3 Doctrina Operaciones Navales Pacifico Cap.III

Anuncio
&$3Ì78/2,,,
0$5&27(Ð5,&2&21&(378$/
6(&&,Ð1,
32'(50$5Ì7,0232'(51$9$/(,17(5(6(60$5Ì7,026
5(/$&,Ð1(175(32'(50$5Ì7,0232'(51$9$/(,17(5(6(60$5Ì7,026
D (O 3RGHU 0DUtWLPR VH HQFXHQWUD LQWHJUDGR SRU ORV ,QWHUHVHV 0DUtWLPRV \ HO
3RGHU 1DYDO RWRUJiQGROH HQ VX FRQMXQWR VX UHDO GLPHQVLyQ SROtWLFD
HFRQyPLFD VRFLDO \ HVWUDWpJLFD HQ HVWH VHQWLGR SDUD DOFDQ]DU VXV
UHVSHFWLYRV REMHWLYRV ORV ,QWHUHVHV 0DUtWLPRV \ HO 3RGHU 1DYDO VH DSR\DQ
PXWXDPHQWH \ VH FRPSOHPHQWDQ VLHQGR SRU HOOR QHFHVDULR HO HTXLOLEULR
DUPyQLFR HQWUH DPERV HOHPHQWRV SRU OR TXH HVWH HTXLOLEULR GHEH
FRQVWLWXLUVHHQXQDGHODVWDUHDVSULRULWDULDVGHO(VWDGR
E /RV SULQFLSDOHV UDVJRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV QDFLRQDOHV OD JHRJUDItD OD
RUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFDODFXOWXUDODDOLPHQWDFLyQODHFRQRPtDODLQGXVWULD
HO GHVDUUROOR \ OD VHJXULGDG HVWiQ tQWLPDPHQWH OLJDGRV DO PDU (VWH
FRQMXQWR GH DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQVWLWX\HQ ORV ,QWHUHVHV 0DUtWLPRV GH
ODQDFLyQORVFXDOHVVXPDGRVDO3RGHU1DYDOGDQFRPRUHVXOWDQWHHO3RGHU
0DUtWLPR GHO SDtV HVWR HV OD FDSDFLGDG LQWHJUDO GH UHFXUVRV
SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV\FDSDFLGDGHVGHTXHGLVSRQHHO3HU~SDUDODXWLOL]DFLyQ
GHOPDU\VXVDJXDVLQWHULRUHV\DVHDFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHDFFLyQSROtWLFD
RPLOLWDURFRPRIDFWRUGHGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDO
32'(50$5Ì7,02
D 3RGHU0DUtWLPRHVODFDSDFLGDGUHVXOWDQWHGHORVUHFXUVRVTXHGLVSRQHXQD
QDFLyQ SDUD OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH VXPDU \ DJXDV LQWHULRUHV FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR
GHDFFLyQSROtWLFRPLOLWDU\FRPRIDFWRUGHGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDO
ODVLPELRVLVGHDPERVHOHPHQWRVHOGHVDUUROOR\ODVHJXULGDGUHODFLRQDGDV
FRQ HO PDU \ ODV DJXDV LQWHULRUHV \ HO HPSOHR GH ORV PLVPRV GDQ OD UHDO
FRQQRWDFLyQGHOSRGHUPDUtWLPRGHODQDFLyQ
E 3RUHOORXQDQDFLyQPDUtWLPDFRPRHO3HU~QHFHVLWDXQ3RGHU0DUtWLPRTXH
VXVWHQWH VX ELHQHVWDU \ GHVDUUROOR QDFLRQDO VRFLDO \ HFRQyPLFR HQ XQ
DPELHQWHGH6HJXULGDG,QWHJUDO(QFRQVHFXHQFLDHVGHYLWDOLPSRUWDQFLD
LPSXOVDU HO GHVDUUROOR \ PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ORV ,QWHUHVHV 0DUtWLPRV
VRSRUWDGRV \ SURWHJLGRV SRU )XHU]DV 1DYDOHV FDSDFHV QR VyOR GH KDFHU
UHVSHWDUODVREHUDQtDHLQWHJULGDGQDFLRQDOVLQRWDPELpQGHSUR\HFWDUVX
SRGHUHQGRQGHVHDQHFHVDULRHQUHVJXDUGRGHORV,QWHUHVHV1DFLRQDOHV
32'(51$9$/
D (O3RGHU1DYDOHVHOFRPSRQHQWHPLOLWDUGHO3RGHU0DUtWLPR(QIXQFLyQGH
VX DSOLFDFLyQ HMHUFH LPSRUWDQWH SDSHO HQ OD FRQWULEXFLyQ DO ORJUR GH ORV
2EMHWLYRV1DFLRQDOHVWDQWRGHOiPELWRTXHDEDUFDHOPDUOHFKRVXEVXHOR
\HVSDFLRDpUHRFRPRHQFLHUWDViUHDVWHUUHVWUHVOLPLWDGDVGHLQWHUpVSDUD
ODVRSHUDFLRQHVQDYDOHV
E (O3RGHU1DYDOFRPRSDUWHGHODH[SUHVLyQPLOLWDUGHOSRGHUGHXQ(VWDGR
WLHQH FRPR SURSyVLWR SULQFLSDO HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH OD VLWXDFLyQ GH
VHJXULGDG UHTXHULGD SDUD DVHJXUDU HO GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR GHO (VWDGR \
KXPDQRGHVX1DFLyQORVFXDOHVYLHQHQDUHSUHVHQWDUORV,QWHUHVHV9LWDOHVX
2EMHWLYRV1DFLRQDOHV3ULQFLSDOHVGHWRGR(VWDGR1DFLyQ
F (VWH SRGHU VH HQFXHQWUD FRQVWLWXLGR SRU ODV )XHU]DV 1DYDOHV ODV PLVPDV
TXHGLVSRQHQGHORVPHGLRVGHVXSHUILFLHDpUHRVVXEPDULQRV\WHUUHVWUHV
DVt FRPR GHO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR QDYDO WHUUHVWUH \ OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GH
&RPDQGR\&RQWURO
G 8Q 3RGHU 1DYDO SDUD VHU HILFLHQWH SUHFLVD VHU FDSD]GH DFWXDU HQ iUHDV
H[WHQVDV\HQHOODVHMHFXWDURSHUDFLRQHVWDQWRGHIHQVLYDVFRPRRIHQVLYDV
3DUD DWHQGHU HVD QHFHVLGDG HO 3RGHU 1DYDO SRVHH LQWUtQVHFDPHQWH ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHYHUVDWLOLGDGIOH[LELOLGDG\PRYLOLGDG
H /D FRUUHFWD H[SORWDFLyQ GH HVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUPLWLUi SURYHHU ODV
FRPELQDFLRQHVDGHFXDGDVGHSODWDIRUPDVTXHSURSRUFLRQHQ
&DSDFLGDG GH DFWXDU HQ PDU \ GH SUR\HFWDUVH VREUH WLHUUD LQFOX\H
FDSDFLGDGHVGHRSHUDUHQHVSDFLRDpUHRTXHORFXEUH
&DSDFLGDG GH DSOLFDU HQ HO PRPHQWR RSRUWXQR \ HQ OD XELFDFLyQ
DSURSLDGDHOSRGHUDGHFXDGR
&DSDFLGDG GH DXWR VRVWHQLPLHQWR TXH SHUPLWD SUHVFLQGLU GH DSR\R
H[WHUQRHOWLHPSRTXHVHDQHFHVDULR\
&DSDFLGDG GH PRVWUDU LQWHQFLRQHV \ FRPSURPLVRV HQ iUHDV FUtWLFDV
SDUDLQGXFLUDFWLWXGHVIDYRUDEOHV\GLVXDGLUODVGHVIDYRUDEOHV
I
&RQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH JDUDQWL]DU \ REWHQHU FRQGLFLRQHV GH VHJXULGDG HQ HO
iPELWRPDUtWLPR TXH SHUPLWDQ GHVDUUROODU DFWLYLGDGHV HQGLFKR iPELWR \
TXHFRQWULEX\DQDOGHVDUUROOR\ELHQHVWDUGHODQDFLyQHVQHFHVDULRTXHHO
3RGHU 1DYDO FXPSOD FRQ &8$752 7DUHDV %iVLFDV ODV PLVPDV TXH VH
GHILQHQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
&RQWULEXFLyQDOD'LVXDVLyQ(VWUDWpJLFD
D /D'LVXDVLyQ(VWUDWpJLFD WLHQHFRPRSURSyVLWRTXHQLQJ~QDJHQWH
H[WHUQRRLQWHUQRDO(VWDGRSLHQVHHQLPSRQHUYROXQWDGGLIHUHQWHD
ODGHVHDGDSRUHOSURSLR(VWDGR
E (QODH[SUHVLyQPLOLWDUVHUHILHUHDGLVXDGLUDXQSRWHQFLDODGYHUVDULR
GH HPSOHDU VX SRGHU DUPDGR SDUD LPSRQHU YROXQWDG DMHQD DO
(VWDGRRGLILFXOWDUHOORJURGHORV2EMHWLYRV1DFLRQDOHVWUD]DGRVSRU
HO(VWDGR
F $OVHUODGLVXDVLyQXQDDFFLyQFRQWUDODYROXQWDGGHHPSOHRHVWD
GHEHVHUHQWHQGLGDFRPRXQDFWRGHSHUFHSFLyQHVGHFLUTXHHO
SRWHQFLDODGYHUVDULRSHUFLEDTXHHOHPSOHRGHODIXHU]DQRHVXQD
VROXFLyQ DFHSWDEOH SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH pVWD WHUPLQD FXDQGR HO
DGYHUVDULR SODQHD HIHFWXDU XQD DFFLyQ GH IXHU]D R FXDQGR
GHVSOLHJDVXVPHGLRVSDUDSHUSHWUDUWDODFFLyQ
G (Q HO iPELWR QDYDO OD GLVXDVLyQ VH GHEH HQWHQGHU FRPR OD
H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ 3RGHU 1DYDO DGHFXDGR TXH LQVSLUH FUHGLELOLGDG
HQ FXDQWR D VX HPSOHR \ TXH HYLGHQFLD GLFKD FUHGLELOLGDG SRU
DFWRV GH SUHVHQFLD R GH GHPRVWUDFLRQHV GH IXHU]D FXiQGR \
GyQGHVHDQHFHVDULR
H 6L ELHQ OD GLVXDVLyQ HQFXHQWUD JHQHUDOPHQWH VX SULQFLSDO
DSOLFDELOLGDGHQODSHUFHSFLyQGHXQSRGHUPLOLWDUH[WHUQRHVWDVH
DSOLFD GH PDQHUD VLPLODU D DFWRUHV QR HVWDWDOHV (Q WDO FDVR OD
GLVXDVLyQ HV PiV FRPSOHMD FHQWUiQGRVH HQ PRVWUDU XQD
FDSDFLGDG SDUD SURWHJHU ORV LQWHUHVHV QDFLRQDOHV VHD GHQWUR R
IXHUD GHORVGRPLQLRV WHUULWRULDOHV \PDUtWLPRV GHO SURSLR (VWDGR HO
HIHFWR HV TXH DTXHOODV DPHQD]DV SHUSHWUDGDV SRU DFWRUHV
HVWDWDOHV QR FRQYHQJDQ HQ DIHFWDU ORV GRPLQLRV R LQWHUHVHV
QDFLRQDOHVGHO(VWDGR
I /DHVWUDWHJLDGHGLVXDVLyQHQWpUPLQRVPiVDPSOLRVLQWHJUDDWRGDV
ODV H[SUHVLRQHV GH 3RGHUGH XQ(VWDGR VREUH WRGR HQ HO SUHVHQWH
VLJOR ;;, HQ HO FXDO OD DPHQD]D D OD VHJXULGDG QDFLRQDO
SHUSHWUDGD SRU DFWRUHV HVWDWDOHV R QR HVWDWDOHV VHD GLULJLGD
FRQWUDFXDOTXLHUH[SUHVLyQGHO3RGHUGHO(VWDGR
J 'HEH HQWHQGHUVH TXH OD GLVXDVLyQ QR VROR HV XQD HYDOXDFLyQ GH
FRVWREHQHILFLR HV GHFLU VL OR TXH VH SRGUtD DOFDQ]DU VREUHSDVD
DWUDFWLYDPHQWHOR TXHVH SRGUtD SHUGHU HVWD RSHUDUi GHPDQHUD
GLVWLQWDVHJ~QTXp,QWHUHVHV1DFLRQDOHVHVWpQHQULHVJR\FXiOHVHO
QLYHOGHO3RGHU1DFLRQDOSDUDGLVXDGLU
K $OVHUODGLVXDVLyQXQDGLDOpFWLFDGHYROXQWDGHVSDUDVXDSOLFDFLyQ
QREDVWDFRQHOULHVJRDORVTXHHVWiQH[SXHVWRVQXHVWURVLQWHUHVHV
VLQR TXH GHEH SHUFLELUVH XQ ULHVJR HQ ORV LQWHUHVHV GH OD
FRQWUDSDUWH DGYHUVDULD (VWD FRPSOHMLGDG GH DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD
GLVXDVLyQ REOLJD D WRGR (VWDGR TXH SRVHH XQ QLYHO GH IXHU]D
DUPDGD PRGHUDGR FRPSDUDWLYDPHQWH FRQ VX SRWHQFLDO
DGYHUVDULRDWHQHUSUHVHQWHORVLJXLHQWH
6L VRQ LQWHUHVHV GH VXSHUYLYHQFLD GHO DGYHUVDULR ORV TXH VRQ
SHUFLELGRV HQ ULHVJR HQ YH] GH GHVLVWLU HO XVR GH OD IXHU]D
HVWDUtDPRV SHOLJURVDPHQWH LQFHQWLYDQGR DO HPSOHR GH VX
SRGHUPLOLWDUSDUDODSUHVHUYDFLyQGHLQWHUHVHVYLWDOHV
6L VRQ LQWHUHVHV SHULIpULFRV R UHJLRQDOHV ORV TXH SHUFLEH HO
DGYHUVDULRTXHHVWiQHQULHVJRSUREDEOHPHQWHVXSpUGLGDVHD
FRPSHQVDGDSRUHOEHQHILFLRGHORVLQWHUHVHVTXHHVWDUtDQHQ
MXHJRVLVHRSWDSRUHOHPSOHRGHOSRGHUPLOLWDUTXHGDQGROD
GLVXDVLyQGHVHDGDVLQHIHFWR
/RV LQWHUHVHV TXH HO SRWHQFLDO DGYHUVDULR SXHGD SHUFLELU HQ
ULHVJR HQ FDVR GH GHFLGLU LU D XQD JXHUUD GHEHQ VHU
VHOHFFLRQDGRV LQWHOLJHQWHPHQWH HQWUH DTXHOORV YLWDOHV \
PD\RUHV GH WDO IRUPD TXH pVWH QR WRPH FRPR GHFLVLyQ HO
HPSOHRGHVXSRGHUPLOLWDU
L (V FRQYHQLHQWH WHQHU HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ TXH OD FRHUFLyQ HV XQD
GLDOpFWLFD FRQWUDULD D OD GH OD GLVXDVLyQ /D FRHUFLyQ SUHWHQGH
KDFHU YHU DO SRWHQFLDO DGYHUVDULR TXH VH HPSOHDUi XQ QLYHO PiV
DOWR GH YLROHQFLD TXH HO TXH VH SRGUtD DSOLFDU GH DFXHUGR D ODV
FDSDFLGDGHVHLQWHQFLRQHVTXHVHWLHQHPLHQWUDVTXHODGLVXDVLyQ
SHUVXDGH OD FRHUFLyQ DPHQD]D /D GLVXDVLyQ QRUPDOPHQWH HV OD
HVWUDWHJLD GHO PiV GpELO PLHQWUDV TXH OD FRHUFLyQ HV OD GHO PiV
SRGHURVR
M /D FRHUFLyQ FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD GH QHJRFLDFLyQ EXVFD OOHYDU DO
DGYHUVDULR D DFHSWDU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV LPSXHVWDV SRU QXHVWUD
YROXQWDG EDMR DPHQD]D GH HPSOHR GHO SRGHU QHFHVDULR TXH VH
UHTXLHUH SDUD REOLJDUOR D DFHSWDU &RPR WDO OD FRHUFLyQ YLVWD
GHVGH OD H[SUHVLyQ PLOLWDU YLHQH QRUPDOPHQWH DFRPSDxDGD GHO
GHVSOLHJXHGHIXHU]DVDVtFRPRGHVXHPSOHRHVFDORQDGRKDVWDOD
Pi[LPDYLROHQFLDQHFHVDULD
N /RV ~QLFRV OLPLWDQWHV GH OD FRHUFLyQ VRQ OD SURSLD YROXQWDG DVt
FRPRODVUHJXODFLRQHVGHOGHUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDO
&RQWUROGHO0DU
D (O FRQWURO GHO PDU HV HO SURSyVLWR SULQFLSDO GH WRGD RSHUDFLyQ
QDYDO(VWHFRQWUROQRHVXQILQHQVtPLVPRVLQRTXHHVXQREMHWLYR
SDUDXQSURSyVLWRXOWHULRUVLHQGRHVWHSURSyVLWRHOXVRGHOPDUSDUD
ORVILQHVTXHUHTXLHUHHO(VWDGR
E (OXVRGHOPDUVHVRSRUWDHQVXVFXDWURDWULEXWRVSULQFLSDOHVSRUORV
UHFXUVRV TXH HVWH FRQWLHQH SRU VX XWLOLGDG FRPR PHGLR GH
WUDQVSRUWH \ GH FRPHUFLR SRU VX LPSRUWDQFLD FRPR PHGLR GH
LQWHUFDPELR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ \ FXOWXUD DVt FRPR SRU UHSUHVHQWDU
XQDIXHQWHGHSRGHU\GRPLQLRGHO(VWDGR
F (OFRQWUROGHOPDUSRUPiVIXHU]DTXHSXHGDUHSUHVHQWDUXQSRGHU
QDYDO HV GLItFLO GH VRVWHQHUOR H LPSRVLEOH GHPDQWHQHUOR HQ IRUPD
SHUPDQHQWH HQ VX WRWDO GLPHQVLyQ (VWD SDUWLFXODULGDG GHO FRQWURO
GHO PDU VH H[SUHVD HQ VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WHPSRUDO ORFDO
LQFRPSOHWR H LPSHUIHFWR (Q WpUPLQRV VLPSOHV HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD DIHFWDFLyQ R LQIOXHQFLD TXH VREUH HO
FRQWUROGHOPDUWLHQHQHOWLHPSRHOHVSDFLRODJUDQGLPHQVLyQGH
ORVHVSDFLRVPDUtWLPRVDVtFRPRODDFFLyQGHDGYHUVDULRV
G 6H GLFH TXH HO FRQWURO GHO PDU HV WHPSRUDO SRU OD GLILFXOWDG TXH
UHSUHVHQWD HO PDQWHQHUOR SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH HQ HO WLHPSR (O
FRQWURO GHO PDU UHTXLHUH REOLJDWRULDPHQWH GH 8QLGDGHV 1DYDOHV
HQFDQWLGDG\FDSDFLGDGVXILFLHQWHSDUDPDQWHQHUOR\H[SORWDUOR
HVWRV PHGLRV VH HQIUHQWDQ WDQWR D OD FDSDFLGDG GH DXWR
VRVWHQLPLHQWR GH ORV PHGLRV 1DYDOHV GHVSOHJDGR SDUD HMHUFHU HO
FRQWURODODVFRQGLFLRQHVDGYHUVDVKLGURJUiILFDV\PHWHRUROyJLFDV
DVt FRPR D XQD IXHU]D FRQWUDULD TXH QR SHUPLWLUi TXH SXHGD
HMHUFHUVHHOFRQWUROREWHQLGR
H &XDQGR VH UHILHUH TXH HO FRQWUROGHOPDU HVORFDO HV TXH pVWH QR
SXHGH DEDUFDU XQ iUHD PiV JUDQGH TXH OD TXH OH SHUPLWD OD
GLPHQVLyQ GH VX SURSLD IXHU]D \ VLHQGR GH JUDQ GLPHQVLyQ VH
UHTXLHUHGHXQHVIXHU]RPD\RUHQVRSRUWHORJtVWLFRSRUHVWRHVTXH
HOFRQWUROGHOPDUEXVFDUiXQFRQWUROORFDOHVGHFLUXQFRQWUROTXH
DEDUTXHVRORHOiUHDTXHYDDVHUHPSOHDGD
I (OFRQWUROGHOPDUHVLQFRPSOHWRGHELGRDODWULGLPHQVLRQDOLGDGGHO
HVSDFLR PDUtWLPR HO FXDO H[LJH TXH VH REWHQJD \ PDQWHQJD HO
FRQWURO HQ OD VXSHUILFLH PDUtWLPD HQ HO HVSDFLR DpUHR VREUH
DG\DFHQWH DVt FRPR HO HVSDFLR VXEPDULQR VXEDG\DFHQWH (VWD
WULGLPHQVLRQDOLGDGRIUHFHRSRUWXQLGDGHVDODIORWDPiVGpELOSDUD
LPSHGLUHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHOFRQWUROSRUSDUWHGHVXDGYHUVDULRHV
DVt TXH D SHVDU GH KDEHUVH FRQVHJXLGR HO FRQWURO GHO PDU SRU
SDUWH GH XQD IXHU]D HO DGYHUVDULR SRGUtD UHWRPDU VX GLVSXWD HQ
DOJXQDVGHODVGLPHQVLRQHVHQODFXDOWHQJDPD\RUYHQWDMD\DVHD
HPSOHDQGRVXFDSDFLGDGVXEPDULQDRVXFDSDFLGDGDpUHD
J /D LPSHUIHFFLyQ GHOFRQWURO GHOPDU VH GDSRUTXH D OD H[LVWHQFLD
GHDGYHUVDULRVTXHGLVSXWDQHOFRQWUROGHXQHVSDFLRPDUtWLPRVH
VXPDQ OD SUHVHQFLD GH QDYHV GH SDtVHV QHXWUDOHV TXH KDFHQ
LPSHUIHFWDODH[FOXVLYLGDGGHHPSOHRGHOPDUEDMRFRQWUROGHXQD
IXHU]D (O GHUHFKR LQWHUQDFLRQDO PDUtWLPR DFUHFLHQWD HVWD
LPSHUIHFFLyQ SHUPLWLHQGR HO HPSOHR GH PHGLRV QHXWUDOHV R OD
HQFXELHUWDFRPRWDOHVSDUDPRYLOL]DUDSR\RGLUHFWRRLQGLUHFWRD
ODVIXHU]DVDGYHUVDULDVKHFKRTXHREOLJDDODIXHU]DHQFRQWUROGHO
PDUDLQVSHFFLRQDUWRGDQDYHTXHWUDQVLWHSRUHOiUHDFRQWURODGD
GLILFXOWDQGRHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHOFRQWUROGHOPDU
K (OFRQFHSWRGHFRQWUROGHXQiUHDPDUtWLPDVLJQLILFD
/DH[LVWHQFLDGHFLHUWDJDUDQWtDSDUDHOXVRGHOPDU
'LFKDXWLOL]DFLyQHVGHFDUiFWHUWHPSRUDO
(OiUHDGRQGHVHHMHUFHGLFKRFRQWUROHVOLPLWDGDSXGLHQGRVHU
HVWDFLRQDULDRPyYLO
(O FRQWURO HV HMHUFLGR FRQ XQD LQWHQVLGDG DGHFXDGD SDUD OD
HMHFXFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHVHVSHFtILFDV
L (OFRQWUROGHOPDUWLHQHFRPRILQDOLGDGHOXVRGHOPDUFRQWURODGR
FRQHOSURSyVLWRGH
3URYHHUGH iUHDV GH RSHUDFLRQHV VHJXUDV SDUD OD SUR\HFFLyQ
GHOSRGHUVREUHWLHUUDRSHUDFLRQHVDQILELDV \RSHUDFLRQHVGH
DWDTXHVREUHWLHUUD
3URYHHU VHJXULGDG D ODV OtQHDV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV PDUtWLPDV
WUDQVSRUWHPDUtWLPRGHDSR\RDODVRSHUDFLRQHVPLOLWDUHV\DO
WUiILFRPDUtWLPRGHLQWHUpV
3HUPLWLUODH[SORUDFLyQ\ODH[SORWDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVGHOPDU
'LILFXOWDU R LPSHGLU TXH XQ DGYHUVDULR XVH XQ iUHD PDUtWLPD
FRQWURODGD SDUD GHVDUUROODU DFWLYLGDGHV VLPLODUHV D ODV
LQGLFDGDVFRQWUDULDVDORVLQWHUHVHV\REMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHV
M (O SULPHUR GH ORV SURSyVLWRV PHQFLRQDGRV H[LJH WHQHU XQD
VXSHULRULGDG PDUtWLPD ORFDO HV GHFLU HO FRQWURO GHO iUHD GHVGH
GRQGH VH SUHWHQGH SUR\HFWDU HO SRGHU HQ VXV WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV
VXSHUILFLHDpUHD\VXEPDULQD
N 3DUD OD SURWHFFLyQGHODVOtQHDV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHVPDUtWLPDV VH
UHTXLHUHGHXQFRQWUROORFDO\WHPSRUDO$OHVWDUUHSUHVHQWDGDVODV
OtQHDV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV PDUtWLPDV HQ HO WUiILFR PDUtWLPR GH
LQWHUpVSURSLRODVHJXULGDGGHHVWDVFRPXQLFDFLRQHVPDUtWLPDVVH
HIHFWLYL]D FRQ OD SUHVHQFLD GH XQD IXHU]D QDYDO GH UHVJXDUGR HQ
ODV iUHDV SRU GRQGH VH PRYLOL]D HVWH WUiILFR /D SURWHFFLyQ VH
HMHFXWD \D VHD PHGLDQWH HO FRQYR\ R HVFROWD DVt FRPR SRU OD
SURWHFFLyQGHiUHDVRFDQDOHVGHWUiQVLWR
O /DH[SORUDFLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVGHOPDUVLPLODUPHQWH
UHTXLHUH GH XQ FRQWURO ORFDO \ WHPSRUDO FHQWUDGR D ODV iUHDV GH
LQWHUpVSDUDWDOHVDFWLYLGDGHV
P 3DUD GLILFXOWDU R LPSHGLU HO XVR GHO PDU FRQWURODGR SRU XQ
DGYHUVDULR HV VXILFLHQWH OD DFFLyQ HQ DOJXQRV GH ODV GLPHQVLRQHV
GHO PDU WDO FRPR VH PHQFLRQy HQ SiUUDIRV SUHFHGHQWHV
1RUPDOPHQWH VH HPSOHDUiOD FDSDFLGDG TXH RIUH]FD XQD PD\RU
YHQWDMD
Q (OHVWDGRQDWXUDOGHOPDUHQXQFRQIOLFWRHVHOGHGLVSXWDHVGHFLU
TXH WRGR HVSDFLR TXH VH GHVHD FRQWURODU SRU OD SUHVHQFLD GH
DOJXQD DPHQD]D LQLFLD FRQ OD GLVSXWD XQD YH] QHXWUDOL]DGD OD
DPHQD]D R DGYHUVDULR \ TXH H[LVWD HQ HO HVSDFLR PDUtWLPR
GLVSXWDGRXQDVRODIXHU]DVHSRGUtDGHFLUTXHVHKDDOFDQ]DGRHO
FRQWURO/XHJRGHDOFDQ]DGRHOFRQWUROGHOPDUGLVSXWDGRVHJXLUi
HO HMHUFLFLR GHO FRQWURO HO FXDO LPSOLFD HO XVR SDUD ORV SURSyVLWRV
SHUVHJXLGRV
R ([LVWHQ GRV PRGDOLGDGHV SDUD HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GHO FRQWURO GH
iUHDVPDUtWLPDV
$FWLYLGDGHVFRQGXFLGDVHQiUHDVIXHUDGHOiUHDTXHVHGHVHD
FRQWURODUTXHLQFOX\HQ
D %ORTXHR
E $WDTXHDIXHU]DVHQHPLJDV
F &RQTXLVWD GH iUHDV WHUUHVWUHV TXH FRQWURODQ iUHDV GH
WUiILFR PDUtWLPR R GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUDQ ORFDOL]DGDV ODV
EDVHVHQHPLJDV
G /RFDOL]DFLyQ \ GHVWUXFFLyQ GH XQLGDGHV HQHPLJDV HQ ODV
JUDQGHVH[WHQVLRQHVRFHiQLFDV
H 0HGLDQWHHOPLQDGRGHSXHUWRVRSXQWRVIRFDOHV
$FWLYLGDGHV GH SURWHFFLyQ R GH XQD GHIHQVD FHUUDGD D ODV
IXHU]DV QDYDOHV R D ORV PHGLRV GH WUDQVSRUWH PDUtWLPR TXH
LQFOX\H
D (OFRQWUROPHGLDQWHFRUWLQDMHGHXQiUHDPyYLOSRUGRQGH
VH GHVSOD]DQ GLFKDV IXHU]DV R ORV PHGLRV GH WUDQVSRUWH
PDUtWLPR
E $WDTXH D IXHU]DV HQHPLJDV TXH SUHWHQGHQ LQJUHVDU D
GLFKDViUHDVRSUHWHQGDQGLVSXWDUHOFRQWUROGHODVPLVPDV
/D SULPHUDPRGDOLGDG HV FDSD]GH SURGXFLU XQD VXSHULRULGDG
QDYDOJHQHUDOL]DGDTXHDPSOtDODOLEHUWDGGHDFFLyQGHTXLHQ
OD HMHUFH 6LQ HPEDUJR HOOD QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH FUHD
FRQGLFLRQHV TXH HYLWHQ OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH OD VHJXQGD
GRQGHVHUHTXLHUHGHXQFLHUWRJUDGRGHFRQWURO
1HJDFLyQGHOXVRGHOPDU
D /D QHJDFLyQ GHO XVR GHO PDU FRQVLVWH HQ GLILFXOWDU HO
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GHO FRQWURO GH iUHDV PDUtWLPDV DO DGYHUVDULR R OD
H[SORWDFLyQGHWDOFRQWUROSDUDILQHVPLOLWDUHVRHFRQyPLFRV
E (VWD HV XQD WDUHD JHQHUDOPHQWH GHVHPSHxDGD SRU XQ 3RGHU
1DYDO TXH QR WLHQH OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD REWHQHU HO FRQWURO R
FXDQGRQRH[LVWHXQLQWHUpVPLOLWDURHFRQyPLFRHQH[SORWDUGLFKR
FRQWURO
F (QXQFRQIOLFWRHQWUHGRVSDUWHVQRUPDOPHQWHODSDUWHPiVGpELOHV
DTXHOOD TXH VH LQFOLQDUi D OD QHJDFLyQ GH FRQWURO GDGR TXH
LPSOLFDXQPHQRUHVIXHU]R
G &RPR VH KD PHQFLRQDGR OD REWHQFLyQ GH FRQWURO LPSOLFD XQ
FRQWUROWULGLPHQVLRQDOPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOFDVRGHODQHJDFLyQVyOR
LPSOLFDODDFWXDFLyQHQXQDGHODVGLPHQVLRQHVHVGHFLUODIXHU]D
TXH EXVFD OD QHJDFLyQ GHO FRQWURO VH FRQFHQWUDUi HQ QR SHUPLWLU
TXHHOFRQWUDULRSXHGHREWHQHUHOFRQWUROHQODGLPHQVLyQTXHHVWD
IXHU]DWLHQHYHQWDMD
H /DV XQLGDGHV VXEPDULQDV VRQ SRU H[FHOHQFLD HOPHMRUPHGLR SDUD
OD QHJDFLyQ GHO FRQWURO WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH VX SULQFLSDO
YHQWDMD UDGLFD HQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH RFXOWDPLHQWR \ GH VRUSUHVD
DVSHFWRV TXH VH SLHUGHQ FXDQGR VH UHDOL]D XQ DWDTXH FRQWUD
XQLGDGHVGHVXSHUILFLHORTXHSXHGHHYLGHQFLDUVXSUHVHQFLD
I (MHPSORVKLVWyULFRVKDQGHPRVWUDGRTXHODH[SORVLyQGHXQEXTXH
QDYHJDQGRHQHOPDUSURGXFWRGHXQWRUSHGRVHDHVWHXQEXTXH
GH JXHUUD R FRPHUFLDO FDXVD XQD JUDQ FRQIXVLyQ H ´LQPRYLOL]Dµ
QRUPDOPHQWHHOPRYLPLHQWRGHEXTXHVHQHOPDUUHTXLULpQGRVHGH
ODLQYHUVLyQGHXQPD\RUWLHPSRRODSUHVHQFLDGHPD\RUFDQWLGDG
GH PHGLRV SDUD GHVWUXLU R QHXWUDOL]DU D OD DPHQD]D VXEPDULQD
KHFKRTXHSXHGHWDUGDUGtDV\KDVWDVHPDQDV
3UR\HFFLyQGHO3RGHU1DYDOVREUHWLHUUD
D /DSUR\HFFLyQGHOSRGHUQDYDOVREUHWLHUUDHVXQRGHORVSURSyVLWRV
GH OD E~VTXHGD GHO FRQWURO GHO PDU WDO FRPR VH KD WUDWDGR HQ
SiUUDIRV SUHFHGHQWHV (Q OD KLVWRULD GH ODV JXHUUDV QR KD H[LVWLGR
QLQJXQDTXHVHKD\DJDQDGRHQHOPDU
E 8QD LQFXUVLyQDQILELDHQXQHVSDFLRWHUUHVWUHGHODGYHUVDULREXVFD
FRUWDU VXV OtQHDV GH DEDVWHFLPLHQWR IODQTXHDU ODV SRVLFLRQHV
GHIHQVLYDVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQWLHUUDDEULUXQQXHYRIUHQWHGHEDWDOOD
R DFWXDU FRRUGLQDGDPHQWHFRQ IXHU]DV SURSLDV TXH VH GHVSOD]DQ
SRUWLHUUD
F 2WUD IRUPD GH SUR\HFFLyQ GHO SRGHU HV PHGLDQWH HO ERPEDUGHR
QDYDOSRUXQODGRODIRUPDFOiVLFDPHGLDQWHHOHPSOHRGHDUWLOOHUtD
GH EXTXHV GH VXSHUILFLH SRU RWUR HO DWDTXH PHGLDQWH DYLDFLyQ
HPEDUFDGD DVt FRPR HO HPSOHR GH PLVLOHV FRQ FDSDFLGDG GH
LPSDFWRVREUHWLHUUD6HDFXDOTXLHUDGHHVWDVIRUPDVWLHQHQFRPR
SURSyVLWR HO DSR\R DODV RSHUDFLRQHV WHUUHVWUHV HO DEODQGDPLHQWR
GH XQ WHUUHQR DQWHV GH XQD DFFLyQ DQILELD R OD GHVWUXFFLyQ GH
REMHWLYRVXELFDGRVHQWLHUUD
G (V LPSRUWDQWH UHFRUGDU TXH HQ ODV IXQFLRQHV GH SUR\HFFLyQ GHO
3RGHU1DYDOVREUHWLHUUDVHUHTXHULUiHOPi[LPRJUDGRGHFRQWURO
GHO iUHD PDUtWLPD GHVGH GRQGH VH SUHWHQGH SUR\HFWDU HO SRGHU
SDUDHMHFXWDUXQDDFFLyQHIHFWLYD\DOPHQRUFRVWRGHSpUGLGDV
,17(5(6(60$5Ì7,026
D /RV ,QWHUHVHV 0DUtWLPRV VRQ OD SDUWH GHO 3RGHU 0DUtWLPR TXH DEDUFDQ OD
WRWDOLGDG GH UHFXUVRV \ DFWLYLGDGHV TXH VH HPSOHDQ SDUD HO ORJUR GH ORV
REMHWLYRV GH GHVDUUROOR UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO iPELWR PDUtWLPR \ TXH
FRQWULEX\HQDDOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRVGHVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDO(VODH[SUHVLyQ
GHOGHVHRFROHFWLYRGHODQDFLyQGHFUHDUHOPHGLRPDUtWLPR\DSURYHFKDU
VXVUHFXUVRVPHGLDQWHHOGHVDUUROORGHDFWLYLGDGHVHQORVFDPSRVSROtWLFR
HFRQyPLFR VRFLDO MXUtGLFR FLHQWtILFR FXOWXUDO \ RWURV FRQ HO ILQ GH
FRQWULEXLUDXQSHUPDQHQWHELHQHVWDU\VHJXULGDGQDFLRQDO\IRUWDOHFHUOD
FDSDFLGDG GHO (VWDGR (Q HVWD GHILQLFLyQ VH LQFOX\H HQ HO WpUPLQR PHGLR
PDUtWLPRDODVDJXDVLQWHULRUHVGHLQWHUpV\ODV]RQDVFRVWHUDVGHLQIOXHQFLD
E (QWUH ODV SULQFLSDOHV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH GH ORV ,QWHUHVHV
0DUtWLPRVVHSXHGHQPHQFLRQDUHOWUDQVSRUWHPDUtWLPRIOXYLDO\ODFXVWUHOD
0DULQD 0HUFDQWH 1DFLRQDO ODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV \ VHUYLFLRV SRUWXDULRV OD
LQGXVWULD QDYDO OD VHJXULGDG SDUD OD QDYHJDFLyQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
FLHQWtILFDODDFFLyQFtYLFDHQODVSREODFLRQHVULEHUHxDVODVH[SHGLFLRQHV\
ODSUHVHQFLDHQOD$QWiUWLGDODSURWHFFLyQHFROyJLFDGHOPHGLRPDUtWLPR
IOXYLDO \ ODFXVWUH OD SHVFD OD SURWHFFLyQ GH OD ULTXH]D LFWLROyJLFD OD
H[SORWDFLyQ GH PLQHUDOHV HQ HO ]yFDOR FRQWLQHQWDO \ IRQGR PDULQR OD
VHJXULGDGGHODYLGDHQHOPDU\iUHDVQDYHJDEOHVDVtFRPRODUHSUHVLyQ
GHDFWLYLGDGHVLOtFLWDVHQODVPLVPDVHQWUHRWURV
F (Q HVWH VHQWLGRORV ,QWHUHVHV0DUtWLPRV HQ HO3HU~ VH GHVDUUROODQ HQ FXDWUR
iPELWRV JHRJUiILFRV FODUDPHQWH GLIHUHQFLDGRV HO 0DU GH *UDX ORV
VLVWHPDV IOXYLDOHV GH ORV UtRV $PD]RQDV \ 0DGUH GH 'LRV HO VLVWHPD
KLGURJUiILFRGHO/DJR7LWLFDFD\OD$QWiUWLGD
G &RQFUHWDPHQWHORV,QWHUHVHV0DUtWLPRVVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQVWLWXLGRVSRU
/D0DULQD0HUFDQWH
,QVWDODFLRQHV VHUYLFLRV \ RUJDQL]DFLyQ UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO WUDQVSRUWH
PDUtWLPR
/D,QIUDHVWUXFWXUD0DUtWLPD
3XHUWRVWHUPLQDOHVPHGLRVHLQVWDODFLRQHVGHDSR\R\FRQWURO
/D,QGXVWULD1DYDO
$VWLOOHURVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQ\GHUHSDUDFLyQ
/D,QGXVWULDGH3HVFD
(PEDUFDFLRQHVWHUPLQDOHVHLQGXVWULD
2UJDQL]DFLRQHV\PHGLRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\GHVDUUROORGHLQWHUpVSDUD
HOXVRGHOPDU\GHVXVUHFXUVRV
2UJDQL]DFLRQHV\PHGLRVGHH[SORUDFLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVGHO
PDUVXOHFKR\VXEVXHOR
3HUVRQDO TXH GHVHPSHxD DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO PDU \ ORV
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVGHIRUPDFLyQ\HQWUHQDPLHQWRGHSHUVRQDO
6(&&,Ð1,,
35,1&,3,26'(/$*8(55$1$9$/
$63(&726*(1(5$/(6
D /RV 3ULQFLSLRV GH OD *XHUUD VRQ QRUPDV JHQHUDOHV SDUD KDFHU ELHQ OD
JXHUUD FX\D DSOLFDFLyQ DGHFXDGD HV HVHQFLDO HQ HO HMHUFLFLR GHO
&RPDQGRSDUDODH[LWRVDHMHFXFLyQGHODV2SHUDFLRQHVPLOLWDUHV
E (VWRV SULQFLSLRV HVWiQ LQWHUUHODFLRQDGRV \ GHSHQGLHQGR GH ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVWLHQGHQDUHIRU]DUVHRDHQWUDUHQFRQIOLFWRSRUWDOUD]yQHO
JUDGRGHDSOLFDFLyQGHFDGD3ULQFLSLRYDUtDFRQODVLWXDFLyQ
F /RV 3ULQFLSLRV GH OD *XHUUD GHYLHQHQ GHO DQiOLVLV KLVWyULFR \ H[SUHVDQ ODV
HQVHxDQ]DVRULJLQDGDVWDQWRSRUHODUWHFRPRSRUODFLHQFLDGHODJXHUUD
1RVHWUDWDGHSULQFLSLRVLQPXWDEOHVQLFDVXtVWLFRVQLFRQVWLWX\HQSRUVtVRORV
ODUHFHWDLQIDOLEOHSDUDODYLFWRULD
G (O YDORU GH ORV 3ULQFLSLRV GH OD *XHUUD UHVLGH HQ VX LPSRUWDQFLD FRPR
SDWURQHVGHUHIHUHQFLDSDUDHODQiOLVLVHVWUDWpJLFRRSHUDFLRQDO\WiFWLFR
(Q OD (VWUDWHJLD pVWRV SURSRUFLRQDQ XQD JXtD SDUD OD LQWHUURJDQWH GHO
SODQHDPLHQWRPLOLWDUXQFRQMXQWRGHSXQWRVTXHGHEHQVHUFRQVLGHUDGRV
(Q OD 7iFWLFD HVWRV PLVPRV SULQFLSLRV RIUHFHQ PRGHORV SDUD RULHQWDU
DFFLRQHVGHFRPEDWH
H /RV3ULQFLSLRVDFRQVHMDQODHMHFXFLyQGHODJXHUUDSRUORTXHFDGDHVWDGR
\VXV)XHU]DV$UPDGDVSXHGHQHQFDUDUORVGHPDQHUDGLIHUHQWHGiQGROHV
PD\RULPSRUWDQFLDDXQRVTXHDRWURV
I
/RV3ULQFLSLRVGHOD*XHUUD1DYDOKDQVLGRGHGXFLGRVPHGLDQWHHOPpWRGR
KLVWyULFR LQGXFWLYR SRU OR WDQWR GHEHQ VHU LQWHUSUHWDGRV FRPR TXH
FXPSOHQXQDIXQFLyQGHRUGHQDPLHQWRHQHODFWXDUGHORVHOHPHQWRVSDUD
ODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVGHQWURGHXQFRQMXQWRGHDOWHUQDWLYDV
35,1&,3,26)81'$0(17$/(6
D /D 0DULQD GH *XHUUD GHO 3HU~ KD HVWDEOHFLGR 18(9( 3ULQFLSLRV
)XQGDPHQWDOHV(VWRVQRWLHQHQRUGHQGHSUHFHGHQFLDVDOYRHOSULQFLSLRGH
2EMHWLYRTXHHVHOPiVLPSRUWDQWH
E /RV 3ULQFLSLRV )XQGDPHQWDOHV TXH VHUYLUiQ SDUD OD DFWXDOL]DFLyQ \
IRUPXODFLyQGHODV'RFWULQDVVRQ
2EMHWLYR
&RQFHQWUDFLyQR0DVD
0DQLREUDR0RYLOLGDG
2IHQVLYD
(FRQRPtDGH)XHU]DV
8QLGDGGH&RPDQGR
6LPSOLFLGDG
6HJXULGDG
6RUSUHVD
2%-(7,92
D (VWDEOHFH TXH WRGD RSHUDFLyQ PLOLWDU SHUVLJXH XQ ILQ R XQ SURSyVLWR SRU
ORJUDU TXH VROR SXHGH VHU DOFDQ]DGR PHGLDQWH HO HPSOHR GH OD IXHU]D
DUPDGD R DOJXQRV GH VXV PHGLRV (VWR GHEH VHU FODUDPHQWH GHILQLGR \
SRVLEOH GH VHU DOFDQ]DGR FRQ ORV PHGLRV SXHVWRV D GLVSRVLFLyQ GH TXLHQ
GHEHFRQTXLVWDUOR
E (QODFRQGXFFLyQJHQHUDOGHODJXHUUDHQWRGDRSHUDFLyQGHJXHUUD\HQ
ODV SUHYLVLRQHV GH 6HJXULGDG 1DFLRQDO HQ pSRFD GH SD] HV HVHQFLDO TXH
ORV2EMHWLYRVVHDQVHOHFFLRQDGRV\FODUDPHQWHGHILQLGRV
F &DGD IDVH GH OD JXHUUD FDGD FDPSDxD \ FDGD RSHUDFLyQ VHSDUDGD
HVWiQ GLULJLGDV KDFLD HO ORJUR GH XQ REMHWLYR JHQHUDO DVt FRPR HO
FXPSOLPLHQWR GH REMHWLYRV HVSHFtILFRV SDUD FDGD IDVH FDPSDxD X
RSHUDFLyQ /D SUXHED GH FDGD SODQ GH DFFLyQ HVWDUi HQ IXQFLyQ GHO
REMHWLYR VHOHFFLRQDGR(V XQ D[LRPD TXHORV 2EMHWLYRV 0LOLWDUHV DSR\DQ D
ORV2EMHWLYRV1DFLRQDOHV
G /RVREMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHVHQORVSODQHVGHGHIHQVDQDFLRQDOVHGHILQHQHQHO
QLYHOPiVDOWRGHO*RELHUQRHQIXQFLyQGHORVHVFHQDULRVSURVSHFWLYRVTXH
VHKDQGHWHUPLQDGRSRGUtDQDIHFWDUDODVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDO
H (O 3ULQFLSLR GH 2EMHWLYR HVWi FRQVLGHUDGR SRU PXFKRV SURIHVLRQDOHV
PLOLWDUHV FRPR HO ~QLFR SULQFLSLR GH JXHUUD YHUGDGHUR \ TXH WRGRV ORV
GHPiV DVt OODPDGRV 3ULQFLSLRV D\XGDQ PHUDPHQWH DO 3ULQFLSLR GHO
2EMHWLYR (O 2EMHWLYR HVWDEOHFH HO UHTXLVLWR SUHYLR GHO p[LWR HQ FXDOTXLHU
RSHUDFLyQVHxDODQGRXQDPHWDHVSHFtILFDUHDOLVWD\FODUDPHQWHGHILQLGD
I
7RGD RSHUDFLyQ PLOLWDU GHULYD GH XQD GHFLVLyQ SROtWLFD GH HPSOHR GHO
SRGHU DUPDGR GH OD 1DFLyQ FRPR WDO H[LVWLUi XQ REMHWR SROtWLFR TXH
GHILQLUi HO SURSyVLWR GH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV RULHQWDQGR pVWH D GHWHUPLQDU HO
REMHWLYRHVWUDWpJLFRPLOLWDUDVHUDOFDQ]DGR
J (O REMHWLYR HVWUDWpJLFRPLOLWDU RULHQWDUi DO REMHWLYR GHO QLYHO RSHUDFLRQDO \
pVWH D VX YH] SHUPLWLUi GHILQLU ORV REMHWLYRV WiFWLFRV TXH GHEDQ VHU
DOFDQ]DGRVSDUDHOp[LWRGHODVRSHUDFLRQHV
K (O SULQFLSLR GH 2EMHWLYR VLJQLILFD ´'LULMD WRGDV ODV RSHUDFLRQHV PLOLWDUHV
KDFLDXQREMHWLYRFODURGHILQLGR\DOFDQ]DEOHµ
&21&(175$&,Ð120$6$
D &RQVLVWH HQ FRQFHQWUDU OD Pi[LPD SRWHQFLD FRPEDWLYD HQ HO OXJDU \
PRPHQWRGHFLVLYRDILQGHREWHQHUYHQWDMDVREUHHODGYHUVDULR
E /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQHVXQIDFWRULPSRUWDQWHSDUDHOp[LWRGHODVRSHUDFLRQHV
PLOLWDUHV (OOD LPSOLFD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH XQD IXHU]D PDWHULDO \
VLFROyJLFDPHQWH VXSHULRU D DTXHOOD GHO DGYHUVDULR HQ HO SXQWR GHFLVLYR \
HQHOPRPHQWRDSURSLDGRDVtFRPRODKDELOLGDGSDUDVRVWHQHUHVDIXHU]D
GXUDQWH WRGR HO WLHPSR TXH VHD QHFHVDULR 1R LPSOLFD QHFHVDULDPHQWH
XQD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PDVLYD GH IXHU]DV PLOLWDUHV SHUR Vt TXH ORV JROSHV
GHFLVLYRVVHGHQGRQGH\FXDQGRVHDYHQWDMRVD
F (OSULQFLSLRGH&RQFHQWUDFLyQRGH0DVDFRPRWDPELpQHVGHQRPLQDGR
VLUYHHQJHQHUDOSDUD
/RJUDU OD VXSHULRULGDG GHFLVLYD HQ HO FRPEDWH \ ORV UHVXOWDGRV
GHVHDGRV HQ ORV SXQWRV R HQ ODV iUHDV GRQGH HO HQHPLJR VHD
LQKHUHQWHPHQWHGpELO\QRSXHGDUHIRU]DUVHDWLHPSR
(IHFWXDU OD DGHFXDGD HFRQRPtD GH IXHU]DV HQ ORV SXQWRV R HQ ODV
iUHDVPHQRVGHFLVLYDV
3HUPLWLUTXHVHHMHU]DODPi[LPDIXHU]DWRWDOHQHOORJURGHOREMHWLYR
G 8QDIXHU]DQDYDOHQHOiPELWRPDUtWLPRSXHGHFRPSHQVDUVXLQIHULRULGDG
HPSOHDQGRHOSULQFLSLRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ/DDSOLFDFLyQGHHVWHSULQFLSLR
HQODJXHUUDHQHOPDULPSOLFDODKDELOLGDGGHHQFRQWUDUHOPRPHQWRSDUD
REWHQHUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHFLVLYRV
H (QODJXHUUDHQHOPDUGHEHWHQHUVHVXPRFXLGDGRHQHQWHQGHUHOSULQFLSLR
GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ FRPR HO PDQWHQHU OD IXHU]D VLHPSUH DJUXSDGD HVWD
DFFLyQHVFRQWUDSURGXFHQWHHQHOPDUGDGRTXHODWHFQRORJtD\WiFWLFDV
GH H[SORUDFLyQ YLJHQWHV SHUPLWLUtDQ GHWHFWDU FRQ PD\RU IDFLOLGDG XQD
IXHU]DFRQFHQWUDGD3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHHVWHSULQFLSLRGHEH
EXVFDUXQEDODQFHHQWUHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\GLVSHUVLyQHQHOPDUODVIXHU]DV
GHEHQHQFRQWUDUVHGLVSHUVDVHQFXiQWRDOHVSDFLRSHURFRQFHQWUDGDVHQ
FXiQWR DO WLHPSR R PRPHQWR GHVHDGR SDUD OD DFFLyQ GHFLVLYD GH WDO
IRUPDTXHVLHPSUHVHOOHJXHDHVWDFRQPD\RUSRGHUFRPEDWLHQWHUHODWLYR
TXHHOGHODIXHU]DFRQWUDULD
I
(OSULQFLSLRGH&RQFHQWUDFLyQVLJQLILFD´&RQFHQWUHHOSRGHUFRPEDWLHQWH
HQXQPRPHQWR\OXJDUGHFLVLYRµ
0$1,2%5$
D ([LJH OD FRPELQDFLyQ HILFD] GHO PRYLPLHQWR \ GH ORV PHGLRV GLVSRQLEOHV
SDUD ORJUDU OD FRQTXLVWD GHO REMHWLYR R GH XQD SRVLFLyQ YHQWDMRVD TXH
SHUPLWDDOFDQ]DUHOREMHWLYRDSHVDUGHODDFFLyQGHODGYHUVDULR
E &RQVLVWH HQ HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR DGHFXDGR GH ODV IXHU]DV HQ WLHPSR \
HVSDFLR XQD PDQLREUD HIHFWLYD KDFH TXH HO DGYHUVDULR VH GHVRUJDQLFH
SLHUGD OD LQLFLDWLYD \ HO ULWPR GH ODV DFFLRQHV UHGX]FD VX FDSDFLGDG GH
UHDFFLyQ GHVSURWHMD VXV IXHU]DV \ RIXVTXH OD PHQWH GH VXV FRQGXFWRUHV
VLHQGRHVWDODFODYHGHODDFFLyQRIHQVLYDFRRUGLQDGD
F (OWpUPLQR0DQLREUDVXJLHUHWDPELpQXQDIOH[LELOLGDGHQORVSODQHVHQODV
RSHUDFLRQHV \ HQ HO DSR\R ORJtVWLFR SDUD HQFDUDU ODV VLWXDFLRQHV
FDPELDQWHV \ GHVDUUROORV LQHVSHUDGRV TXH VRQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH ODV
RSHUDFLRQHVQDYDOHV
G /D DSOLFDFLyQ FRQ p[LWR GHO SULQFLSLR GH 0DQLREUD SODQWHD XQ DOWR JUDGR
GHHQWUHQDPLHQWRGLVFLSOLQDRUJDQL]DFLyQ\SODQHDPLHQWRDVtFRPRH[LJH
LQLFLDWLYD\GHFLVLyQSRUSDUWHGHORV&RPDQGDQWHV\GHVXVVXERUGLQDGRV
SDUD DVHJXUDU TXH QXQFD VH SLHUGD XQD RSRUWXQLGDG HQ XQ PRPHQWR \
OXJDUGDGR
H (Q RSHUDFLRQHV HQ HO PDU OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD 0DQLREUD GHEH FRPELQDU
YHORFLGDG\DJLOLGDGGHQXHVWUDVIXHU]DVHVWRSHUPLWLUiJDQDUXQDYHQWDMD
HQWLHPSR\HVSDFLRUHVSHFWRDODVYXOQHUDELOLGDGHVGHODGYHUVDULR
I
/DPHMRUH[SORWDFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRGHODIXHU]DHQHOPDUQRVSHUPLWLUi
DWDFDUDODIXHU]DDGYHUVDULDHQGRQGHQRORHVSHUD\TXHpVWDQRVEXVTXH
HQGRQGHQRHVWDPRV
J (O SULQFLSLR GH 0DQLREUD VLJQLILFD ´6L HO HQHPLJR HVWi GHVFDQVDQGR
IDWtJDOHVLHVWDXQLGRGLYtGHOH$WiFDORGRQGHQRHVWiSUHSDUDGRKD]XQD
VDOLGDSRUGRQGHQRORHVSHUDµ
2)(16,9$
D 3ODQWHD OD E~VTXHGD GHFLGLGD GH OD OXFKD SDUD GHVWUXLU D OD IXHU]D
FRQWUDULD R SDUD FRQTXLVWDU HO REMHWLYR SUHYLVWR \D TXH ~QLFDPHQWH
PHGLDQWH OD DFFLyQ RIHQVLYD VH ORJUDQ UHVXOWDGRV GHFLVLYRV LPSRQLHQGR
YROXQWDGSURSLDDODGHODGYHUVDULR
E /DYLFWRULDQXQFDVHDOFDQ]DUiSRUODGHIHQVDSDVLYDODSUHGRPLQDQFLDGH
HVWD VLPSOHPHQWH RWRUJDQ SHOLJURVDPHQWH OD LQLFLDWLYD D OD IXHU]D
FRQWUDULD6yORODDFFLyQRIHQVLYDVRVWHQLGDRODDPHQD]DGHXQDDFFLyQ
RIHQVLYDLQIDOLEOHWUDHQHOp[LWR
F /D~QLFDGHIHQVDDFHSWDEOHHQHOPDUHVODGHIHQVLYDDFWLYDODTXHWLHQH
FRPR SULQFLSLR OD SUHVHUYDFLyQ GH OD IXHU]D SURSLD SDUD EXVFDU XQ
PRPHQWR HQ HO TXH SXHGD DOFDQ]DUVH XQDSRVLFLyQ YHQWDMRVD \ HIHFWXDU
XQDDFFLyQRIHQVLYDFRQWUDODVYXOQHUDELOLGDGHVGHODIXHU]DFRQWUDULD
G /D2IHQVLYDLQFOX\HHOFRQFHSWRGHODWDTXH\ODSHUVHFXFLyQFRQPXFKRV
WLSRVGHRSHUDFLRQHVRULHQWDGRVDODGHUURWDILQDOGHODVIXHU]DVFRQWUDULDV\
DODH[SORWDFLyQGHWRGRp[LWRRSHUDFLRQDOSRUPHGLRGHODDFHOHUDFLyQR
LQWHQVLILFDFLyQ GH OD SUHVLyQ VREUH HO DGYHUVDULR /D DFFLyQ RIHQVLYD
VRVWHQLGD DSURYHFKD WRGDV ODV IDOODV VLJQLILFDWLYDV GH OD SRVLFLyQ
HVWUDWpJLFD \ GLVSRVLWLYRV WiFWLFRV GHO DGYHUVDULR \ SURJUHVLYDPHQWH PLQD
VXYROXQWDG\FDSDFLGDGSDUDUHVLVWLU
H /D 2IHQVLYD ORJUD R PDQWLHQH OD YHQWDMD GH OD OLEHUWDG GH DFFLyQ HQ
WLHPSR TXH DO DGYHUVDULR OH QLHJD OD PLVPD OLEHUWDG 8QD YH] ORJUDGD OD
LQLFLDWLYD HQ HO FRQWDFWR FRQ OD IXHU]D FRQWUDULD OD DFFLyQ RIHQVLYD HV
HVHQFLDOSDUDODYLFWRULD
I
(OSULQFLSLRGH2IHQVLYDVLJQLILFD´&DSWXUHUHWHQJD\H[SORWHODLQLFLDWLYDµ
(&2120Ì$'()8(5=$6
D 3ODQWHDHOHPSOHRUDFLRQDO\HILFLHQWHGHORVUHFXUVRVGLVSRQLEOHV([LJHHO
HPSOHR GH ODV IXHU]DV HVWULFWDPHQWH LQGLVSHQVDEOHV HQ ODV DFFLRQHV
VHFXQGDULDVSDUDSHUPLWLUHOHPSOHRGHOPi[LPRGHIXHU]DVGLVSRQLEOHVHQ
OD DFFLyQ SULQFLSDO (VWi tQWLPDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO SULQFLSLR GH
PDVD
E (O3ULQFLSLRGH(FRQRPtDGH)XHU]DVLPSOLFDWDQWRHOXVRHFRQyPLFRGHODV
)XHU]DV FRPR XQ FRQVXPR MXLFLRVR GH ORV UHFXUVRV SDUD ORJUDU HO Pi[LPR
HVIXHU]RHQORVPRPHQWRV\OXJDUHVGHFLVLYRV/D(FRQRPtDGH)XHU]DV\OD
HFRQRPtD GH HVIXHU]R LPSOLFDQ HO GHVSOLHJXH GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV
VXSHULRUHV GH SRGHU FRPEDWLHQWH KDFLD ORV SXQWRV IRFDOHV GH DFFLyQ
GHFLVLYD
F /D SURYLVLyQ GH IXHU]DV SDUD XQD WDUHD GDGD TXH UHGX]FD ODV IXHU]DV HQ
RWURV SXQWRV DO PtQLPR UHTXHULGR GH VHJXULGDG H[LJH QXHYDPHQWH XQ
FRPSURPLVRHQWUHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\ODGLVSHUVLyQ
G $PHQRVTXHSXHGDDOFDQ]DUVH\PDQWHQHUVHXQDDSODVWDQWHVXSHULRULGDG
GH IXHU]DV KDEUi TXH LPSOHPHQWDUVH XQD HFRQRPtD GH IXHU]DV \ XQD
HFRQRPtDGHHVIXHU]RV/RVLQWHQWRVSDUDHYLWDUWRGRVORVULHVJRVDVLJQDQGR
GHPDVLDGDV IXHU]DV GLVSRQLEOHV SDUD ORV SURSyVLWRV GH VHJXULGDG YLROD HO
SULQFLSLRGH(FRQRPtDGH)XHU]DV
H (QHOSODQHDPLHQWRRSHUDFLRQDOHOSULQFLSLRGH(FRQRPtDGH)XHU]DVGLFWD
XQ HTXLOLEULR DSURSLDGR HQWUH OD RIHQVLYD FRQFHQWUDGD SRU XQ ODGR \ OD
VHJXULGDGSRUHORWUR
I
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODWiFWLFDXQDKiELOFRPELQDFLyQGHOHPSOHR
GH (FRQRPtD GH )XHU]DV \ GH 0DQLREUD SXHGH UHVXOWDU HQ REWHQHU XQD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH SRGHU FRPEDWLHQWH FRQWUD XQD SDUWH GH ODV IXHU]DV
FRQWUDULDV 'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD HVWUDWHJLD OD (FRQRPtD GH
)XHU]DV\ODHFRQRPtDGHHVIXHU]RVLJQLILFDQXQDGLVWULEXFLyQPiVKiELOTXH
XQDKRUUR
J &RQ PiV EODQFRV TXHPHGLRV GLVSRQLEOHV FDGD XQLGDG GHEH HQIRFDU VX
DWHQFLyQHQORVREMHWLYRVSULPDULRVEXVFDQGRXQH[LWRVRJROSHFRRUGLQDGR
VREUHODYXOQHUDELOLGDGFUtWLFDGHODGYHUVDULR
K (O SULQFLSLR GH (FRQRPtD GH )XHU]DV VLJQLILFD ´(PSOHH WRGR HO SRGHU GH
FRPEDWH TXH GLVSRQH GHOD IRUPDPiV HIHFWLYD SRVLEOH DVLJQH HO SRGHU
GHFRPEDWHPtQLPRHVHQFLDODORVHVIXHU]RVVHFXQGDULRVµ
81,'$''(&20$1'2
D 8QLGDG GH &RPDQGR VLJQLILFD TXH WRGDV ODV IXHU]DV RSHUHQ EDMR XQ VROR
&RPDQGDQWHFRQODVDWULEXFLRQHV\DXWRULGDGVXILFLHQWHSDUDFRPDQGDU\
GLULJLU WRGDV ODV IXHU]DV DVLJQDGDV RULHQWDGDV SDUD FXPSOLU OD PLVLyQ
DVLJQDGD6LQHPEDUJRHVWHSULQFLSLRUHTXLHUHFRRUGLQDFLyQ\FRRSHUDFLyQ
FRQ RWUDV IXHU]DV TXH DFW~DQ HQ XQ PLVPR WHDWUR GH JXHUUD 3DUD FDGD
REMHWLYRWUD]DGRGHEHH[LVWLUXQLGDGGHHVIXHU]REDMRXQVROR&RPDQGR
E 6HDTXHODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHXQREMHWLYRVHUHODFLRQDFRQXQVROREXTXH
R VH WUDWH GH XQD RSHUDFLyQ DQILELD VH REWLHQH OD XQLGDG GH ODV IXHU]DV
DVLJQDQGRXQVROR&RPDQGDQWH'HVSXpVTXHHVWHH[SUHVHVXVLQWHQFLRQHV
\ Gp HO HQIRTXH JHQHUDO SHUPLWLUi D VXV VXERUGLQDGRV WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV
FUtWLFDV RSRUWXQDPHQWH DVt FRPR PDQWHQHU XQ DOWR ULWPR HQ ODV
RSHUDFLRQHVSDUDDOFDQ]DUHOREMHWLYRXQLILFDGR(Op[LWRVHSRGUiDOFDQ]DU
VLHPSUH \ FXDQGR H[LVWD XQLGDG GH SURSyVLWR XQLGDG GH FRKHVLyQ \
IOH[LELOLGDGHQUHVSRQGHUDODVLQFHUWLGXPEUHVGHOFRPEDWH
F (O SULQFLSLR GH 8QLGDG GH &RPDQGR VLJQLILFD ´$VHJXUH OD XQLGDG GH
HVIXHU]R VREUH FDGD REMHWLYR EDMR OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH XQ ~QLFR
&RPDQGDQWHµ
6,03/,&,'$'
D ([LJH TXH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV PLOLWDUHV HQ HO SODQHDPLHQWR SUHSDUDFLyQ
VXSHUYLVLyQ\FRQGXFFLyQVHDQGHIiFLOFRPSUHQVLyQVLHQGRODRULHQWDFLyQ
FODUDSUHFLVD\FRQFLVD
E /D6LPSOLFLGDGDXQTXHHVXQRGHORVSULQFLSLRVPiVGLItFLOHVGHDOFDQ]DUHQ
OD SUiFWLFD SXHGH D SULPHUD YLVWD VHU GH GXGRVD VLJQLILFDFLyQ VLQ
HPEDUJR WDO FRPR VH DSOLFD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH D ORV DVSHFWRV GH
SODQHDPLHQWRRSHUDWLYRVLJQLILFDTXHHOPHMRUSODQHVDTXHOTXHHYLWDXQD
LQQHFHVDULD FRPSOHMLGDG HQ GLVHxR SUHVHQWDFLyQ \ HMHFXFLyQ GHELHQGR
VHUGHIiFLOHQWHQGLPLHQWRSDUDHOSHUVRQDOLQYROXFUDGRHQODVRSHUDFLRQHV
7DPELpQSXHGHUHGXFLUODRSRUWXQLGDGGHHUURUHV\PDODVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV
\ SXHGH LQFUHPHQWDU OD UDSLGH] GH VX HMHFXFLyQ VX PRGLILFDFLyQ R VX
DPSOLDFLyQTXHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVKDJDQQHFHVDULR
F 8QD JXtD DPSOLD HQ OXJDU GH GHWDOODGDV \ FRPSOLFDGDV LQVWUXFFLRQHV
SURPXHYHODIOH[LELOLGDG\VLPSOLFLGDG3ODQHVVLPSOHV\XQDGLUHFFLyQFODUD
SURPXHYHQODFRPSUHQVLyQ\PLQLPL]DQODFRQIXVLyQ
G /D QHFHVLGDG GH VLPSOLFLGDG YD PiV DOOi GHO SODQHDPLHQWR \ GH ODV
GLUHFWLYDV GHEH KDEHU VLPSOLFLGDG HQ HVWUDWHJLD \ HQ HO HPSOHR GH ODV
DUPDV GHEH KDEHUOD WDPELpQ HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ SXHVWR TXH ODV
UHODFLRQHVGHFRPDQGRGHEHQVHUFODUDV\ODFDGHQDGHFRPDQGRHVWDU
SHUIHFWDPHQWHGHILQLGD
H /D QDWXUDOH]D GH OD VLPSOLFLGDG HV UHODWLYD /DV RSHUDFLRQHV TXH VRQ
VLPSOHV SDUD IXHU]DV ELHQ HQWUHQDGDV SXHGH VHU TXH VHDQ GHPDVLDGR
FRPSOHMDVSDUDXQLGDGHVTXHQRWLHQHXQHQWUHQDPLHQWRDGHFXDGR
I
(O SULQFLSLR GH 6LPSOLFLGDG VLJQLILFD ´(YLWH OD FRPSOHMLGDG LQQHFHVDULD DO
SUHSDUDUSODQHDU\FRQGXFLURSHUDFLRQHVPLOLWDUHVµ
6(*85,'$'
D 3ODQWHDODDGRSFLyQGHDFFLRQHV\SUHYLVLRQHVSDUDIRUWDOHFHU\PDQWHQHU
ODLQWDQJLELOLGDGDVtFRPRODOLEHUWDGGHDFFLyQ\SRGHUFRPEDWLYRGHODV
IXHU]DV FRPSURPHWLGDV 6H REWLHQH WRPDQGR PHGLGDV SDUD LPSHGLU OD
VRUSUHVD\HVWDULQIRUPDGRHQEDVHDXQDLQWHOLJHQFLDH[DFWDFRPSOHWD\
RSRUWXQDVREUHHODGYHUVDULRDVtFRPRQHJDUODLQIRUPDFLyQSURSLD
E (Q VX PiV DPSOLR VHQWLGR HVWH SULQFLSLR LPSOLFD HO JUDGR GH SURWHFFLyQ
TXH HV HVHQFLDO D OD OLEHUWDG GH DFFLyQ SDUD ODV IXHU]DV SURSLDV VLUYHQ
SDUD
/DQ]DU XQD RIHQVLYD DSODVWDQWH HQ SHUVHFXFLyQ GH XQ REMHWLYR
VHOHFFLRQDGR
3UHYHQLUXQDWDTXHVRUSUHVLYRSRUSDUWHGHODGYHUVDULR
7RPDUPHGLGDVHIHFWLYDVGHDOLVWDPLHQWRSDUDFRQWUDUUHVWDUODDFFLyQ
DGYHUVDULD
F /D 6HJXULGDG SODQWHD OD GHIHQVD DGHFXDGD GH ODV EDVHV YXOQHUDEOHV
IXHQWHVGHDEDVWHFLPLHQWRFRPXQLFDFLRQHV\GHPiVLQVWDODFLRQHVYLWDOHV
DODQDFLyQ\VXVIXHU]DVPLOLWDUHVSHURQRLPSOLFDTXHVHHYLWHWRGRULHVJR
TXH SXGLHUD SUHVHQWDUVH (O H[FHVR GH VHJXULGDG SXHGH LQWHUIHULU HQ HO
GHVDUUROORGHODVRSHUDFLRQHV
G (O SLTXHWH DYDQ]DGR R PHGLGDV FRPR HO FRQWURO GH HPLVLRQHV
HOHFWURPDJQpWLFDV FRQWULEX\HQ D QXHVWUD OLEHUWDG GH DFFLyQ DO UHGXFLU
QXHVWUDYXOQHUDELOLGDGDODVDFFLRQHVKRVWLOHVRDODVRUSUHVD
H 3DUD SRGHUQRV REVHUYDU GHVGH ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV GH OD IXHU]D FRQWUDULD
SRGHPRV XVDU ORV MXHJRV GH JXHUUD \ OD VLPXODFLyQ 1XHVWUD VHJXULGDG VH
PHMRUDFRQXQFDEDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODHVWUDWHJLDGRFWULQD\WiFWLFDGHO
DGYHUVDULR
I
(O SULQFLSLR GH 6HJXULGDG VLJQLILFD ´1XQFD SHUPLWD DO DGYHUVDULR DOFDQ]DU
YHQWDMDV LQHVSHUDGDV 1XHVWUD FDSDFLGDG GH FRPEDWH VH DFUHFLHQWD
SURWHJLHQGRQXHVWUDVIXHU]DVµ
62535(6$
D &RQVLVWH HQ DFWXDU VREUH HOHQHPLJR HQ XQPRPHQWR\OXJDU LQHVSHUDGR
QHJiQGROHUHFXSHUDFLyQHLQLFLDWLYDREOLJiQGRORDDFWXDUHQLQIHULRULGDG
GHFRQGLFLRQHV
E (OSULQFLSLRGH6RUSUHVDHVWiFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRODLQIOXHQFLDPiVHIHFWLYD
\ SRGHURVD HQ OD FRQGXFFLyQ GH OD JXHUUD (Q WDQWR TXH VH GHEH KDFHU
WRGR HVIXHU]R SDUD VRUSUHQGHU DO DGYHUVDULR ODV PHGLGDV D WRPDUVH SDUD
HYLWDU VHU VRUSUHQGLGR SRU HO DGYHUVDULR GHEHQ VHU GH LJXDO R GH PD\RU
LPSRUWDQFLD
F /D 6RUSUHVD DVHJXUD GH DQWHPDQR OD YHQWDMD GHO WLHPSR SHUPLWH OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHIXHU]DVVXSHULRUHVHQXQSXQWRGHFRQWDFWRGHVHDGR\
SXHGHWHPSRUDOPHQWHGHVHTXLOLEUDUHOSURFHVRGHFRPDQGR\FRQWUROGH
ODIXHU]DFRQWUDULDHLQPRYLOL]DUVXVUHVHUYDV
G /D6RUSUHVDSXHGHORJUDUVHHVWUDWpJLFDRWiFWLFDPHQWHSRUPHGLRGHXQR
R PiV GH VXV HOHPHQWRV WDOHV FRPR RULJLQDOLGDG DXGDFLD UDSLGH]
VHFUHWRHQFXEULPLHQWR\GHFHSFLyQ3XHGHYDULDUGHVGHODDFFLyQGHXQ
JRELHUQRHQHOORJURGHXQV~ELWRp[LWRGLSORPiWLFRKDVWDHOXVRLQHVSHUDGR
GH QXHVWUDV DUPDV /D VRUSUHVD WiFWLFD SXHGH SURGXFLU WRGRV ORV HIHFWRV
GHO VKRFN \ GHO SiQLFR (Q WRGR FDVR HO HQFXEULPLHQWR GHOD LQWHQFLyQ \
UDSLGH]GHHMHFXFLyQVRQHVHQFLDOHV
H /D6RUSUHVDGHEHSUHGRPLQDUHQWRGDRSHUDFLyQPLOLWDUWDQWRVHDQHVWDV
RIHQVLYDV FRPR GHIHQVLYDV (O YDORU GH OD 6RUSUHVD HV WDO TXH VLHPSUH
GHEH WHQHUVH HQ PHQWH OD H[SORWDFLyQ GH XQD YHQWDMD R HO HYLWDU VHU
DWDFDGRHQXQDGpELOSRVLFLyQVLQSUHYLRDYLVR6LHQXQDVLWXDFLyQGDGDOD
6RUSUHVD UHVXOWD VHU PXWXD HQWRQFHV OD DXGDFLD PRYLOLGDG \ UDSLGH]
MXJDUiQXQUROSUHSRQGHUDQWH
I
/D PRYLOLGDG GH ODV IXHU]DV QDYDOHV FRQGXFH DO ORJUR GH OD 6RUSUHVD
SXHVWR TXH VH SXHGHQ PRYHU UiSLGDPHQWH \ D PHQXGR HQ FRPSOHWR
VHFUHWRKDFLDFDVLFXDOTXLHUSXQWRHQGRQGHODIXHU]DFRQWUDULDSXHGHVHU
YXOQHUDEOHGHVGHHOPDU/D6RUSUHVDSXHGHD\XGDUDWUDGXFLUHQYLFWRULD
OD YHQWDMD GH HVWDU HQ OD RIHQVLYD FRQ IXHU]DV PyYLOHV HFRQyPLFDPHQWH
GLVSXHVWDV\FRQFHQWUDGDVFRQWUDREMHWLYRVHVWUDWpJLFRV\WiFWLFRV
J /D6RUSUHVDFRQVLVWHHQDWDFDUDODIXHU]DFRQWUDULDHQHOOXJDU\PRPHQWR
HQ TXH QR HVWp SUHSDUDGR SDUD UHSHOHU HO DWDTXH SDUD TXH HVWR VH
SURGX]FDGHEHH[LVWLUVHFUHWR\UDSLGH]&XDQGRVHKDSHUGLGRHOVHFUHWR
HV GHFLU TXH ODV LQWHQFLRQHV GH QXHVWUD IXHU]D KDQ VLGR HYLGHQFLDGDV OD
IXHU]DGHEHDFWXDUFRQUDSLGH]VLQFURQL]DGDGHWDOIRUPDGHORJUDUVLPLODU
HIHFWRGHYDVWDGRUPDQWHQLHQGRDVtHOSULQFLSLRGH6RUSUHVD
K /D6RUSUHVDHVFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRODLQIOXHQFLDPiVHIHFWLYD\SRGHURVDGH
ODFRQGXFFLyQGHODJXHUUD
L
(O VRUSUHQGHU GHVSUHYHQLGDPHQWH D OD IXHU]D FRQWUDULD OD FRORFD
LQPHGLDWDPHQWH D OD GHIHQVLYD UHVWiQGROH LQLFLDWLYD SHUPLWLHQGR TXH OD
IXHU]DSURSLDPDQWHQJDODLQLFLDWLYD\FRQGX]FDODVDFFLRQHV(OHOHPHQWR
VRUSUHVD HV GHVHDEOH VLQ HPEDUJR QR HV HVHQFLDO TXH HO DGYHUVDULR VHD
VRUSUHQGLGR FRPSOHWDPHQWH VLQ GDUVH FXHQWD HV VXILFLHQWH TXH VH Gp
FXHQWD GHPDVLDGR WDUGH FRPR SDUD UHDFFLRQDU HQ IRUPD HIHFWLYD /D
RSRUWXQLGDG GH HQFRQWUDU D OD IXHU]D FRQWUDULD FXDQGR QR HVWi OLVWD OD
SRGHPRV FRQVHJXLU RFXOWDQGR QXHVWUDV FDSDFLGDGHV H LQWHQFLRQHV
PHGLDQWH HO HPSOHR LQJHQLRVR GH WiFWLFDV \ WpFQLFDV GH FREHUWXUD \
GHFHSFLyQ
M
(O SULQFLSLR GH 6RUSUHVD VLJQLILFD ´(Q OD JXHUUD OR LQHVSHUDGR HV OR TXH
FRQGXFHDOp[LWR/DVRUSUHVDHVODFODYHGHODYLFWRULDµ
6(&&,Ð1,,,
*8(55$&$03$f$<23(5$&,Ð11$9$/
*8(55$1$9$/
D *XHUUD1DYDOHVHOHPSOHRHQFRPEDWHGHWRGDVODVIXHU]DVQDYDOHVSDUD
HVWDEOHFHUPDQWHQHU\H[SORWDUODViUHDVPDUtWLPDVIOXYLDOHV\ODFXVWUHVGH
LQWHUpVDVtFRPRSUR\HFWDUHOSRGHUQDYDOKDFLDODVFRVWDV\SOD\DVULEHUDV
\RULOODVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH\QHJDUVXXVRDODGYHUVDULR
E ([LVWHQ GRV IRUPDV WtSLFDV GH OOHYDU OD JXHUUD HQ HO PDU XQD HV OD
GHQRPLQDGD*XHUUDGH'HVJDVWHRGH$WULFLyQODFXiOHVOOHYDGDDFDER
JHQHUDOPHQWHSRUXQDIXHU]DQDYDOGHPD\RUSRGHUHOSURSyVLWRGHHVWD
JXHUUD HV HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR GLUHFWR SDUD OD GHVWUXFFLyQ GH OD IORWD
HQHPLJD HV GHFLU OD DQXODFLyQ GHO SRGHU QDYDO DGYHUVDULR ODV
FODVLILFDFLRQHVGHHVWHWLSRGHJXHUUDVRQ
%DWDOOD'HFLVLYD
(VXQDDFFLyQGHFRPEDWHGLUHFWRHQHOFXDOVHHQIUHQWDQODVIXHU]DV
SULQFLSDOHV GH ORV FRQWHQGLHQWHV (V XQ HQIUHQWDPLHQWR GH SRGHU
FRQWUD SRGHU GRQGH OD PDVD \ HO WLHPSR VRQ ORV IDFWRUHV TXH
GHWHUPLQDUiQ HO UHVXOWDGR GH ODV DFFLRQHV (VWH WLSR GH JXHUUD HV
QRUPDOPHQWH DVXPLGR SRU OD IXHU]D TXH WHQJD HO PD\RU SRGHU
FRPEDWLHQWHUHODWLYRDVtFRPRFRQVLJDODLQLFLDWLYD\ODVRUSUHVD
%ORTXHR1DYDO
2SHUDFLyQ HMHFXWDGD FRQ HO SURSyVLWR TXH ORV PHGLRV GH OD IXHU]D
FRQWUDULDQRLQJUHVHQR]DUSHQGHXQSXHUWRDHURSXHUWRHVSHFtILFR(O
EORTXHR SXHGH VHU H[WHQGLGR D QHXWUDOHV LQFOXLU DHUyGURPRV ]RQDV
FRVWHUDV FDQDOHV HVSDFLRV PDUtWLPRV HVSHFtILFRV WUiILFR FRPHUFLDO \
SULYDGRODDSOLFDFLyQGHHVWDH[WHQVLyQHQFXHQWUDVXVUHVWULFFLRQHVHQ
HO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO+XPDQLWDULR(OREMHWLYRGHOEORTXHRQDYDOHV
QHJDUHOXVRGHEXTXHVRDHURQDYHVGHXQ(VWDGRDGYHUVDULRRQHXWUDO
SDUD WUDQVSRUWDU SHUVRQDO \R PDWHULDO KDFLD R GHVGH WHUULWRULR GHO
RSRQHQWH
F /D RWUD IRUPD HV OD *XHUUD GH 0DQLREUDV OD FXDO QRUPDOPHQWH HV OD
VROXFLyQGHOEDQGRPiVGpELORFRQPHQRVUHFXUVRVDVtFRPRWDPELpQGH
DSOLFDFLyQ GH IXHU]DV QDYDOHV TXH QR SUHWHQGHQ ORJUDU XQ PD\RU FRQWURO
GHO PDU (VWH WLSR GH JXHUUD EXVFD OD DSUR[LPDFLyQ LQGLUHFWD VLHQGR VX
SURSyVLWR HO UHGXFLU OD FDSDFLGDG RIHQVLYD GHO FRQWUDULR DWDFiQGROR HQ
DTXHOORV OXJDUHV HQ GRQGH PXHVWUH DOJXQD YXOQHUDELOLGDG R GRQGH OD
IXHU]DSURSLDSXHGHFRQFHQWUDUPD\RUSRGHUFRPEDWLHQWHUHODWLYRTXHHO
FRQWUDULR/DVFODVLILFDFLRQHVGHHVWHWLSRGHJXHUUDVRQ
)ORWDHQ3RWHQFLD
'HQRPLQDGR WDPELpQ ´IORWD HQ YtVSHUD GH VHUORµ HVWD JXHUUD QDYDO
WLHQH FRPR SURSyVLWR HQIUHQWDU ODV YXOQHUDELOLGDGHV GH OD IXHU]D
FRQWUDULD (Q OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH HVWD VH UHKXLUi DO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR HQ
GHVYHQWDMD EXVFDQGR OLEUDU EDWDOOD VROR FXDQGR VH WHQJD XQD
DSUHFLDEOHYHQWDMD/RVIDFWRUHVGHPDVDWLHPSR\PDQLREUDVRQORV
TXHGHWHUPLQDUiQHOUHVXOWDGR
*XHUUDGH&RUVR
6H FRQVLGHUD JXHUUD GH FRUVR DO DWDTXH D ODV OtQHDV GH
FRPXQLFDFLRQHVPDUtWLPDVLQFOX\HQGRWDQWRDORVEXTXHVFRPRDVXV
FDUJDV /D JXHUUD GH FRUVR WLHQH FRPR SURSyVLWR SDUDOL]DU HO VLVWHPD
GH DEDVWHFLPLHQWR \ FRPHUFLR PDUtWLPR GHO DGYHUVDULR /RV PHGLRV
PiVDGHFXDGRVSDUDHIHFWXDUODJXHUUDGHFRUVRVRQORVVXEPDULQRV\
XQLGDGHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVQRVLHQGRSUDFWLFDEOHHOHPSOHDUXQDIXHU]D
GH WDUHD SDUD HIHFWXDUOD JXHUUD GH FRUVR/D JXHUUD GH FRUVR FRPR
WDO HVWi GLULJLGD FRQWUD XQLGDGHV PHUFDQWHV GHO DGYHUVDULR TXH VH
HQFXHQWUHQ HQ FRODERUDFLyQ FRQ HO HVIXHU]R GH OD JXHUUD /D
DSOLFDFLyQ GH HVWH WLSR GH JXHUUD VH HQFXHQWUD UHJXODGD SRU HO
'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO +XPDQLWDULR HO FXDO HVWDEOHFH VXV OtPLWHV \
FRQGLFLRQHVGHDSOLFDFLyQ
G (OHPSOHRGHXQDXRWUDIRUPDGHHMHFXFLyQGHODJXHUUDQDYDOWLHQHQVX
VXVWHQWRHQHOORJURGHOREMHWLYRDOPtQLPRGHFRVWRFRVWRFXDQWLILFDEOHHQ
SpUGLGDV GH UHFXUVRV KXPDQRVPDWHULDOHV WLHPSR \ HVSDFLR WHUULWRULDO (Q
WDOVHQWLGRHOPiVIXHUWHVLHPSUHEXVFDUiUHVROYHUHOFRQIOLFWRGHODIRUPD
PiV UiSLGD SRVLEOH SRU HQGH HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR GLUHFWR VHUi VX
SUHGLOHFFLyQPLHQWUDVTXHHOGpELOEXVFDUiODSUHVHUYDFLyQGHVXIXHU]D\
JHQHUDU VLWXDFLRQHV GH YHQWDMD WiFWLFD SDUD GHVJDVWDU OD FDSDFLGDG
RIHQVLYDGHOPiVIXHUWH
H 2WUD FODVLILFDFLyQ GH OD JXHUUD QDYDO HV GLIHUHQFLDUOD HQ RIHQVLYD \
GHIHQVLYD OD RIHQVLYD VH DVRFLD D OD JXHUUD GH GHVJDVWH PLHQWUDV TXH OD
GHIHQVLYDDODJXHUUDGHPDQLREUDV6LQHPEDUJRHVLPSRUWDQWHFRQVLGHUDU
TXH HQ HO PDU QR H[LVWH OD GHIHQVLYD HVWiWLFD VLQR SRU HO FRQWUDULR OD
GHIHQVLYDGHEHVHUDFWLYD
I
/DGHIHQVLYDDFWLYDWDOFRPRGHEHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDHQODJXHUUDHQHOPDU
LPSOLFD OD SUHVHUYDFLyQ GH OD IXHU]D SURSLD UHVHUYiQGROD SDUD EXVFDU
DFFLRQHVHQGRQGHVHSXHGDHQIUHQWDUDODGYHUVDULRFRQYHQWDMDWiFWLFD
(VWHWLSRGHJXHUUDUHTXLHUHGHHVWUDWDJHPDV\ILQWDVDILQGHORJUDUTXHHO
DGYHUVDULRGHVFXLGHVXVSXQWRVYXOQHUDEOHV
&$03$f$1$9$/
8QD &DPSDxD 1DYDO HV XQD VHULH GH RSHUDFLRQHV QDYDOHV OOHYDGDV D FDER
HVHQFLDOPHQWHSRUIXHU]DVQDYDOHVSDUDFXPSOLUXQDGHWHUPLQDGDPLVLyQ
23(5$&,Ð11$9$/
8QD 2SHUDFLyQ 1DYDO HV XQ FRQMXQWR GH DFFLRQHV QDYDOHV RULHQWDGDV DO
FXPSOLPLHQWRGHXQDPLVLyQDVLJQDGD
23(5$&,21(6&21-817$6
6RQ DTXHOODV RSHUDFLRQHV SODQLILFDGDV VLQFURQL]DGDV \ HMHFXWDGDV SRU
FRPSRQHQWHVGHGRVRPiVIXHU]DVHVSHFtILFDV7HUUHVWUH1DYDOR$pUHDEDMR
OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH XQ &RPDQGDQWH TXH VH LQWHJUDQ SDUD FXPSOLU XQD
PLVLyQFRQHOILQGHOOHYDUDFDERXQHVIXHU]R~QLFR\FRQFHQWUDGR
23(5$&,21(6&20%,1$'$6
D 6RQ RSHUDFLRQHV FRQGXFLGDV SRU IXHU]DV DUPDGDV GH GRV R PiV SDtVHV
HVWDVIXHU]DVSXHGHQVHUFRQMXQWDVRQR
E (O WpUPLQR ´RSHUDFLRQHV PXOWLQDFLRQDOHVµ TXH HQ FRQFUHWR VH UHILHUH DO
PLVPRWLSRGHRSHUDFLRQHVGLILHUHQHQTXHHQHVWHWLSRGHRSHUDFLRQHVVH
FRQVLGHUDODLQWHJUDFLyQGHyUJDQRVGHJRELHUQRQRUPDOPHQWHSDUWHGHOD
H[SUHVLyQ GLSORPiWLFD R SROtWLFD GH ORV (VWDGRV FRPSRQHQWH GH OD IXHU]D
PXOWLQDFLRQDO
F /DV RSHUDFLRQHV FRPELQDGDV R PXOWLQDFLRQDOHV SXHGHQ VHU DOLDGDV R
FRDOLJDGDV
2SHUDFLRQHV$OLDGDV
&XDQGRORV(VWDGRVGLVSRQHQGHXQDFXHUGRIRUPDORWUDWDGRGHILQLGR
\ILUPDGRSUHYLDPHQWHSRUORV(VWDGRVSDUWHV
2SHUDFLRQHVGH&RDOLFLyQ
&XDQGR QR H[LVWH XQ DFXHUGR R WUDWDGR DQWHULRU DFRUGiQGRVH OD
DFFLyQFRPELQDGDSRUXQDFXHUGRWHPSRUDOQRUPDOPHQWHHQUHODFLyQ
DODQHFHVLGDGGHDWHQGHUXQSUREOHPDGHVHJXULGDGFRP~Q
0$1,2%5$(675$7e*,&$23(5$&,21$/
D /D 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO HVWi GHILQLGD SRU XQ FRQMXQWR GH
RSHUDFLRQHVFRPSXHVWDVGHDFFLRQHVWiFWLFDVODVPLVPDVTXHVHDJUXSDQ
HQ HVIXHU]RV SDUD HO ORJUR GH ORV REMHWLYRV HVWUDWpJLFRVRSHUDFLRQDOHV D
DOFDQ]DUHQHOWHDWURGHRSHUDFLRQHV
E /D0DQLREUD(VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDOFRPRWDOHVXQGLVHxRLGHDGRSRUHO
FRPDQGDQWHRSHUDFLRQDOFRPRFRPDQGDQWHGHOWHDWURGHRSHUDFLRQHV
SDUD HO ORJUR GH ORV REMHWLYRV HVWUDWpJLFRVRSHUDFLRQDOHV TXH VH OH KDQ
DVLJQDGR
F /D 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO HVWi FRPSXHVWD SRU XQ HVIXHU]R
RSHUDFLRQDO SULQFLSDO \ XQR R PiV HVIXHU]RV RSHUDFLRQDOHV VHFXQGDULRV
FDGDHVIXHU]RVHVXEGLYLGHDVXYH]HQRSHUDFLRQHV\FDGDRSHUDFLyQHQ
DFFLRQHVWiFWLFDV
G 3DUD FDGD WHDWUR GH RSHUDFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGH XQD ~QLFD 0DQLREUD
(VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO OD FXDO VH HQFXHQWUD RULHQWDGD D XQ ~QLFR
2EMHWLYR (VWUDWpJLFR2SHUDFLRQDO 3ULQFLSDO VLHQGR HO UHVWR GH 2EMHWLYRV
(VWUDWpJLFRV2SHUDFLRQDOHVTXHSXHGDQKDEHUVHDVLJQDGRVHFXQGDULRV
H /D 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO HV SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH FRQMXQWD
SXGLHQGRVHUVXVHVIXHU]RV\RSHUDFLRQHVFRQMXQWRVRHVSHFtILFRVWHUUHVWUH
QDYDORDpUHR/DVDFFLRQHVWiFWLFDVVRQSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHHVSHFtILFDV
H[LVWLHQGR OD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH VXUMDQ DFFLRQHV WiFWLFDV FRQMXQWDV
QRUPDOPHQWHXQDIXHU]DHVSHFtILFDHQDSR\RGHRWUDIXHU]DHVSHFtILFD
I
/D 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO VH HQFXHQWUD FRPSXHVWD SRU IDVHV
ODV PLVPDV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ DOLQHDGDV FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV
PRYLPLHQWRV \ RSHUDFLRQHV GHQWUR GHO 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV /DV IDVHV
VRQODVTXHLQGLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
0DQLREUD(VWUDWpJLFD,QLFLDO
6RQ HO FRQMXQWRGH RSHUDFLRQHV \PRYLPLHQWRV SDUDODGLVSRVLFLyQGH
ODV XQLGDGHV FRPSRQHQWHV GH OD IXHU]D DVLJQDGD HQ VXV GLVSRVLWLYRV
HVWUDWpJLFRVLQtFLDOHV
0DQLREUD(VWUDWpJLFDHQHO&XUVRGHODV2SHUDFLRQHV
6RQ HO FRQMXQWR GH RSHUDFLRQHV TXH VH HMHFXWDQ D SDUWLU GHO LQLFLR
SODQHDGRGHRSHUDFLRQHVQRUPDOPHQWHDSDUWLUGHO'tD´'µ+RUD´+µ
(Q HVWD IDVH GH OD 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO VH DJUXSDQ OD
WRWDOLGDG GH RSHUDFLRQHV GH FRPEDWH GH VRSRUWH ORJtVWLFR GH
SURWHFFLyQ GH SDWUXOODMH HWF HQFRQWUiQGRVH OLPLWDGD HQ HO WLHPSR
SRU HOORJURGHO HVWDGR ILQDOGHVHDGR R SRUKDEHUVHOOHJDGR DO SXQWR
FXOPLQDQWHGHOD0DQLREUD(VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO
0DQLREUD(VWUDWpJLFDGHO&HVHGHO)XHJR
(VWDIDVHVHLQLFLDFXDQGRVHKDDOFDQ]DGRHOHVWDGRILQDOGHVHDGRR
HO SXQWR FXOPLQDQWH GH OD 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD2SHUDFLRQDO R
FXDQGR ODV RSHUDFLRQHV KDQ VLGR GHWHQLGDV SRU DOJXQD LQWHUYHQFLyQ
LQWHUQDFLRQDO R GLVSRVLFLyQ GHO Pi[LPR QLYHO GH GHFLVLyQ
PDWHULDOL]iQGRVH HQ HO DOWR D ODV RSHUDFLRQHV HQ HMHFXFLyQ \ SRU
HMHFXWDUVH FRPR SDUWH GH OD 0(&2 /D PDQLREUD HQ Vt LPSOLFD XQD
VHULH GH PRYLPLHQWRV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV \ GHVSOLHJXHV FRQIRUPH D OR
SODQHDGR\HQIXQFLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQRSHUDFLRQDOYLJHQWH
0DQLREUD(VWUDWpJLFDGH5HSOLHJXH
(VWD IDVH LQLFLD FXDQGR VH RUGHQD HO UHSOLHJXH GH ORV PHGLRV
GHVSOHJDGRV HQ HO 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV /D HMHFXFLyQ GH OD 0(5(
SXHGH LPSOLFDU OD SODQLILFDFLyQ GH QXHYDV RSHUDFLRQHV DVt FRPR
DVLJQDFLyQ R UHDVLJQDFLyQ GH PHGLRV SDUD OD HMHFXFLyQ GH WDOHV
RSHUDFLRQHV /D 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD GH 5HSOLHJXH LQLFLD FRQ RUGHQ
GHO &RPDQGDQWH GHO 7HDWUR GH OD *XHUUD \ HV FRQGXFLGD SRU HO
&RPDQGDQWHGHO7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVR&RPDQGDQWH2SHUDFLRQDO
UHVSRQVDEOH
0$1,2%5$0$5Ì7,0$
D /DPDQLREUD HQ HOPDUHV XQ GLVHxR LGHDGR SRU HO FRPDQGDQWH QDYDO D
FDUJRGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVPDUtWLPDVVXSURSyVLWRHVFRQVHJXLUXQDSRVLFLyQ
YHQWDMRVDGHODIXHU]DSURSLD
E (OGLVHxRGHODPDQLREUDHQHOPDUGHEHFHQWUDUVHHQWRPDUODLQLFLDWLYD\
PDQWHQHU OD OLEHUWDG GH DFFLyQ GH WDO IRUPD TXH VH SXHGD FUHDU
VLWXDFLRQHVQRHVSHUDGDVSRUHODGYHUVDULRTXHORREOLJXHQDXQDUHDFFLyQ
QRSODQHDGD
F /D PDQLREUD HQ HO PDU FRPR WDO VH IXQGDPHQWD HQ ODV WHRUtDV GHO FLFOR
2EVHUYDU2ULHQWDU'HFLGLU$FWXDU 22'$ GHELHQGR EXVFDUVH TXH HO
DGYHUVDULR WRPH GHFLVLRQHV VREUH VLWXDFLRQHV QR YLJHQWHV HV GHFLU TXH
QXHVWUDV DFFLRQHV VH DGHODQWHQ DOD YHORFLGDG GHOD WRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV
GHO DGYHUVDULR HVWR VH ORJUD FRPSOHWDQGR QXHVWUR FLFOR GH WRPD GH
GHFLVLRQHV22'$PiVUiSLGRTXHHOGHODGYHUVDULR
G /DPDQLREUDHQHOPDUWDPELpQEXVFDUiFRQFHQWUDUPD\RUSRGHUUHODWLYR
TXHHODGYHUVDULRHQHOPRPHQWRGHODDFFLyQWiFWLFDVHDHVWDPDQLREUD
RIHQVLYDRGHIHQVLYD
0DQLREUDRIHQVLYD
/D PDQLREUD RIHQVLYD HQ HO PDU EXVFDUi PDQLREUDU OD IXHU]D SDUD HO
HQIUHQWDPLHQWR FRQ HO DGYHUVDULR (VWD PDQLREUD VH FHQWUD HQ OD
GHVWUXFFLyQRQHXWUDOL]DFLyQGHODIXHU]DRSRQHQWH
0DQLREUDGHIHQVLYD
/D PDQLREUD GHIHQVLYD HQ HO PDU VH FHQWUDUi HQ HOXGLU OD DFFLyQ
RIHQVLYD GHO FRQWUDULR HV GHFLU HO GLVHxR GHEH EXVFDU HYDGLU HO
HQIUHQWDPLHQWRSURSLFLDGRSRUODIXHU]DDGYHUVDULRHLQGXFLUDOPLVPR
DGHVFXEULUVXVSXQWRVYXOQHUDEOHVSXQWRVDORVTXHGHEHVHURULHQWDGD
ODDFFLyQSURSLD
(675$7$*(0$
D /DHVWUDWDJHPDVHGHILQHFRPRXQDRSHUDFLyQRFRQMXQWRGHRSHUDFLRQHV
RULHQWDGDV D GHVYLDU OD DWHQFLyQ GHO DGYHUVDULR VREUH HO HVIXHU]R
RSHUDFLRQDO SULQFLSDO R VREUH DOJ~Q HVIXHU]R RSHUDFLRQDO VHFXQGDULR
$VLPLVPR HV XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SULPRUGLDO HQ OD PDQLREUD GHIHQVLYD HQ HO
PDU
E (O REMHWLYRGHODHVWUDWDJHPD HVWi GHWHUPLQDGR SRU HOHIHFWR TXH GHVHD
FDXVDUVHVREUHODIXHU]DFRQWUDULD
F /DHVWUDWDJHPDVHFODVLILFDHQIXQFLyQGHOREMHWLYRTXHSHUVLJXHORVFXDOHV
SXHGHQVHUGHFRQIXVLyQGLVWUDFFLyQDSUHPLRRHQJDxR
G /D HVWUDWDJHPD GH FRQIXVLyQ HVWi RULHQWDGD D GLILFXOWDU HO DQiOLVLV SDUD
HQWHQGHUODVLWXDFLyQ RSHUDFLRQDO R WiFWLFD HV GHFLU DO LQFUHPHQWR GHOD
LQFHUWLGXPEUH
H /DHVWUDWDJHPDGHGLVWUDFFLyQHVWiRULHQWDGDDEXVFDUTXHHODGYHUVDULR
VH FHQWUH HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQ VLQ LPSRUWDQFLD \D VHD SDUD GLVWUDHU IXHU]DV \
IDFLOLWDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHXQPD\RUSRGHUFRPEDWLHQWHHQDOJ~QSXQWR
YXOQHUDEOH DGYHUVDULR DVt FRPR SDUD GHVYLDU OD DWHQFLyQ GH XQ iUHD GH
RSHUDFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDSURSLD
I
/DHVWUDWDJHPDGHDSUHPLRRSUHVLyQVHFRQFHQWUDHQTXLWDUOHODLQLFLDWLYD
DO DGYHUVDULR X REOLJDUOR D WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV LQPHGLDWDV VLQ XQ
SODQHDPLHQWR SUHYLR HV GHFLU GHVRUJDQL]DUOR DSXUDUOR HQ VXV DFFLRQHV
GHVHVWDELOL]DUVXRUGHQFRKHUHQWHGHRSHUDFLRQHV
J /D HVWUDWDJHPD GH HQJDxR R GHFHSFLyQ EXVFD HO RFXOWDPLHQWR GH ODV
YHUGDGHUDVLQWHQFLRQHVGHQXHVWUDVIXHU]DVFUHiQGROHDODIXHU]DFRQWUDULD
XQD VLWXDFLyQ TXH SXHGD KDFHUOH FUHHU OD HMHFXFLyQ GH XQD RSHUDFLyQ
HVSHFtILFDODFXDOHVIDOVDFRQHOILQGHDWUDHUORKDFLDXQiUHDHVSHFtILFD
RDOHMDUORGHOYHUGDGHURREMHWLYRTXHODIXHU]DSURSLDSHUVLJXH
K /DHVWUDWDJHPDDOWHQHUXQHIHFWRGLUHFWRHQODGHFLVLyQTXHHODGYHUVDULR
SXHGD WRPDU GH XQD VLWXDFLyQ PRVWUDGD VH FRQFHQWUD LJXDOPHQWH HQ OD
PDQLREUDHQHOPDUHQHOFLFORGHWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV2EVHUYDU2ULHQWDU
'HFLGLU$FWXDUSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHHOGLVHxR\HMHFXFLyQGHHVWUDWDJHPDVHV
SDUWHLPSRUWDQWH\FUXFLDOGHODJXHUUDHQHOPDU
L
8QDHVWUDWDJHPDLQJHQLRVDPHQWHFRQFHELGD\SHUIHFWDPHQWHHMHFXWDGD
SHUPLWLUiGHUURWDURQHXWUDOL]DUDOFRQWUDULRPLQLPL]DQGRFRVWRVHQSpUGLGDV
6(&&,Ð1,9
7($752'(/$*8(55$<'(23(5$&,21(6
'(),1,&,21(6
D 7HDWURGHOD*XHUUD
(O7HDWURGH*XHUUDHVHOFRQMXQWRGHiUHDVWHUUHVWUHV\DFXiWLFDVPDU
UtRV R ODJRV FRQ VXV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV HVSDFLRV DpUHRV TXH HVWiQ R
SXGLHUDQHVWDUGLUHFWDPHQWHLQYROXFUDGRVHQXQFRQIOLFWRRJXHUUD
6LELHQKD\XQVROR7HDWURGHOD*XHUUDpVWHSXHGHFRQWHQHUDXQRR
PiVWHDWURVGHRSHUDFLRQHV
E 7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHV
(V OD SDUWH GHO WHDWUR GH OD JXHUUD HQ OD FXDO VH SUHYp OOHYDU D FDER
RSHUDFLRQHVPLOLWDUHV
8Q 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV HV FRQVLGHUDGR XQ HVSDFLR HPSOHDGR HQ
WLHPSR GH JXHUUD \ QR SXHGH VHU HVWDEOHFLGR VLQ HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR
SUHYLRGHXQWHDWURGHJXHUUD
/RVGLIHUHQWHVWHDWURVGHRSHUDFLRQHVHVWDEOHFLGRVGHQWURGHXQWHDWUR
GH JXHUUD HVWiQ JHRJUiILFDPHQWH VHSDUDGRV R IRFDOL]DGRV HQ
GLIHUHQWHVIXHU]DVDGYHUVDULDVRDPHQD]DV
/DSUHYDOHQFLDGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVFRQMXQWDVKDKHFKRTXHORV7HDWURV
GH 2SHUDFLRQHV VHDQ FRQVLGHUDGRV FRQMXQWRV GHELGR D OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQVLQpUJLFDGHIXHU]DVWHUUHVWUHVQDYDOHV\DpUHDV
$ SHVDU GH OR PHQFLRQDGR HQ ORV SiUUDIRV SUHFHGHQWHV XQ (VWDGR
SRGUtD GHILQLU VXV WHDWURV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO iPELWR HQ HO TXH VH
GHVDUUROODUiQ ODV RSHUDFLRQHV DVt FRPR SRGUtD GHFLGLUVH GHILQLU \
GHOLPLWDU ORV 7HDWURV GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GHVGH WLHPSRV GH SD] FRPR
FRQFOXVLyQ D HVFHQDULRV SURVSHFWLYRV HQ IXQFLyQ D ODV KLSyWHVLV TXH
HVWRV FRQWLHQHQ DVt FRPR HQ IXQFLyQ D ODV iUHDV GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG
GHFRPDQGRVSUHYLDPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGRV
/D FODVLILFDFLyQ GH ORV WHDWURV GH RSHUDFLRQHV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO iPELWR
HQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODQODVRSHUDFLRQHVSXHGHVHU
D 7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHV7HUUHVWUH
(V DTXHO WHDWUR HQ GRQGH VH SUHYp OD HMHFXFLyQ GH
RSHUDFLRQHV FRQ SUHGRPLQDQFLD GH ORV HOHPHQWRV WHUUHVWUHV
VLQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH PHGLRV GH RWUDV IXHU]DV HVSHFtILFDV
QDYDOHV\DpUHDV
(VWD GHILQLFLyQ GH WHDWUR REHGHFH D OD QR H[LVWHQFLD GH
REMHWLYR DOJXQR HQ HO iPELWR PDUtWLPR HV GHFLU TXH OD
LQIOXHQFLD GHO iPELWR PDUtWLPR QR HV FUXFLDO HQ HO ORJUR GHO
REMHWLYRGHOWHDWUR
'HEH WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD TXH HVWRV WLSRV GH WHDWURV VRQ
OLPLWDGRV SRU DFFLGHQWHV JHRJUiILFRV HQ GRQGH HO FRQWDFWR
FRQHOHVSDFLRPDUtWLPRQRH[LVWHRHVGHDFFHVROLPLWDGR
E 7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHV0DUtWLPR
(V DTXHO WHDWUR HQ GRQGH VH SUHYp OD HMHFXFLyQ GH
RSHUDFLRQHVFRQSUHGRPLQDQFLDGHORVHOHPHQWRVQDYDOHV
(VWD GHILQLFLyQ GH WHDWUR REHGHFH D OD DPSOLD GLPHQVLyQ GHO
HVSDFLRPDUtWLPR HQ HO FXDO SRGUtDQ SODQLILFDUVH RSHUDFLRQHV
FHQWUDGDV HQ UHIHULGR iPELWR SRU HMHPSOR OD SURWHFFLyQ R
DWDTXH D OtQHDV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV PDUtWLPDV RFHiQLFDV HO
EORTXHRRGHIHQVDGHXQHVWUHFKRRFDQDOOHMDQR
'HEHWHQHUVHHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQTXHODGHILQLFLyQGHHVWRVWLSRV
GH WHDWURV VH GD WDQWR HQ HVSDFLRV PDUtWLPRV QR FRQHFWDGRV
FRQOtPLWHV WHUUHVWUHV DVt FRPR HQ DTXHOORV HVSDFLRVPDUtWLPRV
HQ ORV TXH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV QR SUHYHDQ UHODFLyQ DOJXQD FRQ
DTXHOODVTXHSXHGDQOLEUDUVHHOiPELWRWHUUHVWUH
&DEH UHVDOWDU TXH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ WHDWUR GH RSHUDFLRQHV
PDUtWLPROHMDQRLQFUHPHQWDODGLPHQVLyQWRWDOGHOWHDWURGHOD
JXHUUD
F &RQVLGHUDFLyQDFHUFDGHOiPELWR$pUHR
(V SUiFWLFDPHQWH LPSRVLEOH HIHFWXDU XQD FODVLILFDFLyQ
H[FOXVLYD GH XQ HVSDFLR DpUHR GDGR TXH HO GHVSOLHJXH GH
PHGLRV DpUHRV QHFHVDULDPHQWH UHTXLHUH GH XQ HVSDFLR
WHUUHVWUHRXQDXQLGDGQDYDOSRUWDDHURQDYHV
/DV RSHUDFLRQHV HQ HO iPELWR DpUHR QHFHVDULDPHQWH VH
VXERUGLQDQ D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GH ORV iPELWRV WHUUHVWUH \
PDUtWLPRDSHVDUGHTXHODVRSHUDFLRQHVRIHQVLYDVHIHFWXDGDV
GHVGH HO iPELWR DpUHR SXHGDQ GHFLGLU XQ FRQIOLFWR R YDULDU
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHODVHVWUDWHJLDVDSOLFDGDVHQpVWH
G &RQVLGHUDFLRQHVDFHUFDGHOiPELWRFLEHUHVSDFLDO
/RVDYDQFHVWHFQROyJLFRVGHOSUHVHQWHVLJORORVFXiOHVRWRUJDQ
FDSDFLGDGHV SDUD HO LQWHUFDPELR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH
FRPEDWH DVt FRPR HO FRPDQGR \ FRQWURO GH IXHU]DV KDQ
OOHYDGR D OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH XQD FXDUWD GLPHQVLyQ HVSDFLDO
GHOWHDWUR
(VWH FXDUWR iPELWR GHQRPLQDGR FLEHUHVSDFLR VH SUHVHQWD
FRPR XQD GLPHQVLyQ GH DSR\R D ORV iPELWRV PDUtWLPR
WHUUHVWUH \ DpUHR SHUPLWLHQGR pVWD H[WHQGHU ODV FDSDFLGDGHV
GHFRPDQGR\FRQWUROGHODVIXHU]DVGHVSOHJDGDVHQHOWHDWUR
(V LPSRUWDQWH DQRWDU TXH HQ WLHPSRV DFWXDOHV HO GRPLQLR R
FRQWUROGHHVWDiUHDSXHGHGHFLGLUODVROXFLyQGHXQFRQIOLFWR
DVt FRPR IDFLOLWDU OD HMHFXFLyQ GH RSHUDFLRQHV D TXLHQ OR
FRQWUROD \ GLILFXOWD OD HMHFXFLyQ GH RSHUDFLRQHV D TXLHQ QR
SXHGHDOFDQ]DUHOFRQWUROGHOFLEHUHVSDFLR
/D SUHGHILQLFLyQ GH WHDWURV GH RSHUDFLRQHV HQ WLHPSRV GH SD] VH
SXHGHQHVWDEOHFHU\DVHDSRU
D 5HJLRQHVPLOLWDUHVDODVDpUHDV]RQDVQDYDOHVSRUHMHPSOR7HDWUR
GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GH OD 3ULPHUD 5HJLyQ 0LOLWDU 7HDWUR GH
2SHUDFLRQHVGHOD3ULPHUD=RQD1DYDO7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVGHO
$OD$pUHD1~PHURHWF
E 5HJLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV SRU HMHPSOR 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GHO
$WOiQWLFR 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GHO 3DFtILFR 7HDWUR GH
2SHUDFLRQHV GHO 3DFtILFR1RUWH 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GHO
$PD]RQDVHWF
F ÉUHDVGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHFRPDQGRVHVWDEOHFLGRVSRUHMHPSOR
7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GHO &RPDQGR 2SHUDFLRQDO GHO &HQWUR
7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GHO &RPDQGR 2SHUDFLRQDO 0DUtWLPR
7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GHO &RPDQGR 2SHUDFLRQDO GH 'HIHQVD
$pUHD7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVGHO&RPDQGR(VSHFLDOGHO8FD\DOL
HWF
F &RPSRVLFLyQGHO7HDWUR
(O7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVHVWiFRPSXHVWRSRUORVVLJXLHQWHVHOHPHQWRV
8QHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
)XHU]DVDVLJQDGDV
8Q&RPDQGR
8QD0LVLyQ
(63$&,2*(2*5É),&2'(/7($752'(23(5$&,21(6
D (O HVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRGHXQ7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVSXHGHHVWDUGHILQLGR
SRUDFFLGHQWHVJHRJUiILFRVXREVWiFXORVTXHLPSLGDQODFRPXQLFDFLyQGH
IXHU]DVHVWDGHOLPLWDFLyQVRORSXHGHRFXUULUHQWLHUUD
E (Q HO PDU HO 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV SUiFWLFDPHQWH QR HQFXHQWUD
DFFLGHQWHV JHRJUiILFRV TXH SXHGDQ GHOLPLWDUOR WDQ VROR SRGUtD
HQFRQWUDUVH XQD GHOLPLWDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ ODV FHUFDQtDV DO WHUULWRULR
ULEHUHxR OXJDU HQ HO TXH VH GLILFXOWD OD RSHUDFLyQ GH PHGLRV QDYDOHV D
IORWH\VXEPDULQRV
F 2WUD SDUWLFXODULGDG GHO HVSDFLR PDUtWLPR GH XQ WHDWUR HV TXH HVWH HV
WULGLPHQVLRQDO HV GHFLU TXH DEDUFD WDQWR HO HVSDFLR GH PDU HO HVSDFLR
DpUHR DVt FRPR HO HVSDFLR VXEPDULQR VXEDG\DFHQWH $ GLIHUHQFLD GHO
HVSDFLR WHUUHVWUH TXH HV ELGLPHQVLRQDO \ OLPLWDGR SRU REVWiFXORV &DEH
UHFRUGDU TXH HO FLEHUHVSDFLR FRPR iPELWR GHO WHDWUR GH RSHUDFLRQHV
H[LVWHWDQWRHQHOHVSDFLRPDUtWLPRFRPRHQHOWHUUHVWUH
G 5HFRUGHPRV TXH HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR TXH DEDUFD XQ 7HDWUR GH
2SHUDFLRQHV VH HQFXHQWUD GHILQLGR SRU ODV RSHUDFLRQHV TXH VH SODQHDQ
HMHFXWDU FRPR SDUWH GH XQD FDPSDxD R PDQLREUD HVWUDWpJLFD
RSHUDFLRQDO GHELHQGR H[LVWLU XQ ~QLFR 7HDWUR SDUD XQD FDPSDxD R XQD
PDQLREUDHVWUDWpJLFDRSHUDFLRQDOHVGHFLUTXHXQWHDWURGHRSHUDFLRQHV
WLHQHVRORXQREMHWLYRHVWUDWpJLFRRSHUDFLRQDOSULQFLSDO
H 'HH[LVWLUPiVGHXQREMHWLYRHVWUDWpJLFRRSHUDFLRQDOVHUHTXHULUiGHPiV
GHXQDPDQLREUDHVWUDWpJLFDRSHUDFLRQDO\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHVHGHEHUiQ
GH GHILQLU GLIHUHQWHV 7HDWURV GH 2SHUDFLRQHV XQR SDUD FDGD PDQLREUD
HVWUDWpJLFDRSHUDFLRQDO
I
/D GHILQLFLyQ GH WHDWURV GH RSHUDFLRQHV SXHGH GLIHULU SDUD FDGD
DGYHUVDULR HV GHFLU TXHFDGD IXHU]D HQFRQIOLFWR SXHGH GHILQLU XQ WHDWUR
GHRSHUDFLRQHVGHOtPLWHV\GLPHQVLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVSDUDFDGDIXHU]D(VWD
SDUWLFXODULGDG QR VH SUHVHQWD HQ HO 7HDWUR GH OD *XHUUD HO FXDO
QRUPDOPHQWHFRLQFLGHSDUDDPERVDGYHUVDULRV
)8(5=$6$6,*1$'$6$/7($752'(23(5$&,21(6
D /D DVLJQDFLyQ GH IXHU]DV D XQ 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV VH HQFXHQWUD
GHILQLGRSRUHOWLSRGHRSHUDFLRQHVTXHVHKDQSODQHDGRHIHFWXDU
E 1RUPDOPHQWHXQ7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVWHQGUiIXHU]DVWHUUHVWUHVQDYDOHV\
DpUHDV VLQ HPEDUJR SRGUtDQ H[LVWLU WHDWURV HQ ORV TXH QR VH UHTXLHUD GH
DOJXQDV GH HVWDV IXHU]DV DXQTXH HV GLItFLO HQ FXDQWR D ODV FDSDFLGDGHV
TXHKR\SRVHHQODVIXHU]DVDUPDGDVGHORV(VWDGRV
F 8QD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD TXH VL SXHGH H[LVWLU HQ OD DVLJQDFLyQ GH IXHU]DV D XQ
7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVHVTXHVHGLVSRQJDQPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHPHGLRV\
HOHPHQWRVGHXQWLSRGHIXHU]DHVSHFtILFDWHUUHVWUHQDYDORDpUHDpVWDVH
GHEH DO WLSR GH RSHUDFLRQHV TXH KD VLGR GLVHxDGD FRPR SDUWH GH OD
PDQLREUDHVWUDWpJLFDRSHUDFLRQDO
&20$1'2<0,6,Ð1(1(/7($752'(23(5$&,21(6
D (O&RPDQGRGHXQ7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVJHQHUDOPHQWHVHUiHMHUFLGRSRU
XQ &RPDQGDQWH 2SHUDFLRQDO DVLJQDGR D pVWH &RPR WDO HVWH
FRPDQGDQWH WHQGUi OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG RSHUDFLRQDO VREUH WRGR HO WHDWUR
GH RSHUDFLRQHV DVt FRPR GHEHUi WHQHU HO FRPDQGR RSHUDFLRQDO
GHOHJDGRVREUHWRGRVORVPHGLRVGHODVIXHU]DVFRPSRQHQWHVGHOWHDWUR
E $O WHQHU XQ 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV XQD ~QLFD 0DQLREUD (VWUDWpJLFD
2SHUDFLRQDO SDUD FRQVHJXLU XQ ~QLFR 2EMHWLYR (VWUDWpJLFR2SHUDFLRQDO
3ULQFLSDOVHUHTXHULUiSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHGHXQ~QLFR&RPDQGDQWHGHQLYHO
2SHUDFLRQDOSDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHWDOREMHWLYR
F /D H[LVWHQFLD GH PiV GH XQ &RPDQGDQWH GH QLYHO 2SHUDFLRQDO HQ XQ
PLVPR 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GLILFXOWDUi OD HMHFXFLyQ HILFLHQWH GH
RSHUDFLRQHVGDGRTXHVHSRGUtDQWUDVODSDUREMHWLYRV\WDUHDVSDUWLFXODUHV
GHFDGDQLYHORSHUDFLRQDOTXHHOORVFRPDQGDQSXGLHQGRDIHFWDUVHFRQ
HVWR HO p[LWR HQHO FXPSOLPLHQWR GHO 2EMHWLYR (VWUDWpJLFR GHOFXiOGHULYDQ
ORV GLIHUHQWHV REMHWLYRV HVWUDWpJLFRVRSHUDFLRQDOHV SULQFLSDOHV GH FDGD
FRPDQGRRSHUDFLRQDO
G 3XHGHQ H[LVWLU GRV R PiV WHDWURV GH RSHUDFLRQHV FDGD XQR FRPDQGDGR
SRU FRPDQGRV RSHUDFLRQDOHV GLIHUHQWHV FRQ PDQLREUDV HVWUDWpJLFDV
RSHUDFLRQDOHV GLIHUHQWHV TXH FRDG\XYHQ DO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH XQ ~QLFR
2EMHWLYR (VWUDWpJLFR GHQLYHOVXSHULRU (VWD SDUWLFXODULGDGQRUPDOPHQWH VH
SXHGHYHUHQODDPSOLWXGGHXQWHDWURGHJXHUUD\FXDQGRODVIXHU]DVVH
HQIUHQWDQHQWHDWURVQRFRQHFWDGRVDVtFRPRHQODGLPHQVLyQGHJXHUUDV
UHJLRQDOHVRJOREDOHV
H (O &RPDQGDQWH 2SHUDFLRQDO GHO 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV WLHQH FRPR
WDUHDVGHFDUiFWHUSHUPDQHQWHORVLJXLHQWH
3ODQHDPLHQWRFRQGXFFLyQ\FRQWUROGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVHQHO7HDWUR
(MHUFHUHOFRQWUROWHUULWRULDOHQiUHDVGHVXUHVSRQVDELOLGDGFRQHOILQGH
DVHJXUDUHOFRQWURO3ROtWLFR$GPLQLVWUDWLYR\JDUDQWL]DUODVHJXULGDGGHO
iUHD
/DPRYLOL]DFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVKXPDQRV\PDWHULDOHV
25*$1,=$&,Ð17(55,725,$/'(/7($752'(23(5$&,21(6
D (Q HO iPELWR QDYDO XQ 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV HVWi GLYLGLGR HQ ÉUHDV GH
2SHUDFLRQHVODVPLVPDVTXHHVWiQGHILQLGDVSRURSHUDFLRQHVHMHFXWDGDV
SRUXQDSDUWHGHODIXHU]DDVLJQDGDDO7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHV/DVÉUHDV
GH2SHUDFLRQHVVHVXEGLYLGHQDVXYH]HQ=RQDVGH2SHUDFLRQHV
E ([LVWHQ RWUDV IRUPDV GH RUJDQL]DU WHUULWRULDOPHQWH XQ 7HDWUR GH
2SHUDFLRQHV ODV PLVPDV TXH VRQ DSOLFDGDV SDUD IDFLOLGDG GH
SRVLFLRQDPLHQWR\GLVSRVLFLyQGHPHGLRVHQHO7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHV8QD
IRUPDHPSOHDGDHQHOiPELWRQDYDOORFDOHVODGLYLVLyQHQÉUHDV0DUtWLPDV
(VWUDWpJLFDVÉUHDV0DUtWLPDVGH,QWHUpV\ÉUHDV&RVWHUDVGH$SR\R
F /DV ÉUHDV &RVWHUDV GH $SR\R DEDUFDQ WRGRV ORV 3XHUWRV GHO /LWRUDO
SHUPLWLHQGRLQWHJUDUDSR\DUODV2SHUDFLRQHV1DYDOHV\HIHFWXDUHO&RQWURO
GHO7UiILFR0DUtWLPR
25*$1,=$&,Ð1'(/$6)8(5=$6(1(/7($752'(23(5$&,21(6
D (QHOiPELWRQDYDOHO7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHVVHRUJDQL]DUHVSRQGLHQGRD
OD&RQFHSFLyQ(VWUDWpJLFDGHO&RPDQGDQWHGHO7HDWURGHOD*XHUUDHQ
(OHPHQWRVGH0DQLREUDSDUDORVUROHVRIHQVLYRV\GHFRQWURO
(OHPHQWRVGH'HIHQVDGH&RVWDSDUDORVUROHVGHIHQVLYRV
(OHPHQWRVGH$SR\RR6RSRUWHSDUDDSR\RGHODV)XHU]DVHQHO7HDWUR
E /D RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV HQ HO iUHD GHPDU VH UHDOL]D
WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ORV PLVPRV FRQFHSWRV FRQWHQLGRV SDUD OD
2UJDQL]DFLyQ GH XQ 7HDWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV HQ IRUPD JHQHUDO GHELHQGR
FRQVLGHUDUORVVLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRVHVSHFtILFRVFRPSOHPHQWDULRV
&RQWUROGH7UiILFR0DUtWLPRSURSLRGHODGYHUVDULR\QHXWUDOHV
6RSRUWH /RJtVWLFR FRQVLGHUDQGR OD FDSDFLGDG GH UHDEDVWHFLPLHQWR
QDYHJDQGR
3URWHFFLyQGHORV3XQWRV&UtWLFRV\ÉUHDV9LWDOHVSURSLRV\OD'HIHQVDGH
&RVWD
3UR\HFFLyQGHO3RGHU1DYDOVREUHWHUULWRULRDGYHUVDULR
&DSDFLGDGGHH[SORUDFLyQ\YLJLODQFLDPDUtWLPD\DpUHD
&DSDFLGDGGHFRPDQGR\FRQWUROGHOD)XHU]D
ÉUHDV0DUtWLPDV(VWUDWpJLFDV ÉUHDV0DUtWLPDV(VWUDWpJLFDVGH,QWHUpV\
3XQWRV)RFDOHV
$SR\R D ORV RWURV (OHPHQWRV GH 0DQLREUD PHGLDQWH ODV )XHU]DV
PLVLRQDGDVSRUHO&RPDQGDQWHGHO7HDWURGH2SHUDFLRQHV0DUtWLPR
6(&&,Ð19
)$&725(648($)(&7$1/$&21'8&&,Ð1'(/$6
23(5$&,21(61$9$/(6
0,6,Ð1$6,*1$'$
D /D 0LVLyQ DVLJQDGD LPSOLFD XQ FRQMXQWR GH WDUHDV GHILQLGDV SDUD FXPSOLU
FRQ ORV REMHWLYRV DVLJQDGRV SRU HO QLYHO VXSHULRU WHQLHQGR FRPR ILQ OD
FRQWULEXFLyQDOORJURGHOREMHWLYRGHOVXSHULRU
E 8QD PLVLyQ GHILQH XQ FRQMXQWR GH RSHUDFLRQHV FDGD XQD GH ODV FXDOHV
FRPSUHQGHQXQDVHULHGHWDUHDVODVTXHDVXYH]HVWiQRULHQWDGDVDOORJUR
GHGLIHUHQWHVREMHWLYRVSUHYLDPHQWHGHILQLGRV
F (O&RPDQGRDTXLHQVHOHKDGHVLJQDGRODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHXQDPLVLyQ
HVHO~QLFRUHVSRQVDEOHGHVXFXPSOLPLHQWRH[LWRVRDOPtQLPRGHFRVWReO
HVUHVSRQVDEOHGHOPRYLPLHQWRDSR\RSURWHFFLyQFRRUGLQDFLyQ\FRQWURO
GHVXVIXHU]DV
G /RV3ODQHV\ÐUGHQHVTXHVHHPLWDQGHEHQFRQGXFLUDOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHVX
PLVLyQ DVt FRPR WUDQVPLWLUODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV \OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HVHQFLDO SDUD
TXH VXV VXERUGLQDGRV SXHGDQ LQWHUSUHWDUOD FRUUHFWDPHQWH \ GHILQLU ODV
DFFLRQHV UHTXHULGDV TXH FRQGX]FDQ DO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH OD PLVPD (Q
HIHFWR OD DVLJQDFLyQ GH XQD PLVLyQ D XQ &RPDQGR OR FRQIURQWD FRQ HO
SUREOHPDTXHGHEHUHVROYHUSDUDODFXDOGHEHDVXPLU75(6IXQFLRQHV
5HFRQRFHUHLQWHUSUHWDUVXPLVLyQ\VXVLJQLILFDGR
6ROXFLRQDU HO SUREOHPD PHGLDQWH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH VXV UHFXUVRV GH
SODQHDPLHQWR
(MHUFHUEXHQMXLFLRDWUDYpVGHODVPHGLGDVGH&RPDQGR\&RQWUROD
PHGLGDTXHVHHMHFXWHODV2SHUDFLRQHVSODQHDGDV
H (O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH ODV UHJODV GH HQIUHQWDPLHQWR UHJODV GH
HPSHxDPLHQWR R UXOHV RI HQJDJHPHQW PiV FRQRFLGDV SRU VXV
DEUHYLDWXUDV 52( HQ LQJOpV R 5(1 HQ FDVWHOODQR TXH HQ WpUPLQRV VLPSOHV
VRQ XQ FRQMXQWR GH UHJODV R LQVWUXFFLRQHV TXH LQGLFDQODVFRQGLFLRQHV HQ
ODVFXDOHVVHSXHGHKDFHUXVRGHODIXHU]D\FRQTXpQLYHOGHJUDGXDOLGDG
/D WHRUtD ORV SULQFLSLRV UHFWRUHV TXH ULJHQ HO XVR GH OD IXHU]D HO
SODQHDPLHQWRSDUDVXHPSOHRHQGLIHUHQWHVVLWXDFLRQHVDVtFRPRODIRUPD
GH FRPXQLFDUODV HVWiQ H[WHQVDPHQWH WUDWDGDV HQ HO 0DQXDO GH
3ODQHDPLHQWR1DYDO2SHUDWLYR0$3/2
I
7RGR HVWR OR KDUi HQ IXQFLyQ GH ORV PHGLRV DVLJQDGRV ODV DPHQD]DV
LGHQWLILFDGDV OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ \ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO 7HDWUR GH
2SHUDFLRQHVGRQGHOHFRPSHWHDFWXDU
(67$'2),1$/'(6($'2
D (VODVLWXDFLyQILQDOGHp[LWRTXHYLVXDOL]DXQFRPDQGDQWHSDUDGHWHUPLQDU
TXHVXPLVLyQKDVLGRFXPSOLGD(QWpUPLQRVVLPSOHVHVOD´IRWRILQDOµTXHHO
FRPDQGDQWHGHVHDDOILQDOGHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHVXPLVLyQ
E (QHOQLYHOHVWUDWpJLFRHO(VWDGR)LQDO'HVHDGRYLVXDOL]DODVLWXDFLyQGHp[LWR
D OD TXH TXLHUH OOHJDU HO SURSyVLWR GH OD JXHUUD R OD E~VTXHGD GH OD
DQXODFLyQGHDOJXQDDPHQD]DDO(VWDGR
F $O VHU HO (VWDGR )LQDO 'HVHDGR XQD YLVLyQ GH p[LWR GH ODV DFFLRQHV
HVWUDWpJLFDVGLVSXHVWDV\GHODVRSHUDFLRQHVDHMHFXWDUVHQRGHEHUiH[LVWLU
XQD VLWXDFLyQ ILQDO HQ GRQGH IUDFDVHQ QXHVWUDV DFFLRQHV R HQOD FXDOODV
FRQGLFLRQHVILQDOHVVHDQODVQRGHVHDGDVSDUDSURYHFKRGHO(VWDGRRGHO
FRPDQGRTXHFXPSOHXQDPLVLyQDVLJQDGD
38172&8/0,1$17(
D (VODVLWXDFLyQRHOPRPHQWRHQHOFXDOODVIXHU]DVSURSLDVKDQDOFDQ]DGR
HOOtPLWHGHSpUGLGDVHVWLPDGDV\ODFRQWLQXDFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHVSDUDHO
ORJURGHOREMHWLYRQRVLJQLILFDUiQLQJ~QFUpGLWRREHQHILFLRSDUDHOHVIXHU]R
SURSLR (V GHFLU TXH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV KDQ DOFDQ]DGR HO OtPLWH Pi[LPR GH
DFHSWDELOLGDGSRUORTXHODVRSHUDFLRQHVQRGHEHQFRQWLQXDU
E &XDQGR HO SXQWR FXOPLQDQWH GH XQD RSHUDFLyQ KD VLGR DOFDQ]DGR OD
FRQWLQXDFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHVSDUDDOFDQ]DUHOREMHWLYRD~QQRORJUDGRQR
FRQGXFLUiQDQDGDIDYRUDEOHSRUHOFRQWUDULRVHSHUGHUiQIXHU]DVWLHPSR
RHVSDFLRTXHHVQHFHVDULRSDUDRWURVILQHVXOWHULRUHV/DSHUVLVWHQFLDHQOD
FRQWLQXDFLyQ HQ HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV VLPSOHPHQWH DIHFWDUi HO ORJUy GHO
REMHWLYRGHOQLYHOVXSHULRU\SRUHQGHFRQGXFLUiDODSpUGLGDGHODJXHUUD
F 3DUD OD FXOPLQDFLyQ H[LWRVD GH WRGD RSHUDFLyQ GHEH SURFXUDUVH FXPSOLU
FRQ HO REMHWLYR D DOFDQ]DU DQWHV TXH VXV IXHU]DV DOFDQFHQ HO SXQWR
FXOPLQDQWHGHODRSHUDFLyQ
&8/0,1$&,21'(/$*8(55$
D /DFXOPLQDFLyQRWHUPLQDFLyQGHODJXHUUDRFRQIOLFWRHVXQSURFHVRTXH
WLHQH FRPR SURSyVLWR OD UHVROXFLyQ GHO FRQIOLFWR HQ WpUPLQRV DFHSWDEOHV
SRUODVSDUWHVFRQWHQGLHQWHV
E /DV DFFLRQHV D HMHFXWDU FRPR SDUWH GH OD FXOPLQDFLyQ GH OD JXHUUD
SUHFHGHQDOORJURGHO(VWDGR)LQDO'HVHDGRGHOQLYHO(VWUDWpJLFR0LOLWDUSRU
OR TXH XQD YH] DOFDQ]DGR HVWH p[LWR ODV IXHU]DV PLOLWDUHV GHEHQ GH VDEHU
TXH VH UHTXHULUi GHO HPSOHR GHO SRGHU PLOLWDU SDUD FRQVROLGDU HO p[LWR
SROtWLFRGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVHMHFXWDGDV
F (O SURFHVR GH WHUPLQDFLyQ GHO FRQIOLFWR HV HO HQODFH HQWUH HO HVWDGR ILQDO
GHVHDGR \ HO ORJUR GH ORV REMHWLYRV SROtWLFRV GHILQLGRV (Q HVWH SURFHVR
GHEH HYDOXDUVH HO SRGHU \ SRWHQFLDO GH ORV FRQWHQGLHQWHV DVt FRPR
HIHFWXDUXQEDODQFHGHFRVWRVFXDQGRHOSRGHUUHODWLYRQRHVIDYRUDEOHR
FXDQGRORVFRVWRVGHOFRQIOLFWRVXSHUDQODVHVWLPDFLRQHVGHDFHSWDELOLGDG
HO QLYHO SROtWLFR R QLYHO HVWUDWpJLFR QDFLRQDO GHEHUtD UHFRQVLGHUDU ORV
REMHWLYRVGHILQLGRV\GHFLGLUODWHUPLQDFLyQGHOFRQIOLFWR
G /XHJRGHODFXOPLQDFLyQGLVSXHVWDSRUHOQLYHO SROtWLFRRQLYHOHVWUDWpJLFR
QDFLRQDOODVRSHUDFLRQHVPLOLWDUHVGHFRPEDWHSDVDQDXQDFRQGLFLyQGH
UHVSDOGRDODVDFFLRQHVHPSUHQGLGDVSRURWURVVHFWRUHVQRPLOLWDUHVKDVWD
OD UHVROXFLyQ GHO FRQIOLFWR HQ HVWH SHUtRGR HO SRGHU PLOLWDU DSOLFD OD
GLVXDVLyQ \ FRHUFLyQ SXGLHQGR HMHFXWDUVH RSHUDFLRQHV RIHQVLYDV
IRFDOL]DGDV GHPRVWUDFLRQHV GH IXHU]D RSHUDFLRQHV GH D\XGD
KXPDQLWDULDDVtFRPRRSHUDFLRQHVRDFWLYLGDGHVGHDVXQWRVFLYLOHV
H /D WHUPLQDFLyQ GHO FRQIOLFWR \ SRVWHULRU UHVROXFLyQ GHEH DVHJXUDU HO QR
UHLQLFLR GH KRVWLOLGDGHV SRU SDUWHGHO DGYHUVDULR FRPR WDO FRPSUHQGH XQ
SURFHVRGHJUDQFRPSOHMLGDGGLULJLGRGLUHFWDPHQWHSRUHOQLYHOSROtWLFRR
QLYHOHVWUDWpJLFRQDFLRQDO&RQVHMRGH6HJXULGDG1DFLRQDO
6(&&,Ð19,
25*$1,=$&,Ð13$5$/$&21'8&&,Ð1'(23(5$&,21(61$9$/(6
&20$1'2
D (VOD DXWRULGDGOHJDO TXH XQ &RPDQGDQWH HMHUFH VREUH VXV VXERUGLQDGRV
HQ YLUWXG GHO JUDGR R FDUJR (O &RPDQGR LQFOX\H OD DXWRULGDG \
UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH XWLOL]DU HILFD]PHQWH ORV UHFXUVRV GLVSRQLEOHV \ GH
SODQHDU RUJDQL]DU GLULJLU FRRUGLQDU \ FRQWURODU HO HPSOHR GH ODV IXHU]DV
DVLJQDGDVSDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODPLVLyQ
E $XQTXH ORV FRPDQGDQWHV SXHGHQ GHOHJDU OD DXWRULGDG SDUD ORJUDU OD
PLVLyQ QR SXHGHQ GHOHJDUOD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG HQ HOORJURGHORV REMHWLYRV
GHODPLVLyQ(OORJURGHORVREMHWLYRVGHODPLVLyQHVPDWHULDOL]DGRDWUDYpV
GHXQFRQMXQWRGHDFFLRQHVGHVDUUROODGDVSRUHOFRPDQGDQWHODVFXDOHV
SURYLHQHQ GH XQD H[KDXVWLYD HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD VLWXDFLyQ SODQWHDGD \ OD
SRVWHULRUWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV
&21752/
D (VXQDDFWLYLGDGIXQGDPHQWDOGHO&RPDQGRHMHUFLGRSRUHO&RPDQGDQWH
RVX(VWDGR0D\RUSRUGHOHJDFLRQFRQHOREMHWLYRGHYHULILFDUHOH[DFWR
FXPSOLPLHQWR GH VXV GLVSRVLFLRQHV (VWH SURFHVR LQYROXFUD HO GHOLFDGR
EDODQFHHQWUHODGLUHFFLyQGHO&RPDQGDQWH\ODOLEHUWDGGHDFFLyQGHORV
VXERUGLQDGRV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV HVWH WLSR GH SURFHVR
HV DPHQXGR GH GREOH GLUHFFLRQ H LQYROXFUD OD LQIOXHQFLD HQ ORV
VXERUGLQDGRVDVtFRPRODVXSHUYLVLRQGHORVUHVXOWDGRV
E )UHFXHQWHPHQWH ORV IDFWRUHV GH WLHPSR \ GLVWDQFLD OLPLWDQ HO FRQWURO
GLUHFWR GH ORV VXERUGLQDGRV SRU HOOR ORV &RPDQGDQWH GHEHQ XWLOL]DU OD
GHOHJDFLRQGHDXWRULGDG\ODRULHQWDFLRQGHO&RPDQGDQWHFRPRPHWRGR
GHFRQWUROGHODVIXHU]DV/DRULHQWDFLRQGHO&RPDQGDQWHGHEHVHUFODUD\
GHEH HVSHFLILFDUORV REMHWLYRV SULRULGDGHV ULHVJRV DFHSWDEOHV \ORVOLPLWHV
GHODRSHUDFLyQ
&20$1'2<&21752/
D &RPDQGR \ &RQWURO HV HO HMHUFLFLR GH OD DXWRULGDG \ GLUHFFLyQ GHO
&RPDQGDQWHGHELGDPHQWHGHVLJQDGRVREUHODVIXHU]DVDVLJQDGDVSDUDHO
FXPSOLPLHQWRGHODPLVLyQ
E (O&RPDQGR\&RQWUROHVWiUHIHULGRDOSURFHVRSRUHOFXDOHO&RPDQGDQWH
GHFLGHTXHGHEHKDFHU\VXSHUYLVDTXHVXGHFLVLyQVHDUHDOL]DGD
F (O&RPDQGR\&RQWUROHVHQWHQGLGRFRPRXQVLVWHPDTXHVHFRPSRQHGH
WUHV HOHPHQWRV EiVLFRV RUJDQL]DFLyQ VRSRUWH H LQIRUPDFLyQ HVWRV WUHV
HOHPHQWRVLQWHUDFW~DQSDUDODFRQGXFFLyQGHIXHU]DV
G /DVIXQFLRQHVGH&RPDQGR\&RQWUROVHUHDOL]DQDWUDYpVGHODGLVWULEXFLyQ
HLQWHUDFFLyQGHOSHUVRQDOHTXLSDPLHQWRFRPXQLFDFLRQHVLQVWDODFLRQHV\
SURFHGLPLHQWRV SDUD SODQHDU GLULJLU FRRUGLQDU \ FRQWURODU ODV IXHU]DV \
RSHUDFLRQHVDVLJQDGDVDOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODPLVLyQ
H (O &RPDQGR \ &RQWURO FRPR SURFHVR GH WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV SHUPLWH
GHWHUPLQDU HO PHMRU HPSOHR GH ODV IXHU]DV DVLJQDGDV \ VXSHUYLVDUOR KDVWD
DOFDQ]DUHOHVWDGRILQDOGHVHDGR
&20$1'223(5$&,21$/
D (VODDXWRULGDGTXHHMHUFHXQ&RPDQGDQWHVREUHODVIXHU]DVDVXPDQGR
HQ OR UHIHUHQWH DO SODQHDPLHQWR \ FRQGXFFLyQ GH RSHUDFLRQHV
H[FOX\pQGROR GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV (O &RPDQGR
2SHUDFLRQDO SXHGH DVLJQDU PLVLRQHV R WDUHDV D ORV FRPDQGRV
VXERUGLQDGRVSDUDGHVWDFDU8QLGDGHVUHDVLJQDU)XHU]DV\SDUDUHWHQHUR
GHOHJDUHO&RQWURO2SHUDFLRQDO\R7iFWLFRFRQIRUPHVHDQHFHVDULR
E (O &RPDQGR 2SHUDFLRQDO FRQ HO DVHVRUDPLHQWR GH VX (VWDGR 0D\RU
GHEHUi VHOHFFLRQDUODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHORVHOHPHQWRV D VX GLVSRVLFLyQ D
ILQGHFRQGXFLUODVRSHUDFLRQHV\DFFLRQHVHQIRUPDFRQMXQWDDSOLFDQGR
OD XQLGDG GH HVIXHU]R TXH VLJQLILFD HPSOHDU ODV IXHU]DV GH IRUPD
HVWUXFWXUDGDFRRUGLQDGD\RUJDQL]DGDSHUVLJXLHQGRREMHWLYRVFRPXQHV
F (V HO PiV DOWR QLYHO GH &RPDQGR TXH SXHGH HMHUFHUVH VREUH XQD )XHU]D
1DYDOSRUWDQWRHVLQGHOHJDEOHHVWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHO&RPDQGDQWHDO
FXiO OH KD VLGR DVLJQDGR HVWH QLYHO GH DXWRULGDG QR SXGH GHOHJDUOR D
QLQJ~Q FRPDQGDQWH GH VXV IXHU]DV FRPSRQHQWHV VDOYR PHGLH RUGHQ
H[SUHVDGHVX&RPDQGR6XSHULRUFRPDQGRGHQLYHOHVWUDWpJLFR
G (O &RPDQGR 2SHUDFLRQDO HV H[FOXVLYR GH DXWRULGDGHV QDFLRQDOHV HVWR
TXLHUH GHFLU TXH HQ RSHUDFLRQHV FRPELQDGDV R PXOWLQDFLRQDOHV HO
&RPDQGR 2SHUDFLRQDO GH ORV PHGLRV QDFLRQDOHV DVLJQDGRV D OD IXHU]D
PXOWLQDFLRQDORFRPELQDGDGHEHVHUUHWHQLGRSRUXQDDXWRULGDGQDFLRQDO
QRGHELHQGRVHUGHOHJDGRSRUQLQJ~QPRWLYRDDXWRULGDGH[WUDQMHUD
&21752/23(5$&,21$/
D (VODDXWRULGDGRWRUJDGDDXQ&RPDQGRSDUDGLULJLUDODV)XHU]DVDVLJQDGDV
SDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODVPLVLRQHVRWDUHDVDpODVLJQDGDVODVTXHHVWDUiQ
OLPLWDGDV SRU IXQFLyQ WLHPSR R ORFDOL]DFLyQ DVt FRPR SDUD GHVWDFDU
8QLGDGHVHQVXiPELWRGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDG\UHWHQHURGHOHJDUHO&RPDQGR\
&RQWURO7iFWLFRGHODVPLVPDV
E 6X HMHUFLFLR QR IDFXOWD DO 2ILFLDO HQ &RQWURO 2SHUDFLRQDO D HPSOHDU D ODV
)XHU]DV DVLJQDGDV HQ WDUHDV R ILQHV DMHQRV D OD 0LVLyQ R 7DUHDV SDUD ODV
FXDOHVGLFKRVPHGLRVOHIXHURQDVLJQDGRV
F (O &RQWURO 2SHUDFLRQDO VH HQFXHQWUD VXERUGLQDGR DO &RPDQGR
2SHUDFLRQDO\SRVHHDXWRULGDGOLPLWDGD
G (O &RQWURO 2SHUDFLRQDO HV HO Pi[LPR QLYHO GH DXWRULGDG TXH SXHGH VHU
GHOHJDGR D FRPDQGRV PXOWLQDFLRQDOHV VREUH PHGLRV QDFLRQDOHV
DVLJQDGRV D XQD IXHU]D PXOWLQDFLRQDO R FRPELQDGD (VWH FRQWURO
RSHUDFLRQDO HVWDUi OLPLWDGR SRU HVSDFLR WLHPSR PLVLyQ \ UHJODV GH
HQIUHQWDPLHQWR
H (Q HO FDVR GH OD DVLJQDFLyQ GHO FRQWURO RSHUDFLRQDO GH XQLGDGHV
VXEPDULQDVEDMRODDXWRULGDGGHXQ&RPDQGDQWHGH)XHU]DGLVWLQWRDOGHO
&RPDQGDQWH GH OD )XHU]D GH 6XEPDULQRV HVWH ~OWLPR PDQWHQGUi HO
´FRQWUROGHVHJXULGDGµORTXHLPSOLFDUiTXHHOPRYLPLHQWRGHODVXQLGDGHV
VXEPDULQDV IXHUD GH ODV iUHDV GH SDWUXOODMH \ FDQDOHV GH WUiQVLWR
HVWDEOHFLGRV HQ OD UHVSHFWLYD RUGHQ GH RSHUDFLRQHV VHD HMHFXWDGD FRQ
FRQRFLPLHQWR\DXWRUL]DFLyQGHO&RPDQGDQWHGHOD)XHU]DGH6XEPDULQRV
I
3DUD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD FRQGLFLyQ HVSHFLDO GHO SiUUDIR DQWHULRU HO
&RPDQGDQWHGH)XHU]DTXHUHFLEHXQDXQLGDGVXEPDULQDEDMRVXFRQWURO
RSHUDFLRQDO GHEHUi FRRUGLQDU FRQ HO &RPDQGDQWH GH OD )XHU]D GH
6XEPDULQRV D WUDYpV GHO 2ILFLDO &RRUGLQDGRU GHO (OHPHQWR 6XEPDULQR
DVLJQDGR SRU HVWH ~OWLPR OD GHVLJQDFLyQ GH iUHDV GH SDWUXOODMH FDQDOHV
GH WUiQVLWR FRUUHGRUHVGHVHJXULGDG UHIXJLRV \ VDQWXDULRV SUHYLDPHQWH D
ODHPLVLyQGHODFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHRUGHQGHRSHUDFLRQHV
&20$1'27É&7,&2
D (V HO HMHUFLFLR GHO &RPDQGR GXUDQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GH RSHUDFLRQHV HQ HO
PDU&RQVWLWX\HODDXWRULGDGRWRUJDGDDXQ&RPDQGRSDUDDVLJQDU7DUHDVD
ODV )XHU]DV EDMR VX FRPDQGR SDUD HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH OD 0LVLyQ D pO
DVLJQDGDSRUODDXWRULGDGVXSHULRU
E ,PSOLFDODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHQODFRQGXFFLyQGHODV7DUHDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ
OD0LVLyQDVtFRPRODVHJXULGDGGHORVPHGLRVDVLJQDGRV
F (O2ILFLDOHQ&RPDQGR7iFWLFRSXHGHUHWHQHURGHOHJDUHO&RQWURO7iFWLFRGH
ODV8QLGDGHVLQYROXFUDGDV
G 7RGR&RPDQGDQWHGH8QLGDGSRUGHVLJQDFLyQFRPR&RPDQGDQWHSRVHH
SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH HO &RPDQGR 7iFWLFR GH VX 8QLGDG FRPR WDO HV
UHVSRQVDEOH GHO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ODV WDUHDV \ IXQFLRQHV TXH OH VHDQ
DVLJQDGDV D VX XQLGDG DVt FRPR GH OD VHJXULGDG GHO SHUVRQDO GH VX
GRWDFLyQ\GHOPDWHULDOTXHFRPSUHQGHVXXQLGDG
&21752/7É&7,&2
D (VODGLUHFFLyQ\FRQWUROGHWDOODGR\XVXDOPHQWHORFDOGHORVPRYLPLHQWRV R
PDQLREUDV QHFHVDULDVSDUDFXPSOLUFRQOD0LVLyQR7DUHDVDVLJQDGDV
E (O &RQWURO 7iFWLFR GH )XHU]DV*UXSRV GH 7DUHD HVSHFtILFRV SRGUi VHU
GHOHJDGRHQXQ&RPDQGDQWHSDUDHOGHVSOLHJXHPDQLREUD\DSOLFDFLyQGH
IXHU]D
F (O&RQWURO7iFWLFRVHHQFXHQWUDVXERUGLQDGRDO&RPDQGR7iFWLFR
&21752/3251(*$&,Ð1
D (O iPELWR GH RSHUDFLyQPDUtWLPD \HOPRGRGH HPSOHR GHORVPHGLRVHQ
WDO iPELWR SXHGH H[LJLU OD FRQGXFFLyQ \ FRQWURO GH PHGLRV DOHMDGRV
JUDQGHVGLVWDQFLDVHVWDSDUWLFXODULGDGGHOiPELWRPDUtWLPRH[LJHXQJUDGR
GH GHOHJDFLyQ GH DXWRULGDG WDO TXH SHUPLWD XQD FRQGXFFLyQ \ FRQWURO
PiV HILFLHQWH FHQWUiQGRVH HO FRPDQGR TXH GHOHJD OD DXWRULGDG DO
FRQWURO GHO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ODV yUGHQHV LPSDUWLGDV \ VXSHUYLVLyQ GHO
FXPSOLPLHQWRGHODPLVLyQRWDUHDVDVLJQDGDV
E (VWDGHOHJDFLyQGHDXWRULGDGVHGHQRPLQDFRQWUROSRUQHJDFLyQRFRQWURO
´LQYHWRµHOFXDOGHEHVHUHQWHQGLGRFRPRODGHOHJDFLyQGHDXWRULGDGD
XQ &RPDQGR 6XERUGLQDGR SDUD DVHJXUDU XQD FRQGXFFLyQ PiV HILFLHQWH
GH ORV PHGLRV DVLJQDGRV SDUD HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH XQD WDUHD R PLVLyQ
UHWHQLHQGRHO&RPDQGR6XSHULRUODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHOD
PLVLyQDVLJQDGD\GHOORJURGHOp[LWRHVSHUDGR
F /DUHWHQFLyQGHWDOUHVSRQVDELOLGDGSRUSDUWHGHO&RPDQGR6XSHULRUREOLJD
D DQXODU OD DXWRULGDG GHOHJDGD HQ FDVR GHWHUPLQH TXH H[LVWH XQ PDO
HPSOHR GH ORV PHGLRV R TXH ODV yUGHQHV LPSDUWLGDV QR HVWiQ VLHQGR
FXPSOLGDVUHDVXPLpQGRODRUHDVLJQiQGRODDRWUR&RPDQGR6XERUGLQDGR
1,9(/(6'(&20$1'2<&21752/
D 1LYHO(VWUDWpJLFR
$1LYHO(VWUDWpJLFRHO&RPDQGR\&RQWUROFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOQLYHOPiV
DOWR GH SUHYLVLyQ \ GHFLVLyQ GH OD 'HIHQVD 1DFLRQDO SDUD HO
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH OD FRQFHSFLyQ HVWUDWpJLFD SURPXOJDFLyQ GH
GLUHFWLYDV \ DVLJQDFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV TXH DVHJXUHQ ORV REMHWLYRV
HVWUDWpJLFRV (VWH QLYHO LQWHUDFW~D GH IRUPD VLQFURQL]DGD FRQ RWUDV
DFWLYLGDGHVGHFDUiFWHUQRPLOLWDU
(QHVWHQLYHOVHHQFXHQWUDHO7HDWURGHOD*XHUUD
E 1LYHO2SHUDFLRQDO
$ 1LYHO 2SHUDFLRQDO HO &RPDQGR \ &RQWURO VH HMHUFH HQ ODV
DFWLYLGDGHV GH SODQHDPLHQWR GLUHFFLyQ FRRUGLQDFLyQ FRQWURO \
HYDOXDFLyQ GH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV SDUD HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ODV WDUHDV
DVLJQDGDVSRUHOQLYHOHVWUDWpJLFR
(Q HVWH QLYHO LQWHUYLHQHQ ORV (VWDGRV PD\RUHV GHO 7HDWUR GH
2SHUDFLRQHV\RWURVRUJDQLVPRVGHiPELWRGHVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDO(Q
HVWH QLYHO ORV p[LWRV FRQVHJXLGRV HQ FRPEDWHV \ RSHUDFLRQHV
SULQFLSDOHVVHFRPELQDQSDUDDOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRVHVWUDWpJLFRV3DUD
HVWHILQHO&RPDQGR2SHUDFLRQDOGHVSOHJDUDVXVIXHU]DVGHQWURGHXQ
iPELWR GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG DVLJQDGD IRUPXODUD XQ SODQ GH
RSHUDFLRQHV\GLULJLUiODVRSHUDFLRQHV6HUiUHVSRQVDEOHGH
D 'HFLGLU ORV 2EMHWLYRV 2SHUDFLRQDOHV QHFHVDULRV SDUD DOFDQ]DU ORV
2EMHWLYRV(VWUDWpJLFRV
E 'HFLGLU TXH VHFXHQFLD VH GHEHQ DOFDQ]DU HVWRV 2EMHWLYRV
2SHUDFLRQDOHV
F 'LVSRQHU ODV IXHU]DV \ ORV UHFXUVRV VHJ~Q VHD QHFHVDULR SDUD TXH
ORV PDQGRV VXERUGLQDGRV VHDQ FDSDFHV GH UHDOL]DU VXV PLVLRQHV
RSHUDFLRQDOHV
G (VWDEOHFHU SULRULGDGHV SDUD OD SURYLVLyQ GH DSR\R ORJtVWLFR SDUD
VRVWHQHUODVRSHUDFLRQHV
F 1LYHO7iFWLFR
$ 1LYHO 7iFWLFR HO &RPDQGR \ &RQWURO DSR\D DO FRPDQGDQWH SDUD
GLULJLUODVDFFLRQHVGHFRPEDWHGHVXVIXHU]DVSDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGH
VXPLVLyQ
(O &RPDQGR \ &RQWURO GHEHUi DVHJXUDU HO IOXMR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH
IRUPDWDOTXHVHUHGX]FDODLQFHUWLGXPEUHHQHOFDPSRGHEDWDOODVH
RSHUH FRRUGLQDGDPHQWH VH HYLWH LQWHUIHUHQFLD PXWXD OD GXSOLFLGDG
GHHVIXHU]RV\VHREWHQJDODYHQWDMDWiFWLFD
25*$1,=$&,Ð123(5$7,9$
/RVPHGLRVDVLJQDGRVSDUDODHMHFXFLyQGHRSHUDFLRQHVQDYDOHVVHRUJDQL]DQ
HQRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHWDUHDVGHDFXHUGRDORVVLJXLHQWHVQLYHOHV
D )XHU]DGH7DUHD
2UJDQL]DGDSDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHOD0LVLyQHQXQiPELWRH[WHQVR\GH
DPSOLRDOFDQFHHQWLHPSR\GLVWDQFLD
E *UXSRGH7DUHD
2UJDQL]DGD FRPR SDUWH FRPSRQHQWH GH XQD )XHU]D GH 7DUHD SDUD HO
FXPSOLPLHQWR GH PLVLRQHV VXEVLGLDULDV FRQVWLWXWLYDV \ FRQFXUUHQWHV FRQ OD
0LVLyQDVLJQDGDDO2ILFLDOGH&RPDQGR7iFWLFR
F 8QLGDGGH7DUHD
2UJDQL]DGD FRPR SDUWH FRPSRQHQWH GH XQ *UXSR GH 7DUHD SDUD HO
FXPSOLPLHQWR GH PLVLRQHV HVSHFtILFDV FRQVWLWXWLYDV \ FRQFXUUHQWHV FRQ OD
0LVLyQDVLJQDGDDO2ILFLDOGH&RPDQGR7iFWLFR
2UJDQL]DGD FRPR SDUWH FRPSRQHQWH GH XQD 8QLGDG GH 7DUHD SDUD HO
FXPSOLPLHQWR GH WDUHDV HVSHFtILFDV FRQVWLWXWLYDV \ FRQFXUUHQWHV FRQ OD
PLVLyQDVLJQDGDDO2ILFLDOGH&RPDQGR7iFWLFR
Descargar