04-Termoquímica

Anuncio
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5(62/8&,Ï1'(&8(67,21(6
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ODYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDOLEUHGH*LEEV∆*HVYHUGDGHUDRIDOVD
D3XHGHVHUSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYDSHURQXQFDSXHGHVHUFHUR
E(VLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
F&XDQGR∆*HVQHJDWLYRODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD
Solución
D)DOVR∆* ∆+7∆6HVGHFLU∆*FRQVWDGHODVXPDGHGRVWpUPLQRVXQRTXHHV
ODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStD∆+\RWURHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6TXHHVWiUHIH
ULGR D OD YDULDFLyQ RUGHQGHVRUGHQ GH OD UHDFFLyQ /XHJR OD VXPD GH HVWRV GRV
WpUPLQRV SXHGH VHU SRVLWLYD UHDFFLyQ QR HVSRQWiQHD GH L]TXLHUGD D GHUHFKD
QHJDWLYDUHDFFLyQHVSRQWiQHDGHL]TXLHUGDDGHUHFKD\FHURFXDQGRODUHDFFLyQ
VHHQFXHQWUDHQHTXLOLEULRWHUPRGLQiPLFR
E)DOVR&RPRVHSXHGH REVHUYDUHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR 7∆6HVGLUHFWDPHQWH
SURSRUFLRQDODODWHPSHUDWXUDOXHJR∆*GHSHQGHGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
F9HUGDGHUR6L ∆*HVQHJDWLYRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHORVUHDFWLYRVWLHQGHQDSDVDUD
SURGXFWRVHVSRQWiQHDPHQWHFHGLHQGRHQHUJtDGHDKtHOVLJQRQHJDWLYRGH ∆*\
DGTXLULHQGRHOVLVWHPDXQHVWDGRGHPHQRUHQHUJtD\SRUORWDQWRPiVHVWDEOH
&XHVWLyQ
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([SOLTXHFyPRYDULDUiFRQODWHPSHUDWXUDODHVSRQWDQHLGDGGHXQDUHDFFLyQTXt
PLFD HQ OD TXH ∆+ž \ ∆6ž VXSRQLHQGR TXH DPEDV PDJQLWXGHV SHUPDQHFHQ
FRQVWDQWHVFRQODYDULDFLyQGHWHPSHUDWXUD
Solución
D ∆*ž ∆+ž7∆6ž3DUDWHPSHUDWXUDVEDMDVHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6žHVPD
\RUTXHFHURWLHQHXQYDORUSRVLWLYR\PHQRUHQYDORUDEVROXWRDOWHUPLQRHQ
WiOSLFR ∆+ž 'HFLPRV TXH HO WpUPLQR HQWiOSLFR SUHGRPLQD VREUH HO WpUPLQR
HQWUySLFR/XHJR∆* ∆+7∆6ž\ODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
E 3DUD DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV HO WpUPLQR HQWUySLFR HV SRVLWLYR \ PD\RU HQ YDORU
DEVROXWR TXH HO WpUPLQR HQWiOSLFR TXH HV QHJDWLYR /XHJR HO WpUPLQR HQWUySLFR
SUHGRPLQDVREUHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR\ ∆* ∆+7∆6!\ODUHDFFLyQHVQRHVSRQ
WiQHD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
,QGLTXHUD]RQDQGRODUHVSXHVWDVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVSURSRVL
FLRQHV
D/DHQHUJtDOLEUHGHSHQGHGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
E1REDVWDTXHXQDUHDFFLyQVHDH[RWpUPLFDSDUDTXHVHDHVSRQWiQHD
F(QXQDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFDODYDULDFLyQGHHQWURStDHVVLHPSUHSRVLWLYD
Solución
D9HUGDGHUR∆* ∆+7∆6FRPRYHPRV∆*GHSHQGHGHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6
\HVWHGHSHQGHGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
E9HUGDGHUR3XHGHRFXUULUTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFRVHDQHJDWLYR\HOWpUPLQR
HQWUySLFRVHDSRVLWLYR\PD\RUHQYDORUDEVROXWRTXH ∆+FRQORFXDOSUHGRPLQD
HO WpUPLQR HQWUySLFR VREUH HO WpUPLQR HQWiOSLFR \ ∆* VHUi SRVLWLYR \ SRU OR
WDQWRODUHDFFLyQHVQRHVSRQWiQHD
F/DHQWURStDHVXQDPHGLGDGHOGHVRUGHQGHOVLVWHPD\HVWDSXHGHDXPHQWDUR
GLVPLQXLUHVGHFLU ∆6SXHGHVHUSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYDVLFRQVLGHUDPRVXQVLVWHPD
FHUUDGRRDELHUWR6LFRQVLGHUDPRVXQVLVWHPDDLVODGRHVGHFLUVLFRQVLGHUDPRV
HOUHDFWRU\HOPHGLRDPELHQWHTXHORURGHDXQHMHPSORHVHOXQLYHUVRVHJ~Q
HQXQFLD HO 6HJXQGR 3ULQFLSLR GH OD 7HUPRGLQiPLFD ´OD HQWURStD WRWDO VLHPSUH
DXPHQWDHQXQSURFHVRLUUHYHUVLEOH\SHUPDQHFHFRQVWDQWHHQXQSURFHVRUHYHU
VLEOHµ
&XHVWLyQ
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'DGRVORVSURFHVRV
1 J + + J → 1+ J∆+ < 0
+ 2O → + 2J∆+ > D,QGLTXHGHIRUPDUD]RQDGDFyPRVHUiHOVLJQRGH∆6HQFDGDUHDFFLyQ
E$QDOLFHODHVSRQWDQHLGDGGHDPERVSURFHVRV
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución
D/DHQWURStDHVXQDPHGLGDGHOGHVRUGHQGHOVLVWHPD\HVWDSXHGHDXPHQWDUR
GLVPLQXLU(QJHQHUDOXQDUHDFFLyQTXHRULJLQDXQDXPHQWRHQHOQ~PHURGHPR
OHVGHJDVYDVLHPSUHDFRPSDxDGDGHXQDXPHQWRGHODHQWURStD\HQHVWHFDVR
UHDFFLyQGLVPLQX\HHOQ~PHURGHPROHVJDVHRVRVTXHSDVDQGHFXDWURDGRV
OXHJRODHQWURStDGLVPLQX\H(OVLJQRHVQHJDWLYR
(QFXDQWRDODVHJXQGDUHDFFLyQHOGHVRUGHQ\SRUORWDQWRODHQWURStDDXPHQWD
DODXPHQWDUHOPRYLPLHQWRFDyWLFRGHODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDDOSDVDUGHOtTXLGR
DYDSRUGHDJXD/DHQWURStDDXPHQWD\HOVLJQRHVSRVLWLYR
E ∆* ∆+7∆6 D EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV SXHVWR TXH HO WpUPLQR HQWiOSLFR ∆+ HV
QHJDWLYR\SUHGRPLQDUiVREUHHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6TXHHVSRVLWLYR ∆*HV
QHJDWLYR\ODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD(QFDPELRDDOWDVWHPSHUDWXUDVHVHOWpU
PLQRHQWUySLFRHOTXHSUHGRPLQDUiVREUHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR\ ∆*HVSRVLWLYR
OXHJRODUHDFFLyQHVQRHVSRQWiQHD
(QODVHJXQGDUHDFFLyQDEDMDVWHPSHUDWXUDVSUHGRPLQDUiHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR
∆+TXHHVSRVLWLYRVREUHHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6TXHHVQHJDWLYR\ ∆*HV
SRVLWLYR OXHJR OD UHDFFLyQ HV QR HVSRQWiQHD $ DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV RFXUUH DO
FRQWUDULRHVHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFRHOTXHSUHGRPLQDUiVREUHWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR\
∆*HVQHJDWLYR\ODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD
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-XVWLILTXHODYHUDFLGDGRIDOVHGDGGHODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D$OJXQDVUHDFFLRQHVH[RWpUPLFDVVRQHVSRQWiQHDV
E(QFLHUWDVUHDFFLRQHVTXtPLFDVODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDFRLQFLGHFRQODYDULD
FLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQD
F/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWURStDGHXQDUHDFFLyQHVSRQWiQHDSXHGHVHUQHJDWLYD
Solución
D 9HUGDGHUR VH FXPSOH SDUD WRGDV DTXHOODV HQ TXH HO WpUPLQR HQWiOSLFR ∆+
TXHHVQHJDWLYRSUHGRPLQHVREUHHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6RDPERVWpUPLQRV
VHDQ QHJDWLYRV 5HFRUGHPRV TXH XQD UHDFFLyQ HV HVSRQWiQHD FXDQGR
∆* ∆+7∆6$TXHOODVUHDFFLRQHVH[RWpUPLFDVHQODVTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR
VHD SRVLWLYR \ SUHGRPLQH VREUH HO WpUPLQR HQWiOSLFR ∆* ∆+7∆6! QR VHUiQ
HVSRQWiQHDV
E9HUGDGHUR6HFXPSOHFXDQGRHOWUDEDMRWHUPRGLQiPLFRHVFHURHVWRVXFHGH
FXDQGR QR KD\ YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV JDVHRVRV HQWUH ORV UHDFWLYRV \
SURGXFWRV
∆+ ∆8S∆9 ∆8∆QĊ57
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
FXDQGR ∆Q QRKD\YDULDFLyQHQHOQ~PHURGHPROHVJDVHRVRVHQWUHUHDFWLYRV\
SURGXFWRV∆+ ∆8
F9HUGDGHURSXHVODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHDFXDQGR ∆*LQGLVWLQWDPHQWHGHO
YDORUGHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWURStD ∆68QHMHPSORORWHQHPRVHQODVROLGLILFDFLyQ
GHO DJXD OtTXLGD D EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV SRU HMHPSOR ²ž& SXHV GLVPLQX\H HO
GHVRUGHQ∆6\HOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+SUHGRPLQDVREUHHOWpUPLQRHQ
WUySLFR7∆6!\ODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD∆* ∆+7∆6
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDODUHDFFLyQ 2&+ J + 2 J → &2 J + + 2O 5D]RQH
D 6L D XQD PLVPD WHPSHUDWXUD HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR D YROXPHQ FRQVWDQWH HV
PD\RUPHQRURLJXDOTXHHOGHVSUHQGLGRVLODUHDFFLyQWXYLHUDDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQ
WH
E6LODHQWURStDHQODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUDXPHQWDRGLVPLQX\H
Solución
D/DUHODFLyQHQWUHHOFDORUDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWH∆+\HOFDORUDYROXPHQFRQV
WDQWH ∆8 HV ∆+ ∆8S∆9 ∆8∆Q57 VLHQGR ∆Q OD YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH
PROHVJDVHRVRVGHODUHDFFLyQ(QHVWHFDVR ∆Q OXHJRHOWUDEDMRWHUPRGLQi
PLFR∆Q57HVXQDFDQWLGDGQHJDWLYDOXHJRHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDSUHVLyQFRQV
WDQWH∆+VHUiPHQRUTXHHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDYROXPHQFRQVWDQWH
E6HJ~QH[SOLFDPRVDQWHVODHQWURStDGLVPLQX\HFXDQGRVHRULJLQDXQDGLVPLQX
FLyQGHORVPROHVGHJDVHQODUHDFFLyQ(QHVWHFDVRHQORVUHDFWLYRVKD\PROHV
\HQORVSURGXFWRVVyORPROHVOXHJRODHQWURStDGLVPLQXLUi
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHVLODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHVVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDV
D7RGDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFDH[RWpUPLFDHVHVSRQWiQHD
E(QWRGDUHDFFLyQTXtPLFDHVSRQWiQHDODYDULDFLyQGHHQWURStDHVSRVLWLYD
F(QHOFDPELRGHHVWDGR + 2O → + 2J VHSURGXFHXQDXPHQWRGHHQWURStD
Solución
D)DOVR3DUDTXHXQDUHDFFLyQVHDHVSRQWiQHDODYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDOLEUH∆*
GHEH VHU PHQRU TXH FHUR ∆* ∆+7∆6 FXDQGR HO WpUPLQR HQWUySLFR 7∆6 HV
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
SRVLWLYR\PD\RUHQYDORUDEVROXWRTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+ODUHDFFLyQHV
QRHVSRQWiQHD
E )DOVR &RPR KHPRV GLFKR DQWHV OD HQWURStD HV XQD PDJQLWXG WHUPRGLQiPLFD
TXHQRVPLGHHOHVWDGRGHGHVRUGHQGHOVLVWHPD\SXHGHDXPHQWDURGLVPLQXLU
8Q HMHPSOR GH UHDFFLyQ HVSRQWiQHD HQ OD TXH OD HQWURStD GLVPLQX\H HV OD FRQ
GHQVDFLyQGHOYDSRUGHDJXDDž&
F9HUGDGHUR6HJ~QKHPRVHVWXGLDGRDQWHVODHQWURStDDXPHQWDDOLJXDOTXHHO
GHVRUGHQFXDQGRHQODUHDFFLyQVHRULJLQDXQDXPHQWRGHOQ~PHURGHPROHVJDV
FRPRHVHQHVWHFDVR
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDODUHDFFLyQ &2J + 12 J → &2 J + 12J D'LEXMHHOGLDJUDPDGHHQWDOStDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODVHQHUJtDVGHDFWLYD
FLyQSDUDODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHLQYHUVDVRQN-PRO\N-PRO
E-XVWLILTXHVLODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHVH[RWpUPLFDRHQGRWpUPLFD
Solución
D
H
CO + NO 2
Ea
Ea
CO 2+ NO
coordenada de reacción
E 3XHVWR TXH HO FRQWHQLGR HQHUJpWLFR GH ORV SURGXFWRV HV PHQRU TXH HO GH ORV
UHDFWLYRVODUHDFFLyQHVH[RWpUPLFD/DHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQVHUtDODGLIHUHQFLD
HQWUHODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQGHOSURFHVRGLUHFWRPHQRVODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQ
GHOSURFHVRLQYHUVR¨+U N-²N- N-
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
(QXQDUHDFFLyQHQODTXH¨+\¨6VHFRQVLGHUDTXHDPEDVIXQFLRQHVWHUPR
GLQiPLFDVSHUPDQHFHQFRQVWDQWHVDOFDPELDUODWHPSHUDWXUD5D]RQHHQIXQFLyQ
GHODWHPSHUDWXUDFXiQGRHVWDUHDFFLyQ
D(VWDUiHQHTXLOLEULR
E6HUiHVSRQWiQHD
Solución
D 8QD UHDFFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HTXLOLEULR WHUPRGLQiPLFR FXDQGR
∆* = ∆+ − 7 ∆6 \ HVWR VXFHGH FXDQGR HO WpUPLQR HQWUySLFR 7∆6 LJXDOH HQ
YDORUDEVROXWR\VLJQR FRQWUDULRDOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+HVWRVXFHGHHQHVWH
¨+
FDVRDXQDFLHUWDWHPSHUDWXUDWDOTXH 7 =
¨6
E8QDUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHDFXDQGR ∆* = ∆+ − 7 ∆6 \HVWRVXFHGHFXDQGRHO
WpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+TXHHVQHJDWLYRHVPD\RUHQYDORUDEVROXWRTXHHOWpU
PLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6žTXHHVSRVLWLYR
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
'DGDUHDFFLyQ 1 2J → 1 J + 2 J∆+ = .-∆6 = -. D-XVWLILTXHHOVLJQRSRVLWLYRGHODYDULDFLyQHQWURStD
E6LVHVXSRQHTXHHVDVIXQFLRQHVWHUPRGLQiPLFDVQRFDPELDQFRQODWHPSHUDWX
UD¢VHUiHVSRQWiQHDODUHDFFLyQDž&"
Solución
D (O GHVRUGHQ \ SRU OR WDQWR OD HQWURStD HQ XQD UHDFFLyQ DXPHQWD FXDQGR VH
RULJLQDXQDXPHQWRGHPROHVGHJDV(QHVWHFDVRHQORVSURGXFWRVKD\PR
OHV\HQORVUHDFWLYRVVRORXQPRO/XHJRODHQWURStDDXPHQWD\HOVLJQRGH ∆6HV
SRVLWLYR
E8QDUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHDFXDQGR∆* ∆+7∆6\HQHVWHFDVRYDOH
1N∆* ∆+7∆6 N-².Ċ-.Ċ
N-!OXHJRODUHDFFLyQHV
1000QRHVSRQWiQHD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
D 5D]RQH VL FXDQGR XQ VLVWHPD JDVHRVR VH H[SDQVLRQD GLVPLQX\H VX HQHUJtD LQ
WHUQD
E-XVWLILTXHFyPRYDUtDODHQWURStDHQODUHDFFLyQ
2.&O2 V → .&O2 V + 2 J Solución
D6HJ~QHOSULPHUSULQFLSLR ∆8 4: 4S∆9\SXHVWRTXH ∆9 9ILQDO²9LQLFLD!HO
WpUPLQRS∆9OXHJRHOVLVWHPDGLVPLQX\HVXHQHUJtDLQWHUQD
E$ODXPHQWDUHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHJDVTXHVHRULJLQDQHQODUHDFFLyQDXPHQ
WD HO GHVRUGHQ \ SRU OR WDQWR OD HQWURStD GH QLQJ~Q PRO HQ HVWDGR JDVHRVR VH
SDVDDXQPRO
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
5D]RQH OD FHUWH]D R IDOVHGDG GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV DILUPDFLRQHV HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ XQ
SURFHVRH[RWpUPLFR
D/DHQWDOStDGHORVUHDFWLYRVHVVLHPSUHPHQRUTXHODGHORVSURGXFWRV
E(OSURFHVRVLHPSUHVHUiHVSRQWiQHR
Solución
D)DOVR3XHVWRTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODHQWDOStDGH
ORVSURGXFWRV\ODHQWDOStDGHORVUHDFWLYRV\HOHQXQFLDGRLQGLFDTXHODUHDFFLyQ
HV H[RWpUPLFD HV GHFLU WLHQH VLJQR QHJDWLYR HOOR LQGLFD TXH OD HQWDOStD GH ORV
UHDFWLYRVGHEHVHUPD\RUTXHODHQWDOStDGHORVSURGXFWRV
E )DOVR 3DUD TXH XQD UHDFFLyQ VHD HVSRQWiQHD OD YDULDFLyQ GH HQHUJtD OLEUH
∆*GHEHVHUPHQRUTXHFHUR ∆* ∆+7∆6FXDQGRHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6
HVSRVLWLYR\PD\RUHQYDORUDEVROXWRTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+ODUHDFFLyQ
HVQRHVSRQWiQHD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHFyPRYDULDUiODHQWURStDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVSURFHVRV
D'LVROXFLyQGHQLWUDWRGHSRWDVLR.12HQDJXD
E6ROLGLILFDFLyQGHODJXD
F6tQWHVLVGHODPRQLDFR 1 J + + J → 1+ J 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
Solución
D$OGLVROYHUVHXQDVDOHQDJXDORVLRQHVSDVDQGHXQHVWDGRGHRUGHQDFLyQFULV
WDOLQDDXQ GHVRUGHQWRWDOHQHOVHQRGHODGLVROXFLyQ SRUORWDQWRODHQWURStD
DXPHQWDUi
E (Q OD VROLGLILFDFLyQ GH DJXD ODV PROpFXODV GH OtTXLGR SDVDQ GH XQ HVWDGR GH
YLEUDFLyQDOWR\FRQSHTXHxDVIXHU]DVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVDXQHVWDGRGHYLEUDFLyQ
EDVWDQWHLQIHULRU\FRQXQDVIXHU]DVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVPXFKRPiVIXHUWHVFRQOR
FXDOVHSURGXFHXQDRUGHQDFLyQFULVWDOLQDGHGLFKDVPROpFXODVGHDJXD(VWDRU
GHQDFLyQKDFHTXHHOGHVRUGHQGLVPLQX\D\ODHQWURStDWDPELpQ
F (Q OD VtQWHVLV GHO DPRQLDFR KD\ XQD UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV PROpFXODV TXH KD\ HQ
HVWDGRGHJDVGHFXDWURSDVDQDGRVSRUORWDQWRHVWDDJUXSDFLyQGLVPLQX\HHO
GHVRUGHQ\WDPELpQODHQWURStD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
D'LEXMHHOGLDJUDPDHQWiOSLFRGHODUHDFFLyQ&+ &++→&+&+VDELHQGR
TXHODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHVH[RWpUPLFD\PX\OHQWDDSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFD\WHP
SHUDWXUDDPELHQWH
E¢&yPRVHPRGLILFDHOGLDJUDPDHQWiOSLFRGHODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUSRUHIHFWRGH
XQFDWDOL]DGRUSRVLWLYR"
F-XVWLILTXHVLODUHDFFLyQLQYHUVDVHUtDHQGRWpUPLFDRH[RWpUPLFD
Solución
D
reacción sin catalizar
H
reacción
catalizada
Ea
Ea
+ H2
CH=CH
2
2
∆H
CH-CH
3
3
coordenada de reacción
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E &RPR VH SXHGH DSUHFLDU HQ OD ILJXUD HO FDWDOL]DGRU SRVLWLYR FUHD XQ QXHYR
FDPLQRGHUHDFFLyQGRQGHODHQHUJtDGHDFWLYDFLyQHVPXFKRPHQRU(DFRQOR
TXHODYHORFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQDXPHQWDQRWDEOHPHQWH
F3XHVWRTXHODUHDFFLyQGLUHFWDHVH[RWpUPLFDVHFHGHFDORUDOSDVDUGHUHDFWL
YRVDSURGXFWRVODUHDFFLyQLQYHUVDVHUiHQGRWpUPLFDHVQHFHVDULRDSOLFDUFDORU
SDUDSURGXFLUOD\HOFDORUTXHHVQHFHVDULRDSOLFDUVHUiHOPLVPRTXHHOGHOD
UHDFFLyQGLUHFWD
&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ
-XVWLILTXHVLHVSRVLEOHTXH
D8QDUHDFFLyQHQGRWpUPLFDVHDHVSRQWiQHD
E/RVFDORUHVGHUHDFFLyQDYROXPHQFRQVWDQWH\DSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHVHDQLJXD
OHVHQDOJ~QSURFHVRTXtPLFR
Solución
D3RUVXSXHVWRTXHVL6HJ~QKHPRVGLFKR∆* ∆+7∆6FRQVWDGHGRVWpUPLQRVHO
WpUPLQRHQWiOSLFR∆+\HOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6$XQTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiO
SLFR∆+VHDSRVLWLYRVLHOWpUPLQRHQWUySLFR7∆6HVQHJDWLYR\PD\RUHQYDORU
DEVROXWRTXHHOWpUPLQRHQWiOSLFRODVXPDGHORVGRVWpUPLQRVVHUiPHQRUTXH
FHURTXHHVODFRQGLFLyQSDUDTXHXQDUHDFFLyQVHDHVSRQWiQHD
E9HUGDGHUR6HFXPSOHFXDQGRHOWUDEDMRWHUPRGLQiPLFRHVFHURHVWRVXFHGH
FXDQGR QR KD\ YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV JDVHRVRV HQWUH ORV UHDFWLYRV \
SURGXFWRV
∆+ ∆8 S∆9 ∆8 ∆Q57 FXDQGR ∆Q QR KD\ YDULDFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH
PROHVJDVHRVRVHQWUHUHDFWLYRV\SURGXFWRV∆+ ∆8
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
5(62/8&,Ï1'(352%/(0$6
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVWiQGDUGHKLGURJHQDFLyQGHODFHWL
OHQR&+SDUDIRUPDUHWDQR
D $ SDUWLU GH ODV HQHUJtDV PHGLDV GH HQODFH &+ N-PRO
++ N-PRO&²& N-PRO&≡& N-PRO
E$SDUWLUGHODVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHOHWDQR
∆+I & + = −85N-PRO \GHODFHWLOHQR ∆+I & + = 227 N-PRO Solución
D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQ GHKLGURJHQDFLyQGHODFHWLOHQRFRQIRUPDFLyQ GHHWD
QR
&+≡&++→&+&+
\DSOLFDPRVODHFXDFLyQ
¨+ R = ŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVURWRVŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVIRUPDGRV (QODFHVURWRV
(QODFHVIRUPDGRV
&Ł&
&&
++
&+
∆+UR = ∆+ R & ≡ & + 2Ċ∆+ R ++Ċ∆+ R &+∆+ R && ∆+UR = 837 + 2Ċ 436 − 4Ċ 414 − 347 = −294N-PRO E6HJ~QODGHILQLFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQ
R
R
¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV
− ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= ¨+ IR &+ &+ − ¨+ IR &+ ≡ &+¨+ IR + ¨+UR = −85 − 227 − 2 0 = −312N-PRO 3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
$SDUWLUGHORVGDWRVVXPLQLVWUDGRVFDOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHODHQWDOStDGHIRUPD
FLyQHVWiQGDUGHOSURSDQR
'DWRVGHHQHUJtDVPHGLDVGHHQODFHHQN-PRO&²+ &²& +²+ 'DWRGH(QWDOStDGHVXEOLPDFLyQ&V→&J ∆+ = 712 N-PRO ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución 1
(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHIRUPDFLyQGHOSURSDQR&V+ →&+J/DHQ
WDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURSDQR VH SXHGH FDOFXODU D SDUWLU GH OD HQWDOStD GH
UHDFFLyQ\DSDUWLUGHODVHQWDOStDVGHHQODFH
$SDUWLUGHODHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQ
R
R
− ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV
¨+UR ¨+ IR & + − 4Ċ¨+ IR + Ċ¨+ IR & = ¨+ IR & + $SDUWLUGHODVHQHUJtDVGHHQODFH
∆+UR = Ċ∆+ R VXEOLPDFLyQGH& + Ċ∆+ R ++Ċ∆+ R &+Ċ∆+ R &&
¨+UR 3Ċ712 + 4Ċ436 8Ċ414 2Ċ347 126N-PRO ,JXDODQGRDPEDVH[SUHVLRQHV ¨+ IR & + = ¨+UR = −126 N-PRO Solución 2
7DPELpQ SXHGH UHVROYHUVH HO HMHUFLFLR DSOLFDQGR OD OH\ GH +HVV IRUPDQGR OD
HFXDFLyQSUREOHPDFRPRVXPDGHODVUHDFFLRQHVTXHQRVGDQ
/DHFXDFLyQSUREOHPDHV
&V+→&+J ¨+UR \ODVHFXDFLRQHVWHUPRTXtPLFDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVGDWRVVRQ
¨+ R = N-PRO &V→&J
+→+
¨+ R = 436 N-PRO \ DGHPiV VH SXHGH REWHQHU OD HQHUJtD GH GLVRFLDFLyQ GHO SURSDQR HQ VXV
iWRPRVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV
&+J→&J+J
¨+ R = ŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVURWRVŒHQHUJtDHQODFHVIRUPDGRV ∆+UR = 8Ċ∆+ R &+ + Ċ∆+ R && = 8Ċ 414 + 2Ċ 347 = 4006N-PRO ODHFXDFLyQSUREOHPDVHSXHGHREWHQHUFRPR²
(IHFWLYDPHQWH
&V→&J &J+J→&+J
¨+ R = Ċ N-PRO ¨+ R = − N-PRO ¨+ R = Ċ N-PRO +→+
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
¨+ R = Ċ − + Ċ = − N-PRO &V+→&+J
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D &DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDTXHVHSURGXFHHQODUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQ
GHOEXWDQRHQFRQGLFLRQHVHVWiQGDUHQXQFLDQGRORVSULQFLSLRVWHyULFRVROH\HVHQ
ORVTXHVHEDVD
E¢4XpFDQWLGDGGHFDORUVHGHVSUHQGHUiHQODFRPEXVWLyQFRPSOHWDGHORVNJ
GHEXWDQRTXHFRQWLHQHXQDERPERQD"
'DWRV(QWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDU ∆+I [&2 J] = −N-PRO ∆+I [+ 2O] = −N-PRO ∆+I [& 2 J] = −125N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 Solución
D6HHVFULEHODHFXDFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQDMXVWDGD
&+J
13
2
2J→&2J+2O
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODHQWDOStDHVXQDIXQFLyQ GHHVWDGRHVWRHVVyORGH
SHQGHGHOHVWDGRLQLFLDO\ILQDOGHOVLVWHPD\QRGHOFDPLQRSRUHOTXHWUDQVFXUUH
ODUHDFFLyQ
R
R
¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV
− ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= 4Ċ¨+ IR &22 + 5Ċ¨+ IR +2¨+ IR & + ¨+UR = 4Ċ −393 + 5Ċ −286 − −125 = −2877 N-PRO E&DOFXODPRVHQSULPHUOXJDUQ~PHURGHPROHVFRQWHQLGRVHQNJGHEXWDQR
Q J0P JJPRO ·PROHV
$VtSXHVHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRHQODFRPEXVWLyQGHHVWRVPROHVGHEXWDQRVHUi
4 ·PROHVN-PRO N-
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
$SDUWLUGHORVGDWRVWDEXODGRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDHQHUJtDVGHHQODFH
(QODFH (QHUJtDGHHQODFHN-PRO
++
2 2
2+
D&DOFXOHODHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHODJXDHQHVWDGRJDVHRVR
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
E &RPSDUH HO UHVXOWDGR REWHQLGR SRU HVWH PpWRGR FRQ HO FDOFXODGR D SDUWLU GH
VXVHOHPHQWRVN-PRODSRUWDQGRXQDSRVLEOHH[SOLFDFLyQGHGLVFUHSDQFLD
VLODKXELHUD
Solución
D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHIRUPDFLyQGHODJXDHQHVWDGRJDVHRVR
+J
1
2
2J→+2J ¨+ IR $SOLFDPRVODOH\GH+HVVGHVFULELHQGRODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPDFRPRVXPDGHYDULDV
UHDFFLRQHVTXHQRVLQGLFDQHQORVGDWRV
¨+ R = 436 N-PRO +J→+J 2J→2J ¨+ R = 498N-PRO +2J→+J2J ¨+5R = 2Ċ¨+ R +2 = 2Ċ 464 = 928N-PRO /DUHDFFLyQSUREOHPDHVODVXPDGH
1
2
+J→+J ò2J→2J ¨+ R = 498 2N-PRO = N-PRO +J2J→+2J ¨+ R = 436 N-PRO ¨+ R = −928N-PRO +J
1
2
2J→+2J ¨+UR = 436 + 249 − 928 = −243N- PRO E&RPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUHOUHVXOWDGRQRGLILHUHPXFKR GHOGDGRHQHOHQXQ
FLDGRN-DXQTXHHVPiVILDEOHpVWH~OWLPR\DTXHORVGDWRVHPSOHDGRVHQ
OD UHDFFLyQ VRQ HQWDOStDV PHGLDV GH HQODFH HQWUH HO iWRPR GH R[tJHQR \ HO
iWRPRGHKLGUyJHQRHQGLVWLQWDVVXVWDQFLDVHQODVFXDOHVH[LVWHGLFKRHQODFH\QR
FRLQFLGHQH[DFWDPHQWHFRQODHQWDOStDGHHQODFH2+GHODPROpFXODGHDJXD
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(Q XQ FDORUtPHWUR DGHFXDGR D ž & \ DWP GH SUHVLyQ VH TXHPDQ FRPSOHWD
PHQWH FP GH HWDQRO &+2+ SURGXFLpQGRVH GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR JDVHRVR \
DJXDOtTXLGD(OFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHHV·N-&DOFXOH
D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQHVWiQGDUGHOHWDQRO
E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQDDODWHPSHUDWXUDGHž&
'DWRV'HQVLGDGGHOHWDQRO ·JFP5 ·-.PRO
0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
Solución
D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHOHWDQRO
&+2+O2J→&2J+2O
3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHGHEHPRVDYHULJXDUSULPH
URHOQ~PHURGHJUDPRVGHHWDQRO\GHVSXpVHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHHWDQRO
0 79J
QžGHJGHHWDQRO FP
·JGHHWDQRO
1FP3
3 95J
·PROHV
QžGHPROHVGHHWDQRO 46J PRO
6DELHQGR TXH OD HQWDOStD GH FRPEXVWLyQ HV HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR SDUD XQ PRO
HVWDEOHFHPRVXQDUHODFLyQGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDG
0 086PROHV 1PRO
=
![ ·N-PRO
−117 04N[
E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQDHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStD
VHJ~QODHFXDFLyQ
∆+ ∆8∆QĊ5Ċ7
VLHQGR ∆Q OD YDULDFLyQ HQ
HOQ~PHURGHPROHVJDVHRVRVTXHH[LVWHHQODUHDFFLyQSRUORTXHGHVSHMDQGR\
VXVWLWX\HQGR
8
3- 1NĊ298. = −1358
4 N-PRO ∆8 ∆+∆QĊ57 ·N-PRO
.PRO 1000 3XHVWRTXH∆Q 3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&DOFXOH OD HQHUJtD PHGLD GH ORV HQODFHV TXtPLFRV &²+ \ &²& XWLOL]DQGR ORV GDWRV
GHODWDEODVLJXLHQWH
6XVWDQFLD
3URFHVR
∆+žN-PRO
&+J
)RUPDFLyQ
·
&+J
)RUPDFLyQ
&V→&J
6XEOLPDFLyQ
+J
'LVRFLDFLyQ
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
Solución
D3DUDFDOFXODUODHQHUJtDGHHQODFH&+QHFHVLWDPRVXQDHFXDFLyQWHUPRTXtPL
FDHQODTXHDSDUH]FDGLFKDHQHUJtDHQIXQFLyQGHORVGDWRVDSRUWDGRV/DHFXD
FLyQEXVFDGDHVODGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOPHWDQRHQVXViWRPRVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV
&+J→&J+J
¨+UR = 4Ċ¨+ R & − + /DHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUODSRGHPRVFDOFXODUDSOLFDQGRODOH\GH+HVV
FRPRVXPDGHYDULDVUHDFFLRQHVTXHQRVLQGLFDQ
¨+ R = −74 8N-PRO &V+J→&+J &V+J→&+J
¨+ R = −85N-PRO &V→&J
¨+ R = 715N-PRO +J→+J ¨+ R = 436 N-PRO (IHFWLYDPHQWHVLVXPDPRV²REWHQHPRVODHFXDFLyQSUREOHPD
¨+ R = 715N-PRO &V→&J
&+J→&V+J
Ċ
+J→+J
¨+ R = 74 8N-PRO ¨+ R = 2Ċ 436N-PRO &+J→&J+J
¨+UR = 715 + 74 8 + 2Ċ 436 = 1661
8N-PRO OXHJR ¨+UR = 4Ċ¨+ R &+ = 1661
8 ! ¨+ R &+ = 1661
8 4 = 415
4N-PRO E3DUDFDOFXODUODHQHUJtDGHHQODFH&&SODQWHDPRVODHFXDFLyQGHGLVRFLDFLyQ
GHOHWDQRHQVXViWRPRVFRQVWLWX\HQWHV
&+J→&J+J ¨+UR = ¨+ R & − & + 6Ċ¨+ R & − + ¨+5R VHSXHGHFDOFXODUSRUODOH\GH+HVVFRPRVXPDGH
&V→&J
Ċ
&+J→&V+J
Ċ
+J→+J
¨+ R = 2Ċ 715N-PRO ¨+ R = 85N-PRO ¨+ R = 3Ċ 436N-PRO &+J→&J+J
OXHJR ∆ +5R = 2Ċ 715 + 85 + 3Ċ 436 = 2823N- PRO ¨+UR = ¨+ R & − & + 6Ċ¨+ R & − + = 2823N- PRO \GHVSHMDQGR ∆+ R & − & = 2823 − 6Ċ415 4 = 330 6 N-PRO 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
/DV YDULDFLRQHV GH HQWDOStDV GH IRUPDFLyQ HVWiQGDU GHO &+J &2J \ +2O
VRQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH·N-PRON-PRO\·N-PRO&DOFXOH
D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQGHOPHWDQR
E(OFDORUSURGXFLGRHQODFRPEXVWLyQFRPSOHWDGHPGHPHWDQRPHGLGRHQ
FRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV
'DWR5 ·DWP/.PRO
6ROXFLyQ
D
&+J2J→&2J+2O
∆+UR 3DUDODUHDFFLyQDQWHULRUYDPRVDFDOFXODUODHQWDOStDEDViQGRQRVHQODSURSLH
GDGGHODHQWDOStDGHVHUXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGRHVGHFLUQRGHSHQGHGHOFDPLQR
VHJXLGRVLQRGHODSRVLFLyQLQLFLDO\ILQDOSRUORWDQWRODSRGHPRVH[SUHVDUFR
PR
R
R
¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV
− ¨+IUHDFWLYRV
= ¨+IR &22 + 2Ċ¨+ IR + 2¨+ IR &+ ¨+UR = −395 + 2Ċ −285
5 − −74 8 = −891
2 N-PRO E3DUDHVWHFDOFXORWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDTXHXQJDVHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVRFX
SDXQYROXPHQGH/OXHJR
1000 / 1PRO 891
2 N4 = 1P 3 Ċ
Ċ
Ċ
= 39786 N- 1P 3
22 4 /
1PRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D &DOFXOH OD YDULDFLyQ GH HQWDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO DPRQLDFR D SDUWLU GH ORV
VLJXLHQWHV GDWRV GH HQHUJtDV GH HQODFH +²+ N-PRO 1²+ N-PRO
1≡1 N-PRO
E&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQDHQODIRUPDFLyQGHODPRQLDFRDODWHP
SHUDWXUDGHž&
'DWR5 ·-.PRO
6ROXFLyQ
D(VFULELPRVODUHDFFLyQGHIRUPDFLyQGHODPRQLDFR
3
2
1
+J 1J→1+J
2
\DSDUWLUGHORVGDWRVVHSXHGHQREWHQHUODVUHDFFLRQHV
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
+J→+J
1+J→1J+J ¨+ R = 3Ċ 389N-PRO 1J→1J 3RGHPRVREVHUYDUTXHVXPDQGR
PD
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
¨+ R = 436 N-PRO ¨+ R = 946N-PRO 1
2
3
2
²VHREWLHQHODUHDFFLyQSUREOH
1J→1J
¨+ R = 946 2N- +J→+J
¨+ R = 3Ċ 436 2 N- 1J+J→1+J
VXPD
¨+ R = −3Ċ 389N- 3
2
1
+J 1J→1+J
2
¨+UR = 946 2 + 3Ċ 436 2 − 3Ċ 389 = −40N-PRO 8
31- 1NĊ298. = 37 5N-PRO SXHV
E∆8 ∆+∆QĊ57 N-PRO
.ĊPRO 10001
3
2
2
∆QGHODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD 3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(ODPRQLDFRDž&\DWPVHSXHGHR[LGDUVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ
4 NH 3 (g) + 5O 2 (g) → 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(l) &DOFXOH
D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStD
E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDLQWHUQD
'DWRV5 ·-⋅.⋅PRO ∆+ I0 1+3 ( J ) = −46 2N- PRO ∆+I [ 12J] = 90
4N-PRO ∆+0I [+2 2O] = 286 4N-PRO 6ROXFLyQ
D$OLJXDOTXHHQHOHMHUFLFLRFDOFXODPRVODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHODUHDF
FLyQ
R
R
¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV
− ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= 4Ċ¨+IR 12 + 6Ċ¨+ IR + 2Ċ¨+IR 1+ − 5Ċ¨+IR 22 ¨+UR = 4Ċ 90 4 + 6Ċ −286 4 − 4Ċ −46 2 − 5Ċ0 = −1172N- 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
8 31- 1NĊ298. ·N-PRO
.PRO 1000 SXHV∆QGHODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD E∆8 ∆+∆Q57 N-PROPRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHODFHWLOHQRHWLQRD
SDUWLUGHODVHQWDOStDVGHFRPEXVWLyQHVWiQGDUHVN-PROGHOKLGUyJHQRFDUERQR
JUDILWR \ DFHWLOHQR FX\RV YDORUHV VRQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH · · \
·
E &DOFXOH HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR D SUHVLyQ FRQVWDQWH FXDQGR VH TXHPD NJ GH
DFHWLOHQR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 6ROXFLyQ
D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR
5
&+J 2J→&2J+2O
2
¨+UR = −1298
3N-PRO \DSDUWLUGHODUHODFLyQ
R
¨+UR = ¨+ IR SURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= 2Ċ¨+ IR &22 + ¨+ IR + 2¨+ IR & + FDOFXODPRV ¨+ IR & + ·N-PRO ·· ¨+ IR & + \GHVSHMDQGR ¨+ IR & + ¨+ IR & + ·Ċ·· N-PRO
E3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDOTXHPDUNJGHDFHWLOHQRHVWDEOHFHPRV
ODUHODFLyQ
26 J ⋅ PRO −1
1000J
=
![ ·N-
−1
−1298 3N- ⋅ PRO
[
PDVDPROHFXODUGHODFHWLOHQR JPRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDHVWiQGDUFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODUHDFFLyQ
ZnS (s) + 3 2 O 2 (g) → ZnO(s) + SO 2 (g) E ¢4Xp FDORU VH DEVRUEH R GHVSUHQGH D SUHVLyQ FRQVWDQWH FXDQGR UHDFFLRQDQ
JGH=Q6VFRQR[tJHQRHQH[FHVR"
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
'DWRV ∆+I [=Q6V] = −202 9N-PRO ∆+ I [=Q2V] = −348 0 N-PRO ∆+I [62 J] = −296 1N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 6 =Q ·
6ROXFLyQ
D$SOLFDQGRODSURSLHGDGGHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQGHVHUXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWD
GR
R
R
¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV
− ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= ¨+ IR =Q2 + ¨+ IR 62 ¨+ IR =Q6 ¨+UR = −348
0 + −296 1 − −202 9 = −441
2N- E3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDOUHDFFLRQDUJGH=Q6HVWDEOHFHPRVOD
UHODFLyQ
97 4J ⋅ PRO −1
100 J
=
![ ·N-
−1
− 441
2N- ⋅ PRO
[
PDVDPROHFXODUGHO=Q6 ·JPRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDTXHVHSURGXFHFXDQGRVHREWLHQHEHQFHQRD
SDUWLU GHO DFHWLOHQR HWLQR VHJ~Q OD UHDFFLyQ 3C 2 H 2 (g) → C 6 H 6 (l) VDELHQGR
TXH ODV HQWDOStDV GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO DFHWLOHQR JDVHRVR \ GHO EHQFHQR OtTXLGR VRQ
·N-PRO\·N-PROUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
E&DOFXOHHOFDORUSURGXFLGRDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHFXDQGRVHTXHPDQJGH
DFHWLOHQRJDVHRVRVDELHQGRTXH
∆H 0f [CO 2 (g) ] = −393 kJ/mol ∆H 0f [H 2 O(l)] = −286 kJ/mol 0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 6ROXFLyQ
D $SOLFDQGRODHFXDFLyQ
R
¨+UR = ¨+ IR SURGXFWRV − ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= ¨+IR &6 +6 − 3Ċ∆+ IR & + ¨+UR = −49 0 − 3Ċ 226 7 = −729 1N
E&DOFXODPRVHQSULPHUOXJDUODHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
5
&+J 2J→&2J+2O
2
¨+UR = ¨+ IR
SURGXFWRV
¨+UR R
− ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= 2Ċ¨+ IR &22 + ¨+ IR +22 − ∆+ IR & + ¨+UR = 2Ċ −393
5 + −286 − 226 7 = −1298
7 N- 3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRDOTXHPDUJGHDFHWLOHQRHVWDEOHFHPRVOD
UHODFLyQ
26 J ⋅ PRO −1
100 J
=
![ N-
−1298 7 N- ⋅ PRO −1
[
VLHQGRODPDVDPROHFXODUGHODFHWLOHQR JPRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
'DGDODUHDFFLyQ CaCO 3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) D'HWHUPLQHODFDQWLGDGGHFDORUDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHTXHHVQHFHVDULRVXPLQLV
WUDUSDUDGHVFRPSRQHUNJGHFDUERQDWRGHFDOFLR
E4XpFDQWLGDGGHFDUERQDWRGHFDOFLRVHGHEHUiXWLOL]DUSDUDSURGXFLUNJGH
y[LGRGHFDOFLRVLHOUHQGLPLHQWRHVGHO
'DWRV ∆+ I [&D&2 V] = −1209
6N-PRO ∆H 0f [CO 2 (g)] = −393 kJ/mol ∆+ I [&D2V] = −635
1N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV& 2 &D 6ROXFLyQ
R
R
D ¨+UR = ¨+ ISURGXFWRV
− ¨+ IUHDFWLYRV
= ¨+ IR &D2 + ¨+ IR &22 − ∆+ IR &D&2 ¨+UR = −635
1 + −393 − −1209 6 = 181
5N-PRO SDUDFDOFXODUODFDQWLGDGGHFDORUQHFHVDULDSDUDGHVFRPSRQHUJGHHVWD
VXVWDQFLDHVWDEOHFHPRVODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQ
100 J ⋅ PRO −1 3000J
=
![ N-
−1
181
5N- ⋅ PRO
[
E3DUDFDOFXODUODFDQWLGDGGHFDUERQDWRQHFHVDULRSDUDREWHQHUNJ J
GHFDOHVWDEOHFHPRVODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQ
J&D&2
[
=
![ JGH&D&2
J&D2
PDVDPROHFXODUGHOFDUERQDWRFiOFLFR JPRO
&RPRHOUHQGLPLHQWRHVGHOGHEHPRVXWLOL]DUPiVFDQWLGDGGH&D&2SDUD
REWHQHUODFDQWLGDGGHVHDGD
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
12500 J Ċ
100 JWRWDOHV
= 13889 JGH&D&23 90 JSXURV
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
/DVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQGHODJXDOtTXLGD\GHOGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRJDVVRQUHV
SHFWLYDPHQWHN-PRO\N-PRODž&\ODHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQGHO
DFHWLOHQRHVN-PRO
D &DOFXOH OD HQWDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO DFHWLOHQR VL FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH HO DJXD
IRUPDGDHQODFRPEXVWLyQHVWiHQHVWDGROtTXLGR
E 6DELHQGR TXH OD HQWDOStD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO HWDQR HV N-PRO FDOFXOH OD
HQWDOStD
GH
KLGURJHQDFLyQ
GHO
DFHWLOHQR
VHJ~Q
OD
UHDFFLyQ
C 2 H 2 (g) + 2H 2 (g) → C 2 H 6 (g) 6ROXFLyQ
D$SDUWLUGHODUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR
5
&+J 2J→&2J+2O
2
∆+U = −1299.-PRO R
R
∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV
− ∆+IUHDFWLYRV
2Ċ∆+IR &22 + ∆+IR +2 2 − ∆+ IR &2 +2 N-PRO Ċ ∆ +IR &2 +2 ∆ +IR &2 +2 N-PRO
E3DUDFDOFXODUODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQGHKLGURJHQDFLyQGHODFHWLOHQRWHQHPRV
HQFXHQWDTXHHVXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGR
& + J + + J → & + J R
R
∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV
− ∆+IUHDFWLYRV
∆ +IR &2 +6 − ∆+ IR &2 +2 N-PRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
8QRGH ORVDOLPHQWRVPiV FRQVXPLGRHV ODVDFDURVD&+2&XDQGRUHDFFLRQD
FRQHOR[tJHQRVHWUDQVIRUPDHQGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR\DJXDGHVSUHQGLHQGR·
N-PRODODSUHVLyQGHXQDDWPyVIHUD(OWRUUHQWHVDQJXtQHRDEVRUEHSRUWpUPL
QRPHGLRPROHVGH2HQKRUDV&RQHVWDFDQWLGDGGHR[tJHQR
D¢&XiQWRVJUDPRVGHVDFDURVDVHSXHGHQTXHPDUDOGtD"
E¢&XiQWRVN-VHSURGXFLUiQHQODFRPEXVWLyQ"
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
6ROXFLyQ
D(VFULELPRVODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD
&+22→&2J+2O
∆+U = − 348 9 N-PRO 3XHVWR TXH HO WRUUHQWH VDQJXtQHR DEVRUEH PROHV GH 2 HQ KRUDV GH
WHUPLQDPRVORVPROHVGHVDFDURVDTXHVHSXHGHQTXHPDUHQHVHWLHPSR
1PRO VDFDURVD
[ PROHV VDFDURVD ![ ·PROHVGHVDFDURVD
=
UHDFFLRQD 12 PROHV 22
26 PROHV 22
\SXHVWRTXHPROVRQJWHQHPRVTXH
0DVDVDFDURVD QžGHPROHVĊ0P ·Ċ J
E3DUDFDOFXODUHOFDORUGHVSUHQGLGRWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDQODHQWDOStDGHFRPEXV
WLyQ
−348 9 N4 =
Ċ2 17 PROHV = 755 95N- 1PRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
/DUHDFFLyQHQWUHODKLGUDFLQD1+\HOSHUy[LGRGHKLGUyJHQR+2VHXWLOL]D
SDUDODSURSXOVLyQGHFRKHWHV
N 2 H 4 (l) + 2H 2 O 2 (l) → N 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(l)
ǻH = -710 kJ /DVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQGH+2O\GHO+2OVRQ·\N-PROUHV
SHFWLYDPHQWH
D&DOFXOHODHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQGHODKLGUDFLQD
E¢4XpYROXPHQGHQLWUyJHQRPHGLGRDž&\PPGHPHUFXULRVHSURGXFL
UiFXDQGRUHDFFLRQHQJGHKLGUDFLQD"
'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 2 6ROXFLyQ
D&RQVLGHUDQGRTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGR
1 + O + +2 O → 1 J + +2O¨+UR = N- R
R
∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV
− ∆+ IUHDFWLYRV
= ∆+ IR 1 2 + 4Ċ∆+ IR +22 − ∆+IR 1 2 +4 − 2Ċ∆+ IR + 222 GHVSHMDQGR ∆+ IR 12 +4 ∆+ IR 12 +4 = ∆+ IR 12 + 4Ċ∆+ IR +22 − 2Ċ∆+ IR +222 − ∆+UR ∆+ IR 12 +4 · ·N-PRO
E/RVPROHVGHKLGUDFLQDVRQ
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
64 J
= 2 PROHV 32 J PRO
\VHJ~QODUHDFFLyQFRQGRVPROHVGHKLGUDFLQDVHREWLHQHQGRVPROHVGHQLWUy
JHQRTXHRFXSDQXQYROXPHQGH
Q57 2 PROHVĊ 0 082 DWPĊ/.ĊPROĊ283.
9 =
=
= 705 5/ 1DWP
3
50 PP+J Ċ
760 PP+J
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVWiQGDU
CaC 2 (s) + 2H 2 O(l) → Ca(OH) 2 (s) + C 2 H 2 (g) E 4XpFDORUVHGHVSUHQGHHQODFRPEXVWLyQGHGPGHDFHWLOHQR&+PH
GLGRVDž&\DWP
'DWRV ∆H 0f [ CaC2 (s)] = −59'0 kJ/mol ∆H 0f [CO 2 (g)] = −393 kJ/mol Q R GHPROHV =
∆H 0f [H 2 O(l)] = −286 kJ/mol ∆H 0f [Ca(OH) 2 (s) ] = −986 kJ/mol ∆H0f [C2H2 (g)] = 227 kJ/mol 6ROXFLyQ
D(OFiOFXORGHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQVHUHDOL]DWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHHVXQD
IXQFLyQGHHVWDGR
&D& V + 2+ 2O → &D2+ V + & + J R
R
∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV
− ∆+IUHDFWLYRV
∆+UR = ∆+ IR [&D2+2 ] + ∆+ IR &2 +2 − 2Ċ∆+ IR +22 − ∆+ IR &D&2 ∆+U = ²Ċ² N-
E 3DUD FDOFXODU HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR VH FDOFXOD HQ SULPHU OXJDU HO Q~PHUR GH
PROHVGHDFHWLOHQRFRQWHQLGRHQGP
3Ċ9
1DWPĊ100 /
Qž GHPROHV =
=
= 4 092 PROHVGHDFHWLOHQR 5Ċ7 0 082 DWPĊ/.ĊPROĊ298.
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHFDOFXOD ∆+U GHODFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR
5
&+J 2J→&2J+2O
2
R
U
∆+ = ∆+
R
ISURGXFWRV
R
− ∆+IUHDFWLYRV
∆+UR = 2Ċ∆+IR &22 + ∆+IR +22 − ∆+ IR &2 +2 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
∆+UR = 2Ċ −393 + −286 − 227 = −1299N-PRO \SRU~OWLPR 4 = QžGHPROHVĊ∆+UR = 4 092Ċ −1299 = −5315 5N- 3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
'DGDVODVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHOGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR&2²N-
PRO\GHO62²·N-ĊPRO\ODGHFRPEXVWLyQGHOGLVXOIXURGHFDUERQR
CS2 (l) + 3O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g)
∆H ro = −1072 kJ &DOFXOH
D/DHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHOGLVXOIXURGHFDUERQR
E/DHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDODVtQWHVLVGH·NJGHGLVXOIXURGHFDUERQR
'DWRVGH0DVDVDWyPLFDV& 6 6ROXFLyQ
D&RQVLGHUDQGRTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVXQDIXQFLyQGHHVWDGR
R
R
∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV
− ∆+IUHDFWLYRV
∆+UR = ∆+ IR &22 + 2Ċ∆+IR 622 − ∆+IR &62 \GHVSHMDQGR ∆ +IR &62 ∆ +IR &62 · ·N-PRO
E6HFDOFXODHQSULPHUOXJDUHOQ~PHURGHPROHVFRQWHQLGRVHQ·NJGHGLVXO
IXURGHFDUERQR
2500J
Qž GHPROHV =
= 32 9PROHVGH&62 76JPRO
PDVDPROHFXODU JPRO
DFRQWLQXDFLyQFDOFXODPRVODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULD
4 QžGHPROHVĊ ∆ +IR &62 ·PROHVĊ·N-PRO ·N-
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
/DFRPEXVWLyQGHOSHQWDERUDQROtTXLGRVHSURGXFHVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ
2B 5 H 9 (l) + 12O 2 (g) → 5B 2 O 3 (s) + 9H 2 O(l) D&DOFXOH/DHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQHVWiQGDU
E(OFDORUTXHVHGHVSUHQGHDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHHQODFRPEXVWLyQGHXQJUDPR
GHSHQWDERUDQR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ % ∆+ I [% + O] = 73
2N-PRO ∆+ I [%2 V] = −1263
6N-PRO ∆ H 0f [ H 2 O( l)] = −286 kJ/mol ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
6ROXFLyQ
D3DUDODUHDFFLyQ
% + O + 122 J → 5% 2 V + 9+ 2O ∆+UR R
R
∆+UR = ∆+ ISURGXFWRV
− ∆+IUHDFWLYRV
∆+UR = 5Ċ∆+ IR %223 + 9Ċ∆+IR +22 − 2Ċ∆+IR %5+9 ∆+UR = 5Ċ −1263
6 + 9Ċ −286 − 2Ċ 73
2 = −9038
4N- F 3DUD FDOFXODU HO FDORU GHVSUHQGLGR KHPRV GH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH FRQ GRV
PROHVGHSHQWDERUDQRVHGHVSUHQGHQ·N-\DSDUWLUGHDTXtFRQVLGH
UDQGRODPDVDPROHFXODUGHHVWHFRPSXHVWRJPRO
2 PRO Ċ 64J ⋅ PRO −1 1J
=
![ ²·N-
−9038
4 N[
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
'HWHUPLQHORVYDORUHVGHODVHQWDOStDVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDFFLRQHV
+&OJ
D+J&OJ
E CH 2 = CH 2 (g) + H 2 (g) → CH 3 CH 3 (g) 'DWRV(QHUJtDVPHGLDVGHHQODFHN-ĊPRO++ ·&O−&O &−+ & & +−&O &−& 6ROXFLyQ
D/DHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQVHSXHGHREWHQHUFRPRGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVHQHUJtDV
GHHQODFHGHORVHQODFHVURWRV\ORVHQODFHVIRUPDGRV
ǻH ro = Ȉ energía enlaces rotos - Ȉ energía enlaces formados ∆ H ro = ∆ H o (H-H) + ∆ H o (Cl-Cl) -2·∆ H o (Cl-H) ∆ H ro = 436 + 243 − 2·( 431 ) = −183 kJ E3DUDODUHDFFLyQ CH 2 = CH 2 ( g) + H 2 ( g) → CH 3 CH 3 (g) ǻH ro = Ȉ energía enlaces rotos - Ȉ energía enlaces formados ∆ H ro = ∆ H o (C = C) + ∆ H o (H-H)-∆ H o (C-C) - 2∆ H o (C-H) ∆ H ro = 611 + 436 − 347 − 2 · 414 = −128 kJ 7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(OSURFHVRGHIRWRVtQWHVLVVHSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUSRUODHFXDFLyQ
&2 J + 6+2O → & +2 V + 62 J ∆+UR = N- &DOFXOH
D/DHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHODJOXFRVD&+2
E/DHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHJGHJOXFRVDPHGLDQWHIRWRVtQ
WHVLV
'DWRV ∆+ I0 +22 (O ) = −285
8N-PRO ∆ + I0 &22 ( J ) = − 393 N- PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV& + 2 6ROXFLyQ
D ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = ∆ H of ( C6 H12O6 ) − 6·∆ H of ( H 2O ) − 6·∆ H of ( CO2 ) \GHVSHMDQGRODHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQGHODJOXFRVD
∆ H of ( C6 H12O6 ) = ∆ H ro + 6 ·∆ H of ( H 2O ) + 6 ·∆ H of ( CO2 ) ∆ H of ( C6 H12 O6 ) ·· N-PRO
E 6H GHWHUPLQD HQ SULPHU OXJDU HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH JOXFRVD FRQWHQLGRV HQ
JWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODPDVDPROHFXODUGHODJOXFRVDHVJPRO\D
SDUWLUGHOD ∆ H of ( C6 H12 O6 ) VHGHWHUPLQDODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDVXIRUPDFLyQ
500 g
· 3402' 8 kJ / mol = 9452 kJ 4 QžGHPROHVĊ ∆H of 180 g / mol
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
&DOFXOH
D/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDHVWiQGDUSDUDODGHVFRPSRVLFLyQGHPROGHFDUERQD
WRGHFDOFLR&D&2VHQGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR&2J\y[LGRGHFDOFLR&D2V
E/DHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDSDUDSUHSDUDUNJGHy[LGRGHFDOFLR
'DWRV ∆+ I [&D&2 V] = −1209 6 N-PRO ∆+ I [&2 J] = −393N-PRO ∆+ I [&D2V] = −635 1N-PRO 0DVDVDWyPLFDV&D 2 6ROXFLyQ
D ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = ∆ H of ( CaO ) + ∆ H of ( CO2 ) − ∆ H of ( CaCO3 ) ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
∆ H ro · ·N-PRO
E(QSULPHUOXJDUVHGHWHUPLQDHOQžGHPROHVGHy[LGRGHFDOFLRFRQWHQLGRVHQ
NJVDELHQGRTXHODPDVDPROHFXODUGHHVWHFRPSXHVWRHVJPRO
3000 g
Q ·PROHV
56 g / mol
3DUDFDOFXODUODHQHUJtDQHFHVDULDKDEUiTXHWHQHU HQFXDQWDTXHSRUFDGDPRO
GHFDUERQDWRFiOFLFRGHVFRPSXHVWRVHIRUPDXQPROGHy[LGRGHFDOFLR
4 QžGHPROHVĊ ∆ H ro ·PROHVĊ·N-PRO ·N-
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
$HIHFWRVSUiFWLFRVVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUODJDVROLQDFRPRRFWDQR&+/DVHQ
WDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGH+2J&2J\&+OVRQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
·N-PRON-PRO\·N-PRO&DOFXOH
D/DHQWDOStDGHFRPEXVWLyQHVWiQGDUGHORFWDQROtTXLGRH[SUHVDGDHQN-PRO
VDELHQGRTXHVHIRUPDQ&2\+2JDVHRVRV
E/DHQHUJtDHQNLORMXOLRVTXHQHFHVLWDXQDXWRPyYLOSRUFDGDNLOyPHWURVLVX
FRQVXPRHVGH/GHRFWDQROtTXLGRSRUFDGDNP
'DWRV'HQVLGDGGHORFWDQROtTXLGR ·NJ/0DVDVDWyPLFDV& + 6ROXFLyQ
D/DUHDFFLyQGHFRPEXVWLyQGHO&+HV
&+O
25
2
2J→+2J&2J
∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = 9·∆ H of ( H 2O ) + 8·∆ H of ( CO2 ) − ∆ H of ( C8 H18 ) ∆H ro · ·N-PRO
E(QSULPHUOXJDUVHGHWHUPLQDHOFRQVXPRGHJDVROLQDHQJUDPRVSRUFDGD
.P
5L
0' 8 kg
·
·NJNP JNPGHJDVROLQD
100 km
1L
40 g
·PROHVGHJDVROLQDFRQVXPLGRVHQNP
QžGHPROHV 114 g / mol
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
/DHQHUJtDFRQVXPLGDVHUi ·PROHVĊ·N-PRO N-
(OVLJQRHVSRVLWLYRSXHVWRTXHVHWUDWDGHHQHUJtDFRQVXPLGD
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
6HREWLHQHFORUXURGHKLGUyJHQRDSDUWLUGHODUHDFFLyQ
+ J + &O J → 2+&OJ ∆+ = N- &DOFXOH
D/DHQHUJtDGHVSUHQGLGDSDUDODSURGXFFLyQGHNJGHFORUXURGHKLGUyJHQR
E/DHQWDOStDGHOHQODFH+²&OVLODVHQWDOStDVGHHQODFH+²+\&O²&OVRQUHVSHF
WLYDPHQWHN-PRO\N-PRO
'DWRVGH0DVDVDWyPLFDV&O ·+ 6ROXFLyQ
D 6H FDOFXOD HQ SULPHU OXJDU ORV PROHV GH FORUXUR GH KLGUyJHQR FRQWHQLGRV HQ
NJ
100000 g
Q~PHURGHPROHV ·PROHVGH+&O
36' 5 g / mol
\ WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH SRU FDGD GRV PROHV GH +&O IRUPDGRV VH GHVSUHQGHQ
·N-ODHQHUJtDGHVSUHQGLGDSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGH·PROHVODFDOFXOD
PRVSRUODUHODFLyQ
2 moles
2739' 7 moles
=
4 ![ ņN-
x
−184' 4 kJ
E7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODHQWDOStDGHUHDFFLyQVHSXHGHREWHQHUFRPRGLIH
UHQFLDHQWUHODVHQHUJtDVGHORVHQODFHVURWRV\ORVHQODFHVIRUPDGRV
ǻH ro = Ȉ energía enlaces rotos- Ȉ energía enlaces formados ∆ H ro = ∆ H o (Cl-Cl) + ∆ H o (H-H)-2·∆ H o (Cl-H) \GHVSHMDQGR ∆ H o (Cl-H) 2 · ∆ H o (Cl-H) = ∆ H o (Cl-Cl) + ∆ H o (H-H) - ∆ H ro = −( −184' 4 ) + 243 + 436 = 863' 4 kJ .
OXHJR ∆ H o (Cl-H) · ·N-PRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
$ž&\DWPODYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDHVN-SDUDODUHDFFLyQ
2Al 2 O 3 (s) → 4Al(s) + 3O 2 (g) &DOFXOH
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
D/DHQWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQHVWiQGDUGHO$O2
E/DYDULDFLyQGHHQWDOStDFXDQGRVHIRUPDQJGH$O2HQODVPLVPDVFRQGL
FLRQHVGHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUD
0DVDVDWyPLFDV$O 2 6ROXFLyQ
D /D UHDFFLyQ GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO y[LGR GH DOXPLQLR $OV 2J → $O2V
SXHGHREWHQHUVHLQYLUWLHQGRODUHDFFLyQGHOHQXQFLDGR\GLYLGLpQGRODHQWUHGRV
SRUWDQWR
∆ H ro ·N-PRO(OVLJQRQHJDWLYRVHGHEHDTXHVHKDLQYHU
WLGRHOVHQWLGRGHODUHDFFLyQ
E3DUDFDOFXODUODFDQWLGDGGHHQHUJtDDOIRUPDUVHJGH$O2 HVWDEOHFHPRV
ODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQ
102 g ⋅ mol −1 Al2O3 10 g
=
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−1675' 5 kJ ⋅ mol −1
x
<DTXHODPDVDPROHFXODUGHO$O2 JPRO
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
(OVXOIXURGHFLQFDOWUDWDUORFRQR[tJHQRUHDFFLRQDVHJ~Q
2ZnS ( s) + 3O2 ( g) → 2 ZnO(s) + 2SO2 (g) 6LODVHQWDOStDVGHIRUPDFLyQGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVVRQ
∆+I [ =Q6V] = −202 9N-PRO ∆Hf0 [ ZnO( s)] = −348' 3 kJ/mol ∆+I [62 J] = −296 8N-PRO D¢&XiOVHUiHOFDORUDSUHVLyQFRQVWDQWHGHXQDDWPyVIHUDTXHVHGHVSUHQGHUi
FXDQGRUHDFFLRQHQJUDPRVGHVXOIXURGHFLQFFRQH[FHVRGHR[tJHQR"
E¢&XiQWRVOLWURVGH62PHGLGRVDž&\XQDDWPyVIHUDVHREWHQGUiQ"
'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 6 =Q 6ROXFLyQ
D&DOFXODPRVHQSULPHUOXJDUODHQWDOStDGHODUHDFFLyQSUREOHPD
∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = 2 · ∆ H of ( ZnO ) + 2 · ∆ H of ( SO2 ) − 2 · ∆ H of ( ZnS ) ∆ H ro Ċ··· ·N-
3DUDXQPROGH=Q6VHGHVSUHQGHUiODPLWDG·N- ·N-
17 g
= ·PROHV
PROHVGH=Q6FRQWHQLGRVJ 97 ' 4 g / mol
7HUPRTXtPLFD\&LQpWLFD
PDVDPRODU ·JPRO
FDORUGHVSUHQGLGR Q~PHURGHPROHVGH=Q6Ċ ∆ H ro ·Ċ· ·N-
E3DUDFDOFXODUHOYROXPHQGH62REWHQLGRWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDTXHORVPROHV
GH=Q6TXHUHDFFLRQDQVRQORVPLVPRVTXHVHREWLHQHQGH62HVGHFLUVRQ·
nRT 0' 174 mol· 0' 082 atl ⋅ l ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol −1 · 298 K
=
= ·/GH62
V=
1 atm
P
3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD
D&DOFXOHODYDULDFLyQGHHQHUJtDOLEUHHVWiQGDUDž&SDUDODVVLJXLHQWHVUHDF
FLRQHVXWLOL]DQGRORVGDWRVWDEXODGRV
2NaF (s) + Cl 2 (g) → F2 (g) + 2 NaCl(s) PbO (s) + Zn (s) → Pb(s) + ZnO(s) E $ OD YLVWD GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV FRPHQWH OD FRQYHQLHQFLD R QR GH XWLOL]DU HVWDV
UHDFFLRQHVHQODREWHQFLyQGHIO~RU\SORPRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
'DWRV
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)
=Q
3E
∆+IžN-PRO 6ž-.PRO
6ROXFLyQ
D 3DUD FDOFXODU ∆*ž WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH ∆*ž ∆+ž7∆6ž KD\ TXH GHWHU
PLQDUHQSULPHUOXJDU∆+ž\∆6ž
∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = 2·∆ H of ( NaCl ) − 2·∆ H of ( NaF ) = 2·( −411 ) − 2·( −569 ) = 316 kJ UHDFFLyQHQ
GRWpUPLFD
0
ǻS 0 = S 0productos − Sreactivos
ǻS 0 6ž1D&O6ž)6ž1D)²6&O Ċ··Ċ·∆6ž -.
21 J 1 kJ
= ²· ·N-
.
∆*ž ∆+ž7∆6ž N-².Ċ
K 1000 J
D ∆ H ro = ∆ H of (productos) − ∆ H of (reactivos) ∆ H ro = ∆ H of ( ZnO ) − ∆ H of ( PbO ) = −348 + 276 = −72 kJ UHDFFLyQH[RWpUPLFD
0
ǻS 0 = S 0productos − Sreactivos
ǻS 0 6ž3E6ž=Q2²6ž=Q²6ž3E2 ··²·²·
,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD
∆6ž ·-.
∆*ž ∆+ž7∆6ž N-².Ċ
−9' 8 J
1 kJ
= · ·N-
·
1000 J
K
E 3XHVWR TXH ∆*ž · N- OD UHDFFLyQ HV QR HVSRQWiQHD UHFRUGHPRV TXH
SDUDVHUHVSRQWiQHD ∆*žGHEHVHUQHJDWLYR\DGHPiV ∆ H ro N-QHFHVL
WD JUDQ DSRUWDFLyQ GH HQHUJtD OXHJR QR HV SRVLEOH REWHQHU IO~RU PHGLDQWH
HVWDUHDFFLyQ
E3XHVWRTXH ∆*ž ·N-ODUHDFFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHD\DGHPiV ∆ H ro N-
HVH[RWpUPLFDOXHJRHVSRVLEOHREWHQHUSORPRPHGLDQWHHVWDUHDFFLyQ
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