evolución de las etapas de maduración de compostaje de

Anuncio
(92/8&,Ï1'(/$6(7$3$6'(0$'85$&,Ï1'(
&203267$-('(%,26Ï/,'26
5(%$%<0'&$%(=$69/$%8')-0$548,<
1(:$/6g('(5(&$
35,162352*5$0$'(,19(67,*$&,21(6(16Ï/,'26&,7()$&21,&(7
-8$1%$87,67$'(/$6$//(
9,//$0$57(//,%8(126$,5(6
7(
(0$,/ZDOVRH#FLWHIDJRYDU
3$/$%5$6&/$9(6FRPSRVWDMHQDUL]HOHFWUyQLFDHVSHFWURVFRStDGHPDVD
5(680(1
/RVDYDQFHVHQODWHFQRORJtDGHPRVDLFRVGHPXOWLVHQVRUHV\GHODFRPSXWDFLyQKDQSHUPLWLGR
HOGHVDUUROORGHODVQDULFHVHOHFWUyQLFDVTXHSXHGHQGLVFULPLQDUFRPSXHVWRVSRUVXRORUMXJDQGRXQ
UROIXQGDPHQWDOHQHOPRQLWRUHRGHODPELHQWH(O026(6,,02GXODU6(QVRU6\VWHPIXHHPSOHDGR
HQ HVWH WUDEDMR FRQ HO REMHWR GH GLVFULPLQDU ODV GLIHUHQWHV HWDSDV GH PDGXUDFLyQ GH PDWHULDOHV GH
FRPSRVWDMH
0XHVWUDV GH SLODV FRQ YROWHR GH OD SODQWD GH &RPSRVWDMH GH %LRVyOLGRV GH OD FLXGDG GH
%DULORFKH5tR1HJUR$UJHQWLQDIXHURQDQDOL]DGDVFRQODQDUL]HOHFWUyQLFDSDUDGHWHFWDUGLIHUHQFLDV
HQODHYROXFLyQGHODVHWDSDVGHPDGXUDFLyQ
/DFURPDWRJUDItDJDVHRVDVHJXLGDGHODQiOLVLVSRUHVSHFWURVFRStDGHPDVDSHUPLWLyGHWHUPLQDU
ORVFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRVSUHVHQWHVHQFDGDHWDSD
/RV REMHWLYRV GHO WUDEDMR IXHURQ , GHVDUUROODU HVWXGLRV TXH SHUPLWLHUDQ REWHQHU SDWURQHV GH
HYROXFLyQ GHOSHUtRGR WHUPRItOLFRGHOFRPSRVWDMH \ ,,HYDOXDU OD SRVLELOLGDGGHXVDUORVFRPRtQGLFHV
GH HVWDELOLGDG \ PDGXUDFLyQ SDUD TXH HVWH PDWHULDO SXHGD VHU HPSOHDGR FRPR IHUWLOL]DQWH /RV
UHVXOWDGRVKDQPRVWUDGRSDWURQHVGLIHUHQWHVHQORVSHUtRGRVWHUPRItOLFRVGHFRPSRVWDMHUHVXOWDQGR
EXHQRVLQGLFDGRUHVGHODPDGXUDFLyQGHORVPLVPRV
,1752'8&&,Ï1
/D SURGXFFLyQ DQXDO GH ELRVyOLGRV SURYHQLHQWHV GHO WUDWDPLHQWR VHFXQGDULR GH GHVKHFKRV
FORDFDOHV GH OD 3ODQWD GH %DULORFKH HV GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH P HTXLYDOHQWHV D WQ GH
PDWHULD VHFD /RV FRQWHQLGRV GH PHWDOHV SHVDGRV VRQ PiV EDMRV TXH ORV OtPLWHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV
DFHSWDGRVSRUOD8QLyQ(XURSHD>@\OD86(3$86(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$JHQF\
>@SDUDXVRHQDJULFXOWXUD/DVWUD]DVRUJiQLFDVQRVRQVLJQLILFDWLYDVGHELGRDODHVFDVDLQIOXHQFLDGH
DFWLYLGDG DJUtFROD DOUHGHGRU GH OD FLXGDG (O FRQWHQLGR GH SDWyJHQRV GH GH 031 0RVW
3UREDEOH 1XPEHU GH FROLIRUPHVIHFDOHVJ GH EDUUR VHFR HV UHGXFLGR SRU WUDWDPLHQWR FRQ FDO SDUD
GLVPLQXLUORVULHVJRVGHWUDQVSRUWH\ORVFROLIRUPHVIHFDOHVDXQDFDQWLGDGPHQRUGH 031J GH
EDUUR VHFR 1R KDQ VLGR REVHUYDGRV KXHYRV YLDEOHV GH $VFDULV KHOPLQWRV FRQ DOWD FDSDFLGDG GH
VXSHUYLYHQFLDHQVXHORV>@/DSURGXFFLyQGHELRVyOLGRVHVFRPSRVWDGDGHVGHHQOD3ODQWDGH
&RPSRVWDMHGH%LRVyOLGRVGH%DULORFKHXVDQGRUHVLGXRVGHSRGD\YLUXWDVGHPDGHUDFRPRDJHQWHV
GHQVLILFDQWHV\XQVLVWHPDGHSLODVFRQYROWHR/DVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHORVWUDWDPLHQWRVWHUPRItOLFRV
&VRQPDQWHQLGDVGXUDQWHXQWLHPSRVXILFLHQWHSDUDVDWLVIDFHUORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHOD86(3$SDUD
3)533URFHVVHVWR)XUWKHU5HGXFH 3DWKRJHQV \ SDUD REWHQHU XQFRQWHQLGRGH FROLIRUPHV IHFDOHV
PHQRU TXH 031J GH FRPSRVWDMH VHFR 3RU RWUD SDUWH GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD
FRQWDPLQDFLyQDPELHQWDOHVWHWUDEDMRHVXQDSRUWHDODLQLFLDWLYDGHO&58%FRPSRVWDUORVUHVLGXRV
FORDFDOHVGHODFLXGDGGH%DULORFKHWHQGLHQWHDVROXFLRQDUXQSUREOHPDHFROyJLFRGHLPSRUWDQFLDFRQ
ODYHQWDMDDGLFLRQDOGHJHQHUDUXQSURGXFWR~WLO\GHYDORUDJUHJDGRFRQVLGHUDEOH
$ WUDYpV GHO FRPSRVWDMH ORV UHVLGXRV TXH HUDQ YROFDGRV DO /DJR 1DKXHO +XDSL FRQ ODV
FRQVHFXHQFLDV HVSHUDEOHV HQ FXDQWR D FRQWDPLQDFLyQ \ GHVHTXLOLEULRV HQ IDXQD \ IORUD VRQ
UHFLFODGRVHQ OD 3ODQWDGH&RPSRVWDMHGH5HVLGXRV%LRVyOLGRVGH%DULORFKH EDMR HVWULFWRV FRQWUROHV
GHOFXDOHVWHWUDEDMRIRUPDSDUWHGHOVHFDGRGHQVLILFDFLyQHYROXFLyQRORUSUHVHQFLDGHHOHPHQWRV
SDWyJHQRVDFWLYLGDGFRPRIHUWLOL]DQWHHQWUHRWURVREWHQLpQGRVHXQEXHQIHUWLOL]DQWHVHJXURGHEDMR
FRVWR\TXHFRQWULEX\HDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODHFRORJtDGHOOXJDU
¾ 'HVFULSFLyQ GHO 026(6 ,, /RV GDWRV GH ODV PXHVWUDV TXH SHUWHQHFHQ D ODV GLIHUHQWHV HWDSDV
VRQPHGLGRVFRQORVVHQVRUHVGHODQDUL]HOHFWUyQLFD\UHJLVWUDGRVHQODFRPSXWDGRUDH[WHUQDTXHORV
UHFLEH \ DOPDFHQD SDUD HIHFWXDU HO GLDJUDPD GH UHFRQRFLPLHQWR 35 SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ &RPR
DOJRULWPRGHO35VHHPSOHDXVXDOPHQWHHO$QiOLVLVGH&RPSRQHQWHV3ULQFLSDOHV$&3HOFXDOHVWi
FRPSOHWDPHQWHLQWHJUDGRDOVRIWZDUH>@(OUHVXOWDGRHV XQJUiILFR ELGLPHQVLRQDOVREUHFX\RV HMHV
HVWiQORVFRPSRQHQWHVTXHPiVFRQWULEX\HQDORVRORUHVH[SUHVDGRVHQHQHOFXDOVHDJUXSDQHQ
UHFLQWRVORVUHJLVWURVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDRORUHVVLPLODUHV
(O026(6,,)LJHVWiFRQVWLWXtGRSRUGRVFRQMXQWRVGHRFKRVHQVRUHVFDGDXQR8QPyGXOR
HVWiFRPSXHVWRSRURFKRVHQVRUHVGH GLy[LGRGHHVWDxR6Q2 FDGDXQRFRQXQGRSDGRGLIHUHQWH
(O RWUR PyGXOR FRQWLHQH RFKR VHQVRUHV SLH]RHOpFWULFRV GH WLSR PLFUREDODQ]D GH FXDU]R 0& FDGD
XQRFRQXQUHFXEULPLHQWRGLIHUHQWH
0XHVWUHDGRU
&iPDUDGH
VHQVRUHV
)LJ(TXLSR026(6,,
(O GLIHUHQWH GRSDGR GH ORV VHQVRUHV GH GLy[LGR GH HVWDxR DVt FRPR ORV GLIHUHQWHV
UHFXEULPLHQWRVGHORV0&OHVFRQILHUHQDOWDVHQVLELOLGDG\VHOHFWLYLGDGHVSHFLDOSDUDFLHUWRVJDVHV/D
UHVLVWLYLGDG VXSHUILFLDO GH ORV VHQVRUHV GH 6Q2 )LJ D YDUtD FRQ ODV SURSLHGDGHV R[LGDQWHV R
UHGXFWRUDVGHORVJDVHVDGVRUELGRV
/RVFULVWDOHVGHFXDU]R RSHUDQHQFLUFXLWRVRVFLODGRUHV\ HQ DXVHQFLD GHO JDV DQDOLWR RVFLODQ
FRQVXIUHFXHQFLDKDELWXDO+]6LHOUHFXEULPLHQWRSROLPpULFRDGVRUEHVHOHFWLYDPHQWHXQJDV
DQDOLWR OD DGVRUFLyQ HV WHPSRUDULD \ UHYHUVLEOH OD PDVD GHO FULVWDO DXPHQWD \ VH UHGXFH HQ
FRQVHFXHQFLD OD IUHFXHQFLD GH YLEUDFLyQ &RPR UHVXOWDGR OD YDULDFLyQ GH IUHFXHQFLD UHVXOWD
SURSRUFLRQDODODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODQDOLWR(QODILJXUDEVHREVHUYDXQHVTXHPDGHXQVHQVRUGH
PLFUREDODQ]DGHFXDU]RRVFLODQWH
&DGD PXHVWUD DQDOL]DGD SURGXFLUi FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH XQ JUiILFR GH GLHFLVpLV FXUYDV VLHQGR
FDGDXQDGHHOODVODVHxDOGHVDOLGDGHFDGDVHQVRUHQIXQFLyQGHOWLHPSRFRPRODVTXHVHPXHVWUDQ
HQODVILJXUDVVHxDOHVGHORV6Q2\VHxDOHVGHORVVHQVRUHV0&(VQHFHVDULRUHGXFLUODJUDQ
FDQWLGDG GH GDWRV REWHQLGRV SDUD SRGHU GHVFULELU FDGD PXHVWUD FRQ XQ Q~PHUR PtQLPR GH
SDUiPHWURV (O DOJRULWPR GH $&3 DSURYHFKD OD YHQWDMD GH TXH ORV VHQVRUHV VRQ UHODWLYDPHQWH QR
HVSHFtILFRVSXGLHQGRFRPELQDUVHODVVHxDOHVGHWRGRVORVVHQVRUHVHQXQD~QLFDVHxDOHQXQJUiILFR
ELGLPHQVLRQDOSDUDFDGDPXHVWUDDQDOL]DGD
D6HQVRUGH6Q2
E6HQVRU0&
)LJ6HQVRUHVXWLOL]DGRVHQHOHTXLSR026(6,,
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
)LJ6HxDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVVHQVRUHV6Q2 SDUDXQDPXHVWUD
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
)LJ6HxDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVVHQVRUHV0&SDUDXQDPXHVWUD
¾ &URPDWyJUDIRGH*DVHV(VSHFWUyPHWURGH 0DVD*&06 6H RSHUy FRQ XQ *&06 PDUFD
)LQQLJDQ0RGHOR*&4(OHVSHFWUyPHWURGHPDVDHVGHOWLSRLRQWUDS
352&(',0,(172(;3(5,0(17$/
¾ $QiOLVLVFRQOD1DUL](OHFWUyQLFD 6HWRPDURQPXHVWUDVGHWUHVHWDSDVGHPDGXUDFLyQGHFXDWUR
SLODVFRQYROWHR$%&\'GHOD3ODQWDGH&RPSRVWDMHGH%LRVyOLGRVGH%DULORFKHYHUDQR
ž
TXHIXHURQVHFDGDVHQKRUQRD &\PROLGDVKDVWDSDVDUDWUDYpVGHXQD PDOODGHPP/D
GXUDFLyQ GH FDGD SHUtRGR GH PDGXUDFLyQ GH FDGD XQD GH ODV FXDWUR SLODV FRQ YROWHR HVWi
UHSUHVHQWDGDHQHOJUiILFRGHODILJXUD
&RQUHVSHFWRDORVHOHPHQWRVDGLFLRQDOHVLQFOXtGRVHQHOSURFHVRGHFRPSRVWDMHHQODSLOD%
VHXVDURQUHVLGXRVGHSRGD\YLUXWDVGHPDGHUDPLHQWUDVTXHHQODVSLODV$& \'VyORVHHPSOHy
YLUXWDV
6H OOHQDURQ VHLV YLDOHV GH PO FRQ rJ GH PDWHULDO GH FRPSRVWDMH VyOLGR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDFDGDHWDSDGHODVPXHVWUDVGHODVSLODVFRQYROWHR%&\'(QHOFDVRGHODSLOD
FRQYROWHR$VHOOHQDURQGRFHYLDOHVGHFDGD HWDSD SDUD DVHJXUDU ODUHSURGXFLELOLGDG (VWRVH ORJUD
DQDOL]DQGRHQXQDSULPHUDH[SHULHQFLDVHLVYLDOHV\HQRWUDRWURVVHLV/XHJRVHSURFHVDQWRGRVORV
UHVXOWDGRVHQXQPLVPRJUiILFR$&3\VHREVHUYDTXHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODVPXHVWUDVGHFDGDHVWDGtR
VH DJUXSHQ HQ XQ PLVPR UHFLQWR &DGD YLDO HV VHOODGR FRQ XQD VHSWD GH WHIOyQ DVHJXUDGD FRQ XQ
SUHFLQWRGHDOXPLQLR
$QWHV GH ODV PHGLFLRQHV FRQ ORV VHQVRUHV GH OD QDUL] HOHFWUyQLFD ODV PXHVWUDV IXHURQ
R
WHUPRVWDWL]DGDV D & GXUDQWH XQD KRUD WLHPSR GH LQFXEDFLyQ HQ XQ FDEH]DO GH PXHVWUHR 'DQL
(OJDVHQHTXLOLEULRFRQODVPXHVWUDVIXHLQWURGXFLGR HQHO026(6 ,,SRU XQJDVFDUULHUDLUH
VLQWpWLFRFX\RIOXMRHVGHPOPLQ
¾ $QiOLVLV FRQ &URPDWRJUDItD *DVHRVD VHJXLGR GH (VSHFWURPHWUtD GH 0DVD 6H XWLOL]y XQD
FROXPQDFDSLODU5HVWHN0RGHOR5W[06GHPHWURVGHORQJLWXG(OPpWRGRRSHUDWLYRIXHLRQL]DFLyQ
HOHFWUyQLFD(,FRQGHWHFFLyQGHLRQHVSRVLWLYRV
'tDV
(WDSD
(WDSD
$
%
3LODV
&
(WDSD
'
)LJ(WDSDVGHOSHUtRGRGHPDGXUDFLyQGHODVFXDWURSLODVFRQYROWHR
/DVELEOLRWHFDVHVSHFWUDOHVXWLOL]DGDVIXHURQ1LVW\:LOH\SDUDODLRQL]DFLyQHOHFWUyQLFD
/RVFURPDWRJUDPDVVHUHDOL]DURQFRQH[WUDFWRVREWHQLGRVGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUDVREUHJ
GHFDGDPXHVWUDKRPRJHQHL]DGDVHKLFLHURQWUHVH[WUDFFLRQHVFRQVHFXWLYDVFRQFP GHDFHWRQD
FDGD YH] XWLOL]DQGR XQ HTXLSR GH XOWUDVRQLGR GXUDQWH PLQXWRV /XHJR VH UHXQLHURQ ORV H[WUDFWRV
FRQVHFXWLYRV GH FDGD PXHVWUD HQ XQ ~QLFR H[WUDFWR TXH VH ILOWUy \ VH GLOX\y FRQ HO VROYHQWH SUHYLR
DJUHJDGR GH RFWRDWR GH PHWLOR FRPR VWDQGDUG LQWHUQR GH UHIHUHQFLD D XQD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH
JPOSDUDSRGHUGHWHUPLQDUWHQGHQFLDVHQODVYDULDFLRQHVGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHV
0HGLDQWHHOHPSOHRGHDXWRVDPSOHUVHHQYLDURQODVPXHVWUDVDOHTXLSRXWLOL]DQGRLQ\HFFLyQ
DXWRPiWLFD7RGRVORVFURPDWRJUDPDVVHREWXYLHURQFRQOLPSLH]DSUHYLDGHOVLVWHPDDXQDYHORFLGDG
GHIOXMRGHFPVHJDOWDWHPSHUDWXUDHQLQ\HFWRU\KRUQRHLQ\HFFLyQGHVHFXHQFLDGHVROYHQWHV
6HUHDOL]DURQORVFURPDWRJUDPDVGHOSULPHUVHJXQGR\WHUFHUHVWDGtRGHODVPXHVWUDV$
5HVXOWDGRV\GLVFXVLyQ
¾ 5HVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVFRQOD1DUL](OHFWUyQLFD /RVGDWRVREWHQLGRVFRQ OD QDUL] HOHFWUyQLFD
VRQUHJLVWUDGRVHQORVGLDJUDPDV$&3HQORVFXDOHVODVGLIHUHQWHVHWDSDVGHPDGXUDFLyQGHODVSLODV
FRQYROWHRIXHURQFODUDPHQWHGLVFULPLQDGRV$TXHOORVPDWHULDOHVGHFRPSRVWDMHTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ
ORV UHFLQWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D OD WHUFHUD HWDSD HVWiQ OLVWRV SDUD VHU HPSOHDGRV FRPR IHUWLOL]DQWHV
SRUKDOODUVHOLEUHVGHSDWyJHQRV\GHPDORVRORUHV
/RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSDUDODSLOD$VHPXHVWUDQHQHOGLDJUDPD$&3GHODILJXUDHQHO
FXiO3&HMH[\3&HMH\FRQWULEX\HQDODLQIRUPDFLyQHQ\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
&3
7HUFHUDHWDSD
6HJXQGDHWDSD
3ULPHUDHWDSD
&3
)LJ*UiILFR$&3FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODSLODFRQYROWHR$
(QHVWHFDVRVHREWXYRXQDPHMRUGLVFULPLQDFLyQGHODVHWDSDVHPSOHDQGRVRODPHQWHORVVHQVRUHV
GHGLy[LGRGHHVWDxRGHODQDUL]HOHFWUyQLFD/DVPHGLGDVIXHURQUHDOL]DGDVHQGRVFRQMXQWRVGHVHLV
&3
7HUFHUDHWDSD
6HJXQGDHWDSD
3ULPHUDHWDSD
&3
)LJ*UiILFR$&3FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODSLODFRQYROWHR%
YLDOHVFDGDXQR$OLQFOXLUWRGRVORVUHVXOWDGRVHQXQ~QLFRJUiILFR$&3DSDUHFLHURQGRFHSXQWRVFRQ
SRFDGLVSHUVLyQHQWUHVtHQFDGDUHFLQWRSDUDFDGDHVWDGtRFRQILUPiQGRVHDVtODUHSURGXFLELOLGDGGH
ORV UHVXOWDGRV /RV UHFLQWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D FDGD HVWDGtR HVWiQ FODUDPHQWH VHSDUDGRV XQR GH
RWUR
/D)LJXUDFRUUHVSRQGHDOJUiILFR$&3GHODVPXHVWUDVGHODSLOD%(QHVWHFDVRVHREWLHQH
EXHQDGLVFULPLQDFLyQHPSOHDQGRQXHYDPHQWHORVVHQVRUHVGH6Q2 /RVUHVXOWDGRVSDUDODVPXHVWUDVGHODVSLODV&\'IXHURQVLPLODUHVDORVGHODSLOD%\$UD]yQ
SRUODFXDOORVJUiILFRV$&3FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVQRKDQ VLGRLQFOXtGRV
6LVH WRPDQHQFXHQWD ORVVHQVRUHVGHFXDU]RVRODPHQWH HO JUiILFR$&3 REWHQLGR)LJXUD UHYHOD GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH ODV SLODV FRQ YROWHR VHJ~Q HO PDWHULDO GHQVLILFDQWH DJUHJDGR UHVLGXRV GH
&3
$
%
&3
)LJ*UiILFR$&3FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODVSLODVFRQYROWHR
$\%HPSOHDQGRVyORORVVHQVRUHV0&
SRGDRYLUXWDVGHPDGHUD
6LORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODSLOD&VHLQWURGXFHQHQHOJUiILFR$&3GHODILJXUDILJXUDORVGDWRV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV SLODV $ \ & VH VXSHUSRQHQ GDGR TXH DPEDV FRQWLHQHQ HO PLVPR DGLWLYR
YLUXWDVGHPDGHUD
/D ILJXUD HV HO JUiILFR $&3 GH ORV JUXSRV GH PXHVWUDV GH WRGDV ODV SLODV FRQ YROWHR TXH
FRQWLHQHQ HO PLVPR DJHQWH GHQVLILFDQWH UHVLGXRV GH SRGD DJUHJDGRV GXUDQWH HO SURFHVR GH
FRPSRVWDMH (VWH PXHVWUD UHFLQWRV VHSDUDGRV SDUD HO SULPHU \ VHJXQGR HVWDGtR GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV
SLODVPLHQWUDVTXHWRGRVORVUHFLQWRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDOWHUFHUHVWDGtRVHFRQFHQWUDQSUREDQGRTXH
DOILQDOGHOSURFHVRWRGDVODVPXHVWUDVGHWRGDVODSLODVDOFDQ]DURQODPLVPDPDGXUDFLyQ
&3
$
%
&
&3
)LJ*UiILFR$&3FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODVSLODVFRQYROWHR
$%\&HPSOHDQGRVyORORVVHQVRUHV0&
'
&3
&
$
$
&
&
'
$
'
&3
)LJ*UiILFR$&3FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODVSLODVFRQYROWHR$&
\'HPSOHDQGRORVVHQVRUHVGHGLy[LGRGHHVWDxR
¾ 5HVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVFRQ&URPDWRJUDItDGH*DVHV(VSHFWURPHWUtDGH0DVDV (ODQiOLVLVGH
ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH FURPDWRJUDItD JDVHRVD VHJXLGD GH HVSHFWURPHWUtD GH PDVD VH EDVy HQ OD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO YDORU GHO FRFLHQWH $ [$6, GRQGH $[ HV HO iUHD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D ORV SLFRV GH XQ
FRPSXHVWR GDGR \ $6, HV HO iUHD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO SLFR GHO HVWDQGDU LQWHUQR /RV UHVXOWDGRV
SUHVHQWDGRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQFRUUHVSRQGHQDODSLOD$
/DV )LJXUDV D E \ F VRQ ORV HVSHFWURV REWHQLGRV SDUD OD SULPHUD HWDSD GRQGH OD
)LJXUDDUHJLVWUDHOHVSHFWURFRPSOHWR\ODV)LJXUDVE\FVRQDPSOLDFLRQHVGHODDQWHULRU'H
ODPLVPDIRUPDODV)LJXUDVDE\FFRUUHVSRQGHQDODVHJXQGDHWDSD\ODV)LJXUDVDE\FD
ODWHUFHUD
/D7DEOD,RUGHQDORVUHVXOWDGRVGHORVFRPSXHVWRVKDOODGRVHQODVWUHVHWDSDVGHPDGXUDFLyQ
5W HV HO WLHPSR GH UHWHQFLyQ GHQWUR GH OD FROXPQD (O DQiOLVLV HIHFWXDGR HV VHPLFXDQWLWDWLYR 1R
SXHGH HIHFWXDUVH XQ DQiOLVLV WRWDOPHQWH FXDQWLWDWLYR SRU FXDQWR QR VH KDQ HPSOHDGR HVWiQGDUHV
LQWHUQRV GH WRGDV ODV VXVWDQFLD LGHQWLILFDGDV HQ HO FURPDWRJUDPD 'HELGR D OD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH
FRPSXHVWRV TXH IRUPDQ HO FRPSRVWDMH \ TXH YDUtDQ FRQ GLIHUHQWHV IDFWRUHV D~Q HVWDFLRQDOHV VH
WRPyFRPRFULWHULRODYRODWLOLGDGGHORVFRPSXHVWRVKDOODGRVSDUDFRQVLGHUDUFXiOHVSRGtDQFRQWULEXLU
PD\RULWDULDPHQWHDORORU (VDVtTXH HQ OD SDUWH L]TXLHUGD GHO HVSHFWUR VH UHJLVWUDQ ORV FRPSXHVWRV
PiV YROiWLOHV SRU HMHPSOR ORV iFLGRV RUJiQLFRV FDUDFWHUL]DGRV SRU XQ RORU PX\ GHVDJUDGDEOH 8Q
iFLGRRUJiQLFRGHVHLVFDUERQRVHVGHWHFWDGRHQODSULPHUDHWDSD5W GHVDSDUHFLHQGRHQOD
VHJXQGD2WURiFLGRRUJiQLFRGHVHLVFDUERQRV5W DSDUHFHHQODSULPHUDHWDSDGLVPLQX\HVX
FRQFHQWUDFLyQHQODVHJXQGD\GHVDSDUHFHHQODWHUFHUD
5WPLQVHJ
&RPSXHVWR
ÈFLGRRUJiQLFRGH&
ÈFLGRRUJiQLFRGH&
$OFRKROGHFDGHQDODUJD
$OTXLOFLFORSHQWDQRQD
0HWLOIHQRO
)HQLOSURSDQRGLRLFR
'HULYDGRGHOIHQRO
ÈFLGREHQFLOPDOyQLFR
ÈFLGRRUJiQLFRGH&
0HWLOpVWHUGHiFLGRRUJiQLFR
GH&
0HWLOpVWHUGHiFLGRRUJiQLFR
GH&
0HWLOpVWHUGHiFLGRRUJiQLFR
GH&
eVWHUGHiFLGRRUJiQLFR
LQVDWXUDGRGH&
0HWLOpVWHUGHiFLGRRUJiQLFR
GH&
2OHDWRGHFORURHWLOR
0HWLOpVWHUGHiFLGRGH&
0RQRHWLOKH[LOpVWHUGHO
iFLGRKH[DQRGLRLFR
HWDSD
HWDSD
HWDSD
7DEOD,&RFLHQWHVGHORVYDORUHVGHODViUHDV$[$6, SDUDORVFRPSXHVWRVGHWHFWDGRV
2WURVFRPSXHVWRVYROiWLOHVLGHQWLILFDGRVIXHURQODDOTXLOFLFORSHQWDQRQD\XQGHULYDGRGHOIHQRO
DPERVGHWHFWDGRVHQODSULPHUDHWDSDRHOPHWLOIHQRO \HOiFLGRIHQLOSURSDQRGLRLFRTXHDSDUHFHQ
HQFDVLODPLVPDFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQODVHWDSDVSULPHUD\VHJXQGD\GHVDSDUHFHQHQODWHUFHUD
/RVpVWHUHVFRPRHOPHWLOpVWHUGHXQiFLGRRUJiQLFRGHFDWRUFHFDUERQRVHOpVWHUGHXQiFLGR
RUJiQLFR LQVDWXUDGR GH GLHFLVHLV FDUERQRV R XQ PHWLO pVWHU GH XQ iFLGR GH TXLQFH R GH GLHFLVLHWH
FDUERQRV FX\RV SLFRV DSDUHFHQ HQ OD SDUWH GHUHFKD GHO HVSHFWUR VH UHJLVWUDQ FRQ XQD SURSRUFLyQ
GDGDHQ OD SULPHUDHWDSDHQODVHJXQGDHWDSD OD SURSRUFLyQ DXPHQWDSDUD YROYHUDGLVPLQXLUHQ OD
WHUFHUD6HVDEHPHGLDQWHODVGHWHUPLQDFLRQHVFRQODQDUL]HOHFWUyQLFDTXHHVWRVFRPSXHVWRVPHQRV
YROiWLOHVQRFRQWULEX\HQDORVRORUHVGLVFULPLQDGRV
)LJD(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDFRPSOHWR
)LJE(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDSDUWH
)LJF(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDSDUWH
)LJD(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDFRPSOHWR
)LJE(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDSDUWH
)LJF(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDSDUWH
)LJD(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDFRPSOHWR
)LJE(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDSDUWH
)LJF(VSHFWURGHPDVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODHWDSDSDUWH
¾
9
9
9
9
1DUL](OHFWUyQLFD
&21&/86,21(6
(PSOHDQGRVRODPHQWHVHQVRUHVGHy[LGRGHHVWDxRODQDUL]HOHFWUyQLFDGLVFULPLQyFODUDPHQWHORV
WUHVSHUtRGRVGHFRPSRVWDMHSDUDWRGDVODVSLODVFRQYROWHR
(QHO~OWLPRSHUtRGRWRGDVODVPXHVWUDVFRQHOPLVPRDGLWLYRVHDJUXSDURQHQHOPLVPRUHFLQWR
SUREDQGRTXHVHDOFDQ]yLJXDOJUDGRGHPDGXUH]LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOWLHPSR
8VDQGR VyOR ORV VHQVRUHV GH PLFUREDODQ]D GH FXDU]R OD QDUL] HOHFWUyQLFD QR GLIHUHQFLD ORV
GLVWLQWRVSHUtRGRVGHFRPSRVWDMHSHURDJUXSyHQUHFLQWRVDODVPXHVWUDVTXHFRQWHQtDQHOPLVPR
DGLWLYR
(O HVWXGLR WHUPRItOLFR GHO PDWHULDO GH FRPSRVWDMH SHUPLWLy GHWHFWDU HO ~OWLPR HVWDGtR GH OD
PDGXUDFLyQGHOPDWHULDOGHFRPSRVWDMHSDUDVXHPSOHRHQIHUWLOL]DQWHV
¾
&URPDWRJUDItDGH*DVHV(VSHFWURPHWUtDGH0DVD
9
8Q HVWXGLR FURPDWRJUiILFR VHPLFXDQWLWDWLYR VHJXLGR GH HVSHFWURVFRStD GH PDVD SHUPLWLy
GHWHUPLQDU TXH FRPSXHVWRV GHWHFWDGRV HQ OD SULPHUD HWDSD GLVPLQXtDQ VX SURSRUFLyQ R
GHVDSDUHFtDQHQODVHJXQGDRWHUFHUDHWDSD
3HUPLWLy OD GHWHFFLyQ GH ORV FRPSXHVWRV PiV YROiWLOHV TXH FRQWULEX\HQ DO RORU GHVDJUDGDEOH
iFLGRV RUJiQLFRV GH VHLV FDUERQRV SRU HMHPSOR FX\RV SLFRV DSDUHFHQ D OD L]TXLHUGD GH ORV
HVSHFWURV\VXYDULDFLyQHQODVGLVWLQWDVHWDSDV
/RV FRPSXHVWRV PHQRV YROiWLOHV FX\RV SLFRV VH ORFDOL]DQ D OD GHUHFKD GHO HVSHFWUR QR
FRQWULEX\HQDORORUUHVXOWDGRHQFRQFRUGDQFLDFRQODVGHWHUPLQDFLRQHVGHODQDUL]HOHFWUyQLFD
9
9
&RQFOXVLRQHV*HQHUDOHV
i
i
i
/RV UHVXOWDGRV FRLQFLGHQWHV REWHQLGRV SRU DPERV PpWRGRV DYDODQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD QDUL]
HOHFWUyQLFDFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDLGyQHDSDUDODGHWHFFLyQGHODPDGXUDFLyQGHODVSLODVFRQYROWHR
(O FRPSRVWDMH GH ELRVyOLGRV HV XQD FRQWULEXFLyQ D OD VROXFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD HFROyJLFR \D TXH
UHVLGXRV FORDFDOHV GH OD FLXGDG GH %DULORFKH VH FRPSRVWDURQ HYLWDQGR TXH VH DUURMHQ DO /DJR
1DKXHO+XDSL
$GHPiVGHVROXFLRQDUXQSUREOHPDHFROyJLFRLPSRUWDQWHVHSXGRORJUDUXQSURGXFWR~WLO\VHJXUR
FRQYDORUDJUHJDGRFRQVLGHUDEOH
5()(5(1&,$6
>@(XURSHDQ8QLRQ&RXQFLO'LUHFWLYHRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH(QYLURQPHQWDQGLQSDUWLFXODU
RIWKH6RLOZKHQ6HZDJH6OXGJHLVXVHGLQ$JULFXOWXUH((&
>@86(3$6WDQGDUGVIRUWKH8VHRU'LVSRVDORI6HZDJH6OXGJH)HG5HJ
>@/DRV)0D]]DULQR0-:DOWHU,5RVHOOL/6DWWL30R\DQR6&RPSRVWLQJRI)LVK
2IIDODQG%LRVROLGVLQ1:3DWDJRQLD%LRUHVRXUFH7HFKQRORJ\
>@-:*DUGQHUDQG(/+LQHV³3DWWHUQ$QDO\VLV7HFKQLTXHV´ .UHVV5RJHUV 5RVD(%DE\HV/LFHQFLDGDHQ4XtPLFDHJUHVDGDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV3HUWHQHFH
DO 35,162 3URJUDPD GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ 6yOLGRV GHO &21,&(7 GHVGH HQ &,7()$ HQ HO
iUHD GH 6HQVRUHV GH *DVHV (VWi DIHFWDGD DO (TXLSR 026(6 ,, 0RGXODU 6HQVRU 6\VWHP 1DUL]
(OHFWUyQLFD FRQ 6HQVRUHV GHVGH (V -HIH GH 7UDEDMRV 3UiFWLFRV GHO 'HSWR GH ,QJHQLHUtD
4XtPLFDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG7HFQROyJLFD1DFLRQDOGHVGH
0DUFHOR'&DEH]DVHV$QDOLVWD3URJUDPDGRUGHVGH\SHUWHQHFHDOD&DUUHUD7pFQLFDGHO
&21,&(7GHVGH3HUWHQHFHDO35,1623URJUDPDGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVHQ6yOLGRVGHO&21,&(7
GHVGH HQ &,7()$ HQ HO iUD GH 6HQVRUHV GH *DVHV (VWi DIHFWDGR DO (TXLSR 026(6 ,,
0RGXODU6HQVRU6\VWHP1DUL](OHFWUyQLFDFRQ6HQVRUHVGHVGH
)UDQFLVFR-0DUTXLHV/LFHQFLDGRHQ4XtPLFDVHJUHVDGRGH)&(18%$3HUWHQHFHDOVHFWRU
*&06 GH OD 'LY 4XtPLFD $QDOtWLFD '4$ &,7()$ 3RVHH SRVWJUDGRV HQ HO SDtV VREUH GLYHUVRV
WHPDV YLQFXODGRV FRQ OD HVSHFLDOLGDG \ HQ )LQODQGLD \ $OHPDQLD VREUH PXHVWUHR \ FRQWURO GH
DJUHVLYRV TXtPLFRV GH JXHUUD ([ GRFHQWH )&(1 8%$ $FWXDOPHQWH HV GRFHQWH GH 4XtPLFD
$QDOtWLFD&XDQWLWDWLYD0pWRGRV,QVWUXPHQWDOHVGH$QiOLVLVH,QGXVWULDV4XtPLFDV)&\786$/\GH
&RQWUROGHOD&RQWDPLQDFLyQ$PELHQWDO&V$PELHQWDOHV86$/
1(:DOV|HGH5HFDHV'UDHQ4XtPLFDGHOD)&(18%$'LULJHDFWXDOPHQWHHO35,162
3URJUDPDGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVHQ6yOLGRVVLHQGR,QYHVWLJDGRUDGHO53&))$$5pJLPHQGH3HUVRQDO
&LYLO GH ODV )XHU]DV $UPDGDV H ,QYHVWLJDGRUD 6XSHULRU GH OD &DUUHUD GHO &21,&(7 +D SXEOLFDGR
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHWUDEDMRVHQUHYLVWDVFLHQWtILFDVGHOSDtV\GHOH[WHULRU+DGLULJLGRDOUHGHGRUGH
WHVLVGHGRFWRUDGRHQ4XtPLFD)tVLFDH,QJHQLHUtD$FWXDOPHQWHHV3URIHVRUDGHSRVJUDGRHQOD
816$0
Descargar