Cap 15- Efectos de la variación en el régimen de precipitación

Impactos y Vulnerabilidad
L. Matías1,2*, R. Zamora2, J. Castro2
1
Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences. University of Stirling. FK9 4LA, Stirling, United Kingdom
2
Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada. Av. Fuentenueva SN. 18071, Granada
*
15
Correo electrónico: lmatias@ugr.es
Efectos de la variación en el régimen de precipitación
sobre la regeneración del bosque montano mediterráneo
Resultados clave
‡/RVYHUDQRVOOXYLRVRVUHSUHVHQWDQXQHYHQWR
FUXFLDOSDUDHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRLQFUHPHQWDQGRWDQWROD
VXSHUYLYHQFLDFRPRHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHSOiQWXODVGH
HVSHFLHVOHxRVDV
‡ /D DEXQGDQFLD \ GLYHUVLGDG GHO EDQFR GH UHFOXWDV
SUHVHQWD XQD HOHYDGD GHSHQGHQFLD GH ORV HYHQWRV
FOLPiWLFRV H[WUHPRV WDQWR GH YHUDQRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH
VHFRVFRPRWRUPHQWRVRV
‡ /DV GLIHUHQWHV UHVSXHVWDV HQWUH ODV HVSHFLHV \ JUXSRV
IXQFLRQDOHV D ORV HVFHQDULRV FOLPiWLFRV LPSOLFDQ
XQ UHFOXWDPLHQWR GLIHUHQFLDO OR TXH SURYRFDUi XQD
DOWHUDFLyQ HQ OD FRPSRVLFLyQ GRPLQDQFLD \ GLYHUVLGDG
GHODFRPXQLGDG
‡ (OLPSDFWRGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRHQODGLYHUVLGDG\HQOD
GLQiPLFDGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVYHJHWDOHVGHODVPRQWDxDV
PHGLWHUUiQHDV GHSHQGHUi QR VyOR GHO DXPHQWR GH OD
DULGH]VLQRGHOEDODQFHHQWUHYHUDQRVVHFRV\OOXYLRVRV
Contexto
/D YDULDELOLGDG FOLPiWLFD HV XQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD
FRP~QGHORVHFRVLVWHPDVDORODUJRGHWRGRHOSODQHWD
+HQGHUVRQ6HOOHUV 5RELQVRQ 8QD GH ODV
IXHQWHVGHYDULDFLyQPiVLPSRUWDQWHHVHOSDWUyQWHPSRUDO
GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ TXH SXHGH YDULDU HQRUPHPHQWH D
HVFDODLQWUDRLQWHUDQXDO%DMRXQHVFHQDULRGHFDPELR
FOLPiWLFR VH HVSHUD XQ DXPHQWR GH OD IUHFXHQFLD GH
DxRVVHFRVSDUDPXFKDVUHJLRQHVGHOSODQHWDGXUDQWHODV
SUy[LPDVGpFDGDVDVtFRPRXQDGLVPLQXFLyQGHORVDxRV
PX\ K~PHGRV ,3&& 6LQ HPEDUJR D SHVDU GH
HVWDVWHQGHQFLDVJHQHUDOHVWDPELpQVHHVSHUDXQDXPHQWR
HQODYDULDELOLGDGGHODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVSRUORTXHD~Q
SRGUtDQ SHUVLVWLU DOJXQRV YHUDQRV H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH
OOXYLRVRVGHQWURGHHVWHFRQWH[WRJHQHUDOGHDULGH])LJXUD
5RGULJR&KULVWHQVHQHWDO3RUWDQWRHV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHUHOHYDQWHFRQRFHUODLPSRUWDQFLDWDQWRGH
ORVHYHQWRVGHVHTXtDFRPRGHORVYHUDQRVOOXYLRVRVSDUD
HQWHQGHUODVSRVLEOHVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHVXDOWHUDFLyQSDUD
HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORVHFRVLVWHPDV
%DMR HVWH HVFHQDULR GH FDPELR FOLPiWLFR VH
HVSHUDTXHODVUHJLRQHViULGDVVHPLiULGDV\PHGLWHUUiQHDV
VHHQFXHQWUHQHQWUHODVPiVDIHFWDGDVSRUODVDOWHUDFLRQHV
HQHOUpJLPHQGHSUHFLSLWDFLyQ&KULVWLHQVHQHWDO
*LRUJL/LRQHOOR/DUHJLyQPHGLWHUUiQHDHVXQD
]RQD GH WUDQVLFLyQ HQWUH HO FOLPD GHO QRUWH GH ÈIULFD \
HOFOLPDWHPSODGR\K~PHGRGH&HQWURHXURSDYLpQGRVH
DIHFWDGR SRU ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV HQWUH ODV ORV SURFHVRV
FOLPiWLFRVHQODWLWXGHVPHGLDVFRQODVODWLWXGHVWURSLFDOHV
*LRUJL/LRQHOOR'HELGRDHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
LQFOXVR SHTXHxRV FDPELRV HQ ORV SDWURQHV JHQHUDOHV GH
FLUFXODFLyQDWPRVIpULFDFRPRSRUHMHPSORFDPELRVHQOD
ORFDOL]DFLyQGHFpOXODVGHDOWDSUHVLyQVXEWURSLFDOHVRGH
ODVWRUPHQWDVFHQWURHXURSHDVSXHGHQFRQOOHYDUFDPELRV
VXVWDQFLDOHV HQ HO FOLPD GHO 0HGLWHUUiQHR OR TXH KD
OOHYDGRDLGHQWL¿FDUORFRPRXQRGHORV³SXQWRVFDOLHQWHV´
HQODVSUHGLFFLRQHVGHFDPELRFOLPiWLFR*LRUJL
/DVPRQWDxDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVDOEHUJDQXQDJUDQ
GLYHUVLGDGGHHVSHFLHVFRQGLVWLQWRRULJHQELRJHRJUi¿FR
HQFRQWUDQGR WDQWR HVSHFLHV FRQ XQ RULJHQ SURSLDPHQWH
PHGLWHUUiQHR FRPR RWUDV GH RULJHQ WHPSODGR ERUHDO R
DOSLQRTXHTXHGDURQDFDQWRQDGDVHQHVWDVPRQWDxDVWUDV
ORVVXFHVLYRVSURFHVRVPLJUDWRULRVGXUDQWHORVSHULRGRV
JODFLDUHVHLQWHUJODFLDUHV%ODQFDHWDO0pGDLO
'LDGHPD(VSRUHOORTXHODVGLVWLQWDVHVSHFLHVTXH
FRQIRUPDQ ODV FRPXQLGDGHV GH OHxRVDV GH ORV ERVTXHV
PRQWDQRVPHGLWHUUiQHRVWLHQHQGLVWLQWDVHQVLELOLGDGDORV
FDPELRVSUHYLVWRVHQHOFOLPD\SRUWDQWRVHHVSHUDTXH
UHVSRQGDQDHOORVGHIRUPDGLIHUHQFLDO(QFRQVHFXHQFLD
215
Figura 1
Figura 1.3UHFLSLWDFLyQGXUDQWHORVPHVHVGHYHUDQR-XQLR$JRVWRGXUDQWHHOSHUtRGR/RVGDWRVGHHVWiQH[WUDSRODGRVD
SDUWLUODHVWDFLyQPHWHRUROyJLFDGH/D&DUWXMD*UDQDGD5 3(OSURPHGLRGHSUHFLSLWDFLyQHVWiLQGLFDGRSRUODOtQHDURMD$OJXQRV
YHUDQRVFRPRRHVWiQPX\SRUHQFLPDGHODPHGLD\VRQORVTXHVHXVDURQFRPRUHIHUHQFLDSDUDODVLPXODFLyQGHORV
YHUDQRVOOXYLRVRV
)XHQWH(ODERUDGRDSDUWLUGH0DWtDVHWDOFVXSSRUWLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ
ODHVWUXFWXUDGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVYHJHWDOHVSRGUtDYHUVH
SURIXQGDPHQWH DOWHUDGD HQ UHVSXHVWD DO FDPELR HQ ODV
FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV DO HVWDU XQDV GHWHUPLQDGDV
HVSHFLHV IDYRUHFLGDV SRU ODV QXHYDV FRQGLFLRQHV FRQ
UHVSHFWR D RWUDV 3HxXHODV %RDGD /ORUHW HW DO
(O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH SOiQWXODV \ MXYHQLOHV
HVODIDVHPiVFUtWLFDHQHOFLFORGHYLGDGHODVSODQWDV
/RV SULPHURV HVWDGtRV GHO GHVDUUROOR VRQ HQRUPHPHQWH
VHQVLEOHV D ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV GHELGR D VX
OLPLWDGR VLVWHPD UDGLFXODU \ PHQRU UHVLVWHQFLD HQ
FRPSDUDFLyQFRQORVDGXOWRV)HQQHU+RXOH
/ORUHWHWDO+HUUHURHWDOORTXHOHVKDFH
UHVSRQGHU GH XQD IRUPD PiV UiSLGD D ODV YDULDFLRQHV
FOLPiWLFDV 'HELGR D TXH ORV HYHQWRV GH PRUWDOLGDG HQ
DGXOWRV RFXUUHQ IUHFXHQWHPHQWH GH IRUPD UHSHQWLQD HQ
FRUWRVHVSDFLRVGHWLHPSR%LJOHUHWDO$OOHQHWDO
HO UHJHQHUDGR IRUHVWDO SXHGH VHU XVDGR FRPR XQ
LQGLFDGRU GH OD IXWXUD FRPSRVLFLyQ \ DEXQGDQFLD GH OD
FRPXQLGDG/HZLV6PLWK$OOHQ%UHVKHDUV
.XOOPDQ 3RU WDQWR HO DQiOLVLV GH OD GLQiPLFD
GH UHFOXWDPLHQWR GH OD FRPXQLGDG \ VX UHVSXHVWD D ORV
IDFWRUHVGHFDPELRFOLPiWLFRHVHVHQFLDOSDUDFRPSUHQGHU
HO UHHPSOD]DPLHQWR \ OD IXWXUD FRPSRVLFLyQ GH ORV
ERVTXHVGHODPRQWDxDPHGLWHUUiQHD
(QHVWHLQIRUPHFRPSLODPRVORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQ
HVWXGLREDMRFRQGLFLRQHVQDWXUDOHVHQHOTXHVHVLPXODURQ
WUHV HVFHQDULRV GLIHUHQWHV GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ SRVLEOHV
GXUDQWHODVSUy[LPDVGpFDGDVUpJLPHQGHSUHFLSLWDFLyQ
DFWXDOYHUDQRVPiVVHFRV\YHUDQRVH[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH
OOXYLRVRVEDMRORVKiELWDWVGRPLQDQWHVGHODVPRQWDxDV
PHGLWHUUiQHDV EDMR DUERODGR EDMR PDWRUUDOHV \ FODURV
HQWUHODYHJHWDFLyQ$QDOL]DPRVODVUHVSXHVWDVGHOEDQFR
GH UHFOXWDV HQ WpUPLQRV GH DEXQGDQFLD \ GLYHUVLGDG
DVt FRPR OD UHVSXHVWD HVSHFt¿FD GH ODV HVSHFLHV PiV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYDVGHORVGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVDODV
YDULDFLRQHVHQODSUHFLSLWDFLyQ
216
Resultados y discusión
/RV FDPELRV HQ HO SDWUyQ GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ
SXHGHQ LQGXFLU DOWHUDFLRQHV HQ OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH
UHFXUVRV D GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GHWHUPLQDQGR XQD VHULH
GH UHVSXHVWDV HQ OD FRPXQLGDG YHJHWDO \ DIHFWDQGR
HQ ~OWLPD LQVWDQFLD OD GLQiPLFD \ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO
HFRVLVWHPD $GHPiV HVWRV FDPELRV SXHGHQ LQWHUDFWXDU
GHIRUPDVLQpUJLFDFRQRWURVPRWRUHVGHOFDPELRJOREDO
FRPR VRQ ORV FDPELRV HQ HO XVR GHO VXHOR SRU OR TXH
HQ HVWH WUDEDMR XVDPRV GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH KiELWDW FRPR
LQGLFDGRUHV GH HVWRV FDPELRV GH XVR $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ
GHWDOODPRVFyPRUHVSRQGHQODVGLVWLQWDVHVSHFLHVOHxRVDV
GH IRUPD LQGLYLGXDO D ODV YDULDFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV HQ
ORV GLIHUHQWHV KiELWDWV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH ODV PRQWDxDV
PHGLWHUUiQHDV\VXVLPSOLFDFLRQHVDQLYHOGHFRPXQLGDG
Efectos a nivel individual
Emergencia
/RV FDPELRV HQ HO SDWUyQ GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ
DIHFWDURQ D OD HPHUJHQFLD GH SOiQWXODV QDWXUDOHV
0DWtDV HW DO D +XER PD\RUHV YDORUHV GH
HPHUJHQFLD HQ HO HVFHQDULR PiV K~PHGR SDUD OD
PD\RUtD GH ORV DxRV GH HVWXGLR SHUR SRU HO FRQWUDULR
QR KXER UHGXFFLyQ GH OD HPHUJHQFLD HQ HO HVFHQDULR
PiV VHFR )LJXUD D (VWR HQIDWL]D SRU XQ ODGR OD
LPSRUWDQFLD GH YHUDQRV H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH K~PHGRV
SDUDSURPRYHUODUHJHQHUDFLyQ\DTXHXQPD\RUEDQFR
GH SOiQWXODV HPHUJLGDV LQFUHPHQWD ODV SUREDELOLGDGHV
GHUHFOXWDPLHQWR\SRURWURODGRTXHODHPHUJHQFLDGH
SOiQWXODV HQ ODV FRPXQLGDGHV PHGLWHUUiQHDV QR SDUHFH
SDUWLFXODUPHQWH VHQVLEOH DO LQFUHPHQWR GH DULGH] TXH
VH SUHYp EDMR ORV HVFHQDULRV GH FDPELR FOLPiWLFR (VWR
SRVLEOHPHQWH VH GHED DO KHFKR GH TXH HO SHULRGR GH
JHUPLQDFLyQ VH LQLFLD D SULQFLSLRV GH OD SULPDYHUD
FXDQGRODKXPHGDGHQODVFDSDVVXSHU¿FLDOHVGHOVXHOR
HV D~Q DOWD 3RU RWUD SDUWH OD HVWUXFWXUD GHO KiELWDW
WXYR XQ IXHUWH HIHFWR VREUH OD HPHUJHQFLD GH SOiQWXODV
TXH VH FRQFHQWUDURQ VREUH WRGR EDMR ORV PDWRUUDOHV
)LJXUD E (VWRV UHVXOWDGRV SXHGHQ VHU H[SOLFDGRV
WDQWR SRU ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ OOHJDGD GH VHPLOODV \D TXH
ORV PDWRUUDOHV SURGXFWRUHV GH IUXWR FDUQRVR DWUDHQ D
Figura 2
Figura
a 22. $EXQGDQFL
$EXQGDQFLD\GLYHUVLGDGGHSOiQWXODVQDWXUDOHVEDMRORVGLIHUHQWHVHVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRVYHUDQRPiVVHFROOXYLRVR\FRQWUROHQORV
GL VLGDGGHSOiQWXODV WXUDOHVEDMRORVGLIH WHV
DUL FOLPiWLFRV
Pi
OOXYLRV
QWURO
GLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHKiELWDW D$EXQGDQFLDGHSOiQWXODVHPHUJLGDVHQORVGLVWLQWRVDxRVGHHVWXGLRYDORUHVSUHYLRVDORVWUDWDPLHQWRVH[SHULPHQWDOHV
VLPXODFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDVESURPHGLRGHHPHUJHQFLDHQORVGLVWLQWRVKiELWDWVFSURPHGLRHQGHSOiQWXODVVXSHUYLYLHQWHV
WUDVHOSULPHUYHUDQRYDORUHVSUHYLRVVLPXODFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDVGVXSHUYLYHQFLDSURPHGLRHQORVGLVWLQWRVKiELWDWV
HULTXH]DGHHVSHFLHVHVWDEOHFLGDVItQGLFHGHGLYHUVLGDGH’GH6KDQQRQGHOEDQFRGHUHFOXWDVHVWDEOHFLGR'LVWLQWDVOHWUDVLQGLFDQGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUH
HVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRVGHQWURGHFDGDWLSRGHKiELWDWRDxRVHJ~QXQWHVWSRVWKRFGH%RQIHUURQL'XQQ
)XHQWH0RGL¿FDGRGH0DWtDVHWDOD
ODV DYHV GLVSHUVRUDV 0HQGR]D HW DO FRPR SRU
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV PLFURDPELHQWDOHV IDYRUDEOHV SDUD OD
JHUPLQDFLyQ GHELGR DO DXPHQWR GH KXPHGDG GHO VXHOR
EDMRVXFRSD\DODSURWHFFLyQIUHQWHSLVRWHR\KHUEtYRURV
/DEDMDHPHUJHQFLDGHSOiQWXODVQDWXUDOHVUHJLVWUDGDHQ
FODURV SRQH GH PDQL¿HVWR HO LPSRUWDQWH HIHFWR TXH OD
GHIRUHVWDFLyQ SXHGH WHQHU VREUH HO UHFOXWDPLHQWR DO
UHGXFLUVHODOOHJDGDGHVHPLOODV\SHUGHUVHODSURWHFFLyQ
GHODYHJHWDFLyQVREUHODVSOiQWXODV(QFRQVHFXHQFLDHO
HIHFWRTXHSXHGDWHQHUODVYDULDFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDVVREUHHO
UHJHQHUDGRVHPDQLIHVWDUiQIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQODIDVH
GH SOiQWXOD \ HVWDUiQ LQLFLDOPHQWH FRQGLFLRQDGDV SRU OD
HVWUXFWXUDGHOKiELWDW
Supervivencia
/D VXSHUYLYHQFLD WDQWR GH SOiQWXODV QDWXUDOHV
FRPR ODV SURYHQLHQWHV GH VLHPEUDV H[SHULPHQWDOHV
HVWXYR IXHUWHPHQWH FRQGLFLRQDGD SRU HO KiELWDW VLHQGR
PD\RU HQ OXJDUHV FRQ FLHUWR VRPEUHDGR TXH HQ ]RQDV
H[SXHVWDV D DOWD UDGLDFLyQ )LJXUD G DXQTXH KD\ XQD
JUDQ YDULDELOLGDG HQWUH HVSHFLHV )LJXUD (VWR HVWi
HQ FRQFRUGDQFLD FRQ QXPHURVRV HVWXGLRV OOHYDGRV D
FDER HQ ODV PRQWDxDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV TXH PXHVWUDQ TXH
HO VRPEUHDGR DSRUWDGR SRU OD YHJHWDFLyQ H[LVWHQWH
HVSHFLDOPHQWHORVPDWRUUDOHVUHGXFHHOHVWUpVKtGULFR\
IDYRUHFH OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD IDFLOLWDQGR HO UHFOXWDPLHQWR
&DVWURHWDO*yPH]$SDULFLRHWDO*yPH]
$SDULFLR
/RV HVFHQDULRV FOLPiWLFRV WXYLHURQ WDPELpQ
XQ IXHUWHHIHFWR VREUH ODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVSOiQWXODV
)LJXUD (Q HO FDVR GH ODV VLHPEUDV H[SHULPHQWDOHV
HVWD UHVSXHVWD IXH FRPSOHMD GDGR TXH GHSHQGLy WDQWR
GH OD HVSHFLH FRPR GHO KiELWDW 3DUD DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV
FRPR OD HQFLQD R ORV PDWRUUDOHV SLRQHURV DSHQDV KXER
GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH ORV HVFHQDULRV FOLPiWLFRV PLHQWUDV
TXH SRU HO FRQWUDULR SDUD RWUDV FRPR SLQR R DUFH KXER
XQ PDUFDGR LQFUHPHQWR GH OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD EDMR ORV
217
Figura 3
Figura
a 33. 3URPHGLRGHVXSHUYLYHQFLD6(GHSOiQWXODVSURYHQLHQWHVGHVLHPEUDVH[SHULPHQWDOHVWUDVGHGRVDxRVGHFUHFLPLHQWREDMRGLIHUHQWHV
3URPHG
3UR
PHGLR
LRGH
GH
LYHQFL
LYH
QFLD
D6(
6(G
G OiQ
OiQWXO
WXO
LHQWHVGH
LHQ
GHVL
VLHPE
HPE
LPHQWDOHV
LPH
OHVWU GH
GHGRV
GRVDx
Dx GH FLP
FLPLHQ
LHQWREDM
EDMRG
RGLIH
SDWURQHVGHSUHFLSLWDFLyQGXUDQWHHOYHUDQRYHUDQRVPiVVHFRVOOXYLRVRVRDFWXDOHVFRQWUROHQORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHKiELWDW'LVWLQWDVOHWUDVLQGLFDQ
GLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRVGHQWURGHFDGDWLSRGHKiELWDWVHJ~QXQWHVWGH3/6'GH)LVKHU
)XHQWH0RGL¿FDGRGH0DWtDVHWDOD
YHUDQRV PiV OOXYLRVRV )LJXUD 'H IRUPD JHQHUDO
XQD UHGXFFLyQ HQ OD SUHFLSLWDFLyQ HVWLYDO QR WXYR XQ
HIHFWRWDQPDUFDGRHQODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHODVSOiQWXODV
SURFHGHQWHV GH ODV VLHPEUDV H[SHULPHQWDOHV )LJXUD DXQTXHHQFRQWUDPRVXQDFODUDWHQGHQFLDDODUHGXFFLyQ
HQHOEDQFRGHSOiQWXODVQDWXUDOHVVLHQGRVLJQL¿FDWLYRHQ
XQRGHORVDxRVGHHVWXGLR)LJXUDF$OJXQDVHVSHFLHV
PRVWUDURQ FDSDFLGDG GH UHJHQHUDFLyQ HQ WRGRV ORV
KiELWDWVPLHQWUDVTXHRWUDVFRPRHOSLQRRHODUFHWXYLHURQ
VXVXSHUYLYHQFLDUHVWULQJLGDDVLWLRVFRQODSURWHFFLyQGH
FXELHUWDHLQFOXVRFRPRHOSLQRFDVLH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQ
FDVRGHGLVSRQHUGHXQYHUDQRH[FHSFLRQDOPHQWHK~PHGR
)LJXUD (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD ORV UHVXOWDGRV PXHVWUDQ
TXHODFRPELQDFLyQGHWLSRGHKiELWDW\FOLPDPRGXODQ
218
ODV SUREDELOLGDGHV GH UHFOXWDPLHQWR SDUD HO ERVTXH
PHGLWHUUiQHR (VWR VH WUDGXFH HQ XQD IXHUWH UHGXFFLyQ
GHODFDSDFLGDGGHUHJHQHUDFLyQEDMRXQHVFHQDULRGRQGH
ORV YHUDQRV WRUPHQWRVRV GLVPLQX\DQ VX IUHFXHQFLD
SDUWLFXODUPHQWH LQWHQVD SDUD DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV P.
sylvestris\HQFLHUWRVWLSRVGHKiELWDWVFRPRODV]RQDV
DELHUWDVVLHQGRHOHIHFWRGHODYDULDELOLGDGFOLPiWLFDPiV
DPRUWLJXDGREDMRODFXELHUWDGHPDWRUUDO
Crecimiento
/D OX] \ HO DJXD VRQ ORV GRV IDFWRUHV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHVLPSOLFDGRVHQHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODVSODQWDV
0DWtDVHWDOESRUORTXHHVHVSHUDEOHTXHYDUtHQ
DORODUJRGHQXHVWUDFRPELQDFLyQH[SHULPHQWDOGHHVWRV
GRVIDFWRUHVKiELWDW\HVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRV'HIRUPD
JHQHUDO XQD PD\RU GLVSRQLELOLGDG KtGULFD VXSRQH XQD
PD\RUELRPDVD¿QDOWDQWRDpUHDFRPRVXEWHUUiQHDSDUD
ODPD\RUtDGHODVHVSHFLHVHVWXGLDGDV)LJXUDPLHQWUDV
TXHODVSOiQWXODVFUHFLHQGREDMRXQHVFHQDULRPiVVHFRQR
GLVPLQX\HQVXELRPDVDGHIRUPDVLJQL¿FDWLYDUHVSHFWRD
ODVSODQWDVFRQWURO0DWtDVHWDOD(VWRVUHVXOWDGRV
SRQHQGHPDQL¿HVWRHOHOHYDGRHVWUpVKtGULFRDOTXHHVWiQ
VRPHWLGDVODPD\RUtDGHHVSHFLHVOHxRVDVGHODFRPXQLGDG
HVWXGLDGDHVWDQGROLPLWDGRVXFUHFLPLHQWRSRUODVHTXtD
HVWLYDO LQFOXVR FRQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV DFWXDOHV
6LQHPEDUJRHOHIHFWRGHORVHVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRVHVWi
GHQXHYRPRGXODGRSRUHOJUDGRGHFREHUWXUDYHJHWDOGHO
KiELWDW/DV]RQDVPiVDELHUWDVSHUPLWHQVDFDUODPi[LPD
YHQWDMD HQ WpUPLQRV GH FUHFLPLHQWR GH ORV YHUDQRV PiV
OOXYLRVRV \D TXH ORV GRV IDFWRUHV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV
LPSOLFDGRV OX] \ DJXD QR OOHJDQ D VHU OLPLWDQWHV 6LQ
HPEDUJR ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH HVFHQDULRV FOLPiWLFRV VH
YHQDPRUWLJXDGDVDODXPHQWDUODFREHUWXUD\DTXHODIDOWD
GHOX]SXHGHHVWDUOLPLWDQGRSDUFLDOPHQWHHOFUHFLPLHQWR
Consecuencias a nivel de comunidad
$ SHVDU GH TXH ORV HIHFWRV DQWHULRUPHQWH
FRPHQWDGRV DFWXDURQ GH IRUPD JHQHUDO SDUD WRGD OD
FRPXQLGDGGH SOiQWXODV OHxRVDV ODV GLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHV
SXHGHQ UHVSRQGHU GH IRUPD GLVSDU D ORV FDPELRV HQ OD
SUHFLSLWDFLyQRODHVWUXFWXUDGHOKiELWDWHVSHFLDOPHQWHODV
SHUWHQHFLHQWHVDGLVWLQWRVHVWDGtRVVXFHVLRQDOHVPDWRUUDO
SLRQHURPDWRUUDOGHIUXWRFDUQRVRRVXFHVLRQDO\HVSHFLHV
DUEyUHDV 8Q FDPELR HQ HO UHFOXWDPLHQWR GLIHUHQFLDO
HQWUH ODV HVSHFLHV TXH FRKDELWDQ HQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGR
OXJDU SXHGH LPSOLFDU XQD DOWHUDFLyQ HQ OD DEXQGDQFLD
UHODWLYDGHHVDVHVSHFLHVLQGXFLHQGRDFRUWRPHGLRSOD]R
YDULDFLRQHVHQODFRPSRVLFLyQGHODFRPXQLGDG
Figura 4
Figura 4. %LRPDVDDpUHD\VXEWHUUiQHDHQJ6(DO¿QDOGHOH[SHULPHQWRSDUDODVRFKRHVSHFLHVHVWXGLDGDVHQORVGLIHUHQWHVKiELWDWVEDMRORV
GLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHYHUDQRVHFRVOOXYLRVRV\DFWXDOHVRFRQWURO'LVWLQWDVOHWUDVLQGLFDQGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRVGHQWURGHFDGDWLSRGH
KiELWDWVHJ~QXQWHVWGH3/6'GH)LVKHU
)XHQWH0RGL¿FDGRGH0DWtDVHWDOD
219
Figura 5
Figura 5. ËQGLFHGHUHVLVWHQFLDDODVHTXtDHQWpUPLQRVGHVXSHUYLYHQFLD'
ËQGLFHGH VLV FLD OD XtD WpUPL GH
ËQG
YLY LD'6GH
GHDVLQXQLGDGHVFDOFXODGRFRPRODSURSRUFLyQGHSOiQWXODV
LQXQLGDGHV OFXODG
OD
UFLyQ
VXSHUYLYLHQWHVHQGXUDQWHHOYHUDQRVHFRUHVSHFWRDODVVXSHUYLYLHQWHVHQHOYHUDQROOXYLRVR'6 666/îGRQGH'6HVUHVLVWHQFLDDODVHTXtD66HV
VXSHUYLYHQFLDGXUDQWHHOYHUDQRVHFR\6/VXSHUYLYHQFLDHQHOYHUDQROOXYLRVRHQFDGDKiELWDW/DVHVSHFLHVHVWiQRUGHQDGDVGHPHQRUDPD\RU'6
)XHQWH0RGL¿FDGRGH0DWtDVHWDOE
'H IRUPD JHQHUDO ODV HVSHFLHV SLRQHUDV FRPR
CytisusVRQODVTXHSUHVHQWDQXQDPD\RUUHVLVWHQFLDDOD
VHTXtD)LJXUDVLHQGRFDSDFHVGHHVWDEOHFHUVHFRQp[LWR
HQODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVSRVLEOHVHVFHQDULRVWHVWDGRVHQ
QXHVWURH[SHULPHQWRDXQTXHODIDOWDGHOX]SXHGHOOHJDUD
OLPLWDUHOFUHFLPLHQWRHQDOJXQRVFDVRVFRPRSalviaEDMR
FREHUWXUDDUEyUHD6LQHPEDUJRODHOHYDGDUHVSXHVWDHQ
WpUPLQRV GH FUHFLPLHQWR \ VXSHUYLYHQFLD TXH SUHVHQWDQ
LQFOXVRHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVPiVH[WUHPDV]RQDVDELHUWDV
\YHUDQRVVHFRVSXHGHKDFHUSHQVDUTXHHVWHJUXSRGH
HVSHFLHVVHDFDSD]GHH[SDQGLUVXVSREODFLRQHVGXUDQWH
ODV SUy[LPDV GpFDGDV /RV PDWRUUDOHV GH KRMD FDGXFD
FRPR Berberis R Crataegus SUHVHQWDQ HQ JHQHUDO XQD
EXHQDUHVLVWHQFLDDODVHTXtD)LJXUDVLHQGRFDSDFHV
GHUHFOXWDUQXHYRVLQGLYLGXRVVLHPSUHTXHHVWpSUHVHQWH
DOJ~QWLSRGHFREHUWXUDYHJHWDO\DVHDDUEyUHDRDUEXVWLYD
TXH SXHGD UHGXFLU OD UDGLDFLyQ UHFLELGD )LJXUD 6LQ
HPEDUJRHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRHQODV]RQDVPiVDELHUWDVVHYH
VHULDPHQWH OLPLWDGR UHVWULQJLpQGRVH VyOR D ORV YHUDQRV
PiV K~PHGRV 3RU WDQWR EDMR XQ HVFHQDULR GH FDPELR
FOLPiWLFR SRGUtDPRV HVSHUDU XQ EXHQ UHFOXWDPLHQWR GH
HVWDVHVSHFLHVWDQWRHQODV]RQDVGRPLQDGDVSRUPDWRUUDOHV
FRPRHQHOVRWRERVTXH6LQHPEDUJRSDUDODFRORQL]DFLyQ
GHQXHYDV]RQDVHVQHFHVDULRHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRSUHYLRGH
PDWRUUDOHVSLRQHURVTXHSXHGDQFUHDUXQDVFRQGLFLRQHV
PLFURFOLPiWLFDV DGHFXDGDV SDUD OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH ODV
SOiQWXODVHVGHFLUXQSURFHVRGHIDFLOLWDFLyQSRUSDUWHGH
ORVPDWRUUDOHVSLRQHURV
(QWUH ODV HVSHFLHV DUEyUHDV HQFRQWUDPRV XQD
VHULHGHUHVSXHVWDVGLVSDUHVDQWHORVFDPELRVHQHOSDWUyQ
GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ /DV GRV HVSHFLHV DUEyUHDV GRPLQDQWHV
HQQXHVWUDFRPXQLGDGVRQODVTXHSUHVHQWDQODVUHVSXHVWDV
PiV FRQWUDVWDGDV 0LHQWUDV TXH Pinus sylvestris HV OD
HVSHFLHFRQPHQRUUHVLVWHQFLDDODVHTXtD)LJXUD\HV
~QLFDPHQWHFDSD]GHUHFOXWDUQXHYRVLQGLYLGXRVGXUDQWH
ORV YHUDQRV PiV K~PHGRV )LJXUD Quercus ilex HV
FDSD]GHUHFOXWDUHQFXDOTXLHUDGHODVFRPELQDFLRQHVGH
KiELWDWV \ HVFHQDULRV HVWXGLDGDV 'H DFXHUGR FRQ HVWRV
UHVXOWDGRVFDEUtDHVSHUDUXQDXPHQWRHQODGRPLQDQFLD
GHQ. ilexGXUDQWHODVSUy[LPDVGpFDGDVTXHDODUJRSOD]R
VHUtDFDSD]GHVXVWLWXLUODV]RQDVDFWXDOPHQWHRFXSDGDV
SRUP. sylvestris(OUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHHVWD~OWLPDHVSHFLH
SRGUtD TXHGDU UHOHJDGR VyOR D DTXHOORV OXJDUHV TXH
SUHVHQWHQ XQDV HVSHFLDOHV FRQGLFLRQHV GH KXPHGDG
220
FRPR SXHGHQ VHU ODV YDJXDGDV \ ]RQDV FRQ PHQRU
H[SRVLFLyQ VRODU R GXUDQWH ORV DxRV H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH
K~PHGRV /DV HVSHFLHV DUEyUHDV GH KRMD FDGXFD Acer
opalus \ Sorbus aria SUHVHQWDQ XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
LQWHUPHGLR UHVSHFWR D ODV RWUDV GRV HVSHFLHV DUEyUHDV
$XQTXHVHYHQHQRUPHPHQWHEHQH¿FLDGDVSRUORVYHUDQRV
H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH K~PHGRV VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHFOXWDU
QXHYRV LQGLYLGXRV LQFOXVR HQ ORV YHUDQRV PiV VHFRV
VLHPSUH TXH HVWpQ SURWHJLGDV SRU FREHUWXUD YHJHWDO
HVSHFLDOPHQWH VL HV EDMR PDWRUUDOHV (V HQ HVWH KiELWDW
GRQGH HVWDV HVSHFLHV SUHVHQWDQ XQD PD\RU UHVLVWHQFLD D
ODVHTXtD)LJXUD\GRQGHWLHQHQODVX¿FLHQWHOX]SDUD
HO FUHFLPLHQWR SRQLHQGR QXHYDPHQWH GH PDQL¿HVWR OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHORVPDWRUUDOHVFRPRIDFLOLWDGRUHVSDUDOD
UHJHQHUDFLyQGHHVSHFLHVDUEyUHDV
(VWDV GLIHUHQWHV UHVSXHVWDV D OD FRPELQDFLyQ
GH HVFHQDULRV FOLPiWLFRV \ HVWUXFWXUD GH KiELWDW HQWUH
ODV HVSHFLHV OHxRVDV SXHGHQ WHQHU FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLDV
¿QDOHVXQDDOWHUDFLyQHQODVSURSLHGDGHVGHODFRPXQLGDG
FRPRSXHGHQVHUODGLYHUVLGDGODGRPLQDQFLDGHHVSHFLHV
R OD HVWUXFWXUD GHO KiELWDW$XQTXH OD GLYHUVLGDG GH ODV
SOiQWXODVTXHHPHUJHQGHIRUPDQDWXUDOQRVHYHUHGXFLGD
EDMR XQ HVFHQDULR FRQ YHUDQRV PiV VHFRV WDQWR OD
DEXQGDQFLDGHSOiQWXODVTXHVREUHYLYHQDOSULPHUYHUDQR
FRPR OD ULTXH]D \ GLYHUVLGDG GH HVSHFLHV Vt TXH WLHQGH
D UHGXFLUVH $O FRQWUDULR XQ YHUDQR H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH
K~PHGR HV FDSD] GH JHQHUDU XQ EDQFR GH UHFOXWDV
DEXQGDQWH\GLYHUVR)LJXUD/DVXSHUYLYHQFLDGXUDQWH
HOSULPHUYHUDQRUHSUHVHQWDHOSULQFLSDOFXHOORGHERWHOOD
SDUDHOUHFOXWDPLHQWRGHODVHVSHFLHVOHxRVDV&DVWURet
al0HQGR]Det alSRUORTXHXQDXPHQWR
HQODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGXUDQWHORVSULPHURVHVWDGtRVGHYLGD
SXHGH VXSRQHU XQD YHQWDQD GH UHFOXWDPLHQWR FDSD] GH
PDQWHQHUODVSREODFLRQHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHSDUD
ODVHVSHFLHVGHYLGDODUJD
&RPRKHPRVFRPHQWDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHXQDGH
ODVHVSHFLHVGRPLQDQWHVGHODFRPXQLGDGP. sylvestrisHV
ODPiVYXOQHUDEOHDOLQFUHPHQWRGHVHTXtDSUHYLVWRSDUD
ODV SUy[LPDV GpFDGDV SRU OR TXH XQD UHGXFFLyQ HQ VX
UHFOXWDPLHQWRSRGUtDLQGXFLUXQFDPELRHQODGRPLQDQFLD
HQ IDYRU GH Q. ilex HVSHFLDOPHQWH DTXHOODV FRQ XQD
PD\RULQVRODFLyQRGHPHQRUDOWLWXGORTXHSRGUtDWHQHU
LPSRUWDQWHV FRQVHFXHQFLDV HQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD
FRPXQLGDG /DV HVSHFLHV GH PDWRUUDO WDQWR SLRQHURV
FRPR VXFHVLRQDOHV VH KDQ SUHVHQWDGR FRPR XQRV
EXHQRV FRPSHWLGRUHV DQWH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH VHTXtD
SRU OR TXH FDEUtD HVSHUDU TXH DPSOtHQ VXV SREODFLRQHV
GXUDQWHORVSUy[LPRVDxRVHVGHFLUVHSUHYpXQSURFHVR
GH PDWRUUDOL]DFLyQ (Q HO FDVR GH TXH VHDQ ODV ]RQDV
DFWXDOPHQWHRFXSDGDVSRUHVSHFLHVDUEyUHDVODVTXHVHDQ
VXVWLWXLGDV SRU HVSHFLHV GH SRUWH DUEXVWLYR SRGUtDPRV
KDEODUGHXQSURFHVRGHPDWRUUDOL]DFLyQUHJUHVLYD
/RV HYHQWRV FOLPiWLFRV H[WUHPRV SXHGHQ WHQHU
LPSRUWDQWHV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VREUH ORV HFRVLVWHPDV 5LFK
et al 6HJ~Q ORV UHVXOWDGRV DTXt SUHVHQWDGRV
HVWDVFRQVHFXHQFLDVVHSXHGHQH[SUHVDUDPX\GLIHUHQWHV
QLYHOHVOOHJDQGRLQFOXVRDDOWHUDUODGLQiPLFDVXFHVLRQDO
GH OD FRPXQLGDG )LJXUD /RV YHUDQRV OOXYLRVRV
HVSRUiGLFRV UHSUHVHQWDQ XQD EXHQD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD
OD UHJHQHUDFLyQ GHO ERVTXH \ OD ~QLFD RFDVLyQ SDUD
VX H[SDQVLyQ KDFLD ]RQDV DG\DFHQWHV DFWXDOPHQWH
GRPLQDGDVSRUPDWRUUDOHV6LQHPEDUJRXQHVFHQDULRGH
PD\RUDULGH]SXHGHOOHJDUDOLPLWDUODUHJHQHUDFLyQGHODV
HVSHFLHVTXHIRUPDQHOERVTXH\EORTXHDUODFRORQL]DFLyQ
GHQXHYDV]RQDVPLHQWUDVTXHRWURVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHV
FRPR ORV PDWRUUDOHV FDGXFRV R SLRQHURV SRGUtDQ
YHUVH FRPSDUDWLYDPHQWH EHQH¿FLDGRV \ H[SDQGLU VXV
SREODFLRQHV KDFLD ORV FODURV TXH SXHGDQ FUHDUVH GHQWUR
GHOERVTXH
Conclusiones
$XQTXHHODXPHQWRHQODDULGH]HVSHUDGRSDUD
ODV SUy[LPDV GpFDGDV SXHGH FRQOOHYDU XQDV QRWRULDV
FRQVHFXHQFLDV SDUD OD FRPXQLGDG HQ WpUPLQRV GH
FUHFLPLHQWR VXSHUYLYHQFLD \ GLYHUVLGDG OD SRVLEOH
UHGXFFLyQ HQ OD IUHFXHQFLD GH DSDULFLyQ GH ORV DxRV
H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH K~PHGRV SXHGH LPSOLFDU XQRV
FDPELRV D~Q PiV LPSRUWDQWHV +HPRV GHPRVWUDGR TXH
ORVYHUDQRVOOXYLRVRVWLHQHQQRVyORXQHIHFWRFXDQWLWDWLYR
DXPHQWDQGR OD DEXQGDQFLD GHO EDQFR GH UHFOXWDV VLQR
TXHDGHPiVFRQOOHYDXQLPSRUWDQWHHIHFWRFXDOLWDWLYRDO
SHUPLWLU HO UHFOXWDPLHQWR GH ODV HVSHFLHV PiV PpVLFDV
WDQWREDMRHOGRVHOGHPDWRUUDOHV\iUEROHVFRPRHQ]RQDV
DELHUWDV3RUWDQWRHOLPSDFWRGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRHQOD
GLYHUVLGDG\HQODGLQiPLFDGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVYHJHWDOHV
GH ODV PRQWDxDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV GHSHQGHUi QR VyOR GHO
DXPHQWR GH OD DULGH] VLQR GHO EDODQFH HQWUH YHUDQRV
VHFRV \ OOXYLRVRV $ ODUJR SOD]R DPEDV UHVWULFFLRQHV
SXHGHQFRQYHUJHUHQXQDSpUGLGDGHODGLYHUVLGDG\XQ
DXPHQWRGHODGRPLQDQFLDGHDTXHOODVHVSHFLHVFRQXQD
HOHYDGDUHVLVWHQFLDDODVHTXtD
Figura 6
Figura 6. (VTXHPDFRQFHSWXDOTXHUHSUHVHQWDODGLQiPLFDGHODFRPXQLGDGGHOHxRVDVEDMRORVGLIHUHQWHVHVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRVSRVLEOHVHQODV
(VTXHP
(VT
XHPDF
DFRQF
RQFHSW
HSWXDO
XDOTX
XDO
TXHU
HUHSU
HSUHVH
HVHQWD
QWDOD
ODGL
OD
GLQiP
GL
QiPLFD
QiP
LFDGH
LFD
GHOD
GH
ODFR
OD
FRPXQ
PXQLGD
LGDGG
LGD
GGHO
GG
HOHxR
HO
HxRVDV
VDVED
EDMR
ED
MRORV
MR
ORVGL
ORV
GLIHU
GL
IHUHQW
IHU
HQWHV
HVHVF
HVFHQD
HQDULR
ULRVF
ULR
VFOLP
OLPiWL
OLP
iWLFRV
iWL
FRVSR
PRQWDxDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVGXUDQWHODVSUy[LPDVGpFDGDV/DVÀHFKDVGHQWURGHFDGDJUXSRIXQFLRQDOUHSUHVHQWDQODFDSDFLGDGGHDXWRUHJHQHUDFLyQ\HQWUH
JUXSRVLQGLFDQODSUREDELOLGDGGHWUDQVLFLyQ(OJURVRU\FRORUGHFDGDÀHFKDLQGLFDQHOUHVXOWDGRPiVSUREDEOHHQFDGDHVFHQDULR
)XHQWH0RGL¿FDGRGH0DWtDVHWDOD
221
Recomendaciones para la adaptación
6H GHEHQ SURPRYHU DFWXDFLRQHV \ PHGLGDV GH
JHVWLyQ TXH PDQWHQJDQ R DXPHQWHQ OD GLYHUVLGDG GH
OHxRVDVGHODFRPXQLGDGPDGXUDORTXHLQFUHPHQWDUiOD
UHVLOLHQFLDLHODFDSDFLGDGGHUHFXSHUDUODHVWUXFWXUD\
IXQFLyQGHVSXpVGHXQDSHUWXUEDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDDQWHHO
FDPELR FOLPiWLFR 3DUD HOOR VH SURSRQHQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV
PHGLGDV
5HDOL]DU DFWXDFLRQHV SRU HMHPSOR FODUDV HQ PDVDV
IRUHVWDOHV GHQVDV JHQHUDOPHQWH SURYHQLHQWHV GH
UHIRUHVWDFLRQHV PRQRHVSHFt¿FDV TXH SHUPLWDQ OD
HQWUDGD DO VLVWHPD GH VHPLOODV GH RWUDV HVSHFLHV \
SURPXHYDQHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOEDQFRGHSOiQWXODVGH
ODVHVSHFLHVGHODFRPXQLGDGPDGXUD
3URPRYHU \ PDQWHQHU PHGLGDV GH FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH
ODV SREODFLRQHV \ URGDOHV GH HVSHFLHV HQ KiELWDWV
PDUJLQDOHV SDUD TXH DFW~HQ FRPR WDPSyQ DQWH
ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GHO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR VREUH
OD UHJHQHUDFLyQ JUDFLDV D VX ORQJHYLGDG \ DO
PLVPR WLHPSR DFW~HQ FRPR EDQFRV GH VHPLOODV
FRQ SRWHQFLDOLGDG GH UHFOXWDPLHQWR GXUDQWH DxRV
IDYRUDEOHV
5HDOL]DU UHSREODFLRQHV R UHVWDXUDFLRQHV GH HVSHFLHV
SDUWLFXODUPHQWHUHOHYDQWHVSDUDHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGH
ODGLYHUVLGDGGHODFRPXQLGDGHQFDGD]RQDWUDWDQGR
GHPD[LPL]DUHOp[LWRUHDOL]iQGRODVHQ]RQDVySWLPDV
HQDxRVDGHFXDGRV\FRQFXLGDGRVSRVWSODQWDFLyQS
HMSURWHFFLyQFRQWUDODKHUELYRUtD
3URPRYHU OD VXFHVLyQ KDFLD OD FRPXQLGDG PDGXUD
DSURYHFKDQGRSDXWDVQDWXUDOHVTXHDFW~HQGHIRUPD
VLQpUJLFD FRQ ODV DFWXDFLRQHV OOHYDGDV D FDER SRU
HO KRPEUH (Q SDUWLFXODU VH GHEH SURPRYHU HO SDVR
GH PDWRUUDOHV VXFHVLRQDOHV KDFLD ERVTXH PDGXUR
\ GH iUHDV FRQ EDMD FREHUWXUD GH YHJHWDFLyQ KDFLD
PDWRUUDOHVPiVGHQVRV\YDULDGRVTXHSXHGDQIDFLOLWDU
ODVXFHVLyQQDWXUDO
(QGH¿QLWLYDSURPRYHUODKHWHURJHQHLGDGGHOSDLVDMH
WDQWRHQHVWUXFWXUDGHKiELWDWVFRPRHQFRPSRVLFLyQ
GH HVSHFLHV SRWHQFLDQGR ODV FRPELQDFLRQHV GH
HVSHFLHV TXH SXHGDQ IDYRUHFHU OD DXWRVXFHVLyQ GHO
FRQMXQWRGHOVLVWHPD
Material suplementario
/D]RQDGHHVWXGLRHQODTXHVHKDQGHVDUUROODGR
WRGRVORVH[SHULPHQWRVLQFOXLGRVHQHVWHLQIRUPHKDVLGR
HO 3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO GH 6LHUUD 1HYDGD FRQFUHWDPHQWH
GHQWUR GH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV GHO -DUGtQ %RWiQLFR GH /D
&RUWLMXHOD*UDQDGDž¶1ž¶2DXQDDOWLWXGGH
XQRVPVQP(OSDLVDMHGHOD]RQDHVWiFRPSXHVWR
SRU XQD PH]FODGH SDUFKHV GH YHJHWDFLyQFRQ GLIHUHQWH
JUDGR GH PDQHMR HQ OD TXH SUHGRPLQDQ WUHV GLIHUHQWHV
XQLGDGHVGHSDLVDMHRKiELWDWV
3LQDUHV GH UHSREODFLyQ GH Pinus sylvestris / \ P.
nigra$UQROGHQODTXHSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUGLVSHUVRV
DOJXQRVHMHPSODUHVGHRWUDVHVSHFLHVDUEyUHDVHQWUH
ODVTXHFDEHGHVWDFDUQuercus ilex/\P. sylvestris
/VVSnevadensis&KULVW(VWDVGRVHVSHFLHVIRUPDQ
OD YHJHWDFLyQ SRWHQFLDO GH OD ]RQD 5LYDV*RGR\
5LYDV0DUWtQH] GLIHUHQFLiQGRVH VXV
SREODFLRQHVQDWXUDOHVHQFXDQWRDDOWLWXG\RULHQWDFLyQ
$GHPiVSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDURWUDVHVSHFLHVDUEyUHDV
DFRPSDxDQWHVFRPRAcer opalus/VVSgranatense
%RLVV Sorbus aria / \ HQ ODV ]RQDV PiV XPEUtDV
Taxus baccata/
=RQDVGRPLQDGDVSRUPDWRUUDOHQODVTXHSUHGRPLQDQ
WDQWR HVSHFLHV SLRQHUDV FRPR Cytisus scoparius /
Salvia lavandulifolia 9DKO Ononis aragonensis
$VVRRAdenocarpus decorticans%RLVVFRPRRWUDV
HVSHFLHV GH PD\RU SRUWH \ KRMD FDGXFD PDWRUUDOHV
VXFHVLRQDOHVHQWUHORVTXHGHVWDFDQSRUDEXQGDQFLD
Crataegus monogyna -DFT Berberis vulgaris /
Prunus ramburii%RLVVRAmelanchier ovalis0HGLN
&ODURV HQWUH OD YHJHWDFLyQ FXELHUWRV SRU VXHOR
GHVQXGRRSRUDOJXQDVHVSHFLHVKHUEiFHDVGLVSHUVDV
8QDGHVFULSFLyQPiVGHWDOODGDGHODÀRUD\YHJHWDFLyQ
GHOD]RQDSXHGHVHUHQFRQWUDGDHQ0DUWtQH]3DUUDVHW
DO\HQ0ROHUR0HVDHWDO
7RGRV ORV H[SHULPHQWRV GLVFXWLGRV HQ HVWH
LQIRUPHVHGHVDUUROODURQVLJXLHQGRHOGLVHxRH[SHULPHQWDO
TXH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH GHWDOOD 'XUDQWH OD SULPDYHUD GH
VHVHOHFFLRQDURQHQHVWD]RQDWUHVSDUFHODVGHHVWXGLR
UHSUHVHQWDWLYDVGHFDGDXQRGHORVWUHVSULQFLSDOHVKiELWDWV
GHODVPRQWDxDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVGHVFULWRVDQWHULRUPHQWH
\VHHVWDEOHFLHURQSORWVGHHVWXGLRGHîPHQFDGD
XQDGHHOODVHQWRWDO'XUDQWHODSULPDYHUDGH
VHDVLJQDURQDOHDWRULDPHQWHSORWVHQFDGDKiELWDWD
FDGDXQRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVHVFHQDULRVFOLPiWLFRV
, 9HUDQR VHFR (Q HVWH HVFHQDULR VLPXODPRV ODV
FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV GXUDQWH ORV PHVHV GH YHUDQR
HVSHUDGDVSDUDOD~OWLPDSDUWHGHOSUHVHQWHVLJOREDMR
HOHVFHQDULRFOLPiWLFR65(6$GHO,3&&GRQGHVH
SUHYpXQDUHGXFFLyQGHOWRWDOGHSUHFLSLWDFLyQGXUDQWH
ORVPHVHVGHYHUDQRGHO3DUDHOORFRQVWUXLPRV
XQDVFDVHWDVGHH[FOXVLyQGHOOXYLDEDVDGDVHQHOGLVHxR
RULJLQDOGH<DKGMLDQ6DOD(VWDVFDVHWDVGH
H[FOXVLyQHVWiQIRUPDGDVSRUXQDHVWUXFWXUDPHWiOLFD
TXHVRVWLHQHXQDVEDQGDVGHPHWDFULODWRWUDQVSDUHQWHV
VLQ¿OWURVXOWUDYLROHWDV%DUORFDVWŠ)DEHUSODVW6/
0DGULGSOHJDGDVHQIRUPDGH9Dž(VWDVEDQGDV
GH PHWDFULODWR FXEUHQ HO GH OD VXSHU¿FLH GH OD
FDVHWD LQWHUFHSWDQGR OD PLVPD SURSRUFLyQ GHO WRWDO
GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ UHFLELGR GH IRUPD QDWXUDO (O DJXD
UHWLUDGDVHUHFRJHSRUPHGLRGHXQRVFDQDORQHV\VH
FRQGXFHIXHUDGHOSORW$GHPiVSDUDHYLWDUODHQWUDGD
GHDJXDSRUHVFRUUHQWtDFDYDPRVXQD]DQMDGHXQRV
222
FP GH SURIXQGLGDG \ FP GH DQFKR DOUHGHGRU
GHWRGRHOSORWGHMDQGRXQDVDOLGDSDUDTXHHODJXD
SXGLHVHÀXLUIXHUD/DDOWXUDGHODVFDVHWDVIXHGH
FPHQOD]RQDPiVDOWD\HQODPiVEDMDGHMDQGRXQD
SHQGLHQWHGHž(VWDVHVWUXFWXUDVSHUPLWHQODOLEUH
FLUFXODFLyQGHDLUHSRUVXLQWHULRUSRUORTXHHOHIHFWR
PLFURFOLPiWLFR LQGXFLGR VREUH OD SDUFHOD HVWXGLDGD
HV PtQLPR 3DUD VLPXODU YHUDQRV PiV VHFRV \ PiV
ODUJRVFRPRORVSUHYLVWRVSRUORVPRGHORVFOLPiWLFRV
ODV EDQGDV GH PHWDFULODWR VH FRORFDURQ GXUDQWH ORV
YHUDQRV GH \ GHVGH PHGLDGRV GH
DEULOKDVWDPHGLDGRVGHVHSWLHPEUHGHMDQGRORVSORWV
DOGHVFXELHUWRGXUDQWHHOUHVWRGHODxR
,, 9HUDQR K~PHGR 3DUD OD VLPXODFLyQ GH ORV
YHUDQRV H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH K~PHGRV TXH DSDUHFHQ
HQ ODV PRQWDxDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV QRV EDVDPRV HQ ODV
SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV FDOFXODGDV SDUD ]RQD GH HVWXGLR
GXUDQWHGHODVHULHGHD)LJXUD0DWtDV
HWDOF'HHVWDVHULHWHPSRUDOVHOHFFLRQDPRV
ORVFLQFRDxRVFRQORVYHUDQRVPiVK~PHGRV
\ HQ ORV TXH HO SURPHGLR
GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ IXH GH PP (VWH SURPHGLR
GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ IXH HO QLYHO HOHJLGR SDUD VLPXODU
HVWH HVFHQDULR FOLPiWLFR 3DUD HOOR FRORFDPRV XQ
VLVWHPD GH ULHJR HQ ORV SORWV GH î P IRUPDGR
SRUPLFURDVSHUVRUHVFRORFDGRVHQFDGDXQDGHODV
HVTXLQDV FRQ XQ iQJXOR GH DSHUWXUD GH ž \ P
GH DOFDQFH (VWH VLVWHPD VLPXODED XQD WRUPHQWD GH
YHUDQR GH FRUWD GXUDFLyQ XQRV PLQXWRV \ DOWD
LQWHQVLGDG O P GH IRUPD VHPDQDO GHVGH HO ¿Q
GHODVOOXYLDVGHSULPDYHUDSULQFLSLRVGHMXQLRKDVWD
HOFRPLHQ]RGHODVOOXYLDVRWRxDOHVPHGLDGRV¿QDOHV
GH VHSWLHPEUH 6L GXUDQWH XQD VHPDQD VH SURGXFtD
XQD WRUPHQWD QDWXUDO HVD VHPDQD QR VH DSOLFDED HO
ULHJRGHIRUPDTXHHOWRWDOGHOOXYLDUHFLELGRGXUDQWH
WRGRHOYHUDQRFRLQFLGHFRQHOSURPHGLRGHODVHULH
WHPSRUDODQWHVPHQFLRQDGR
,,,&RQGLFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDVDFWXDOHV(O~OWLPRGHORV
WUHV HVFHQDULRV FOLPiWLFRV FRQWHPSODGRV FRQVLVWH HQ
ODV FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV GXUDQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GHO
H[SHULPHQWRGHIRUPDTXHHQHVWHFDVRQRDOWHUDPRV
HO SDWUyQ QDWXUDO GH SUHFLSLWDFLyQ (VWH ~OWLPR
HVFHQDULRFOLPiWLFRQRVVHUYLUiDGHPiVFRPRFRQWURO
H[SHULPHQWDO
3DUD HO HVWXGLR GH OD GLYHUVLGDG GHO EDQFR GH
UHFOXWDVVHFRQWDELOL]DURQWRGDVODVSOiQWXODVHPHUJLGDVGH
IRUPDQDWXUDOHQPHQFDGDSORWGHVGHD
'HIRUPDDGLFLRQDOVHPEUDPRVGHDVHPLOODVGHFDGD
XQDGHODVHVSHFLHVPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDVGHORVGLVWLQWRV
JUXSRVIXQFLRQDOHVDUEROHVAcer opalusQuercus ilex
Pinus sylvestris Sorbus aria PDWRUUDOHV VXFHVLRQDOHV
Berberis vulgaris \ Crataegus monogyna PDWRUUDOHV
SLRQHURV Cytisus scoparius \ Salvia lavandulifolia HQ
FDGDXQRGHORVSORWVHQ'LFLHPEUHGHUHYLVDQGR
ODVXSHUYLYHQFLD\FRVHFKDQGRWRGDODELRPDVDGHVSXpV
GHGRVHVWDFLRQHVGHFUHFLPLHQWRHQ6HSWLHPEUHGH
YHU0DWtDVHWDOEDESDUDPiVGHWDOOHV
5HIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiÀFDV
$OOHQ &' %UHVKHDUV '3 'URXJKWLQGXFHG VKLIW
RI D IRUHVWZRRGODQG HFRWRQH 5DSLG ODQGVFDSH
UHVSRQVH WR FOLPDWH YDULDWLRQ Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
$OOHQ &' 0DFDODG\ $. &KHQFKRXQL + %DFKHOHW '
0F'RZHOO 19HQQHWLHU 0 .LW]EHUJHU7 5LJOLQJ
$%UHVKHDUV''+RJJ(+*RQ]DOH]3)HQVKDP
5=KDQJ=&DVWUR-'HPLGRYD1/LP-+$OODUG
* 5XQQLQJ 6: 6HPHUFL $ &REE 1 $
JOREDO RYHUYLHZ RI GURXJKW DQG KHDWLQGXFHG WUHH
PRUWDOLW\UHYHDOVHPHUJLQJFOLPDWHFKDQJHULVNVIRU
IRUHVWVForest Ecology and Management
%LJOHU&%UlNHU28%XJPDQQ+'REEHUWLQ05LJOLQJ
$ 'URXJKW DV DQ LQFLWLQJ PRUWDOLW\ IDFWRU
LQ 6FRWV SLQH VWDQGV RI WKH 9DODLV 6ZLW]HUODQG
Ecosystems
%ODQFR ( &RVWD 0 (VFULEDQR 5 Los bosques
ibéricos: una interpretación geobotánica.3ODQHWD
%DUFHORQD
%RUFKHUW0,'DYLV):0LFKDHOVHQ-2\OHU/'
,QWHUDFWLRQRIIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJVHHGOLQJUHFUXLWPHQW
RI EOXH RDN Quercus douglasii LQ &DOLIRUQLD
Ecology
&DVWUR - =DPRUD 5 +yGDU -$ *yPH] -0 *yPH]
$SDULFLR / %HQH¿WV RI XVLQJ VKUXEV DV
QXUVH SODQWV IRU UHIRUHVWDWLRQ LQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ
PRXQWDLQV $ \HDU VWXG\ Restoration Ecology
&DVWUR - =DPRUD 5 +yGDU -$ *yPH] -0 $OOHYLDWLRQRIVXPPHUGURXJKWERRVWVHVWDEOLVKPHQW
VXFFHVV RI Pinus sylvestris LQ D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ
PRXQWDLQ DQ H[SHULPHQWDO DSSURDFK Plant
Ecology
&KULVWHQVHQ -+ +HZLWVRQ % %XVXLRF$ &KHQ$ *DR
;+HOG5-RQHV5.ROOL5..ZRQ:./DSULVH
5 0DJDQD 5XHGD 9 0HDUQV / 0HQHQGH] &*
5lLVlQHQ-5LQNH$6DUU$:KHWWRQ3$UULWW5
%HQHVWDG 5 %HQLVWRQ 0 %URPZLFK ' &D\D '
&RPLVR - GH (OLD 5 'HWKORII . Regional
climate projections, climate change: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group
I to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC.
&DPEULGJH8.8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS
'tD]9LOOD0'0DUDxyQ7$UUR\R-*DUULGR%
6RLO VHHG EDQN DQG ÀRULVWLF GLYHUVLW\ LQ D IRUHVW
JUDVVODQG PRVDLF LQ VRXWKHUQ 6SDLQ Journal of
Vegetation Science
)HQQHU0Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in
plant communities.&$%,QWHUQDWLRQDO:DOOLQJIRUG
*LRUJL)&OLPDWHFKDQJH+RWVSRWVGeophysical
Research Letters/
*LRUJL)/LRQHOOR3&OLPDWHFKDQJHSURMHFWLRQV
IRUWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQUHJLRQGlobal and Planetary
Change
223
*yPH]$SDULFLR / =DPRUD 5 *yPH] -0 +yGDU -$
&DVWUR-%DUD]D($SSO\LQJSODQWIDFLOLWDWLRQ
WRIRUHVWUHVWRUDWLRQLQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQHFRV\VWHPV
DPHWDDQDO\VLVRIWKHXVHRIVKUXEVDVQXUVHSODQWV
Ecological Applications
*yPH]$SDULFLR/ 7KHUROHRISODQWLQWHUDFWLRQV
LQWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIGHJUDGHGHFRV\VWHPV$PHWD
DQDO\VLVDFURVVOLIHIRUPVDQGHFRV\VWHPVJournal
of Ecology
+HQGHUVRQ6HOOHUV$5RELQVRQ3-Contemporary
Climatology/RQJPDQ*URXS8./WG+DUORZ
+HUUHUD&0-RUGDQR3/ySH]6RULD/$PDW-$
5HFUXLWPHQW RI D PDVWIUXLWLQJ ELUGGLVSHUVHG
WUHH EULGJLQJ IUXJLYRU\ DFWLYLW\ DQG VHHGOLQJ
HVWDEOLVKPHQWEcological Monographs
Herrero A, Castro J, Zamora R, Delgado-Huertas A,
Querejeta JI (2013) Growth and stable isotope
signals associated with drought-related mortality in
saplings of two coexisting pine species. Oecologia
173:1613-1624
+RXOH * 6SDWLRWHPSRUDO SDWWHUQV LQ WKH
FRPSRQHQWV RI UHJHQHUDWLRQ RI IRXU V\PSDWULF
WUHH VSDFLHV Acer rubrum A. saccharum Betula
alleghaniensis DQG Fagus grandifolia Journal of
Ecology
,3&& Climate Change, 2007. The Physical
Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC.&DPEULGJH
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH
.XOOPDQ/5DSLGUHFHQWUDQJHPDUJLQULVHRIWUHH
DQGVKUXEVSHFLHVLQWKH6ZHGLVK6FDQGHVJournal
of Ecology
/HZLV6PLWK5,9DVFXODUSODQWVDVELRLQGLFDWRUV
RI UHJLRQDO ZDUPLQJ LQ $QWDUFWLFD Oecologia
/ORUHW ) 3HxXHODV - (VWLDUWH 0 ([SHULPHQWDO
HYLGHQFH RI UHGXFHG GLYHUVLW\ RI VHHGOLQJV GXH
WR FOLPDWH PRGL¿FDWLRQ LQ D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQW\SH
FRPPXQLW\Global Change Biology 0DUWtQH]3DUUDV-03HLQDGR/RUFD0$OFDUD]$UL]D)
Comunidades vegetales de Sierra Nevada
(España). 8QLYHUVLGDG GH $OFDOi GH +HQDUHV
$OFDOiGH+HQDUHV
0DWtDV / &DVWUR - =DPRUD 5 F 6RLO QXWULHQW
DYDLODELOLW\ XQGHU D JOREDO FKDQJH VFHQDULR LQ
D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ PRXQWDLQ HFRV\VWHP Global
Change Biology
0DWtDV/*RPH]$SDULFLR/=DPRUD5&DVWUR-E
(IIHFWVRIUHVRXUFHDYDLODELOLW\RQSODQWUHFUXLWPHQW
DWWKHFRPPXQLW\OHYHOLQD0HGLWHUUDQHDQPRXQWDLQ
HFRV\VWHPPerspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution
and Systematics
0DWtDV/4XHUR-/=DPRUD5&DVWUR-E(YLGHQFH
IRUSODQWWUDLWVGULYLQJVSHFL¿FGURXJKWUHVLVWDQFH
$FRPPXQLW\¿HOGH[SHULPHQWEnvironmental and
Experimental Botany
224
0DWtDV / =DPRUD 5 &DVWUR - D 5HSHUFXVVLRQV
RI VLPXODWHG FOLPDWH FKDQJH RQ WKH GLYHUVLW\
RI ZRRG\UHFUXLW EDQN LQ D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQW\SH
HFRV\VWHPEcosystems
0DWtDV / =DPRUD 5 &DVWUR - D 6SRUDGLF UDLQ\
HYHQWVDUHPRUHFULWLFDOWKDQLQFUHDVLQJRIGURXJKW
LQWHQVLW\ IRU ZRRG\ VSHFLHV UHFUXLWPHQW LQ D
0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FRPPXQLW\ Oecologia 0pGDLO ) 'LDGHPD . *ODFLDO UHIXJLD LQÀXHQFH
SODQWGLYHUVLW\SDWWHUQVLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ%DVLQ
Journal of Biogeography
0HQGR]D , *yPH]$SDULFLR / =DPRUD 5 0DWtDV
/ E 5HFUXLWPHQW OLPLWDWLRQ RI IRUHVW
FRPPXQLWLHV LQ D GHJUDGHG 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ
ODQGVFDSH Journal of Vegetation Science 0ROHUR0HVD - 3pUH]5D\D ) 9DOOH ) Parque
Natural de Sierra Nevada.5XHGD0DGULG
3HxXHODV - %RDGD 0 $ JOREDO FKDQJHLQGXFHG
ELRPHVKLIWLQWKH0RQWVHQ\PRXQWDLQV1(6SDLQ
Global Change Biology
5LFK 30 %UHVKHDUV '' :KLWH$% 3KHQRORJ\
RIPL[HGZRRG\KHUEDFHRXVHFRV\VWHPVIROORZLQJ
H[WUHPH HYHQWV QHW DQG GLIIHUHQWLDO UHVSRQVHV
Ecology
5LYDV*RGR\ 6 5LYDV0DUWtQH] 6 Vegetación
potencial de la provincia de Granada.7UDEDMRVGHO
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH%RWiQLFD\)9HJHWDO
5RGULJR )6 &KDQJHV LQ FOLPDWH YDULDELOLW\ DQG
VHDVRQDO UDLQIDOO H[WUHPHV D FDVH VWXG\ IURP 6DQ
)HUQDQGR 6SDLQ Theoretical and
Applied Climatology
<DKGMLDQ / 6DOD 2 $ UDLQRXW VKHOWHU GHVLJQ
IRU LQWHUFHSWLQJ GLIIHUHQW DPRXQWV RI UDLQIDOO
Oecologia