5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV 5(62/8&,Ï1'(&8(67,21(6 &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ D'HILQDHOFRQFHSWRGHiFLGR\EDVHVHJ~Q$UUKHQLXV E&ODVLILTXHVHJ~QODGHILQLFLyQDQWHULRUODVVLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLHVHVFULELHQGRVX GLVRFLDFLyQHQDJXD+62+32&D2++&O2\1D2+ Solución D /RViFLGRVVRQVXVWDQFLDVTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDVHGLVRFLDQSURGXFLHQGR LRQHV+RELHQLRQHV+2\DQLRQHV 2 ⎯ → &O − + + + Ácido: +&O ⎯+⎯ o bien +&O + + 2 → &O − + + 2 + /DVEDVHVVRQVXVWDQFLDVTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDVHGLVRFLDQSURGXFLHQGR LRQHV2+ \FDWLRQHV H 2O Base: NaOH ⎯⎯⎯ → Na + + OH − E 6HUiQVXVWDQFLDViFLGDV: +62+32\+&O2 2 +62 ⎯+⎯ ⎯ → 62+ 2 +32 ⎯+⎯ ⎯ → +32+ 2 +&O2 ⎯+⎯ ⎯ → &O2 + 6HUiQVXVWDQFLDVEiVLFDV&D2+\1D2+ 2 ⎯ → &D2+ &D2+ ⎯+⎯ 2 1D2+ ⎯+⎯ ⎯ → 1D2+ &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ ,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHSDUDODVVLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLHV+2+6+32+62 D&XiOHVHOiFLGRFRQMXJDGRGHFDGDXQD E&XiOHVODEDVHFRQMXJDGDGHFDGDXQD ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD Solución Según la teoría de Brönsted-Lowry, un ácido es toda sustancia que, en disolución acuosa, puede donar protones y una base es toda sustancia que, en disolución acuosa, puede aceptar protones. D/RViFLGRVFRQMXJDGRVGHODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVGDGDV+2+6+32+62 VRQODVVLJXLHQWHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH+2+6+32 +62 6HWLHQHQORVHTXLOLEULRVVLJXLHQWHV +22+ +2+2 +6 +2 +62+ +32 +2 +322+ +62 +2 +622+ E/DVEDVHVFRQMXJDGDVGHODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVGDGDV+2+6+32+62 VRQODVVLJXLHQWHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH2+63262 6HWLHQHQORVHTXLOLEULRVVLJXLHQWHV +2+2 +6+2 +32+2 +62+2 2++2 6+2 32+2 62+2 &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ D-XVWLILTXHHOFDUiFWHUiFLGR\REiVLFRGHODVVLJXLHQWHVVXVWDQFLDVGHDFXHUGR FRQODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\1++122++&2 \&2 E¢(VORPLVPRiFLGRIXHUWHTXHiFLGRFRQFHQWUDGR"5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD Solución 1+ 2+ (O DPRQLDFR WLHQH FDUiFWHU EiVLFR SRUTXH D 1+ +2 SXHGHDFHSWDUSURWRQHV 12+2(OiFLGRQLWURVRWLHQHFDUiFWHUiFLGRSRUTXH +12+2 SXHGHFHGHUSURWRQHV +22+ (OLRQ2+WLHQHFDUiFWHUEiVLFRSRUTXHDFHSWD 2+ +2 SURWRQHV 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV +&2 +2 +&2 2+ (O LRQ ELFDUERQDWR WLHQH FDUiFWHU EiVLFR SRUTXH SXHGH DFHSWDU SURWRQHV SHUR WDPELpQ WLHQH FDUiFWHU iFLGR SXHVWR TXHSXHGHFHGHUXQSURWyQ\TXHGDUFRPRLRQFDUERQDWR &2+2 +&2+2 (O LRQ +&2 HV XQD VXVWDQFLD DQIyWHUD \D TXH SXHGH DFWXDU FRPR iFLGR R FRPREDVHGHSHQGLHQGRGHODVXVWDQFLDIUHQWHDODTXHDFW~H +&2 2+ (O LRQ FDUERQDWR VROR SXHGH DFHSWDU XQ &2 +2 SURWyQSRUORWDQWRWLHQHFDUiFWHUEiVLFR E 6HWUDWDGHFRQFHSWRVGLIHUHQWHV 6H FRQVLGHUD TXH XQ iFLGR HV IXHUWH FXDQGR HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD VH GLVRFLD HQJUDQH[WHQVLyQHLQFOXVRWRWDOPHQWH8QiFLGRFRQFHQWUDGRHVDTXHOTXH HVWiHQJUDQSURSRUFLyQHQUHODFLyQDOGLVROYHQWH 8Q iFLGR IXHUWH SXHGH HVWDU HQ GLVROXFLyQ FRQFHQWUDGD R HQ GLVROXFLyQ GLOXLGD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ D&ODVLILTXHHQiFLGRV\EDVHVVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\ODVVLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHVTXtPLFDV321+\) HVFULELHQGRODUHDFFLyQTXHWLHQHOXJDUDO GLVROYHUODVHQDJXD E,QGLTXHHOSDUFRQMXJDGRHQFDGDFDVR Solución D 32HVXQDEDVHSRUTXHHQGLVROXFLyQSXHGHDFHSWDUXQSURWyQSURFHGHQWH GHODJXDVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ 32+2'+322+ 1+ HVXQiFLGRSRUTXHHQGLVROXFLyQFHGHXQSURWyQ 1++2'1++2 ) HV XQ EDVH SXHVWR TXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFHSWD XQ SURWyQ RULJLQDQGR HO iFLGRIOXRUKtGULFR +)2+ ) +2 E +32HVHOSDUFRQMXJDGRGHO32 1+HVHOSDUFRQMXJDGRGHO1+ +)HVHOSDUFRQMXJDGRGHO) ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ D(VFULED ODVHFXDFLRQHVTXH MXVWLILFDQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRFRPRiFLGRREDVH HQPHGLRDFXRVRVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\GHODVHVSHFLHV+%U2 &12+ &+1++62 E,QGLTXHHOiFLGRREDVHFRQMXJDGRGHFDGDXQDGHODVHVSHFLHVDQWHULRUHV Solución D /DVHFXDFLRQHVTXtPLFDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDFDGDXQDGHODVHVSHFLHVVRQ +%U2+2'%U2 +2 &1 +2'+&12+ 2+ +'+2 &+1++2'&+1++2 +62 +2'+622+ +62 +2'62 +2 E (O+%U2WLHQHFDUiFWHUiFLGR\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHV%U2(OLRQ&1HVXQD EDVH \ VX iFLGR FRQMXJDGR HV +&1 (O LRQ KLGUR[LOR HV XQD EDVH \ VX iFLGR FRQMXJDGR HV HO DJXD (O LRQ &+1+ PHWLODPRQLR HV XQ iFLGR \ VX EDVH FRQMXJDGD HV OD &+1+ PHWLODPLQD (O LRQ KLGUyJHQRVXOILWR SXHGH FRPSRUWDUVH FRPR EDVH DFHSWDQGR XQ SURWyQ \ VX iFLGR FRQMXJDGR HV HO +62 \ WDPELpQ SXHGH FRPSRUWDUVH FRPR iFLGR FHGLHQGR XQ SURWyQ \ HQ HVHFDVRVXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHOLRQ62 &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ -XVWLILTXHVLODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHVVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDV D8QiFLGRGpELOHVDTXpOiFLGRFX\DVGLVROXFLRQHVVRQGLOXLGDV E (Q ODV GLVROXFLRQHV GH ODV EDVHV GpELOHV pVWDV VH HQFXHQWUDQ WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGDV F/DGLVRFLDFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWHHQXQDGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGDHVSUiFWLFDPHQWH WRWDO Solución D )DOVD/DIXHU]DGHXQiFLGRYLHQHGDGDSRUVXFDSDFLGDGSDUDGLVRFLDUVHHQ GLVROXFLyQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH TXH OD GLVROXFLyQ VHD GLOXLGD R FRQFHQWUDGD 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV E )DOVD/DVEDVHVGpELOHVHQGLVROXFLyQVHGLVRFLDQVyORSDUFLDOPHQWH F 9HUGDGHUD /RV iFLGRV IXHUWHV VH GLVRFLDQ WRWDOPHQWH FXDQGR HVWiQ HQ GLVROXFLyQFRQLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHTXHpVWDVHDGLOXLGDRFRQFHQWUDGD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ &RPSOHWH ODV VLJXLHQWHV UHDFFLRQHV H LQGLTXH ODV VXVWDQFLDV TXH DFW~DQ FRPR iFLGR\FRPREDVH\VXVSDUHVFRQMXJDGRVVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\ D1++2 E1+2+ F+2&2 Solución 1++2(OiFLGRHVHOLRQ1+VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHV D 1++2 HO1+ E 1+2+ 1++2(OLRQ1+HVHOiFLGR\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHV HO1+ +&2 2+ (O LRQ &2 HV OD EDVH \ HO LRQ +&2 HV VX F +2 &2 iFLGRFRQMXJDGR &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ D $SOLFDQGR OD WHRUtD GH %U|QVWHG/RZU\ HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD UD]RQH VL VRQ iFLGRVREDVHVODVHVSHFLHV+32\2 E,QGLTXHFXiOHVVRQODVEDVHVFRQMXJDGDVGHORViFLGRV+2\+12 F,QGLTXHFXiOHVVRQORViFLGRVFRQMXJDGRVGHODVEDVHV%U \+6H2 Solución D +32SXHGHDFWXDUFRPRiFLGRVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ 1 127$'HEHWHQHUVHSUHVHQWHTXHDGLOXFLRQHVPX\JUDQGHVORViFLGRVGpELOHV\ODVEDVHVGpELOHV VH OOHJDQ D HQFRQWUDU WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGRV 7DPELpQ VXFHGH TXH ORV iFLGRV R EDVHV PX\ IXHUWHV D FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGHV TXH SDUD PXFKDV HVSHFLHV HVWiQ D FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV LJXDO R PD\RU D 0 QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGRV GHELGR D OD IRUPDFLyQGHSDUHVLyQLFRV ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 32+26XEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHOLRQ32 +32+2 7DPELpQSXHGHDFWXDUFRPREDVH +32 2+ 6XiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHV+32 +32+2 2+ (O 2 HV XQD EDVH SRUTXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ SXHGH 2 +2 DFHSWDUXQSURWyQ E /D EDVH FRQMXJDGD GHO iFLGR +2 HV +2 \ GHO +12 HV 12 9pDQVH ODV FXHVWLRQHV\SDUDODVMXVWLILFDFLRQHV F (OiFLGRFRQMXJDGRGHODEDVH%U HV+%U\GHO+6H2 HV+6H2WDOFRPRVH GHGXFHGHORVVLJXLHQWHVHTXLOLEULRV +%U+2 %U +2\+6H2+2 +6H2 +2 &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ &RPSOHWHORVVLJXLHQWHVHTXLOLEULRViFLGREDVHLGHQWLILFDQGRGHIRUPDUD]RQDGD ORVSDUHViFLGREDVHFRQMXJDGRV 6+2 D+2 E1+ 2+ +2 2+ F, +2 Solución 6+2 D +6+2 +6 iFLGRSRUTXHFHGHXQSURWyQ6HVVXEDVHFRQMXJDGD+2DFW~DFRPR EDVHSRUTXHDFHSWDXQSURWyQHO+2HVVXiFLGRFRQMXJDGR +21+ E 1+2+ 1+ HVHOiFLGRSRUTXHFHGHXQSURWyQ\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHO1+(O2+ HVODEDVHSRUTXHDFHSWDXQSURWyQ\VXiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHVHO+2 F , +2 +,2+ (OLRQ,HVODEDVHSRUTXHDFHSWDXQSURWyQGHO+26XiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHV HO+,(O+2HVHOiFLGRSRUTXHFHGHXQSURWyQ\VXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHVHO2+ &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ &RPSOHWH ODV HFXDFLRQHV VLJXLHQWHV H LQGLTXH ORV SDUHV iFLGREDVH FRQMXJDGRV VHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\ 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV D&1Ȯ+2 Ȯ E&+1+ 2+ F&O2Ȯ+2 Solución +&1+2(QHVWDUHDFFLyQHOLRQ&1 HVODEDVH\VX D &1ȯ +2 iFLGR FRQMXJDGR HV HO +&1 (O LRQ +2 HV HO iFLGR \ HO +2 HV VX EDVH FRQMXJDGD E &+1+2+ &+1++2(OLRQ&+1+DFW~DFRPRiFLGR VLHQGR VX EDVH FRQMXJDGD HO &+1+ (O LRQ KLGUR[LOR DFW~D FRPR EDVH \ HO +2HVVXiFLGRFRQMXJDGR +&O22+ (OLRQ&O2 DFHSWDXQSURWyQGHODJXDSRU F &O2 +2 ORWDQWRDFW~DFRPREDVH\VXiFLGRFRQMXJDGRHVHO+&O2(O +2 FHGHXQ SURWyQSRUORTXHDFW~DFRPRiFLGRVLHQGRVXEDVHFRQMXJDGDHO2+ &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 'DGDV ODV VLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHV TXtPLFDV 2 +62 +32 +&O2 \ +%2 MXVWLILTXHVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\ D&XiOHVSXHGHQDFWXDUVyORFRPRiFLGRV E&XiOHVSXHGHQDFWXDUVyORFRPREDVHV F&XiOHVSXHGHQDFWXDUFRPRiFLGRV\FRPREDVHV Solución a) Según la definición de ácido-base de Brönsted-Lowry, actuarán sólo como ácidos: +62+&O2\+%2 +62+2 +62 +2 &O2 +2 +&O2+2 +%2 +2 +%2+2 b) $FWXDUiVyORFRPREDVH2 2+2 2+ c) 3RGUiDFWXDUFRPRiFLGR\FRPREDVH+32 +32 +2 32 +2 +32 +2 +32 2+ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD&+1++&22++6 \1D2+ D-XVWLILTXHHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRFRPRiFLGR\REDVHGHFDGDXQDGHHOODVVHJ~Q ODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\ E,QGLTXHFXiOHVHOSDUFRQMXJDGRHQFDGDFDVR Solución D 6HJ~QODWHRUtDGH%U|QVWHG/RZU\&+1+\+&22+VHFRPSRUWDQFRPR iFLGRV SXHVWR TXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ DPERV SXHGHQ FHGHU XQ + GDQGR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH &+1+ \ +&22 7DO FRPR VH GHGXFH GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV HTXLOLEULRV 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El ion +62 SXHGHDFWXDUFRPRiFLGRVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH$UUKHQLXV SXHVWRTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDSXHGHFHGHUXQSURWyQ b) &RUUHFWD (O LRQ &2 HV XQD EDVH VHJ~Q OD WHRUtD GH %U|QVWHG/RZU\ SXHVWRTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDSXHGHDFHSWDUXQSURWyQJHQHUDQGR+&2 &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 'H DFXHUGR FRQ OD WHRUtD GH %U|QVWHG/RZU\ LQGLTXH FXiOHV GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV HVSHFLHV+62 +1261++2\+2 D$FW~DQVyORFRPRiFLGR E$FW~DQVyORFRPREDVH F$FW~DQFRPRiFLGR\EDVH Solución D +12\+2 E 6\1+ F+62 \+2 (QODVFXHVWLRQHVDQWHULRUHV\VHHQFXHQWUDQORVHTXLOLEULRVGHHVWDV HVSHFLHVHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 6H WLHQHQ GLVROXFLRQHV DFXRVDV GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ · 0 GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRPSXHVWRV1+.121+&O\+12 D2UGpQHODVVHJ~QHOYDORUFUHFLHQWHGHVXS+5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD E,QGLTXHVLVHSXHGHIRUPDUFRQDOJXQDVGHHOODVXQDGLVROXFLyQUHJXODGRUDGH S+ Solución D S++12S+1+&OS+.12S+1+ (OiFLGRQtWULFRHVXQiFLGRPX\IXHUWHTXHHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRFXDQGR HVWiHQGLVROXFLyQSRUORWDQWRWHQGUiHOS+PiVEDMR\DTXHDLJXDOGDGGH FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HV HO TXH JHQHUD PD\RU FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SURWRQHV HQ GLVROXFLyQDFXRVD ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD (OFORUXURDPyQLFRWLHQHS+iFLGRGHELGRDODIRUPDFLyQGHLRQHV+2SRUOD KLGUyOLVLV GHO LRQ DPRQLR VHJ~Q OD UHDFFLyQ 1+ +2 ' 1+ +2 UHDFFLyQTXHQRHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGHVSOD]DGDKDFtDODGHUHFKD\DTXHHVXQ iFLGRGpELO /D GLVROXFLyQ GH OD VDO .12 RULJLQD XQ S+ QHXWUR \D TXH DPERV LRQHV SURFHGHQGHiFLGR\EDVHIXHUWHV\QRUHDFFLRQDQFRQHODJXD.\12 (O1+HVXQDEDVHGpELO\DTXHHQGLVROXFLyQDFHSWDSURWRQHVGDQGROXJDU DODXPHQWRGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHORVLRQHV2+ E 6H SXHGH IRUPDU XQD GLVROXFLyQ UHJXODGRUD FRQ 1+ \ 1+&O SXHVWR TXH DO WHQHUXQSDUIRUPDGRSRUXQDEDVHGpELO\VXiFLGRFRQMXJDGRPXHVWUDXQD FLHUWD UHVLVWHQFLD D OD YDULDFLyQ GHO S+ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ FXDQGR VH DGLFLRQD XQDSHTXHxDFDQWLGDGGHiFLGRREDVHIXHUWHVDODPLVPD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ 5D]RQHTXHRFXUULUiFRQHOS+FXDQGR D6HDxDGHDJXDDXQDGLVROXFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWH E6HDxDGHDJXDDXQDGLVROXFLyQGHEDVHIXHUWH Solución D $ODxDGLUDJXDDXQDGLVROXFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWHpVWHVHGLOX\HSRUORTXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SURWRQHV SURFHGHQWHV GH OD GLVRFLDFLyQ GHO iFLGR WDPELpQGLVPLQXLUi\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDHOS+DXPHQWDUi E 3RU HO FRQWUDULR VL VH DxDGH DJXD D OD GLVROXFLyQ GH XQD EDVH IXHUWH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHpVWDGLVPLQX\HHVGHFLUGLVPLQX\H>2+ @SRUORTXH>+@ DXPHQWD\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDHOS+GLVPLQXUtD &XHVWLyQ &XHVWLyQ ([SOLTXHFXiORFXiOHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVDOGLVROYHUVHHQDJXD IRUPDUiGLVROXFLRQHVFRQS+PHQRUTXHVLHWH D+$V2 E1D&2 F1+62 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV Solución D +$V2 (ácido arsénico) formará una disolución de pH menor que 7, ya que se + trata de un ácido que al disociarse generará iones H3O según el proceso: +$V2+2 +$V2+2 b) Na2CO3 formará una disolución de pH mayor que 7. 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3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQ 6H SHVD FRQ D\XGD GH OD HVSiWXOD HQ HO SHVDVXVWDQFLDV J GH 1D2+ \ VH WUDQVILHUH HO VyOLGR DO PDWUD] DIRUDGR 6H GLVXHOYH HO VyOLGR HQ DJXD GHVWLODGD \ VH D\XGD D VX GLVROXFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD DJLWDFLyQ GHO PDWUD] 6H HQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDKDVWDORVP/FRQD\XGDGHXQIUDVFRODYDGRU $OHQUDVDUKDGHFRLQFLGLUODWDQJHQWHGHOPHQLVFR GHOOtTXLGRFRQODPDUFD GHO DIRUR 6H IDFLOLWD OD H[DFWLWXG GHO HQUDVH VL VH XWLOL]D DO DxDGLU ODV ~OWLPDV JRWDV GH DJXD GHVWLODGD XQD SLSHWD 3DVWHXU R XQ FXHQWDJRWDV JRWHUR ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 3UREOHPD D &DOFXOHHOS+GHP/GHGLVROXFLyQREWHQLGDDOGLVROYHUHQDJXD·JGH KLGUy[LGRGHEDULRRFWDKLGUDWDGR E 'HVFULED HO PDWHULDO GH ODERUDWRULR QHFHVDULR \ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGHFXDGR SDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQ 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 %D · Solución D 3ULPHURVHFDOFXODODPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQGHKLGUy[LGRGHEDULR3DUD HOORVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHHOVyOLGRKLGUy[LGRTXHVHSHVDFRQWLHQHDJXD GHFULVWDOL]DFLyQDJXDVLWXDGDHQODUHGFULVWDOLQD 0P%D2+ ·JĊPRO 0P%D2+Ċ+2 ·JĊPRO 6L · J GH KLGUy[LGR KLGUDWDGR FRQWLHQHQ · J GH KLGUy[LGR DQKLGUR ·JGHKLGUy[LGRKLGUDWDGRFRQWHQGUiQ·JGHKLGUy[LGRDQKLGUR /DPRODULGDGGHODEDVHVHUiHQWRQFHV 2'38 g 161'3 g · mol −1 = 0'148 M M= 0'1 L /D GLVRFLDFLyQ FRPSOHWD GH OD EDVH PX\ IXHUWH JHQHUD SRU FDGD PRO GH KLGUy[LGRGRVPROHVGH2+ %D2+%D2+ ·PROHVGH%D2+SRUOLWURGDQOXJDUDĊ· ·PROHVGH2+ SRUOLWURHVGHFLU>2+ @ ·0\WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOSURGXFWRLyQLFR GHODJXD >+@Ċ· >+@ ·Ċ S+ ORJ>+@ · E 0DWHULDOGHODERUDWRULRQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQGH%D2+ %DODQ]DSHVDVXVWDQFLDVHVSiWXODIUDVFRODYDGRUFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDSLSHWD 3DVWHXURFXHQWDJRWDVJRWHURPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/ 3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQ 6HSHVDFRQD\XGDGHODHVSiWXODHQHOSHVDVXVWDQFLDV·JGH%D2+Ċ+2 \ VH WUDQVILHUH HO VyOLGR DO PDWUD] DIRUDGR 6H GLVXHOYH HO VyOLGR HQ DJXD GHVWLODGD \ VH D\XGD D VX GLVROXFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD DJLWDFLyQ GHO PDWUD] 6H 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV HQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDKDVWDORVP/FRQD\XGDGHXQIUDVFRODYDGRU $OHQUDVDUKDGHFRLQFLGLUODWDQJHQWHGHOPHQLVFR GHOOtTXLGRFRQODPDUFD GHO DIRUR 6H IDFLOLWD OD H[DFWLWXG GHO HQUDVH VL VH XWLOL]D DO DxDGLU ODV ~OWLPDV JRWDV GH DJXD GHVWLODGD XQD SLSHWD 3DVWHXU R XQ FXHQWDJRWDV JRWHUR 3UREOHPD D ¢&XiOHVHOS+GHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQGH+&,·0" E 6L DxDGLPRV DJXD D ORV P/ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ DQWHULRU KDVWD DOFDQ]DU XQ YROXPHQGHP/¢FXiOVHUiHOQXHYRS+" Solución: D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRPX\IXHUWHTXHHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRSRUORTXH >+&O@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULR ·0(OS+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· · E $ODxDGLUDJXDODGLVROXFLyQVHGLOX\HODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH+GLVPLQX\H 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODPDVDHVFRQVWDQWHHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGH SURWRQHVGHODGLVROXFLyQLQLFLDOVHUi·0Ċ·/ ·ĊPROHV\ SXHVWRTXHHOYROXPHQILQDOHV·/ VHWLHQHTXH0 ·PROHV·/ ·PROHV/ ·0 'HDTXtTXHS+ ORJ· · &RPR SXHGH FRPSUREDUVH GH OD FRPSDUDFLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV GH S+ GH ORV DSDUWDGRV D \ E OD GLOXFLyQ GLVPLQX\H OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SURWRQHV \ SRU WDQWRDXPHQWDHOS+ 3UREOHPD D ¢&XiOHVHOS+GHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH1D2+" E ¢&XiOVHUiHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQTXHUHVXOWDDODxDGLUDJXDDODDQWHULRUKDVWD TXHHOYROXPHQUHVXOWDQWHVHDGLH]YHFHVPD\RU" F ¢&XiOVHUiHOS+GHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH+&O" Solución D 6H WUDWD GH XQD EDVH IXHUWH TXH DO GLVROYHUVH HQ DJXD HVWi WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGDSRUORWDQWR ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD >1D2+@LQLFLDO >2+ @HTXLOLEULR ·0\GHDTXtS2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· SXHVWRTXHS+S2+ S+ E9ROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQILQDOĊ PO /DGLVROXFLyQVHKDGLOXLGRGLH]YHFHV 6LOODPDPRV´[µDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQILQDOGHODGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+VHWLHQH ·/Ċ[PROĊ/ ·/Ċ·PROĊ/GHGRQGH[ ·PROHVĊ/ 3RURWURODGRFRPR\DVHKDYLVWR>1D2+@LQLFLDO >2+ @HTXLOLEULR ·0 SRUWDQWRS2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· \GHDTXtS+S2+ SRUWDQWRS+ \S+ F (VXQiFLGRIXHUWHTXHVHGLVRFLDWRWDOPHQWHSRUORWDQWR >+&O@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULR ·0FRQORTXHS+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6HGLVSRQHGHP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDGH1D2+·0&DOFXOH D (O YROXPHQ GH DJXD TXH KD\ TXH DxDGLU SDUD TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH OD QXHYDGLVROXFLyQVHD·06XSRQJDTXHORVYRO~PHQHVVRQDGLWLYRV E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ·0 Solución D 6HD´9µHOYROXPHQGHDJXDTXHKD\TXHDxDGLUHQWRQFHVSXHVWRTXHP/ · / WHQHPRV · 9 / Ċ · 0 · / Ċ · 0 GH GRQGH 9 ·/ P/ E 6L>1D2+@ ·0WHQHPRVTXH>2+ @ ·0HQWRQFHVS2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ · · \ SXHVWR TXH S+ S2+ OOHJDPRV D S+ · \ S+ · 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6H PH]FODQ P/ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ 0 GH KLGUy[LGR GH VRGLR FRQ P/ GH GLVROXFLyQ·0GHGLFKDEDVH&DOFXOH D /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQJUDPRVSRUOLWURGHODGLVROXFLyQUHVXOWDQWH E (OS+GHODPLVPD 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D Solución D 3ULPHUR VH FDOFXOD HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH KLGUy[LGR VyGLFR GH FDGD GLVROXFLyQSRUVHSDUDGR3RUWDQWR·/ĊPROĊP/ ·PROHVHQOD SULPHUDGLVROXFLyQ\·/Ċ·PROHVĊP/ ·PROHVHQODVHJXQGD (QODPH]FODGHDPEDVGLVROXFLRQHVKDEUiHQWRWDO ·· ·PROHV /D PDVD PROHFXODU GH 1D2+ HV J Ċ PRO SRU OR TXH HO Q~PHURGHJUDPRVWRWDOHVVHUi·PROHVĊJĊPRO J(OYROXPHQ WRWDO HV · · · / $ SDUWLU GH DPERV VH SXHGH FDOFXODU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQPH]FODGDSRUPHGLRGH 11 g = 31'43 g · L−1 0'350 L E 6H FDOFXOD OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PRODU GH OD GLVROXFLyQ PH]FODGD TXH FRQWLHQH · J Ċ / GH KLGUy[LGR GH VRGLR 'HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU VDEHPRV TXH OD PDVDWRWDOGHKLGUy[LGRHQODGLVROXFLyQILQDOHVGH·PROHV(OYROXPHQ ILQDOHV·/3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODPRODULGDGHV >1D2+@ ·PROHV·/ ·0 &RPR VH WUDWD GH XQD EDVH IXHUWH VROXEOH HQ DJXD \ TXH HVWi WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGDVHJ~Q1D2+1D2+ 3RU WDQWR VH FRQVLGHUD TXH >1D2+@LQLFLDO >2+@HTXLOLEULR · 0 3RU WDQWR S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· ·\SXHVWRTXHS+S2+ VHOOHJDD S+ ²· · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D &DOFXOHORVJUDPRVGHiFLGRDFpWLFR&+&22+TXHVHGHEHQGLVROYHUHQDJXD SDUDREWHQHUP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHWHQJDXQS+ · ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD E 'HVFULED HO PDWHULDO\ HO SURFHGLPLHQWRDVHJXLU SDUDSUHSDUDUOD GLVROXFLyQ DQWHULRU 'DWRV.D ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 Solución D 3XHVWRTXHS+ ·>+@ ·Ċ(OiFLGRDFpWLFRHVXQiFLGRGpELOTXH VHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHOHTXLOLEULR &+&22+'&+&22+ ,QLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUiF VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR F[[[ (QHOHTXLOLEULRVHFXPSOH >+@ >$@ [ ·Ċ0 \GHDTXt>&+&22+@ F·Ċ0 6LVHVXVWLWX\HQORVYDORUHVGHHVWDVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQODH[SUHVLyQGHOD FRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULRVHSXHGHFDOFXODUF&X\DH[SUHVLyQVHVLPSOLILFDVL VHDSUR[LPD>&+&22+@ F²·Ċ≅FFRQORTXHOOHJDPRVD [ ][ ] ( − + − . D = &+ &22 Ċ + = [ = Ċ [&+ &22+ ] F F ) = Ċ − \GHVSHMDQGRFTXHGDF ·PROHVĊOLWUR ·0 3XHGH FRPSUREDUVH TXH FRPR [ HV PHQRU TXH HO GH F HO HUURU LQWURGXFLGRHQORVFiOFXORVHVGHVSUHFLDEOH3RUORWDQWRODVLPSOLILFDFLyQHV FRUUHFWD 3RURWURODGRSXHVWRTXHHQ·OLWURVH[LVWHQ·/Ċ·0 ·PROHVGH &+&22+\FRPRVXPDVDPROHFXODUHVLJXDODJĊPROPDVDPROHFXODU GHO iFLGR DFpWLFR J Ċ PRO VH OOHJD D TXH HO Q~PHURGHJUDPRVGHiFLGRDFpWLFRYLHQHGDGRSRUJĊPROĊ·PRO J GH&+&22+ E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQGH&+&22+ 3HULOOD VXFFLRQDGRUD R VXFFLRQDGRU GH pPEROR SDUD OOHQDU OD SLSHWD SLSHWD JUDGXDGDRSHVDVXVWDQFLDV\EDODQ]DPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/HPEXGR IUDVFRODYDGRUFRQDJXDGHVWLODGDSLSHWD3DVWHXURFXHQWDJRWDVYDULOOD 3URFHGLPLHQWRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQ 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV /D GLVROXFLyQ GH XQ iFLGR HQ DJXD UHTXLHUH TXH HO iFLGR VL HV OtTXLGR VH DxDGD VREUH HO DJXD PX\ OHQWDPHQWH \ DJLWDQGR SDUD HYLWDU HOHYDFLRQHV H[FHVLYDVGHWHPSHUDWXUD\DTXHHOFDORUGHGLOXFLyQSXHGHOOHJDUDVHUPX\ JUDQGH\GDUOXJDUDODHEXOOLFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQFRPRHQHOFDVRGHOiFLGR VXOI~ULFR (OiFLGRDFpWLFRFRQFHQWUDGRHVXQOtTXLGRiFLGRDFpWLFRJODFLDO3RUWDQWR DSDUWLUGHORVGDWRVGHGHQVLGDG\ULTXH]DGHOIUDVFRTXHFRQWLHQHHOiFLGR DFpWLFRVHGHWHUPLQDHOYROXPHQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDORVJGHiFLGRVLVHYD DH[WUDHUHOYROXPHQGHiFLGRQHFHVDULRSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQ3XHGHWDPELpQ SHVDUVH OD FDQWLGDG GH OtTXLGR iFLGR (Q HO FDVR GH RSWDU SRU WRPDU XQD DOtFXRWD GHO YROXPHQ FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH GHO iFLGR VH KDFH FRQ XQD SLSHWD JUDGXDGDTXHSUHYLDPHQWHVHUHOOHQDSRUPHGLRGHOVXFFLRQDGRUGHpPEROR HQ HO FDVR GH WRPDU HO YROXPHQ SRU PHGLR GH OD SHVDGD VH KDFH HQ XQ SHVDVXVWDQFLDV (VWH YROXPHQ GH iFLGR VH DGLFLRQD DO PDWUD] DIRUDGR HQ HO TXH SUHYLDPHQWH VH KD LQWURGXFLGR XQD FLHUWD FDQWLGDG GH DJXD GHVWLODGD 8QDYH]LQWURGXFLGRHOFRQWHQLGRGHODSLSHWDVHHQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGD FRQ D\XGD GHO IUDVFR ODYDGRU $O HQUDVDU KD GH FRLQFLGLU OD WDQJHQWH GHO PHQLVFR GHO OtTXLGR FRQ OD PDUFD GHO DIRUR 6H IDFLOLWD OD H[DFWLWXG GHO HQUDVHVLVH XWLOL]DDODxDGLUODV~OWLPDVJRWDVGHDJXDGHVWLODGDXQDSLSHWD 3DVWHXURXQFXHQWDJRWDVJRWHUR 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &XDQGRVHGLVXHOYHQHQDJXD·JGHiFLGRXQ+$PRQRSUyWLGRKDVWDDOFDQ]DU XQYROXPHQGHP/HOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQHVLJXDOD6DELHQGRTXHODPDVD PROHFXODUGHOiFLGRHV·J D &DOFXOHODFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQ E 'HVFULED HO PDWHULDO GH ODERUDWRULR \ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DGHFXDGR SDUD SUHSDUDUHVWDGLVROXFLyQ Solución D 3ULPHURHVWLPDPRVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODULQLFLDOGHOiFLGR 2'5 g moles de ácido g · mol−1 = 0'19 M [HA ] = litros de disolución = 52'50'25 L ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 'HVSXpV HYDOXDPRV ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH ORV LRQHV GLVRFLDGRV GHO iFLGR WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODH[SUHVLyQGHODGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR +$'$+ ,QLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi VHWUDQVIRUPDQ[[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ 3XHVWRTXHHOS+HVLJXDOD>+@ S+ 0\FRPR>+@ >$@ 0 /D FRQFHQWUDFLOLyQ GH iFLGR HQ HO HTXLOLEULR HV >+$@ · ² TXH SRGHPRVDSUR[LPDUD· 6XVWLWX\HQGR ORV YDORUHV GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ HO HTXLOLEULR HQ OD H[SUHVLyQGHODFRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULRWHQHPRV . D [$ ]Ċ[+ ] = = − [+$] + ( ) [ − = F−[ = Ċ − E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQGHiFLGR+$VXSRQHPRVTXH HO iFLGR HV XQD VXVWDQFLD VyOLGD 3RU HMHPSOR iFLGR EHQ]RLFR VyOLGR HQ HVFDPDVEODQFDV %DODQ]D SHVDVXVWDQFLDV R YLGULR GH UHORM HVSiWXOD PDWUD] DIRUDGR GH P/ HPEXGR VL HV QHFHVDULR IUDVFR ODYDGRU FRQ DJXD GHVWLODGD SLSHWD 3DVWHXURJRWHUR 6HDxDGHDOSHVDVXVWDQFLDVHOiFLGRVyOLGRKDVWDSHVDUODFDQWLGDGUHTXHULGD 6HWUDVYDVDDOPDWUD]GLUHFWDPHQWHVLHOSHVDVXVWDQFLDVWLHQHXQYiVWDJRHQ IRUPDGHHPEXGRHQFDVRFRQWUDULRRHQHOFDVRGHXVDUXQYLGULRGHUHORM VH HFKD HO VyOLGR HQ HO PDWUD] FRQ D\XGD GH XQ HPEXGR VLWXDGR HQ OD ERFD GHO PDWUD] 8QD YH] LQWURGXFLGR HO FRQWHQLGR GHO SHVDVXVWDQFLD VH DxDGH DJXDGHVWLODGDHPSOHDQGRHOIUDVFRODYDGRU\VHGLVXHOYHHOiFLGRGHVSXpVVH HQUDVDFRQDJXDGHVWLODGD$OHQUDVDUGHEHFRLQFLGLUODWDQJHQWHGHOPHQLVFR GHOOtTXLGRFRQODPDUFDGHODIRUR6HIDFLOLWDHOHQUDVHVLVHXWLOL]DSDUDODV ~OWLPDVJRWDVXQDSLSHWD3DVWHXURXQFXHQWDJRWDVJRWHUR 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6HDxDGHQJGHDPRQtDFR1+DOD FDQWLGDGGHDJXDQHFHVDULDSDUDREWHQHU P/GHGLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV D (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHODPRQLDFR E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQUHVXOWDQWH 'DWRV.E ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 Solución: D 3ULPHURVHFDOFXODODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODGLVROXFLyQGH1+ 7g masa de base moles de base masa molecular de la base 17 g . mol−1 [NH3 ] = litros de disolución = litros de disolución = 0'5 L = 0'82 M &RQVLGHUDQGR DKRUD HO HTXLOLEULR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ GHO DPRQLDFR VLHQGR α HO JUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRSRUXQR 1++2'1+2+ VLLQLFLDOPHQWHVHWLHQHPRO VHWUDQVIRUPDQ ααα HQHOHTXLOLEULRααα \ WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ LQLFLDO HV F · 0 ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQHOHTXLOLEULRVHUiQODVTXHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHLQGLFDQ >1+@ FĊα >1+@ >2+@ FĊα < VXVWLWX\HQGR ORV YDORUHV GH ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWHGHHTXLOLEULROOHJDPRVDODH[SUHVLyQ ªNH+4 º · ªOH- º 2 2 2 2 ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ = c · Į = c · Į = 0'82 · Į = 1'8 · 10−5 K = b c · (1− Į) (1 − Į) (1-Į) [NH3 ] VLVHFRQVLGHUDTXHODGLVRFLDFLyQHVSHTXHxDSXHGHGHVSUHFLDUVHαIUHQWHD HVGHFLUVL αൺαൺ&RPR\DVHKDLQGLFDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHXQDUHJOD SXHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH TXH FXDQGR α VHD LQIHULRU D · FULWHULR GHO SXHGHGHVSUHFLDUVHαIUHQWHD(QHVWHFDVRTXHGD Ċα = Ċ − \GHVSHMDQGRαVHWLHQH α = Ċ − = Ċ − ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 7DPELpQ VH SXHGH FDOFXODU HO JUDGR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ FRQVLGHUDQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHODVGLVWLQWDVHVSHFLHV3DUDHOORHVFULELPRVHOHTXLOLEULR HQGLVROXFLyQ 1++2'1+2+ LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR·[[[ 6XVWLWX\HQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR ª NH + º · ªOH − º »¼ « 4 »¼ «¬ x2 Kb = ¬ = = 1'8 · 10 − 5 NH 3 0'82 - x [ ] 5HVROYLHQGRODHFGHJUDGRVHWLHQHTXH[ ·Ċ (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRSRUXQRVHUi ş FRQFHQWUDFLyQGLVRFLDGDFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDO ·· · &RPR VH REVHUYD VH REWLHQH SUiFWLFDPHQWH HO PLVPR UHVXOWDGR HPSOHDQGR FXDOTXLHUDGHORVGRVPpWRGRV E &RPR >2+ @ F Ċ α VXVWLWX\HQGR >2+ @ · Ċ · Ċ · Ċ 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOSURGXFWRLyQLFRGHODJXD.Z >+@Ċ>2+ @ \ VXVWLWX\HQGR>2+ @SRUVXYDORUQXPpULFRWHQHPRV>+@Ċ·Ċ \ GHDTXt>+ @ ·Ċ\S+ ORJ>+@ · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD $JGHiFLGRDFpWLFR&+&22+VHDxDGHODFDQWLGDGVXILFLHQWHGHDJXDSDUD REWHQHUP/GHGLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQTXHUHVXOWD E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGRDFpWLFR 'DWRV.D&+&22+ ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV Solución: D &DOFXOHPRV OD PRODULGDG GHO iFLGR /D PDVD PROHFXODU GHO iFLGR DFpWLFR HV JĊPRO SRUWDQWRODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUVHUi 15 g masa de ácido masa molecular 60 g · mol−1 = = 0'5 M M= volumen en litros 0'5 L (OHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHH[SUHVDSRU&+&22+'&+&22+ LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ 6LVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHHVXQiFLGRGpELO>&+&22+@ F²[≅F ·0\ VXVWLWX\HQGR HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVSRUVXVYDORUHVOOHJDPRVD .D = [&+ &22 ]Ċ[+ ] = [ − [&+ &22+ ] + = Ċ − de donde [ Ċ >+@\S+ ORJ>+@ ORJĊ · E (O JUDGR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ α YLHQH GHWHUPLQDGR SRU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD FDQWLGDGGHiFLGRTXHVHGLVRFLD\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDO6LHVWDH[SUHVLyQ ODGHMDPRVWDOFXDOWHQHPRVHOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQH[SUHVDGRHQWDQWRSRU XQR ≤ α ≤ \ VL OD PXOWLSOLFDPRV SRU FLHQ WHQHPRV HO WDQWR SRU FLHQWR GLVRFLDGR≤α≤ ş ·· · *UDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ GLVRFLDGR ··Ċ · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &+1+ 2+ HV $ & OD FRQVWDQWH GHO HTXLOLEULR &+1+ +2 · Ċ 6H DxDGHQ JUDPRV GH PHWLODPLQD D OD FDQWLGDG GH DJXD QHFHVDULD SDUDREWHQHUP/GHGLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHODPHWLODPLQD 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 1 Solución: a) 6HFDOFXODODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODEDVH 7g 31 g · mol−1 = 0'45 M [CH3NH2 ] = 0'5 L \FRQVLGHUDQGRHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHWLHQH &+1++2 LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi· 6HWUDQVIRUPDQ[[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ VLVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHHVXQDEDVHGpELO>&+1+@ ·²[ ≅F · VH VXVWLWX\HQ ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR Kb = &+1+2+ [CH3NH3+ ] · ª¬OH− º¼ [CH3NH2 ] = x2 = 5'0 · 10 −4 0'45 [ ·0 >+@ S2+ ORJ>2+@ ORJ· ·\GHS+S2+ OOHJDPRVDS+· \S+ · E 'DGRTXHHOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGHWHUPLQDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHOD FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHEDVHTXHVHGLVRFLD\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDOGHODPLVPD VHWLHQH 0'015 α= = 0'033 0 ' 45 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6DELHQGR TXH OD FRQVWDQWH GH GLVRFLDFLyQ .D GHO iFLGR EHQ]RLFR &+&22+ WLHQHXQYDORUGH·ĊFDOFXOHSDUDXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHOPLVPR D (OS+ E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ Solución D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHOHTXLOLEULR &+&22 + &+&22+ LQLFLDOPHQWH · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ 6XVWLWX\HQGR ORV YDORUHV GH ODV YDULDEOHV TXH VH FRQRFHQ \ WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWDTXHHQSULQFLSLR[SXHGHVHUGHVSUHFLDEOHIUHQWHD· Ka = [C H COO ]· [H ] = − 6 5 [C 6 H 5 COOH ] + x2 = 6'3 · 10 −5 0'01 despejando [OOHJDPRV [ >+@ ·Ċ0\GHDTXtS+ · 9HPRVTXHODVLPSOLILFDFLyQSURSXHVWDQRHVYiOLGD\DTXH[ ·ĊHV UHVSHFWR GH · FRPR VH LQGLFD · Ċ ! · Ċ · Ċ SRU WDQWR QR GHELHUD KDEHUVH GHVSUHFLDGR [ IUHQWH D · /D UHVROXFLyQ GH OD HFXDFLyQFXDGUiWLFDQRVGDTXH [ ·Ċ0 >+@\S+ ORJ·Ċ · &RPR SXHGH YHUVH ORV UHVXOWDGRV QR VRQ LJXDOHV DXQTXH VRQ PX\ VLPLODUHV (VWR HV GHELGR D TXH HO YDORU GH [ HV OLJHUDPHQWH VXSHULRU DO FULWHULR GH VLPSOLILFDFLyQ E (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH iFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDO ş [F ·Ċ· ·Ċ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (QXQDGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDGH+12·0FDOFXOH D (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ 'DWR.D ·Ċ Solución D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHOHTXLOLEULR 12+ +12 LQLFLDOPHQWH · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ ªNO-2 º · ªH+ º 2 ¼ ¬ ¼ = x Ka = ¬ = 4'5 · 10-4 0'2-x [HNO2 ] [ ·Ċ &RPRYHPRVHQHVWHHMHPSORQRVHKDGHVSUHFLDGR[IUHQWHD·DXQTXH[ HV OLJHUDPHQWH LQIHULRU DO GHO YDORU GH · 1R REVWDQWH VL VH KLFLHUD HQWRQFHVWHQGUtDPRV ªNO2− º · ªH+ º ¼ ¬ ¼ Ka = ¬ [HNO2 ] = x2 0'2 = 4'5 · 10 −4 [ ·Ċ TXHVRQYDORUHVPX\SUy[LPRV (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH iFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDO QRXVDQGRODVLPSOLILFDFLyQ ş ·· · ş ·· · XVDQGRODVLPSOLILFDFLyQ &RPRVHGHGXFHGHODFRPSDUDFLyQGHDPERVUHVXOWDGRVpVWRVSUHVHQWDQ SUiFWLFDPHQWHHOPLVPRYDORUGHşDXQTXHH[LVWHXQDOLJHUtVLPDGLIHUHQFLD TXHYDVLHQGRPiVQRWDEOHFXDQWRPD\RUVHDODGLIHUHQFLDUHVSHFWRDO GHOFULWHULRGHVLPSOLILFDFLyQ 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV 'HOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHWLHQH[ >+@ ·Ċ0FRQORTXH UHVXOWD S+ ORJ>+@ · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6H SUHSDUDQ P/ GH GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD GH +) TXH FRQWLHQHQ · J GH HVWH iFLGR&DOFXOH D(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGRIOXRUKtGULFR E(OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ 'DWRV.D+) ·Ċ0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ ) Solución a) /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODULQLFLDOGH+)HV masa de ácido (g) 0'47 g -1 -1 [HF] = masa molecular (g·mol ) = 20 g·mol = 0'235 M volumen (L) 0'1 L (OHTXLOLEULRGHHVWHiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHHV )+ +) LQLFLDOPHQWH · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ Ka = [F ]· [H ] = − [HF] + x2 = 7'2 · 10 −4 \GHDTXt[ ·0 0'235 FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VXSHULRU DO \ HQ SULQFLSLR QR GHELHUD KDFHUVH OD VLPSOLFDFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRODHFXDFLyQFXDGUiWLFDGDXQYDORUGH[ ·0 3RUWDQWRDXQTXH[HVWiXQSRFRSRUHQFLPDGHOFULWHULRGHVLPSOLILFDFLyQ pVWHHVYiOLGR (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH iFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDO ş ·· · ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD E $SDUWLUGHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHWLHQH [ >+@ ·0\GHDTXLS+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (Q XQD GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD · 0 GH iFLGR FORURDFpWLFR &O&+&22+ pVWH VH HQFXHQWUDGLVRFLDGRHQXQ&DOFXOH D /DFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR E (OS+GHHVDGLVROXFLyQ Solución D (OiFLGRFORURDFpWLFRHVXQiFLGRGpELOTXHVHGLVRFLDSDUFLDOPHQWHVHJ~QHO HTXLOLEULR &O&+&22+ &O&+&22+ LQLFLDOPHQWH · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ &RPR HO JUDGR GH GLVRFLDFLyQ YLHQH GDGR SRU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHiFLGRGLVRFLDGR\ODLQLFLDOOOHJDPRVD x α = = 0 ' 31 0'01 GHHVWDH[SUHVLyQVHSXHGHFDOFXODUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHiFLGRGLVRFLDGRTXH UHVXOWDVHU[ ·Ċ 0 6XVWLWX\HQGRORVYDORUHVGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQODH[SUHVLyQGHODFRQVWDQWH [ClCH COO ]· [H ] = (3'1· 10 ) − Ka = 2 [ClCH 2 COOH ] + -3 2 0'1 − 3'1 · 10 −3 = 9'92 · 10 −5 6L VH KXELHUD GHVSUHFLDGR · Ċ IUHQWH D · · · Ċ · HO UHVXOWDGRREWHQLGRVHUtD·Ċ9DORUHVPX\VLPLODUHV\TXHMXVWLILFDUtDQ ODVLPSOLILFDFLyQ E &RPR [ >+@ · Ċ 0 \ GH DTXt OOHJDPRV D S+ ORJ >+@ ORJ· · 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &DOFXOH D (OS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHXQiFLGRPRQRSUyWLFR+$FX\RSRUFHQWDMH GHGLVRFLDFLyQHV· E /DFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQ.DGHOiFLGR Solución $+ D (OHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQVHUi+$ LQLFLDOPHQWH · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ &RPRHOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRSRUXQRYLHQHGDGRSRUODUHODFLyQ VLJXLHQWH 0'0133 = x x = c 0'1 GHVSHMDQGR[ ·Ċ03RUWDQWR[ >+@ ·Ċ\S+ · E 3DUWLHQGR GH OD H[SUHVLyQ GHO HTXLOLEULR VH SXHGH FDOFXODU OD FRQVWDQWH GH GLVRFLDFLyQ [A ]· [H ] = (1'33 ·10 ) − Ka = + [HA] -3 2 = 1'77 · 10 −5 0'1 6L QR VH KXELHVH KHFKR OD VLPSOLILFDFLyQ OOHJDUtDPRV DO PLVPR UHVXOWDGR SUiFWLFDPHQWH [A ]· [H ] = (1'33 ·10 ) = − Ka [HA] + -3 2 0'1 - 1'33 · 10 -3 = 1'79 · 10 −5 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6HGLVXHOYHQJGHiFLGRPHWDQRLFR+&22+HQDJXDKDVWDREWHQHUOLWURVGH GLVROXFLyQ/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHV+2HV·0&DOFXOH D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ\HOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ E /DFRQVWDQWH.DGHOiFLGR 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD Solución D 6L>+2@ ·0VHWLHQHTXHS+ ORJ>+2@ ORJ· · /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODULQLFLDOGHOiFLGRHV 23 g masa de ácido masa molar 46 g · mol−1 = = 0'05 M [HCOOH] = 10 L volumen en litros (QODTXHODPDVDPRODUGHOiFLGRHVJĊPRO +&22 +2 FRPRiFLGRGpELOVHGLVRFLDVHJ~Q+&22++2 QLFLDOPHQWH · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·²··· (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQYLHQHGDGRSRU α = x 0'003 = = 0'06 c 0'05 E 3DUWLHQGR GH OD H[SUHVLyQ GHO HTXLOLEULR VH SXHGH FDOFXODU OD FRQVWDQWH GH GLVRFLDFLyQDSDUWLUGHODH[SUHVLyQVLJXLHQWH [HCOO ]· [H ] − Ka = [HCOOH] + = (0'003)2 0'05 - 0'003 = 1'92 · 10 −4 (QHVWHHMHPSORQRSDUHFHDGHFXDGRGHVSUHFLDU·IUHQWHD·SRUTXH HO YDORU GH · ! · TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO GHO YDORU GH · QR REVWDQWHORVUHVXOWDGRVQRGLILHUHQHQJUDQPHGLGD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (OS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHXQiFLGRPRQRSUyWLFRHV&DOFXOH D(OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGRHQHVWDGLVROXFLyQ E(OYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQ.DGHOiFLGR Solución 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV D 6H WUDWD GH XQ iFLGR GpELO GHO WLSR +$ FX\D GLVRFLDFLyQ YLHQH GDGD SRU HO HTXLOLEULR+$'$ + 6LHOS+ VHWLHQHTXH>+@ S+ 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOHTXLOLEULR GHGLVRFLDFLyQ\OODPDQGRαDOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQ $ + +$ 6LLQLFLDOPHQWHVHWLHQHPRO VHWUDQVIRUPDQ ααα HQHOHTXLOLEULRααα 3XHVWRTXHF ·0ODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQHOHTXLOLEULRVHUiQ >+$@ FĊα\>$ @ >+@ FĊαSRUORWDQWRVXVWLWX\HQGRHQ>+@ FĊα SRUVXVYDORUHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVTXHGD ·Ċα\GHDTXtα · E (OYDORUGHODFRQVWDQWH.DVHREWLHQHGHODH[SUHVLyQ [A ]· [H ] − Ka = + [HA ] = c2 · α 2 c = 2 · 10 −5 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD /D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH XQ iFLGR GpELO PRQRSUyWLFR +$ FX\D FRQVWDQWHGHGLVRFLDFLyQD&HV·ĊHV·0 D &DOFXOHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVHQHOHTXLOLEULRGHODVGLVWLQWDVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDV HQODGLVROXFLyQ E ,QGLTXHHOPDWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUP/GHODGLVROXFLyQDQWHULRU VLVHGLVSRQHGHXQUHFLSLHQWHGHXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQGH+$0 Solución D &RQVLGHUDPRVHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOiFLGR +$ $ + LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi· VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ VXVWLWX\HQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR $ − Ċ + + [ .D = = = Ċ − − [ [+$] [ ][ ] ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD DOVHU+$XQiFLGRGpELOODGLVRFLDFLyQVHUiSHTXHxD\VHSRGUiGHVSUHFLDU[ IUHQWHDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ·0SRUWDQWRVHWHQGUi [ . D = = Ċ − GHVSHMDQGR[VHWLHQH[ ·Ċ (QFRQVHFXHQFLD >$ @ >+@ ·Ċ0\>+$@ ·²·Ċ ·0 ·0 TXHHVSUiFWLFDPHQWH·0 3RU WDQWR OD VLPSOLILFDFLyQ HV DFHSWDEOH \D TXH · Ċ · Ċ · · Ċ E 6L VH TXLHUH SUHSDUDU P/ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ \ VH GLVSRQH GH / GH GLVROXFLyQ0KDEUiTXHGLOXLUpVWDGHVGH0KDVWD·0SDUDHOORKDEUi TXH WRPDU · Ċ · · PRO TXH VRQ P/ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ PRODU H LQWURGXFLUORVHQHOUHFLSLHQWHPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/(OUHVWRKDVWD P/HVGHDJXD3RUORWDQWRVHQHFHVLWDUiXQPDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/XQD SLSHWD DIRUDGD R JUDGXDGD GH P/ XQ VXFFLRQDGRU GH pPEROR XQ IUDVFR ODYDGRUFRQDJXDGHVWLODGD\XQFXHQWDJRWDVRSLSHWD3DVWHXU 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD /DFRQVWDQWH.EGHO1+HVLJXDOD·ĊD&&DOFXOH D/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHVLyQLFDVHQXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHDPRQLDFR E(OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ\HOJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHODPRQLDFR Solución D 6HWUDWDGHXQDEDVHGpELOTXHHVWiSDUFLDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGDHQGLVROXFLyQ6L FRQVLGHUDPRVHOHTXLOLEULRGHGLVRFLDFLyQWHQHPRV 1+2+ 1++2 LQLFLDOPHQWHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVHUi · VHWUDQVIRUPDQ [[[ HQHOHTXLOLEULR ·[[[ 6L VH WLHQH HQ FXHQWD TXH HV XQD EDVH GpELO >1+@ F ² [ ≅ F · 0 \ VXVWLWX\HQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD FRQVWDQWH GH HTXLOLEULR .E = [1+ ]Ċ[2+ ] = [ + [1+ ] − = Ċ − 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV GHDTXtOOHJDPRVD[ ·Ċ03XHVWRTXH>1+@ >2+@ ·Ċ0 \>1+@ ·²·Ċ≅·0(QFRQVHFXHQFLDODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHODV HVSHFLHVLyQLFDVHQGLVROXFLyQVRQ >1+@ ·Ċ0>2+@ ·Ċ0\>+@ .Z>2+@ ·Ċ ·Ċ0 E S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ·Ċ · (OJUDGRGHGLVRFLDFLyQHV α = x 0'0019 = = 0'0095 c 0'2 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D ¢&XiOHVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQ+12GHXQDGLVROXFLyQQtWULFDFX\RS+HV" E 'HVFULEDHOSURFHGLPLHQWRHLQGLTXHHOPDWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDU P/GHGLVROXFLyQGH+120DSDUWLUGHODDQWHULRU Solución D 6HWUDWDGHXQiFLGRPX\IXHUWHTXHHVWiWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRFXDQGRHVWi HQ GLVROXFLyQ 3XHVWR TXH HO S+ UHVXOWD >+@ S+ 0 · 0 \ FRPR>+@HTXLOLEULR >+12@LQLFLDO ·0 E 0DWHULDOQHFHVDULRSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQGH+12 )UDVFR FRQ OD GLVROXFLyQ LQLFLDO SLSHWD JUDGXDGD R DIRUDGD VXFFLRQDGRU GH pPEROR PDWUD] DIRUDGR GH P/ IUDVFR ODYDGRU FRQ DJXD GHVWLODGD JRWHURSLSHWD3DVWHXU 3URFHGLPLHQWR6HWUDWDGHXQSURFHVRGHGLOXFLyQ 6L TXHUHPRV 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Solución D 6LHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQHVVHWLHQHTXH>+@ S+ 07HQLHQGR HQFXHQWDTXH >+@Ċ>2+ @ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHKLGUR[LORVHV -14 10-14 ªOH- º = K w = 10 = = 10-1 M + + ¬ ¼ ªH º ªH º 10-13 ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ 3XHVWR TXH HO KLGUy[LGR HV XQD EDVH IXHUWH HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD HVWi WRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGD\ 2+ − HTXLOLEULR = [.2+ ]LQLFLDO = − 0 [ ] 6HWLHQHTXH 10 −1 M = nº moles SRUORTXHHOQGHPROHV ·WHQLHQGR 0'25 L HQFXHQWDTXHHO nº moles = nº gramos masa molar GHVSHMDQGRHOQJUDPRVGHHVWD HFXDFLyQOOHJDPRVD 1JUDPRVGH.2+ QPROHVĊPDVDPRODU ·PROHVĊJĊPRO ·J E (QP/GHGLVROXFLyQ·0GHGLVROXFLyQGH.2+KD\Ċ/Ċ·0 Ċ PROHV GH .2+ (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD VH QHFHVLWDUi HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH PROHVGH+&OSDUDODQHXWUDOL]DFLyQSXHVWRTXHODUHDFFLyQHV +&O.2+ĺ.&O+2SRUWDQWRQPROHVGH.2+ QPROHVGH+&O 6LOODPDPRV9+&ODOYROXPHQQHFHVDULRGH+&OVHWLHQH · PROHV GH .2+ · PROHV GH +&O YpDVH OD UHDFFLyQ GH QHXWUDOL]DFLyQUHVHxDGD 9+&O/Ċ·0\GHVSHMDQGRTXHGD 9+&O ·/ P/ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD F 3URFHGLPLHQWRH[SHULPHQWDODVHJXLUSDUDUHDOL]DUODQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ 6H OOHQD OD EXUHWD FRQ OD GLVROXFLyQ GH 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YROXPHQ GH HVD GLVROXFLyQ TXH GHEHPRV WRPDU SDUD SUHSDUDU P/ GH GLVROXFLyQ·0GH+&O E (OYROXPHQGHGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+·0QHFHVDULRSDUDQHXWUDOL]DUP/GH ODGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGDGHOiFLGR 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ &O · Solución D (QSULPHUOXJDUFDOFXODPRVODPRODULGDGGHOiFLGR$SDUWLUGHORVGDWRVGH ULTXH]D HQ SHVR \ GHQVLGDG · JP/ VH WLHQH TXH OLWUR GH GLVROXFLyQ WLHQH XQD PDVD J GH GLVROXFLyQ P/ GLVROXFLyQ Ċ ·JGLVROXFLyQP/GLVROXFLyQ JGLVROXFLyQ (VWDGLVROXFLyQDJXDiFLGRFRQWLHQHXQDPDVDGHJGHVROXWRJ GHGLVROXFLyQĊ·JGH+&OJGHGLVROXFLyQ JGH+&OSRUORTXHVX FRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUVHUi 413 g 36'5 g · mol−1 M= = 11'3 M 1L GRQGH·HVODPDVDPRODUGHO+&O ·JĊPRO 3XHVWRTXHKD\TXHSUHSDUDUP/GH+&O·0VHQHFHVLWDQ ·/Ċ·0 ·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·PROGHiFLGR 3RU WDQWR KDEUi TXH WRPDU XQ YROXPHQ ´9µ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ FRQFHQWUDGD ·0TXHFRQWHQJD·PROGH+&ORVHD V= 0'1 mol = 8'85 · 10−3 L ·P/GH+&O·0 11'3 moles · L−1 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD E /DUHDFFLyQGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHV+&O1D2+ĺ1D&O+2 'H DTXt TXH VH QHFHVLWHQ XQ Q GH PROHV GH 1D2+ LJXDO DO GH +&O SDUD VX QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ 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+&OVHQHXWUDOL]DQFRQPHGLRPROGHOKLGUy[LGR (QP/GHGLVROXFLyQGH+&O·0KD\ ·0Ċ·/ ·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·PROHVGH+&O 3RUWDQWRVHQHFHVLWDQODPLWDGGHPROHVGHO%D2+HVGHFLU·PROHV GHKLGUy[LGRSDUDODQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ 6L ´9µ HV HO YROXPHQ GH %D2+ HQ OLWURV TXH KD\ TXH WRPDU 9Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·PROHVGH%D2+\GHDTXt 9 ·/HVGHFLUVHQHFHVLWDQ·P/GH%D2+ ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6HWLHQHQGRVGLVROXFLRQHVXQDREWHQLGDGLVROYLHQGR·JGHKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLR HQPOGHDJXD\RWUDGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFR·0&DOFXOH D ¢(OS+GHFDGDGLVROXFLyQ" E ¢(OS+WHQGUiXQDGLVROXFLyQREWHQLGDDOPH]FODUP/GHFDGDXQD" 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D Solución D 3ULPHURFDOFXODPRVODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQGH1D2+ 0'6 g de NaOH g de NaOH moles NaOH masa molar 40 g · mol-1 = = = 0'15 M [NaOH] = V en L V en L 0'1 L GRQGHHVODPDVDPRODUGH1D2+ JĊPRO &RPR1D2+HVXQDEDVHIXHUWHVHWLHQHTXH>2+@ ·0 3RUORWDQWRVLVHVXVWLWX\HHVWHYDORUHQODH[SUHVLyQGHOSURGXFWRLyQLFRGHO DJXD>+@Ċ·0 \GHDTXt>+@ ·Ċ\S+ · 6HSXHGHUHVROYHUWDPELpQFDOFXODQGROS2+ ORJ>2+@ ORJ· ·\ SXHVWRTXHS+S2+ VHWLHQHTHXHS+ ²S2+ ²· · (O iFLGR VXOI~ULFR HV XQ iFLGR GLSUyWLFR HV PX\ IXHUWH SRU VX SULPHUD GLVRFLDFLyQ\IXHUWHSRUODVHJXQGD.GHOiFLGR ·Ċ +62+62 + +62 '62 + $HIHFWRVSUiFWLFRVVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUTXHVHGLVRFLDSRUFRPSOHWRGDQGR GRVSURWRQHV +62→62+ $VtORFRQVLGHUDUHPRVHQHVWHWH[WR &DGD PRO GH iFLGR GD OXJDU D GRV PROHV GH SURWRQHV FRPR >+62@ ·0HQWRQFHV>+@ Ċ· ·0 S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ·S+ · E $OPH]FODUODVGRVGLVROXFLRQHVDOVHUiFLGR\EDVHIXHUWHVVHSURGXFHXQD UHDFFLyQGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQ +621D2+→1D62+2 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV (O S+ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ UHVXOWDQWH YLHQH GHWHUPLQDGR SRU OD QDWXUDOH]D GH ORV SURGXFWRV UHVXOWDQWHV GH OD UHDFFLyQ (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD GHEHQ FDUDFWHUL]DUVH \ FXDQWLILFDUVHORVSURGXFWRVTXHH[LVWHQGHVSXpVGHODUHDFFLyQGHOiFLGR\ODEDVH (QHVWHFDVRWHQHPRV PROHVGH1D2+ ·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·ĊPROHV PROHVGH+62 ·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·ĊPROHV &RPR OD UHDFFLyQ WLHQH XQD HVWHTXLRPHWUtD GH +62 1D2+ ORV PROHV GH 1D2+UHDFFLRQDUiQFRQODPLWDGGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFRHVGHFLUFRQ·ĊPROHV GHiFLGR 3RU OR WDQWR TXHGDUiQ ·Ċ PROHV ·ĊPROHV ·Ċ PROHV GH +62HQH[FHVR (QFRQVHFXHQFLDHOQGHPROHVWRWDOHVGH+ ·ĊPROHV >+@ ·ĊPRO·/ ·0 S+ ORJ· · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD D &DOFXOHHOS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHFRQWLHQHJGHKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLRHQ P/GHODPLVPD6LVHGLOX\HODGLVROXFLyQDQWHULRUKDVWDOLWURV¢FXiOVHUtD HOQXHYRS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ" E &DOFXOH HO YROXPHQ GH GLVROXFLyQ GH iFLGR QtWULFR · 0 QHFHVDULR SDUD QHXWUDOL]DUP/GHODGLVROXFLyQLQLFLDOQRGLOXLGD 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ O2 1D Solución: D (QSULPHUOXJDUVHFDOFXODODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODGLVROXFLyQ J [1D2+ ] = JĊPRO − Ċ − / = 0 $FRQWLQXDFLyQFDOFXODPRVHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQPiVFRQFHQWUDGD &RPR >1D2+@LQLFLDO >2+ @HTXLOLEULR VH WLHQH >2+ @ · 0 'HO SURGXFWR LyQLFRGHODJXD\VXVWLWX\HQGR>2+ @SRUVXYDORU .Z >+@Ċ>2+@ >+@Ċ· >+@ Ċ S+ ORJ>+@ · ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 'HVSXpVFDOFXODPRVHOS+GHODGLVROXFLyQPDVGLOXLGD$OGLOXLUODGLVROXFLyQOD FDQWLGDGGH1D2+QRYDUtDSRUWDQWR J JĊPRO − = 0 / &RPR1D2+HVXQDEDVHIXHUWH>2+ @ ·0\GHDTXt .Z >+@Ċ>2+ @ >+@Ċ· >+@ Ċ S+ ORJ>+ @ · (QUHDOLGDGVHSRGUtDUHVROYHUGHXQDPDQHUDPiVHOHJDQWH\VLPSOHWHQLHQGR HQFXHQWDTXHVHKDSURGXFLGRXQDGLOXFLyQGHODGLVROXFLyQRULJLQDOSRUXQ IDFWRUGHGLH]HOYROXPHQSDVDGH·/D/HVGHFLUVHKDKHFKRGLH]YHFHV PD\RU3RUORWDQWR FFRQFHQWUDGDFGLOXLGD GHGRQGHFGLOXLGD FFRQFHQWUDGD · ·0 E/DGLVROXFLyQLQLFLDOQRGLOXLGDGH1D2+FRQWLHQH ·0Ċ·/ ·PROHVGH1D2+ 3RUHOORVHQHFHVLWDUiHOPLVPRQ~PHURGHPROHVGH+12SDUDVX QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ\DTXHODUHDFFLyQHV 1D2++121D12+2 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHVL 9+12 HQ/HVHOYROXPHQGH+12VHWLHQH [1D2+ ] = Ċ − PROHV=9+12 Ċ PROHVĊ/ \GHVSHMDQGR9VHWLHQH 9 ·/ P/ 3UREOHPD 'HXQIUDVFRTXHFRQWLHQHHOSURGXFWRFRPHUFLDODJXDIXHUWH+&OGHOHQ SHVR\GHQVLGDG·JĊP/VHWRPDQFRQXQDSLSHWDP/\VHYLHUWHQHQXQ PDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/HQUDVDQGRFRQDJXDKDVWDHVHYROXPHQ&DOFXOH D (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGD E ¢4XpYROXPHQGHXQDGLVROXFLyQGH.2+·0VHUiQHFHVDULRSDUDQHXWUDOL]DU P/GHODGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGD" 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ &O · 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV Solución D 9pDVH HO SUREOHPD &RQ ORV GDWRV GH ULTXH]D \ GHQVLGDG VH WLHQH TXH OLWURGHGLVROXFLyQSHVDJ\FRQWLHQH·JGHVROXWR+&OSRUOR TXHVXFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUVHUi J JĊPRO − = / (Q P/ GH HVWD GLVROXFLyQ VH WHQGUiQ · PROHV Ċ / Ċ Ċ / · PROHV GH +&O TXH OOHYDGRV D XQ PDWUD] GH P/ RULJLQDUi XQD FRQFHQWUDFLyQGH>+&O@ ··/ ·0FRPR>+&O@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULR ·0HQWRQFHVTXHGDTXHS+ ORJ>+@ · 0= E &RPR\DKHPRVYLVWRHQRWURVSUREOHPDVSDUDQHXWUDOL]DU[PROHVGH+&OVH QHFHVLWDUi OD PLVPD FDQWLGDG GH .2+ SRU OR WDQWR VL OODPDPRV ´9.2+µ DO YROXPHQGH.2+VHWLHQH ·Ċ·PROHVGH.2+ 9.2+Ċ·PROHVĊ/\GHDTXt9.2+ ·/ 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &DOFXOH D (O S+ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH +&O2 · 0 \ HO GH RWUD GLVROXFLyQ GH /L2+ ·0 E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQTXHUHVXOWDDOPH]FODUP/GHODSULPHUDGLVROXFLyQ FRQ P/ GH OD VHJXQGD GLVROXFLyQ VH FRQVLGHUD TXH ORV YRO~PHQHV VRQ DGLWLYRV Solución D 6H WUDWD GH XQ iFLGR +&O2 \ XQD EDVH /L2+ IXHUWHV SRU OR TXH HVWiQ WRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRVDVt >+&O2@LQLFLDO >+@HTXLOLEULR ·0\S+ · >/L2+@LQLFLDO >2+@HTXLOLEULR ·0\FRPR>+@Ċ>2+@ >+@Ċ· \GHDTXt>+@ Ċ\S+ · E 6HWUDWDGHODUHDFFLyQGHXQiFLGRIXHUWHFRQXQDEDVHIXHUWH(OS+GHOD GLVROXFLyQ YHQGUi GHWHUPLQDGR SRU ORV UHDFWLYRV UHDFFLRQDQWHV \ ORV SURGXFWRVIRUPDGRV +&O2/L2++2/L&O2 PROHVGH+&O2 ·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·ĊPROHV ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD PROHVGH/L2+ ·/Ċ·PROHVĊ/ ·ĊPROHV 4XHGDQ VLQ QHXWUDOL]DU ·Ċ ² ·Ċ ·Ċ PROHV GH /L2+ HQ P/GHGLVROXFLyQSRUWDQWR>/L2+@ >2+ @ PRO·/ ·Ċ0\GHDTXtTXHS2+ ·S+ · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6H GLVXHOYHQ J GH &D2+ HQ DJXD VXILFLHQWH SDUD SUHSDUDU P/ GH GLVROXFLyQ&DOFXOH D /DPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQ\HOYDORUGHOS+ E /D PRODULGDG GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ GH +%U GH OD TXH P/ GH OD PLVPD VRQ QHXWUDOL]DGRVFRQP/GHODGLVROXFLyQGHODEDVH 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 &D Solución D /DPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQHV [Ca(OH)2 ] 5g 74 g · mol −1 = = 0'225 M 0'3 L $OVHUXQDEDVHIXHUWHWRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGD&D2+&D2+ >2+ @HTXLOLEULR Ċ>&D2+@LQLFLDO Ċ·0 ·0 $VtS2+ ·\S+ · E &D2++%U ĺ &D%U+2 (QP/GH&D2+KD\·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·PROHVTXH JHQHUDQ·PROHVGHKLGUR[LORVORVFXDOHVQHFHVLWDQODPLVPDFDQWLGDGGH +%USDUDVXQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHVGHFLU·PROHVGH+%U3RUWDQWRWHQHPRV ·PROHVGH+%U ·/GH+%UĊ>+%U@ >+%U@ ·0 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &DOFXOH D (O S+ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ · 0 GH iFLGR VHOpQLFR +6H2 \ HO GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ·0GH&V2+ E (O S+ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ TXH UHVXOWD DO PH]FODU P/ GH FDGD XQD GH ODV GLVROXFLRQHVDQWHULRUHVVXSRQJDTXHORVYRO~PHQHVVRQDGLWLYRV 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV Solución D 9pDVHHOSUREOHPDTXHWUDWDGHRWURiFLGRGLSUyWLFRPiVFRP~QHOiFLGR VXOI~ULFR (O +6H2 HV XQ iFLGR GLSUyWLFR IXHUWH TXH FRQVLGHUDUHPRV WRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGRVHJ~Q+6H26H2+ 3RUWDQWRĊ>+6H2@LQLFLDO >+@ ·0\GHDTXt S+ ORJ· · (O&V2+HVXQDEDVHIXHUWHTXHVHGLVRFLDWRWDOPHQWHHQGLVROXFLyQ &V2+&V2+ 3RUWDQWR>2+ @ ·S2+ ORJ· ·\S+ · · E $OPH]FODUODVGRVGLVROXFLRQHVVHSURGXFHODUHDFFLyQ +6H2&V2+→&V6H2+2 PROHVGH+6H2 ·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·Ċ PROHVGH&V2+ ·PROHVĊ/Ċ·/ ·Ċ &RPR PROHV GH &V2+ UHDFFLRQDQ FRQ XQ PRO GHO iFLGR ·Ċ PROHV GH KLGUy[LGR UHDFFLRQDUiQ FRQ ·Ċ PROHV GH +6H2 SRUORTXHTXHGDQ·ĊPROHVGHiFLGRVLQUHDFFLRQDU\SRUWDQWR >+@ Ċ·ĊPRO·/ ·0\GHDTXtS+ · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD &DOFXOH D (OS+GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GHiFLGRQtWULFR\HOGHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0 GHFORUKtGULFR E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQTXHUHVXOWDDOPH]FODUP/GHODGLVROXFLyQGHO+12 FRQP/GHODGLVROXFLyQGH+&O6XSRQJDORVYRO~PHQHVDGLWLYRV Solución D /RVGRVVRQiFLGRVIXHUWHV >+12@ >+@SRUWDQWR>+@ ·0S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· >+&O@ >+@SRUWDQWR>+@ ·0S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· · E 6H WUDWD GH OD PH]FOD GH GRV iFLGRV PRQRSUyWLFRV IXHUWHV TXH HVWiQ WRWDOPHQWH GLVRFLDGRV \ TXH QR HMHUFHQ SUiFWLFDPHQWH LQIOXHQFLD HQWUH Vt VREUHORVHTXLOLEULRVGHGLVRFLDFLyQ PROHVGH+12 ·/Ċ·0 · PROHVGH+&O ·/Ċ·0 · 3RUWDQWRORVPROHVGH+ ·· ·PROHVTXHVH HQFXHQWUDQHQXQYROXPHQWRWDOGHP/3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD >+@ PROHV+YROXPHQILQDO/ ·PROHV·/ ·0 S+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD 6HWLHQHQP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH.2+\P/GHRWUDGLVROXFLyQ·0 GH1D2+&DOFXOH D (OS+GHFDGDGLVROXFLyQ E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQUHVXOWDQWHGHPH]FODUDPEDVGLVROXFLRQHV Solución D (VXQFDVRDQiORJRDODQWHULRUDXQTXHHQHVWHHMHPSORVHWUDWDGHGRVEDVHV PRQRKLGUR[LODGDV IXHUWHV FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLVRFLDGDV HQ GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD 3RU WDQWR SDUD FDGD GLVROXFLyQ LQGLYLGXDO GH FDGD EDVH HV DSOLFDEOH >%DVH@ >2+@ >.2+@ >2+ @ ·0S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· · S+ ²· · >1D2+@ >2+ @ ·0S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· · S+ ²· · E 6H WUDWD GH OD PH]FOD GH GRV EDVHV PRQRKLGUR[LODGDV IXHUWHV TXH HVWiQ WRWDOPHQWHGLVRFLDGDV\TXHQRHMHUFHQSUiFWLFDPHQWHLQIOXHQFLDHQWUHVt PROHVGH.2+ ·/Ċ·0 · PROHVGH1D2+ ·/Ċ·0 · 3RUWDQWRPROHVGH2+ ·· ·PROHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ HQXQYROXPHQWRWDOGHP/3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH >2+ @ PROHV2+ YROXPHQILQDO/ ·PROHV·/ ·0 S2+ ORJ>2+ @ ORJ· ·S+ ²· · 3UREOHPD 3UREOHPD (Q P/ GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD GH +&O 0 VH GLVXHOYHQ J GH 1D&O 6XSRQLHQGRTXHQRVHDOWHUDHOYROXPHQGHODGLVROXFLyQFDOFXOH D /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORVLRQHV E (OS+GHODGLVROXFLyQ 'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV1D &O 5HDFFLRQHVGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHSURWRQHV Solución D 0ROHVGH+&O ·PROĊ·/ ·Ċ 0ROHVGH+&O 0ROHVGH+ PROHVGH&O · [NaCl] = 1'5 g 58'5 g · mol −1 = 0'51 M 0'05 L >1D&O@ >1D@ >&O @ ·0 PROHVGH&O ·0Ċ·/ · PROHVWRWDOHVGH&O ·Ċ·Ċ ·Ċ −2 [Cl − ] = 2'80·'10 = 0'56M 05 >+@ · ES+ ORJ>+@ ORJ· ·