitación subregional
SUBREGION 1. Sur del Meta, Caquetá, Guaviare y Cumaribo (Vichada)
SUBREGION 2. Casanare, Arauca, Puerto Gaitán (Meta) y norte del Vichada
SUBREGION 3. Guainía, Vaupés y Amazonas
28
2. LA DISPUTA POR EL TERRITORIO Y LA CONFRONTACION ARMADA EN EL SUR ORIENTE COLOMBIANO
33
34
La intervención centrada en lo militar
El escenario de crisis humanitaria
47
3. 47
55
62
Sur del Meta, Guaviare y Caquetá. El eje del conflicto en el Sur Oriente
Arauca, Casanare, norte del Vichada y Puerto Gaitán (Meta)
Guainía, Vaupés y Amazonas
69
4. LA SITUACION DE LAS COMUNIDADES INDIGENAS
79
79
82
83
85
87
Anotaciones de carácter metodológico
DINAMICAS SUBREGIONALES
La crisis humanitaria de los pueblos indígenas en el Guaviare
El Pueblo Nukak
El Pueblo Jiw
La crisis humanitaria de los pueblos indígenas en Arauca
El Pueblo Hitnu
Situación de las comunidades indígenas en Casanare
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DEPARTAMENTO AREA (km2) POBLACION* PORCENTAJE POBLACIÓN NÚMERO DE INDÍGENA** RESGUARDOS Amazonas 109.664 67.726 43,43% 26 Arauca 23.818 232.118 2,24% 26 Caquetá 88.965 420.337 1,61% 45 Casanare 44.640 295.353 1,48% 10 Guainía 72.238 35.230 64,9% 25 Guaviare 53.460 95.551 4,3% 24 Meta 85.635 783.168 1,28% 20 Vaupés 54.135 39.279 66,6% 3 Vichada 98.970 55.872 44,35% 32 TOTAL 631.525 2.024.634 25,6% 206*** 55,3% 4,7% N.A. 32,4%**** Porcentaje respecto al total nacional *Fuente: DANE. Censo General 2005. Resultados población conciliada a Junio 30 de 20005. En: www.dane.gov.co **DANE. Colombia una nación multicultural. Su diversidad étnica. Bogotá, Mayo de 2007. ***La diferencia entre la suma del número de resguardos de cada departamento y el total de res-­
guardos de la región se explica porque algunos resguardos abarcan áreas correspondientes a más de un departamento. ****Sobre un total de 634 resguardos legalmente titulados a comunidades indígenas en el país, VHJ~QHO6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUi¿FRGH2UGHQDPLHQWR7HUULWRULDO±6,*27GHO,QVWLWXWR
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PUERTO ALVIRA – META. LA GUERRA EN EL RÍO GUAVIARE
Puerto Alvira es una inspección del municipio de Mapiripán -­Meta, situada a RULOODVGHO5tR*XDYLDUHPiVFRQRFLGDFRPR&DxR-DEyQ(OGHPD\RGH
un grupo paramilitar perteneciente a las Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá incursionó en este caserío ejecutando una más de la larga lista de masacres cometidas por estos grupos a lo largo y ancho del territorio colombiano. Luego de HVWRVKHFKRVPLOHVGHIDPLOLDVDEDQGRQDURQ&DxR-DEyQKX\HQGRSRUYtDÀXYLDO
hacia la capital del Guainía, o por vía aérea hacia Villavicencio. Lo que no podían hacer era pasar por Mapiripán, ya para entonces este era ya un punto controlado por los paramilitares y cualquier persona procedente de los caseríos ubicados DJXDV DEDMR GHO *XDYLDUH HUDQ VHxDODGD GH FRODERUDU FRQ ±R SHUWHQHFHU D OD
guerrilla, lo cual equivalía a una sentencia de muerte. Caño Jabón quedó entonces convertido en un pueblo fantasma. Las casas abandonadas y el temor instalado en sus calles son muestra de la barbarie cometida contra la población inerme que sigue esperando justicia frente a estos hechos, pero sobre todo saber porqué se cometieron los mismos. Pero la guerra en el río Guaviare no se detuvo ahí. En RFWXEUHGHODxRPiVGHLQGtJHQDV-LZOOHJDURQD3XHUWR$OYLUDKX\HQGR
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que hacer lo mismo que venían haciendo sus paisanos desde hacia varios años;; DEDQGRQDUVXVWHUULWRULRV7RPDURQVXVFDQRDV\QDYHJDQGRDJXDVDUULEDOOHJD-­
ron a Caño Jabón. Desde entonces los Jiw están ubicados en las casas que años atrás otros habían abandonado, cultivan en pequeños espacios que pueden utili-­
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pueden regresar a su territorio. Viven en condiciones precarias, en espera de la ayuda alimentaria que deben entregar las instituciones del Estado. En ocasiones estos alimentos se han dañado en las bodegas del pueblo, pues los funcionarios argumentan no tener condiciones de seguridad para trasladarse a entregarlas. Entre tanto, las empresas petroleras han llegado desde el 2009 para iniciar la H[SORUDFLyQGHKLGURFDUEXURV(O(MpUFLWREXVFDJDUDQWL]DUOHVODVHJXULGDGSDUD
el desarrollo de sus actividades. Los grupos armados continúan presionando. Las mujeres y niñas son objeto de abusos. Los indígenas siguen reclamando su derecho a retornar a su territorio.
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4. LA SITUACION DE LAS COMUNIDADES INDIGENAS
Asentamiento de indígenas Nukak desplazados en San José del Guaviare-­‐ Finca Aguabonita.
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TABLA 6. PUEBLOS INDIGENAS EN LAS REGIONES AMAZONIA Y ORINOQUIA DEPARTAMENTO Amazonas NÚMERO DE RESGUARDOS 26 Arauca 26 Caquetá 45 Casanare Guainía Guaviare 10 25 24 Meta Vaupés 20 3 Vichada TOTAL REGION 32 206 PUEBLOS INDIGENAS Ticuna, yucuna, miraña, tanimuka, matapí, cubeo, cocama, huitoto, letuama, nonuya, muinane, andoque, yagua, murui, bora, okaina, carijona, cabiyari, inga, siona, macuna, barasano, yuhup Betoye, Chiricoa, Hitnu, Kuiba, Piapoco, Sikuani, U´wa, Makaguan, Inga Andoque, Coreguaje, Coyaima, Embera, Inga, Macaguaje, Nasa, Uitoto Amorúa, Kuiba, Masiguare, Sáliba, Sikuani, Tsiripu, Yaruro, U´wa. Curripaco, piapoco, puinave, sikuani, yeral Jiw, nukak, sikuani, cubeo, tucano, desano, carijona, curripaco, piaroa, piratapuyo, puinave, wanano Achagua, Jiw, Nasa, Piapoco, Sikuani Cubeo, yuruơ, wanano, tariano, tucano, siriano, carapana, desano, piratapuyo, tuyuca, makú, bará, curripaco, makuna, cabiyarí, taibano, tatuyo, jupda, barasano, lituana, pisamira, itanas Sikuani, piapoco, curripaco, piaroa, puinave, sáliba, Amorúa 66 Elaboración propia a paƌƟr de datos DANE э 71 э TERRITORIOS EN CONFRONTACION
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1. Presencia de actores armados en territorios indígenas.
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2. Confrontación entre actores armados
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3. Instalación de minas antipersonales y abandono de municiones sin explotar.
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4. Asesinato selectivo de líderes y autoridades tradicionales.
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6. Restricciones a la movilidad de personas, alimentos, medicamentos, combustibles, bienes y servicios básicos.
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7. Señalamientos.
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8. Reclutamiento de menores
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11. Desarrollo de actividades económicas lícitas e ilícitas en territorios indígenas.
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