Contributions in New World Archaeology CONTROL DEL AGUA POR LOS ANTIGUOS MAYAS: EL SISTEMA HIDRÁULICO DE LA CIUDAD DE TIKAL /,:<*5$=,2626,(55$ï <9(5121/6&$5%2528*+² ¹ Universidad de San Carlos y Universidad del Valle, Guatemala ² Universidad de Cincinnati, E.U.A. Resumen (Q HO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR VH VLQWHWL]D HO IUXWR GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV HQ \ HQ OD DQWLJXD FLXGDGPD\DGH7LNDO(OREMHWLYRIXHLGHQWL¿FDU\GH¿QLUODVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVDOSDLVDMHDVRFLDGDVFRQHOPDQHMR GHODJXDHVWRHVREUDVTXHQRVGLHUDQFXHQWDGHORULJHQ\GHVDUUROORGHODLQJHQLHUtDKLGUiXOLFDGHORVDQWLJXRV PD\DV SRU OR TXH QXHVWUR SULQFLSDO IRFR GH LQWHUpV IXHURQ ORV UHVHUYRULRV DJXDGDV \ FDQDOHV 3UHVHQWDPRV ORV UHVXOWDGRVGHQXHVWUDVH[SORUDFLRQHV\ODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVFRQORVTXHQRVHQFRQWUDPRVDORODUJR GHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(QDOJXQRVGHORVSULQFLSDOHVUHVHUYRULRVGHWHFWDPRVODSRVLEOHH[LVWHQFLDGHPDQDQWLDOHVOR TXHOHFRQIHULUtDD7LNDOXQDJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDVLPEyOLFD\XQVLJQL¿FDGRDGLFLRQDO,JXDOPHQWHOODPDODDWHQFLyQHO XVRGH³FDMDVGHDUHQD´DPDQHUDGH¿OWURVSDUDSXUL¿FDUHODJXDORFXDOGHPXHVWUDXQJUDQDGHODQWRWHFQROyJLFR \HVXQDQRYHGDGHQHOUHJLVWURDUTXHROyJLFRSUHFRORPELQR6HLGHQWL¿FyDGHPiVXQDFRPSOHMD\H[WHQVDUHGGH HOHPHQWRVKLGUiXOLFRVTXHSHUPLWLHURQRSWLPL]DUDOPi[LPRORVUHFXUVRV\VRVWHQHUXQDSREODFLyQQXPHURVD/RV PD\DVDGHFXDURQVXHQWRUQRGHPRVWUDQGRHOGRPLQLRDEVROXWRGHOHVSDFLR\FUHDQGRXQDJHRJUDItDVDJUDGDTXH FRQIRUPDDHVWDJUDQFLXGDG(OJUDQFRQRFLPLHQWR\FRQWUROTXHWXYLHURQGHVXPHGLRORVFRQYLHUWHVLQOXJDU DGXGDVHQXQDGHODVJUDQGHVFXOWXUDVGHO1XHYR0XQGR Abstract 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVFRQGXFWHGLQDQGDWWKHDQFLHQW0D\DFLW\RI7LNDODUHV\QWKHVL]HG LQ WKH SUHVHQW ZRUN 7KH REMHFWLYH ZDV WR LGHQWLI\ DQG WR GH¿QH WKH PRGL¿FDWLRQV WR WKH ODQGVFDSH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKZDWHUPDQDJHPHQWEXLOGLQJZRUNVWKDWDFFRXQWIRUWKHRULJLQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIDQFLHQW0D\DK\GUDXOLF HQJLQHHULQJ ZKLFK LV ZK\ WKH UHVHUYRLUV aguadas DQG FDQDOV ZHUH RXU SULQFLSDO IRFXV RI LQWHUHVW :H SUHVHQW WKH UHVXOWV RI RXU H[SORUDWLRQV DQG WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI WKH HOHPHQWV WKDW ZH KDYH HQFRXQWHUHG WKURXJKRXW WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQV:HGHWHFWHGWKHSRVVLEOHH[LVWHQFHRIVSULQJVLQVRPHRIWKHPDLQUHVHUYRLUVZKLFKZRXOGFRQIHU JUHDW V\PEROLF LPSRUWDQFH DQG DGGLWLRQDO PHDQLQJ XSRQ 7LNDO 7KH XVH RI ³VDQG ¿OWHUV´ WR SXULI\ WKH ZDWHU GHPRQVWUDWHV JUHDW WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG LV D QRYHOW\ LQ WKH SUH&ROXPELDQ DUFKDHRORJLFDO UHFRUG $ FRPSOH[ DQG H[WHQVLYH QHWZRUN RI K\GUDXOLF HOHPHQWV ZDV LGHQWL¿HG WKDW DOORZHG WKH 0D\D WR RSWLPL]H UHVRXUFHV WR WKH PD[LPXP DQG WR PDLQWDLQ D ODUJH SRSXODWLRQ7KH\ DGDSWHG WKHLU VXUURXQGLQJV GHPRQVWUDWLQJ WKHLUDEVROXWHGRPLQLRQRIWKHVSDFHE\FUHDWLQJWKHVDFUHGJHRJUDSK\WKDWFRQIRUPVWRWKLVJUHDWFLW\$VDUHVXOW LWLVFOHDUWKDWLQGHSWKNQRZOHGJHDQGFRQWURORIWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDOORZHGWKHDQFLHQW0D\DWREHFRPHRQHRI WKHJUHDWFXOWXUHVRIWKH1HZ:RUOG 40 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð INTRODUCCIÓN (VWHWUDEDMRHVIUXWRGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGHOPDQHMRGHODJXD\HOVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRSUHFRORPELQR GH7LNDO (O 3UR\HFWR ³3UiFWLFDV GH VLOYLFXOWXUD \ PDQHMR GHO DJXD GH ORV DQWLJXRV PD\DV GH7LNDO´ IXHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULD\FRPSUHQGLyWUDEDMRVWDQWRHQHOiUHDFHQWUDOGH7LNDOFRPR HQODSHULIHULD(QWUHVXVSULQFLSDOHVREMHWLYRV¿JXUDQUHFRQVWUXLUHODPELHQWHTXHLPSHUDEDHQHOiUHD GH7LNDO HQ OD pSRFD DQWLJXD GHWHUPLQDU HO LPSDFWR TXH WXYLHURQ ODV SUiFWLFDV DJURIRUHVWDOHV GH ORV PD\DV\HVWDEOHFHUODYDULDFLyQGHYHJHWDFLyQDWUDYpVGHOWLHPSRDVtFRPRODSRVLELOLGDGGHXQFDPELR FOLPiWLFR$VLPLVPRVHWUDWDEDGHLGHQWL¿FDU\GH¿QLUODVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVDOSDLVDMHSULQFLSDOPHQWHODV DVRFLDGDVFRQHOFRQWUROKLGUiXOLFR\HVWDEOHFHUHOGHVDUUROORKLVWyULFRGHORVVLVWHPDVGHFDSWDFLyQ DOPDFHQDPLHQWR\GLVWULEXFLyQGHODJXDWDOHVFRPRFDQDOHVDJXDGDVUHVHUYRULRVHWF 3DUD WDO HIHFWR HO HVWXGLR VH EDVy HQ WUHV OtQHDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHV \ D OD YH] FRPSOHPHQWDULDV LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DJURIRUHVWDO 'DYLG /HQW] LQYHVWLJDFLyQ JHRDUTXHROyJLFD \ SDOHRDPELHQWDO 1LFKRODV 'XQQLQJ H LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHO PDQHMR \ FRQWURO KLGUiXOLFR 9HUQRQ 6FDUERURXJK\/LZ\*UD]LRVR (Q \ VH UHDOL]DURQ XQD VHULH GH H[FDYDFLRQHV \ VH WRPDURQ PXHVWUDV GH VXHORV \ VHGLPHQWRV WDQWR GH ORV FXHUSRV GH DJXD TXH DOEHUJDQ SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH HO SUHFLRVR OtTXLGR FRPR GH ORV UHVHUYRULRV VHFRV 7DPELpQ VH HODERUy XQ KHUEDULR R PXHVWUDULR ERWiQLFR GH ODV HVSHFLHV DFWXDOHVFRQ¿QHVGHVXLGHQWL¿FDFLyQFODVL¿FDFLyQ\FRPSDUDFLyQFRQODVFROHFFLRQHVDUTXHROyJLFDV &RQVLGHUDPRV TXH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULD HV OD PHMRU YtD SDUD ORJUDU FRPSUHQGHU PHMRU FyPRHUDHOSDLVDMHRULJLQDOGH7LNDO\FXiOHVKDQVLGRODVYDULDFLRQHVTXHKDVXIULGRDORODUJRGHVX KLVWRULD /RVUHVXOWDGRVGHHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQKDQVLGRSUHVHQWDGRVFRQDQWHULRULGDGHQFRQJUHVRV\VLPSRVLRV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV \ KDQ VLGR LQFOXLGRV HQ DOJXQDV SXEOLFDFLRQHV 6FDUERURXJK \ *UD]LRVR HQ SUHQVD \ Scarborough et al. (O SUHVHQWH WH[WR HV XQD YHUVLyQ DPSOLDGD GH OR TXH SUHVHQWDPRV HQ HO &RORTXLR,QWHUQDFLRQDO³6RFLHGDGHVPD\DVPLOHQDULDV&ULVLVGHOSDVDGR\UHVLOLHQFLD´FHOHEUDGRHQ HQ3DUtV*UD]LRVR\6FDUERURXJK ESTUDIOS AGROFORESTALES Y ESTUDIOS GEOARQUEOLÓGICOS Y PALEOAMBIENTALES &RPR\DVHKDPHQFLRQDGRHOSUR\HFWRIXHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULR\DGHPiVGHORVHVWXGLRVGHOPDQHMR \ FRQWURO KLGUiXOLFR FRPSUHQGtD HVWXGLRV DJURIRUHVWDOHV GLULJLGRV SRU 'DYLG / /HQW] \ HVWXGLRV JHRDUTXHROyJLFRV\SDOHRERWiQLFRVTXHHVWXYLHURQDFDUJRGH1LFKRODV3'XQQLQJ (O DQiOLVLV GH OD YHJHWDFLyQ WXYR SRU REMHWLYR FRPSUHQGHU ODV SUiFWLFDV DJURIRUHVWDOHV GH ORV DQWLJXRVPD\DVUHÀHMDGDVHQODGLVWULEXFLyQ\HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODVHVSHFLHVHFRQyPLFDVGHiUEROHV TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDFWXDOPHQWH7DPELpQHVGHJUDQLQWHUpVHOLPSDFWRTXHWXYRHODVHQWDPLHQWRGHORV DQWLJXRVPD\DVHQODELRGLYHUVLGDGGHODVHOYDWURSLFDOGHQWURGHOSHUtPHWURGHORTXHIXHOD³]RQD XUEDQD´GHODQWLJXR7LNDO /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH EDVy HQ OD VXSRVLFLyQ GH TXH OD YHJHWDFLyQ DFWXDO HV HQ EXHQD PHGLGD HO UHVXOWDGR GH OD RFXSDFLyQ SUHKLVSiQLFD \ GH ODV SUiFWLFDV VLOYtFRODV OOHYDGDV D FDER GXUDQWH PXFKDV JHQHUDFLRQHV FX\D LQÀXHQFLD WRGDYtD SHUGXUD HQ OD FRPSRVLFLyQ GH OD VHOYD FRQWHPSRUiQHD /HQW] 6H KD SODQWHDGR TXH HO iUHD GH 7LNDO IXH GHIRUHVWDGD FRQ ¿QHV DJUtFRODV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH DSDUWLUGHODxRD&/HQW]\+RFNDGD\ 6HHIHFWXyXQDUHFROHFFLyQPLQXFLRVDGHHVSHFLHVERWiQLFDVFRQWHPSRUiQHDVSDUDVXLGHQWL¿FDFLyQ \FRPSDUDFLyQFRQUHVWRVGHSODQWDVHQFRQWUDGDVHQFRQWH[WRVDUTXHROyJLFRV(VWDLQIRUPDFLyQGLRSLH &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO 41 SDUDKDFHUXQHVWXGLRFRPSDUDWLYRHQWUHODYHJHWDFLyQDFWXDO\ORVUHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV/RVHVWXGLRV GHUHVWRVSDOHRERWiQLFRVKDQGHPRVWUDGRTXHORVPD\DVHPSOHDEDQPXFKDVHVSHFLHVGHiUEROHVFRPR SDUWH GH VX HFRQRPtD WDQWR GRPpVWLFD FRPR SROtWLFD DOLPHQWDFLyQ PHGLFLQD PDGHUD FRPEXVWLEOH PDWHULDO GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ HOHPHQWRV \ DUWHIDFWRV GHIHQVLYRV /DV SUiFWLFDV DJURIRUHVWDOHV IXHURQ XQ DVSHFWRFODYHGHVXHVWUDWHJLDGHPDQHMRGHODWLHUUD 2WUR FDStWXORLPSRUWDQWHGHO SUR\HFWR IXH OD ORFDOL]DFLyQGH Q~FOHRV GH ORV FXHUSRV GH DJXD TXH SHUPLWLHUDQREWHQHUSROHQ\PDWHULDOHVIHFKDEOHV/RVUHVXOWDGRVVHKDQDSURYHFKDGRSDUDHVWDEOHFHU PHGLDQWHHOSROHQHOWLSRGHYHJHWDFLyQHQODVGLIHUHQWHVpSRFDVDOWHUDFLRQHVGHOSDLVDMH\SRVLEOHV HYHQWRVQDWXUDOHVFRPRSHULRGRVSURORQJDGRVGHVHTXtDVRGHLQXQGDFLRQHVHWF (QHOIRQGRGHXQRGHORVUHVHUYRULRVVHOHFFLRQDGRVSDUDH[SORUDUVLWXDGRIXHUDGHOiUHDFHQWUDOGH 7LNDOOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDOVHH[FDYyXQSR]RGH[PTXHDOFDQ]yORVPGHSURIXQGLGDG 2S&(VWHSR]RVLUYLyGHEDVHSDUDLQIHULUODKLVWRULDFRQVWUXFWLYDGHHVWHUHVHUYRULR\VXSURIXQGR SHU¿OVHXWLOL]yFRPRUHIHUHQFLDSDUDODHVWUDWLJUDItDHQFRQWUDGDHQRWUDVXQLGDGHVGHH[FDYDFLyQ'H DFXHUGRFRQHOHVWXGLRGH'XQQLQJ\*ULI¿QHQODVSDUWHVPiVSURIXQGDVVHHQFRQWUyXQVXHOR HVTXHOpWLFRKRUL]RQWHV$E\$FTXHSRUFRPSDUDFLyQFRQRWURVVXHORVHQWHUUDGRVHQFRQWUDGRVHQ SHTXHxRV EDMRV GHO 1RUHVWH GHO 3HWpQ \ GHO 1RURHVWH GH %HOLFH SRGUtD FRUUHVSRQGHU DO 3OHLVWRFHQR DSUR[DxRVDQWHVGHOSUHVHQWH'XQQLQJet al.%HDFKet al.(QpVWDpSRFD VHHQFRQWUDEDDOOtXQDSHTXHxDGHSUHVLyQQDWXUDOTXHFRQHOWLHPSRVHIXHD]ROYDQGR\SRVWHULRUPHQWH IXH PRGL¿FDGD SRU ORV DQWLJXRV PD\DV SRVLEOHPHQWH D SDUWLU GH OD SDUWH ¿QDO GHO )RUPDWLYR7DUGtR /HQW]et al. /D$JXDGD&RUULHQWDOVHFRQVWUX\yDPSOLDQGRGLFKDGHSUHVLyQQDWXUDO\DH[LVWHQWHGiQGROHIRUPD FLUFXODU\SRQLHQGRXQERUGHGHWLHUUDRPXURSHULPHWUDODOUHGHGRU$GHPiVVHGHVYLyHODJXDGHXQ DUUR\RFHUFDQR/HQW]et al. 6H HQFRQWUy FDUEyQ HQ HO KRUL]RQWH & D FP TXH SURSRUFLRQy XQD IHFKD GH UDGLRFDUERQR $06GHG&ORTXHDXQDGRFRQODHVWUDWLJUDItDVXJLHUHODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHOUHVHUYRULR KD\D FRQWLQXDGR HQ XVR KDVWD HO 3RVFOiVLFR 7HPSUDQR GHVSXpV GHO DxR G& ibídem (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQHVPX\LQWHUHVDQWHSXHVWRTXHVLJQL¿FDTXHOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDOVLJXLyVLHQGRXWLOL]DGD FRPRGHSyVLWRGHDJXDGXUDQWHHO&OiVLFR7HUPLQDO\SRUYDULRVDxRVGHVSXpVGHODEDQGRQRGH7LNDO (VWRVGDWRVLPSOLFDUtDQTXHKXERJHQWHYLYLHQGRHQHOiUHDVLUYLpQGRVHGHVXVFXHUSRVGHDJXDPXFKR GHVSXpVGHODEDQGRQRGHODVHVWUXFWXUDV\SOD]DVFHQWUDOHV 6H GHEH PHQFLRQDU TXH HO IHQyPHQR DFDHFLGR KDFLD ¿QDOHV GHO VLJOR ; G& FRQRFLGR FRPR ³FRODSVR´ FRQVLVWLy HQ HO DEDQGRQR SDXODWLQR GH ODV JUDQGHV FLXGDGHV VLHQGR HVHQFLDOPHQWH XQ HYHQWR XUEDQR SRU OR TXH HV IDFWLEOH TXH OD SREODFLyQ GH ODV XQLGDGHV KDELWDFLRQDOHV DOHGDxDV \ ORV DVHQWDPLHQWRV SHULIpULFRV FHUFDQRV FRQWLQXDUD GiQGROH PDQWHQLPLHQWR D ORV UHVHUYRULRV GH DJXD H[LVWHQWHVSDUDVXSURSLREHQH¿FLRD~QPXFKRGHVSXpVGHODFDtGD\GHVSREODPLHQWRGHODVSOD]DV\ HGL¿FLRVSULQFLSDOHVGHORVJUDQGHVFHQWURV /DV H[FDYDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV HQ RWUDV iUHDV GH 7LNDO GHMDURQ DO GHVFXELHUWR VXSHU¿FLHV GH VXHORV DQWLJXRVSDOHRVXHORVTXHIXHURQHQWHUUDGRVSRUJUXHVRVGHSyVLWRVGHDOXYLyQ\FROXYLyQSRVLEOHPHQWH RFDVLRQDGRVSRUODWDODGHODVHOYDHQpSRFDSUHKLVSiQLFD\ODFRQVHFXHQWHHURVLyQDVRFLDGDFRQGLFKD DFWLYLGDG 'XQQLQJ \ *ULI¿Q 7DPELpQ VH H[WUDMHURQ Q~FOHRV GH VHGLPHQWRV GH FXDWUR GH ODV DJXDGDVGH7LNDOTXHFRQVHUYDQDJXDGXUDQWHWRGRHODxRDVDEHU&RUULHQWDO7LNDO3XFWH\7pUPLQRV 6HHVSHUDTXHHOHVWXGLRGHSROHQSHUPLWDUHFRQVWUXLUODYHJHWDFLyQDQWLJXD\ORVSDWURQHVGHXVRGH ODWLHUUDHQHOiUHDGH7LNDO 42 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð INVESTIGACIÓN ACERCA DEL MANEJO Y CONTROL HIDRÁULICO (OPDQHMRGHODJXDWLHQHXQDODUJDKLVWRULDHLQÀX\HJUDQGHPHQWHDODKRUDGHLGHQWL¿FDUODFODVH \ HO JUDGR GH FRPSOHMLGDG VRFLDO DOFDQ]DGRV SRU ORV JUXSRV KXPDQRV (O HVWXGLR GH ORV VLVWHPDV KLGUiXOLFRV GHO FRQWURO \ HO PDQHMR GHO DJXD SRU ORV DQWLJXRV PD\DV UHÀHMDGRV HQ OD LQJHQLHUtD GHO SDLVDMHIXHSDUWHIXQGDPHQWDOGHODSUHVHQWHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ/DSUHFLVLyQGHORVPDSDVHODERUDGRVSRU &DUU\+D]DUGGHQWURGHO3UR\HFWR7LNDOIXHLQYDOXDEOHSDUDODLGHQWL¿FDFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRV KLGUiXOLFRVH[LVWHQWHVHQHOVLWLR /DH[SORUDFLyQVHHQIRFyHQGHSyVLWRVGHDJXDWDQWRHQHOFHQWURFRPRHQODSHULIHULDGHODFLXGDG 6HH[SORUDURQOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDO\HO5HVHUYRULR3HUGLGRIXHUDGHODSDUWHQXFOHDUGH7LNDO\ORV UHVHUYRULRV(VFRQGLGRGHO3DODFLR\GHO7HPSORXELFDGRVHQSOHQRFHQWURXUEDQR 7DPELpQVHHIHFWXyHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOWHUUHQR\VHKLFLHURQUHFRUULGRVSRUORVGUHQDMHVQDWXUDOHV \ ORV FDQDOHV DFWXDOHV TXH OOHYDQ HO DJXD GH ODV SDUWHV DOWDV GH OD ]RQD DUTXHROyJLFD KDFLD ODV iUHDV EDMDV GH ORV DOUHGHGRUHV \ KDFLD OD$JXDGD7LNDO VLWXDGD GHWUiV GHO 0XVHR /tWLFR /D$JXDGD7LNDO PDQWLHQH HO YLWDO OtTXLGR GXUDQWH WRGR HO DxR (Q QXHVWUD E~VTXHGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DFHUFD GH ODV PRGL¿FDFLRQHV FRQWHPSRUiQHDV GHO SDLVDMH WXYLPRV OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH FRQYHUVDU FRQ 'RQ %HWR 7HVXFXPTXLHQKDWUDEDMDGRHQHO3DUTXHGHVGHKDFHPiVGHDxRV*UDFLDVDODLQIRUPDFLyQTXH QRVSURSRUFLRQyDKRUDVDEHPRVFRQFHUWH]DTXHORVFDQDOHVDFWXDOHVIXHURQWUD]DGRVVREUHORVFDQDOHV DQWLJXRV R SUHKLVSiQLFRV (O FDVR IXH TXH HO VLVWHPD GH GUHQDMH FRQWHPSRUiQHR LPSOHPHQWDGR HQ HO 3DUTXH1DFLRQDO7LNDOVHGLVHxySUHFLVDPHQWHFRQEDVHHQHOVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRSUHKLVSiQLFR(QORV DxRVVHVHQWDOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH3HQVLOYDQLDH[SORUyDOJXQDVGHODVLUUHJXODULGDGHVGHOWHUUHQRTXHVH LGHQWL¿FDURQ FRPR FDQDOHV SUHFRORPELQRV FRQIRUPDQGR XQD DPSOLD UHG TXH VH H[WLHQGH SRU WRGR HO VLWLR3RVWHULRUPHQWHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO3DUTXHFRQWUDWyDXQDHPSUHVDLWDOLDQDHVSHFLDOLVWDHQHO PDQHMRGHDJXDVSDUDTXHGLVHxDUDHOGUHQDMHGHO3DUTXH\ODHPSUHVDWUD]yVXGLVHxREiVLFDPHQWHVREUH ODPLVPDUHGGHFDQDOHVSUHFRORPELQRVTXHVHHQFRQWUDEDHQHOVLWLR7HVXFXPFRPXQLFDFLyQ SHUVRQDO(VWRGHPXHVWUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHWHQtDQORVDQWLJXRVPD\DVGHVXHQWRUQR\ODH¿FDFLD GHODVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVTXHUHDOL]DURQDOSDLVDMHRSWLPL]DQGRHOPDQHMRGHODJXD(VPX\SUREDEOHTXH ORVFDQDOHVDQWLJXRVKD\DQVLGRVLPLODUHVDORVDFWXDOHV)LJXUD AGUADA CORRIENTAL /D$JXDGD&RUULHQWDOVHHQFXHQWUDHQHO&XDGUiQJXORGHOPLVPRQRPEUHGHOPDSDGH&DUU HQODVFRRUGHQDGDV(7LHQHIRUPDFLUFXODU\HVWiURGHDGDSRUXQPXURSHULPHWUDOGHHQWUHFXDWUR\ VLHWHPHWURVGHDOWXUDLQWHUUXPSLGRHQWUHVVHFFLRQHVSDUDGDUSDVRDODFRUULHQWHGHDJXDDFFHVRV )LJXUD6HKDFDOFXODGRTXHWLHQHXQDFDSDFLGDGSDUDPiVGHPñGHDJXD*DOORSLQ HVGHFLUHTXLYDOHQWHDOLWURV (O PDSHR GHWDOODGR DVt FRPR ODV H[FDYDFLRQHV GHPRVWUDURQ TXH HUD HQ OD SDUWH QRURHVWH GRQGH LQJUHVDEDHODJXDTXHSURYHQtDGHODVSDUWHVHOHYDGDV(ODFFHVRVXUFRQWURODEDHOUHEDOVHHOHPHQWRTXH IXHPRGL¿FDGRDORODUJRGHOWLHPSR(ODFFHVRGHOHVWHHVHOPiVFRPSOHMR\VR¿VWLFDGR\IXQFLRQy FRPRXQDHVWDFLyQSDUDFDPELDUHOFXUVRGHODJXDUHWHQLpQGRODHQHOLQWHULRUGHOUHVHUYRULRGXUDQWH ODWHPSRUDGDGHOOXYLDV\SHUPLWLHQGRODVDOLGDGHOOtTXLGRHQODpSRFDVHFDGHVGHORVSHULRGRVPiV WHPSUDQRVGHODKLVWRULDGHOUHVHUYRULR/HQW]et al. 6HVHOHFFLRQDURQWUDPRVHQODVWUHVVHFFLRQHVSRUGRQGHFRUUHHODJXDDFWXDOPHQWH\TXHFRUUHVSRQGHQ FRQORVOXJDUHVRULJLQDOHVGHORVFDQDOHVGHLQJUHVR\HJUHVRGHODJXDKDFtDHOUHVHUYRULR&RQEDVHHQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD FRQ OD QXFOHDGRUD TXH LQGLFDED HO QLYHO DO TXH VH HQFRQWUDED OD URFD PDGUH GHODVXSHU¿FLHDFWXDOVHHVFRJLHURQSXQWRVHVSHFt¿FRVSDUDH[FDYDU\GHWHFWDUORVFDQDOHVRULJLQDOHV $OJXQRVFDQDOHVVHHQFRQWUDURQPX\FHUFDGHODVXSHU¿FLHDFWXDOPLHQWUDVTXHRWURVHVWDEDQD JUDQ &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO 43 Figura 1.&DQDOHVDFWXDOHVHQHO3DUTXH1DFLRQDO7LNDO SURIXQGLGDG (Q DOJXQDV VHFFLRQHV ORV WUDPRV GHO FDQDO H[FDYDGRV HUDQ DQJRVWRV \ VX FRQFDYLGDG SRFRSURIXQGDHVFDVDPHQWHLQVLQXDGDSRUXQDOHYHGHSUHVLyQDOFHQWURGHODFRUULHQWHORTXHLQGLFD TXHQRSRGUtDQKDEHUFLUFXODGRSRUDOOtJUDQGHVYRO~PHQHVGHDJXDQLFRUULHQWHVPX\IXHUWHVSHURHQ RWURVVHFWRUHVODFRQFDYLGDGDOFDQ]yFDVLORVGRVPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDGORTXHSHUPLWtDHOSDVRGHXQ JUDQYROXPHQGHOOtTXLGR6XIRUPDHVODWtSLFDGHORVFDQDOHVFRQFRQFDYLGDGUHJXODU*UD]LRVR &DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH HO DOLQHDPLHQWR GH ORV FDQDOHV \ GUHQDMHV DFWXDOHV QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH VH FRUUHVSRQGHFRQHOGHORVFDQDOHVSUHKLVSiQLFRVHOD]ROYDPLHQWRUHFXUUHQWHSRVWHULRUDODEDQGRQRGHO UHVHUYRULR KD KHFKR TXH ORV FRQGXFWRV DFWXDOHV QR FRQFXHUGHQ FRQ HO WUD]R GH ORV FDQDOHV DQWLJXRV (QSDUWLFXODUHODFFHVRVXU\HOHVWHIXHURQDOWHUDGRVFXDQGRVHFRQVWUX\yODFLQWDDVIiOWLFDTXHHVHO FDPLQRDFWXDOFRQGXFHQWHDOD]RQDDUTXHROyJLFD6XÀXMRQDWXUDOIXHLQWHUUXPSLGRORTXHPRGL¿Fy VX FDXFH (O DFFHVR VXU IXH REVWUXLGR SRU FRPSOHWR (O DFFHVR HVWH QR IXH HQWHUDPHQWH EORTXHDGR VLQR PiV ELHQ HQWXEDGR SRVLEOHPHQWH SRU VHU XQD FRUULHQWH PX\ IXHUWH (Q HVWH FDVR DO FRQVWUXLU HO FDPLQR FRORFDURQ XQ GUHQDMH VXEWHUUiQHR TXH FRQGXFH HO DJXD KDFLD VX FXUVR QDWXUDO TXH HV HO $UUR\R&RUULHQWDOHOGUHQDMHPRGHUQRHVWiHQHO.PGHODFDUUHWHUD/DFRUULHQWHSDVDSRUGHEDMR GHO DVIDOWR GH OD FDUUHWHUD SHUR DXQ DVt FXDQGR KD\ IXHUWHV OOXYLDV H[FHGH OD FDSDFLGDG GHO VLVWHPD GHHQWXEDPLHQWRVXEWHUUiQHRSRUORTXHHODJXDFRUUHVREUHHOSDYLPHQWR7RGRHOORVXJLHUHHOJUDQ YROXPHQGHDJXDTXHDxRWUDVDxRWRGDYtDFLUFXODSRUHOGHSyVLWR\VXVFDQDOHV*UD]LRVR +DVWDHOPRPHQWRVHKDSRGLGRGHWHUPLQDUTXHHOUHVHUYRULRRDJXDGD&RUULHQWDOIRUPDEDSDUWHGH XQGUHQDMHQDWXUDOGHVGHpSRFDVDQWHULRUHVDORVDVHQWDPLHQWRVKXPDQRVHQHOiUHD&RQVLVWtDHQXQD 44 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð Figura 2.$JXDGD&RUULHQWDO&DUU GHSUHVLyQQDWXUDOSRUODTXHHOWRUUHQWHTXHYHQtDGHOQRUWHFLUFXODEDKDFLDHO%DMR6DQWD)HSRUPHGLR GHO$UUR\R&RUULHQWDO/RVPD\DVDOHVWDEOHFHUVHHQHOOXJDUPRGL¿FDURQHOSDLVDMH\WUDQVIRUPDURQHVWD GHSUHVLyQ\FDXFHQDWXUDOHQXQUHVHUYRULRFRQVXFRPSOHMRVLVWHPDGHFDQDOHVYLVLEOHKDVWDKR\HQGtD &RPR\DVHKDPHQFLRQDGRSRUHOIHFKDPLHQWRSURSRUFLRQDGRSRUODFROXPQDGHVHGLPHQWRVWRPDGD GHOFHQWURGHODDJXDGDVDEHPRVTXHWXYRPRGL¿FDFLRQHV\IXHREMHWRGHPDQLSXODFLyQKXPDQDKDVWD HOSHULRGR3RVFOiVLFR/HQW]et al.7DQWRODHVWUDWLJUDItDGHORVSR]RVFRPRODFROXPQD GHVHGLPHQWRVWRPDGDGHOFHQWURGHODDJXDGDLQGLFDQTXHHVWHUHVHUYRULRWXYRPRGL¿FDFLRQHV\IXH REMHWRGHPDQLSXODFLyQKXPDQDGHVGHHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRKDVWDHO3RVFOiVLFR7HPSUDQR)LJXUD 6HWLHQHQGDWRVGHTXHGXUDQWHHO3UHFOiVLFR7DUGtRKXERVHTXtDVORTXHSRGUtDKDEHUSURYRFDGR TXHORVPD\DVHMHUFLHUDQPD\RUFRQWUROVREUHHVWRVÀXMRVGHDJXD6FDUERURXJK\%XUQVLGH(O VHJPHQWRGHXQSURIXQGRFDQDOH[FDYDGRHQHORULHQWHGHODDJXDGD2S,LQGLFDTXHODUHFROHFFLyQ \GLVWULEXFLyQGHODJXDHUDGHH[WUHPDLPSRUWDQFLD6HSXHGHHVSHFXODUTXHODHVFDODPRQXPHQWDOGH HVWHFDQDOVLORH[WUDSRODPRVKDFLDODSHQGLHQWHKDFLDOD]RQDGHFDSWDFLyQGHDJXDSRGUtDUHÀHMDU HOFLWDGRHYHQWRFOLPiWLFRGHO)RUPDWLYR7DUGtR\ODQHFHVLGDGGHFRQWURODUXQUpJLPHQSOXYLDOPHQRV DEXQGDQWH KDFLD ¿QDOHV GH HVWH SHULRGR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ HO JUDQ YROXPHQ GH DJXD SDUD HO TXH KDEtD VLGR GLVHxDGR /DV GLPHQVLRQHV GH HVWH JUDQ FDQDO VXJLHUHQ TXH HQ HO PRPHQWR GH VX FRQVWUXFFLyQ OD FDQWLGDG GH DJXD HUD PXFKR PD\RU OR FXDO RULJLQDED OD QHFHVLGDG GH REUDV KLGUiXOLFDV GH JUDQ HQYHUJDGXUD)LJXUD &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO 45 Figura 3.3HU¿OGHOSR]R&HQOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDO1'XQQLQJ\5*ULI¿Q RESERVORIOS EN LA PARTE CENTRAL, RESERVORIO DEL PALACIO, DEL TEMPLO Y ESCONDIDO %XHQD SDUWH GH QXHVWURV HVIXHU]RV VH FRQFHQWUDURQ HQ H[SORUDU ORV WUHV UHVHUYRULRV SULQFLSDOHV ORFDOL]DGRVHQODSDUWHFHQWUDOGHOVLWLRGHELGRDTXHWXYLHURQXQSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDOHQHOGHVDUUROOR\ SODQL¿FDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGH7LNDO(O5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRHO5HVHUYRULRGHO7HPSOR\HO 5HVHUYRULR(VFRQGLGRVLWXDGRVDOVXUGHOD$FUySROLV&HQWUDOFRQIRUPDQXQVLVWHPDGHWDQTXHVFRQ JUDQFDSDFLGDGGHDOPDFHQDMH\UHGLVWULEXFLyQGHDJXD)LJXUD1XHVWURSULQFLSDOLQWHUpVFRQVLVWtD HQLGHQWL¿FDUODKLVWRULDGHVHGLPHQWDFLyQGHORVGHSyVLWRV/RVUHVHUYRULRVHQFXHVWLyQFRQIRUPDQXQD VHULHGHWUHVWDQTXHVTXHGHVFLHQGHQGHVGHHOH[WUHPRRHVWHKDFLDHOHVWHLQLFLDQGRFRQHO5HVHUYRULR GHO7HPSORHOWDQTXHPiVHOHYDGRGH7LNDOKDVWDHO5HVHUYRULR(VFRQGLGRTXHWHUPLQDHQOD&DO]DGD 0pQGH]DOHVWH7RGRSDUHFHLQGLFDUTXHHVWDVHULHGHWDQTXHVVHHQFXHQWUDHQXQDKRQGRQDGDREDUUDQFR QDWXUDOTXHGUHQDEDHODJXDGHODHOHYDFLyQHQGRQGHVHVLWXyODSDUWHFHQWUDOGH7LNDO 46 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð Figura 4. &DQDOSURIXQGRHQHO1(GHOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDO Figura 5. 0DSDTXHPXHVWUDORVWUHVUHVHUYRULRVSULQFLSDOHVHQHOiUHDFHQWUDOGH7LNDO5HVHUYRULRGHO 7HPSORGHO3DODFLR\(VFRQGLGR-(+D]DUG1/H9LQH\5)&DUU &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO 47 $XQTXHHO5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRIXHHQSDUWHDPSOLDGRDOVHUYLUGHFDQWHUDSDUDODH[WUDFFLyQGH PDWHULDOGHFRQVWUXFFLyQUHVXOWDDSDUHQWHTXHHQWUHVOXJDUHVGHOEDUUDQFRQDWXUDOVHFRQVWUX\HURQXQD HVSHFLHGHGLTXHVDQWHVGHGHMDUÀXLUHODJXDKDFLDHOHVWHHQGLUHFFLyQDXQJUDQWDQTXHHQHOPDUJHQ GHO%DMRHO5HVHUYRULR7LNDO6FDUERURXJK\*DOORSLQ RESERVORIO DEL PALACIO 6H ORFDOL]DURQ ODV H[FDYDFLRQHV HIHFWXDGDV HQ ORV DxRV VHVHQWD SRU 3HWHU ' +DUULVRQ GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 3HQQV\OYDQLD SHUR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD GH HOODV SHUPDQHFH D~Q VLQ SXEOLFDUVH 'HELGRDTXHODVWULQFKHUDVQRVHUHOOHQDURQQRVIXHSRVLEOHXELFDUODVFRQIDFLOLGDG\OLPSLDUORVSHU¿OHV SDUDWHQHUXQDLGHDGHODHVWUDWLJUDItDGHOWDQTXH(QODWULQFKHUDGHO5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRSXGLPRV LQIHULU XQ SRFR DFHUFD GH OD KLVWRULD FRQVWUXFWLYD GHO PLVPR 6H HQFRQWUy XQD ODMD GHO UHYHVWLPLHQWR RULJLQDOGHOWDQTXH\ODURFDPDGUHPX\FHUFDQDDODVXSHU¿FLH(QODGLYLVLyQHQWUHORV5HVHUYRULRV (VFRQGLGR\GHO7HPSORVHGHWHFWyXQDVHFXHQFLDGHUHYHVWLPLHQWRVGHSLHGUD\UHFXEULPLHQWRVFRQ ORGRVLPSHUPHDEOHVDVtFRPRFRQVWUXFFLRQHV\PRGL¿FDFLRQHVSRUORTXHVHSURSRQHTXHHVWDGLYLVLyQ VHWUDWHGHXQGLTXHHVGHFLUXQDVHSDUDFLyQHQWUHDPERVUHVHUYRULRVTXHDVXYH]FRQWURODEDHOÀXMR GH DJXD GH XQR KDFLD HO RWUR 1R VH HQFRQWUDURQ H[FOXVDV SURSLDPHQWH GLFKDV SHUR HVR QR VLJQL¿FD TXH QR HVWpQ SUHVHQWHV \ VH SXHGDQ ORFDOL]DU HQ H[FDYDFLRQHV SRVWHULRUHV$ SHVDU GH TXH QXHVWUDV H[SORUDFLRQHV IXHURQ DQJRVWDV ORJUDPRV GHWHUPLQDU YDULRV HOHPHQWRV FRQVWUXFWLYRV TXH QRV KDFHQ SHQVDU HQ OD H[LVWHQFLD GH H[FOXVDV HQ HO PXUR TXH IXQFLRQy FRPR GLTXH HQWUH DPERV UHVHUYRULRV )LJXUD7DPELpQWHQHPRVHYLGHQFLDGHTXHHVWDSDUWHHVWXYRVXMHWDDGLYHUVDVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVDOR ODUJRGHOWLHPSR\FRQWyFRQYDULRVUHFXEULPLHQWRVGHGLVWLQWRVWLSRVDORODUJRGHVXKLVWRULD Figura 6. 5HYHVWLPLHQWRVGHSLHGUDGLYHUVDVHWDSDVFRQVWUXFWLYDVHQODGLYLVLyQTXHVHSDUDHO 5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRGHO5HVHUYRULR(VFRQGLGR 48 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð 9DOHODSHQDPHQFLRQDUTXHHQHOIRQGRGHOUHVHUYRULRHQODSDUWHPiVSURIXQGDVHHQFRQWUyXQ FDQDOH[FDYDGRHQODURFDPDGUHTXHFRUUHDWRGRORODUJRGHOGHSyVLWRGHHVWHDRHVWH6HGHVFXEULy TXH OD FDOL]D HQ ORV ERUGHV GHO FDQDO IXH PRGL¿FDGD *UD]LRVR 3DUD FUHDU XQD HVSHFLH GH EDQTXHWDRDFHUDSDUDOHODDOFDQDOVHWDOOyXQDVXSHU¿FLHSODQDSUREDEOHPHQWHFRQODLGHDGHSHUPLWLU VDFDUHODJXDHQODpSRFDHQTXHDOFDQ]DEDVXVQLYHOHVPiVEDMRV$OSDUHFHUWRGDODSHQGLHQWHHQHO ÀDQFR QRUWH GHO UHVHUYRULR HVWi HVFDORQDGD HV GHFLU QR HV XQ SODQR LQFOLQDGR R WDOXG VLQR SUHVHQWD YDULRV QLYHOHV HVFDORQDGRV /D VXHUWH GH EDQTXHWD R SODWDIRUPD TXH VH KD FRPHQWDGR VHUtD HO QLYHO LQIHULRU R HO SULPHU HVFDOyQ GH OD SHQGLHQWH WHUUDFHDGD TXH YD GHVGH HO IRQGR GHO WDQTXH KDVWD OD HVWUXFWXUD'\OD$FUySROLV&HQWUDO Tener un lado escalonado cobra sentido si se piensa en la necesidad de tener acceso al agua en GLVWLQWRVQLYHOHV\DTXHGXUDQWHHODxRVXQLYHOQRKDGHKDEHUVLGRVLHPSUHHOPLVPR/RVGHSyVLWRVQR OOHQDUtDQKDVWDVXFDSDFLGDGPi[LPDWRGRHOWLHPSROOHJDQGRWDOYH]DQLYHOHVVXPDPHQWHEDMRVGXUDQWH ODWHPSRUDGDGHVHFDVSRUORTXHHUDQHFHVDULRFRQWDUFRQHOHPHQWRVDUTXLWHFWyQLFRVTXHSHUPLWLHUDQ GHVFHQGHUKDVWDHOIRQGR\WDPELpQFRQVXSHU¿FLHVGHDSR\RSDUDIDFLOLWDUODH[WUDFFLyQGHODJXD(V GHFLUVHSUHFLVDEDQOXJDUHVSODQRV\HVWDEOHVTXHSHUPLWLHUDQPDQLREUDU\DODYH]FRORFDUUHFLSLHQWHV DFFHVRULRV\WRGRORQHFHVDULRSDUDH[WUDHU\WUDQVSRUWDUHODJXDGHORVUHVHUYRULRV*UD]LRVR $OJRLPSRUWDQWHHVTXHODHVWUDWLJUDItDGHODH[FDYDFLyQPRVWUyTXHODVXSHU¿FLHGHHVWDEDQTXHWD IXHFXELHUWDSRUHSLVRGLRVGHLQXQGDFLyQ/DHVWUDWLJUDItDSUHVHQWyFDSDVDOWHUQDVGHDUHQDV\DUFLOODV TXHLQGLFDQTXHHQHOGHSyVLWRKXERSHULRGRVGHIXHUWHVFRUULHQWHVGHDJXD\SHULRGRVGHHVWDQFDPLHQWR TXHVHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRTXHWHQGUtDHODJXDHQXQUHVHUYRULRHQHOTXHVHFRQWUROD VX ÀXMR \D VHD DOPDFHQDQGR HO DJXD OtTXLGR HQ UHSRVR R UHGLVWULEX\pQGROD KDFLD RWURV GHSyVLWRV DJXDFRUULHQWH/DDOWHUQDQFLDGHHVWUDWRVKDFHHYLGHQWHTXHHVWDGLQiPLFDIXHFRQVWDQWHHQHOWDQTXH )LJXUD 8QGDWRLQWHUHVDQWHHVTXHHQXQDVHFFLyQGHOIRQGRGHOFDQDOVHGHWHFWDURQXQDV¿VXUDVGHIRUPD VHPLFLUFXODU TXH SDUHFHQ QDWXUDOHV (V PX\ SUREDEOH TXH HVWDV ¿VXUDV FRUUHVSRQGDQ D XQ DQWLJXR PDQDQWLDO6HWRPDURQPXHVWUDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUVLVHHQFXHQWUDWUDYHUWLQRORTXHD¿UPDUtDFRQFHUWH]D ODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDQWLJXRQDFLPLHQWRGHDJXD(VWDPRVDODHVSHUDGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHORVDQiOLVLV SHURQRVHUtDH[WUDxRGHVFXEULUPDQDQWLDOHVGHQWURGHODJHRJUDItDGHOVLWLRGHELGRDTXHHQHVHiUHD DSDUHFHQPXFKRVEURWHVGHDJXDDORVTXHOHVOODPDQ³QDFLPLHQWRV´X³RMRVGHDJXD´(QXQDYLVLWD HIHFWXDGDD1DUDQMRXQVLWLRYHFLQRVLWXDGRDSRFRVNLOyPHWURVGH7LNDOSXGLPRVFRQVWDWDUODVLPLOLWXG TXHH[LVWHHQWUHODFRQIRUPDFLyQ\WRSRJUDItDGHOUHVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRFRQODGHODFDxDGDQDWXUDOGH 1DUDQMRGRQGHWRGDYtDKD\PDQDQWLDOHVDFWLYRV)LJXUD7LNDOHVWiXELFDGDHQXQiUHDGHO3HWpQHQ TXHH[LVWHQEURWHVQDWXUDOHVGHDJXD3RURWURODGRORVQDFLPLHQWRVGHDJXDVRQPX\SUHFLDGRV\WLHQHQ XQSURIXQGRVLPEROLVPRHVSLULWXDO\UHOLJLRVRORTXHSXHGHVHUGHWHUPLQDQWHDODKRUDGHVHOHFFLRQDU XQOXJDUSDUDDVHQWDUVH\PiVVLHVXQOXJDUFRQODLPSRUWDQFLDUHOLJLRVDTXHWXYR7LNDO RESERVORIO ESCONDIDO /DVH[SORUDFLRQHVHQHO5HVHUYRULR(VFRQGLGRIXHURQPtQLPDVSHURSHUPLWLHURQFRQVWDWDUTXHHV XQ GHSyVLWR GH SRFD SURIXQGLGDG \ TXH HO QLYHO GHO DJXD DO VREUHSDVDU FLHUWD DOWXUD VLJXH VX FXUVR SRU GHEDMR GH OD &DO]DGD 0pQGH] KDFLD ODV SDUWHV PiV EDMDV GHO VLWLR 7HVXFXP UHSRUWy TXH HQ ODV H[FDYDFLRQHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 3HQQV\OYDQLD HQFRQWUDURQ GHEDMR GH OD FDO]DGD HVSDFLRV TXH pO OODPy³FXDUWRVFRQEyYHGDV´\TXHHUDQOXJDUHVGRQGHKDEtDEDVWDQWHDUHQDSRUORTXHHOSUR\HFWRORV HQYLDEDDWUDHUDUHQDGHHVHOXJDU7HVXFXPFRPXQLFDFLyQSHUVRQDO&RQRFLHQGRHOWHUUHQR\ ORVUHVHUYRULRVVHJXUDPHQWHORV³FXDUWRVFRQEyYHGD´PHQFLRQDGRVSRU7HVXFXPIXHURQODVH[FOXVDV SRUGRQGHSDVDEDHODJXDGHO5HVHUYRULR(VFRQGLGRKDFLDODVSDUWHVEDMDV/DVLPLOLWXGUDGLFDHQTXH &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO Figura 7.&DQDOORFDOL]DGRDOIRQGRGHO5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRL]TXLHUGD%DQTXHWDWDOODGD HQODURFDPDGUHVLWXDGDHQHOQLYHOLQIHULRUGHGLFKRUHVHUYRULRGHUHFKD Figura 8.0DQDQWLDOHVDFWLYRVHQ1DUDQMRL]TXLHUGD\VXSHULRUGHUHFKD)LVXUDVHPLFLUFXODU HQHOIRQGRGHOFDQDOGHO5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRLQIHULRUGHUHFKD 49 50 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð DUTXLWHFWyQLFDPHQWH ODV H[FOXVDV HVWDUtDQ VHSDUDGDV SRU PXURV GH SLHGUD \ OD SDUWH VXSHULRU HVWDUtD FRQVWUXLGD DO HVWLOR GH ³EyYHGD PD\D´ GDQGR OD LPSUHVLyQ GH FXDUWRV XELFDGRV HQ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV /D SUHVHQFLD GH JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH DUHQD FRQFRUGDUtD FRQ OD H[LVWHQFLD GH H[FOXVDV HQ HVH iUHD SXHV VH WUDWDUtD SUHFLVDPHQWH GH OD ]RQD GRQGH KDEUtD PiV GHSRVLFLyQ GH VHGLPHQWRV (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG MXVWRDORWURODGRGHODFDO]DGDVHHQFXHQWUDXQDJUDQKRQGRQDGDHQGLUHFFLyQKDFLDOD$JXDGD7LNDO )LJXUD(VHYLGHQWHODPRGL¿FDFLyQGHOSDLVDMHTXHVHHIHFWXyHQHVWHOXJDUH[FDYDQGRHOLQWHULRU GHO UHVHUYRULR \ UHOOHQDGR HO WHUUHQR IXHUD GHO PLVPR SDUD TXH OD FDO]DGD HVWXYLHUD ELHQ QLYHODGD $GHPiVVHFRQVWUX\HURQHVWUXFWXUDVTXHÀDQTXHDEDQWRGRORODUJRGHODFDO]DGDH[FHSWRHOWUDPRHQ TXHVHHQFXHQWUDODKRQGRQDGDRHQFDxRTXHGUHQDHODJXDKDFLDHOQRUHVWHHQGLUHFFLyQDOD$JXDGD 7LNDO7RGRHVWRLPSOLFDEDXQDLQYHUVLyQGHWLHPSR\UHFXUVRVLPSRUWDQWH\DTXHHUDXQSUR\HFWRGH JUDQ HQYHUJDGXUD TXH WHQtD TXH YHU QR VyOR FRQ HO VLVWHPD GH DOPDFHQDMH \ GLVWULEXFLyQ GHO DJXD VLQRWDPELpQFRQODSODQL¿FDFLyQ\GLVHxRGHODFLXGDGSXHVWRTXHORVWDQTXHVHVWDEDQGLUHFWDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ODV FDO]DGDV ORV HGL¿FLRV \ FRQ WRGD OD GLVWULEXFLyQ FLUFXODFLyQ HVSDFLDPLHQWR \ IXQFLRQDOLGDGGHOOXJDU RESERVORIO DEL TEMPLO (O5HVHUYRULRGHO7HPSORHVHOPiVSHTXHxRGHORVWUHVGHSyVLWRV\HOTXHVHXELFDDODPD\RUDOWXUD GHWRGRV3XHGHGHFLUVHTXHHVHOSULPHURGHODVHULHGHWUHVWDQTXHVLQWHUFRQHFWDGRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ HQODSDUWHFHQWUDOGH7LNDO'XUDQWHODVH[SORUDFLRQHVVHH[WUDMHURQGRVQ~FOHRVSDUDPXHVWUDVGHVXHOR \VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWHDPHQRVGHPGHSURIXQGLGDGVHHQFRQWUyKXPHGDGDSHVDUGHVXSRVLFLyQWDQ HOHYDGD\GHWUDWDUVHGHODpSRFDPiVVHFDGHODxRPDU]RDEULO)XHVRUSUHQGHQWHYHUFRPRHODJXD HPDQDEDGHOIRQGRGHODH[FDYDFLyQDPHGLGDTXHVHLEDSURIXQGL]DQGR)LJXUD (O UHVHUYRULR HQ FXHVWLyQ VH FRPSRQH GH GRV VHFFLRQHV FRQ OR TXH SRGUtD FRQVLGHUDUVH FRPR GRVWDQTXHVXQRPX\SHTXHxRHQHOVXUGHIRUPDRYDO\HORWURHQHOQRUWHFRQXQDVGLPHQVLRQHV PXFKRPD\RUHV\GHPiVSURIXQGLGDG(OWDQTXHGHOVXUVHHQFXHQWUDHOHYDGRFRQUHVSHFWRDOGHSyVLWR GHO QRUWH )LJXUD (O GHSyVLWR PiV SHTXHxR SDUHFH VHU XQ WDQTXH SDUD ¿OWUDU HO DJXD SRU HVWDU FRORFDGRLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDUULEDGHOWDQTXHSULQFLSDO6XIRQGRWLHQHJUXHVRVHVWUDWRVGHDUHQDV¿QDV TXHSXGLHURQVHUYLUFRPR¿OWURSDUDSXUL¿FDUHODJXDDQWHVGHTXHVLJXLHUDVXFXUVRKDFLDORVGHPiV UHVHUYRULRV'HOWDQTXHVXUHOOtTXLGRSDVDUtDKDFLDHOWDQTXHQRUWH\GHDOOtKDFLDORVGHPiVGHSyVLWRV GHODVHFXHQFLDORV5HVHUYRULRVGHO3DODFLR\(VFRQGLGR/RVVRQGHRVUHYHODURQTXHKD\¿OWUDFLyQGH DJXDDFWLYDDOJRTXHQRVHHVSHUDEDHQFRQWUDUHQHVWDSDUWHWDQHOHYDGDGHOGHSyVLWR'HELGRDTXH QXHVWUD H[FDYDFLyQ VH OOHYy D FDER HQ OD pSRFD PiV VHFD GHO DxR DEULO GH HQ HO WDQTXH PiV SHTXHxR\PiVHOHYDGRGH7LNDOVXJHULPRVTXHODHPDQDFLyQGHDJXDVHGHEHDODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQ PDQDQWLDORQDFLPLHQWRGHDJXD6LORVDQiOLVLVGHODERUDWRULRFRQ¿UPDQODSUHVHQFLDGHPDQDQWLDOHV HQHVWDXELFDFLyQWDQHOHYDGDSRGUtDWUDWDUVHGHXQDH[SOLFDFLyQ\XQDUD]yQDGLFLRQDOSDUDDVHQWDUVH HQHVWHOXJDU&RPRVHKDPHQFLRQDGRFRQDQWHULRULGDGHQHO5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLRVHHQFRQWUDURQ IUDFWXUDVVHPLFLUFXODUHVHQODURFDPDGUHTXHSRGUtDQFRUUHVSRQGHUDXQPDQDQWLDOTXHKR\GtDHVWi VHFR(VWRHVFRQVLVWHQWHFRQODLGHDGHTXHORVGHSyVLWRVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQXQHQFDxRQDWXUDOGRQGH SXGRKDEHUKDELGRYDULRVEURWHVGHDJXDHQXQDWRSRJUDItDPX\VLPLODUDODGHOYHFLQR1DUDQMRFX\RV PDQDQWLDOHVVLJXHQDFWLYRVHQODDFWXDOLGDG $XQTXHODIXHQWHSULQFLSDOGHDJXDHQODV7LHUUDV%DMDVHVODOOXYLDODSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQWDUFRQ PDQDQWLDOHVDXPHQWDODFDQWLGDGGHORVUHFXUVRVKtGULFRV3RURWUDSDUWHORVPDQDQWLDOHVSURSRUFLRQDQ DJXD³SXUD´VDJUDGDSUtVWLQDVRQIXHQWHGHDJXD¿OWUDGDUHFXUVRPHQRVDEXQGDQWH\FRQXQDVHULHGH LPSOLFDFLRQHVQRVyORHFRQyPLFDVVLQRWDPELpQGHFDUiFWHULGHROyJLFR/DH[LVWHQFLDGHPDQDQWLDOHV HQODSDUWHFHQWUDOGH7LNDOSRGUtDVHUXQRGHORVIDFWRUHVSRUORVFXDOHVSUHFLVDPHQWHHVWHOXJDUIXH &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO 51 Figura 9.0DQDQWLDOHQ1DUDQMRL]TXLHUGD3R]RHQHOWDQTXHVXSHULRUGHO5HVHUYRULRGHO7HPSORGHUHFKD HOHJLGRSDUDHODVHQWDPLHQWRFRQ¿ULpQGROHODJUDQFDUJDULWXDO\HVSLULWXDOTXHFRQOOHYDEDODH[LVWHQFLD GHGLFKRVEURWHVGHDJXD$JXDTXHHPDQDGLUHFWDPHQWHGHODVHQWUDxDVGHODWLHUUDGHOLQIUDPXQGR /RVQDFLPLHQWRVGHDJXDOHFRQ¿HUHQXQVLJQL¿FDGRVLPEyOLFRLPSRUWDQWHDOHVSDFLRRSDLVDMH\IRUPDQ SDUWH IXQGDPHQWDO GH OD JHRJUDItD VDJUDGD GH XQD FLXGDG /DV FLXGDGHV UHSURGXFHQ OD FRQFHSFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR \ OD FRQFHSFLyQ GHO PXQGR TXH WLHQHQ VXV SREODGRUHV /D H[LVWHQFLD GH PDQDQWLDOHV HQ ORV UHVHUYRULRV GH OD SDUWH FHQWUDO GH7LNDO H[SOLFDUtD QR VyOR SRU TXp7LNDO IXH XQD GH ODV FLXGDGHV PD\DVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVLQRWDPELpQSRUTXpSUHFLVDPHQWHHVWDSDUWHGHOVLWLRIXHHOOXJDUFHQWUDOGH ODFLXGDG/DORFDFLyQGHORVEURWHVGHDJXDHQFXHVWLyQKDEUtDVLGRIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDODXELFDFLyQGHO DVHQWDPLHQWR\KDEUtDIRUPDGRSDUWHGHOiUHDSULQFLSDOGHOVLWLRGHVGHVXVLQLFLRV FENÓMENO REFLEJADO EN LOS SEDIMENTOS DE TIKAL $GHPiVGHODVH[FDYDFLRQHVHQORVUHVHUYRULRVVHUHDOL]yXQDH[WUDFFLyQGHQ~FOHRVGHFRQWH[WRV VHFRV(QOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDOVHHIHFWXyXQPXHVWUHRSDUDUHFRQVWUXLUHOUHOLHYHRULJLQDOGHODPLVPD \WUDWDUGHLQIHULUVXVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVDWUDYpVGHOWLHPSR6HSXGLHURQLGHQWL¿FDUSHULRGRVGHPXFKD SUHFLSLWDFLyQ SOXYLDO \ JUDQGHV WRUUHQWHV GH DJXD GHELGRV D OD OOXYLD \R OD GHJUDGDFLyQ DPELHQWDO HYLGHQFLDGRV SRU HVWUDWRV GH DUHQDV VHJXLGRV GH SHULRGRV GH ÀXMRV OHQWRV R PHMRU FRQWURODGRV 52 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð UHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUJUXHVRVHVWUDWRVGHDUFLOODV\OLPRV(VWDDOWHUQDQFLDHQWUHORVHVWUDWRVGHDUFLOODV\ GHDUHQDVIXHFRQVWDQWH\VHSUHVHQWyGHPDQHUDVLPLODUHQWRGRVORVUHVHUYRULRVHVWXGLDGRVWDQWRHQ ORVGHOD]RQDFHQWUDO5HVHUYRULRVGH7HPSORGHO3DODFLR\(VFRQGLGRFRPRHQORVGHOiUHDSHULIpULFD 5HVHUYRULR3HUGLGR\$JXDGD&RUULHQWDO/HQW]et al. (ODQiOLVLVGHHVWDVFROXPQDVGHVHGLPHQWRVSHUPLWLyLGHQWL¿FDUXQDVHULHGHHOHPHQWRVTXHDSR\DQ YDULDVGHODVKLSyWHVLVUHIHUHQWHVDOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORVVLVWHPDVKLGUiXOLFRV\WDPELpQDORVHYHQWRV QDWXUDOHVTXHSXGLHURQDIHFWDUHOFOLPD\HOUpJLPHQGHOOXYLDVDORODUJRGHODKLVWRULD 6H LGHQWL¿FDURQ DUHQDV TXH DSR\DQ QXHVWUD SURSXHVWD GHO XVR GH ¿OWURV D VDEHU ³FDMDV GH DUHQD´ TXHVLUYLHURQSDUDSXUL¿FDUHODJXD\KDFHUODSRWDEOH(VWDHVODSULPHUDYH]TXHVHLGHQWL¿FDHVWHWLSR GHWHFQRORJtDHQDVHQWDPLHQWRVSUHKLVSiQLFRV6FDUERURXJK\*UD]LRVRHQSUHQVD 7DPELpQ VH LGHQWL¿FDURQ FHQL]DV YROFiQLFDV OR TXH LQGLFD TXH ODV 7LHUUDV %DMDV PD\DV \ 7LNDO HQ SDUWLFXODU IXHURQ DOFDQ]DGDV SRU HPDQDFLRQHV YROFiQLFDV HQ pSRFD SUHKLVSiQLFD /DV HUXSFLRQHV YROFiQLFDV WUDHQ FRQVLJR XQD VHULH GH FDPELRV \ DOWHUDFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV TXH SXGLHURQ KDEHU WHQLGR FRQVHFXHQFLDVGUDPiWLFDVHQXQDVRFLHGDGFX\DHFRQRPtDDJUtFRODGHSHQGtDGHXQUpJLPHQGHOOXYLDV FRQVWDQWH\KDVWDFLHUWRSXQWRSUHGHFLEOH 6HLGHQWL¿FDURQFDQWLGDGHVVLJQL¿FDWLYDVGHFHQL]DYROFiQLFDGHVFRPSXHVWDHQIRUPDGHHVPHFWLWD \ FULVWDOHV GH FXDU]R euhedrales bipiramidales /DV IHFKDV GH UDGLRFDUERQR$06 GH ORV VHGLPHQWRV ULFRV HQ HVPHFWLWD \ FULVWDOHV GH FXDU]R LQGLFDQ TXH OD FHQL]D YROFiQLFD FD\y GXUDQWH ORV SHULRGRV 3UHFOiVLFR&OiVLFR\3RVFOiVLFR(VWRVGDWRVWDOYH]SHUPLWDQGHVDUUROODUXQDFURQRORJtDHIHFWLYDGH OOXYLDVGHFHQL]DHQ7LNDO\HQODV7LHUUDV%DMDVFHQWUDOHV7DQNHUVOH\et al. CONCLUSIONES Y COMENTARIOS FINALES &RQ EDVH HQ QXHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SRGHPRV SURSRQHU 4XH OD SUHVHQFLD GH PDQDQWLDOHV R QDFLPLHQWRV GH DJXD IXH XQ HOHPHQWR PX\ LPSRUWDQWH SDUD HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR HQ HO SURPRQWRULR HQ TXH VH HQFXHQWUD 7LNDO FRQ¿ULpQGROH DGHPiV XQD FRQQRWDFLyQ DOWDPHQWH VLPEyOLFD \ ULWXDO DO DVHQWDPLHQWR /D LGHQWL¿FDFLyQ GH OR TXH SRGUtD FRQVLGHUDUVH OD UHSUHVD PiV H[WHQVD FRQRFLGD KDVWDHOPRPHQWRHQHOiUHDPD\D\XQDH[SOLFDFLyQSODXVLEOHDFHUFDGHFyPRVHOLEHUDEDHODJXD DWUDYpVGHGLFKDUHSUHVD/DFRQVWUXFFLyQ\HOXVRGHXQVLVWHPD±PHGLDQWHGLTXHVFRQH[FOXVDV SDUDGLYLGLUHODJXDGHXQGHSyVLWR\UHWHQHUHODJXDHQXQDSDUWHGHOPLVPRPLHQWUDVODRWUDSDUWHVH drenaba o se limpiaba (cofferdam(VWRSHUPLWLUtDOLPSLDUORVWDQTXHVSDUDHYLWDUHOD]ROYDPLHQWR\OD H[FHVLYDVHGLPHQWDFLyQVLQYDFLDUORVSRUFRPSOHWR6HSURSRQHHOHPSOHRGHHOHPHQWRVSDUD¿OWUDU HODJXDWDOHVFRPRODV³FDMDVGHDUHQD´TXHSHUPLWLUtDQTXHORVHVFXUULPLHQWRVGHODVSOD]DVSDWLRV \ HVSDFLRV DELHUWRV SDVDUDQ ¿OWUiQGRVH D WUDYpV GH HOORV DQWHV GH LQFRUSRUDUVH D ORV UHVHUYRULRV SDUD PDQWHQHUVX FRQWHQLGR SRWDEOH8Q HMHPSORGH WDO VROXFLyQ HV HO WDQTXH VXSHULRU GHO 5HVHUYRULR GHO 7HPSOR(VWDWHFQRORJtDHUDGHVFRQRFLGDHQORVVLVWHPDVKLGUiXOLFRVSUHKLVSiQLFRVKDVWDHOSUHVHQWH SHUR QR GHEHUtD VRUSUHQGHUQRV GHELGR D ORV FRQWDPLQDQWHV TXH DIHFWDQ D ORV DPELHQWHV WURSLFDOHV \ DO DYDQ]DGR GHVDUUROOR WHFQROyJLFR TXH GHVDUUROODURQ ORV DQWLJXRV PD\DV /D FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ODV ³(VWDFLRQHV GH FDPELR´ TXH SHUPLWLUtDQ OD FDSWDFLyQ GH DJXD GHQWUR GHO UHVHUYRULR HQ OD pSRFD GH OOXYLDV \ VX SRVWHULRU OLEHUDFLyQ GXUDQWH OD pSRFD VHFD \ /D H[SRVLFLyQ GH VHJPHQWRV GH FDQDOHV PX\ELHQGH¿QLGRV\GHXQRHQSDUWLFXODUTXHSRUDKRUDHVHOPiVSURIXQGRTXHVHFRQRFHHOFDQDO HQHOQRUHVWHGHOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDO6XVGLPHQVLRQHVGDQXQDLGHDGHOJUDQYROXPHQGHDJXDTXH VHPDQHMDEDHQODVDJXDGDV\UHVHUYRULRVGH7LNDO &RPRUHVXOWDGRGHORVWUDEDMRVHIHFWXDGRVVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHOPDQHMRGHODVHOYDSRUORVDQWLJXRV PD\DV LPSDFWy OD GLYHUVLGDG GH ORV iUEROHV \ ODV HVSHFLHV YHJHWDOHV GH 7LNDO \ VXV DOUHGHGRUHV DO SURPRYHUODVHVSHFLHV~WLOHVSDUDVXHFRQRPtD$WUDYpVGHVXVSUiFWLFDVVLOYtFRODVFRPRSRGDUSURWHJHU &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO 53 WUDVSODQWDURLQFOXVRFXOWLYDUHVSHFLHVVHOHFWDVGHiUEROHVORVPD\DVPRGL¿FDURQODFRPSRVLFLyQGHOD VHOYDSDUDFXEULUVXVQHFHVLGDGHV\GLFKDDOWHUDFLyQVHYHUHÀHMDGDHQODYHJHWDFLyQDFWXDO /RV DQWLJXRV PD\DV PRGL¿FDURQ HO SDLVDMH \ DGDSWDURQ OD WRSRJUDItD QDWXUDO D VXV QHFHVLGDGHV 8Q HMHPSOR FODUR HV OD$JXDGD &RUULHQWDO HQ OD TXH DSURYHFKDURQ XQD GHSUHVLyQ QDWXUDO SDUD FUHDU XQGHSyVLWR\UHWHQHUXQJUDQYROXPHQGHDJXD/DDJXDGDHQFXHVWLyQFXHQWDFRQFDQDOHVGHLQJUHVR \ HJUHVR \ FRQWUROHV GH SDVR OR FXDO GHPXHVWUD TXH QR VyOR VHUYtD SDUD DOPDFHQDU HO OtTXLGR VLQR WDPELpQSDUDUHGLVWULEXLUORKDFLDRWURVGHSyVLWRV(VWDODERUGHLQJHQLHUDWDQVR¿VWLFDGDDWHVWLJXDTXH ORVPD\DVDOFDQ]DURQXQHOHYDGRQLYHOGHFRQRFLPLHQWRHQFXDQWRDOPDQHMRGHODJXD /D KLVWRULD FRQVWUXFWLYD GHO 5HVHUYRULR GHO 3DODFLR LQGLFD TXH IXH XQD KRQGRQDGD R EDUUDQFD QDWXUDOTXHIXHDPSOLDGD\PRGL¿FDGD(VSRVLEOHTXHKD\DVHUYLGRFRPRFDQWHUDHQDOJ~QPRPHQWR \SRVWHULRUPHQWHVHHPSOHDUDFRPRXQUHVHUYRULRGHDJXD/RPiVSUREDEOHHVTXHODVHULHGHWDQTXHV HQODSDUWHFHQWUDOFRQWDEDFRQGLTXHVSDUDFRQWURODUHOSDVRGHODJXDHQWUHXQGHSyVLWR\HORWUR1R VH HQFRQWUDURQ ODV H[FOXVDV SURSLDPHQWH GLFKDV SHUR WRGR SDUHFH LQGLFDU TXH pVWD IXH OD PDQHUD HQ TXHHODJXDSDVDEDHQWUHORVUHVHUYRULRV(QWUHHO5HVHUYRULRGHO3DODFLR\HO5HVHUYRULR(VFRQGLGR VHUHFXSHUyHYLGHQFLDGHYDULRVPXURVGHFRQWHQFLyQUHFXEULPLHQWRVLPSHUPHDEOHV\PRGL¿FDFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D GLVWLQWDV pSRFDV TXH SHUPLWHQ LQIHULU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH H[FOXVDV HQ HVWD VHFFLyQ /D HVWUDWLJUDItD HQFRQWUDGD DO IRQGR GHO WDQTXH QRV LQGLFD TXH KXER SHULRGRV GH IXHUWHV FRUULHQWHV GHDJXDDOWHUQDGRVFRQSHULRGRVGHDJXDHQUHSRVR(VWHWLSRGHHVWUDWLJUDItDQRFRUUHVSRQGHFRQXQ GHSyVLWR FX\D ~QLFD IXQFLyQ KXELHUD VLGR DOPDFHQDU DJXD LQHUWH SDVLYD VLQR FRQ XQR TXH FRQWDED FRQDJXDFLUFXODQWHHQPRYLPLHQWRORTXHDSR\DHOSDVRGHOOtTXLGRGHXQWDQTXHDORWURSRUPHGLR GHH[FOXVDV (O5HVHUYRULRGHO7HPSORSXGRKDEHUWHQLGRRULJHQHQXQDGHSUHVLyQQDWXUDOSHURVXIRUPD\HO OXJDUHQTXHVHHQFXHQWUDLQGLFDQTXHIXHH[FDYDGRGHOLEHUDGDPHQWHSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV([LVWH XQ SURPRQWRULR HQWUH HVWH UHVHUYRULR \ HO GHO 3DODFLR SHUR VX KLVWRULD FRQVWUXFWLYD SRU HO PRPHQWR WRGDYtDQRHVWiELHQGH¿QLGD(OSURPRQWRULRRGLYLVLyQHQWUHGLFKRVWDQTXHVSXGRKDEHUIXQFLRQDGR FRPRGLTXH\DODYH]VXSDUWHVXSHULRUSXGRVHUYLUGHFDPLQRRSDVRGHODSDUWHVXUGHOVLWLRKDFLDOD SDUWHFHQWUDO,QFOXVLYHHQODDFWXDOLGDGVHXVDSDUDLUGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOD$FUySROLV6XUKDFLDOD3OD]D &HQWUDO/DGLYLVLyQVHXELFDHQOtQHDUHFWDHQWUHHO7HPSOR,,\OD$FUySROLV6XU$QWHVGHOOHJDUDO 7HPSOR,,VHHQFXHQWUDOD(VWUXFWXUDTXHHVHOH[WUHPRRHVWHGHOD$FUySROLV&HQWUDO\ODFLUFXODFLyQ KDFHSHUIHFWRVHQWLGRSXHVFRQGXFHMXVWRDODFFHVRVXURHVWHGHOD3OD]D&HQWUDO (OWDQTXHVXSHULRUVXUVHUYtDGH¿OWURSDUDSXUL¿FDUHODJXDDQWHVGHSDVDUDOWDQTXHLQIHULRUQRUWH \GHDOOtKDFLDORVGHPiVUHVHUYRULRV/RVSR]RVTXHVHH[FDYDURQUHYHODURQ¿OWUDFLRQHVRDFWLYLGDGGH XQPDQDQWLDODPGHODVXSHU¿FLH6HGHEHPHQFLRQDUTXHPX\FHUFDGHHVWHGHSyVLWRVHHQFXHQWUDQ DOJXQRVGHORVHGL¿FLRVPiVLPSRQHQWHVGHOVLWLRORV7HPSORV,,\,,,OD(VWUXFWXUD\OD$FUySROLV 6XU6HJXUDPHQWHODUDPSDRHVFDOLQDWDTXHXQHDO7HPSOR,,,FRQHVWHUHVHUYRULRWXYRLPSOLFDFLRQHV ULWXDOHVVLJQL¿FDWLYDV(OGHSyVLWRFRPHQWDGRVHHQFXHQWUDWDPELpQDPX\SRFDGLVWDQFLDGHOD3OD]D GH ORV 6LHWH7HPSORV \ GHO JUDQ FRPSOHMR GH 0XQGR 3HUGLGR 0XQGR 3HUGLGR HV HO SULQFLSDO JUXSR DUTXLWHFWyQLFRGHOSHULRGR)RUPDWLYRHQ7LNDO\FXHQWDFRQXQDJUDQHVWUXFWXUDSLUDPLGDO&TXH IRUPDED SDUWH GH XQ &RPSOHMR GH &RQPHPRUDFLyQ$VWURQyPLFD (VWRV JUXSRV VRQ PHMRU FRQRFLGRV HQODOLWHUDWXUDDUTXHROyJLFDFRPRFRPSOHMRVGHOWLSR³*UXSR(´GH8D[DFWXQ 'H FRQ¿UPDUVH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH DQWLJXRV PDQDQWLDOHV HQ DOJXQR GH ORV UHVHUYRULRV VH SRGUtD DUJXPHQWDU TXH VX SUHVHQFLD HQ HO OXJDU LQÀX\y HQ OD VHOHFFLyQ GH HVWH VLWLR HQ SDUWLFXODU SDUD FRQVWUXLU OD FLXGDG (VWR WHQGUtD JUDQ UHSHUFXVLyQ VLPEyOLFD \ DJUHJDUtD XQ VLJQL¿FDGR PiV DO HPSOD]DPLHQWR /DHYLGHQFLDVXJLHUHTXHGHVSXpVGHVXDVHQWDPLHQWRHQODSDUWHDOWDGH7LNDOGXUDQWHHO3UHFOiVLFR 0HGLR\7DUGtRD&G&ORVPD\DVPRGL¿FDURQHOSDLVDMHGHVXHQWRUQRSDUDDVHJXUDUVH 54 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð Figura 10. 'LEXMRGHOFRPSOHMRVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRFDQDOHV\UHVHUYRULRVGH7LNDO96FDUERURXJK HO DEDVWHFLPLHQWR GH DJXD DSURYHFKDQGR HO UHOLHYH WRSRJUi¿FR QDWXUDO \ RSWLPL]DU DVt ORV UHFXUVRV KtGULFRV &UHDURQ XQD DPSOLD UHG GH FDQDOHV \ UHVHUYRULRV TXH OHV JDUDQWL]DEDQ HO DFFHVR DO OtTXLGR GXUDQWH WRGR HO DxR &RQVWUX\HURQ VR¿VWLFDGRV VLVWHPDV TXH LQFOXtDQ HOHPHQWRV SDUD FDSWDFLyQ DOPDFHQDPLHQWR¿OWUDFLyQFRQGXFFLyQ\GLVWULEXFLyQGHODJXD)LJXUD $OJXQRV GH ORV IHFKDPLHQWRV REWHQLGRV HQ ODV FROXPQDV GH VHGLPHQWRV QRV SHUPLWHQ LQIHULU TXH ORV SREODGRUHV GHO iUHD GH 7LNDO VLJXLHURQ VLUYLpQGRVH GH ORV UHVHUYRULRV \ FRQWLQXDURQ GiQGROHV PDQWHQLPLHQWRPXFKRGHVSXpVGHODEDQGRQRGHODFLXGDGD¿QDOHVGHOVLJOR,;RSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR; G&6DEHPRVTXHDOPHQRVOD$JXDGD&RUULHQWDOFRQWLQXyHQXVRKDVWDGHVSXpVGHODxRG&HVWR HVKDVWDXQRVDxRVGHVSXpVGHODEDQGRQRGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVSULQFLSDOHV(VWRDSR\DODLGHDGHTXH HOIHQyPHQROODPDGR³FRODSVR´HQHOTXHODPD\RUtDGHORVFHQWURVPD\DVVRQDEDQGRQDGRVRFDHQHQ GHVXVRIXHXQIHQyPHQRSULQFLSDOPHQWHXUEDQR\QRJHQHUDOL]DGR3RFRDSRFRVHYDQGHVSREODQGRODV FLXGDGHVHQSDUWLFXODUODViUHDVFHQWUDOHVGHGLFKDVPHWUySROLVSHURODSREODFLyQGHOiUHDSHULIpULFD\ UXUDOFRQWLQXyYLYLHQGRHQORVDVHQWDPLHQWRVGHPDQHUDLQLQWHUUXPSLGDDEDVWHFLpQGRVHGHORVUHFXUVRV \ORVFXHUSRVGHDJXDFHUFDQRV 6H VDEH TXH KXER YDULDV VHTXtDV TXH DIHFWDURQ D 0HVRDPpULFD *LOO \ D OD JUDQ PD\RUtD GH ORV SXHEORV DQWLJXRV SHUR WDPELpQ VH WLHQH HYLGHQFLD GHO JUDGR GH GHVDUUROOR \ VR¿VWLFDFLyQ GH ORV VLVWHPDV KLGUiXOLFRV HPSOHDGRV SRU ORV DQWLJXRV PD\DV TXH JUDFLDV D VX H¿FLHQFLD D\XGDURQ GH PDQHUDIXQGDPHQWDODGHVDUUROODU\PDQWHQHUSREODFLRQHVQXPHURVDVHQODVJUDQGHVFLXGDGHVGXUDQWH ORVGLYHUVRVSHULRGRVGHFULVLV\UHVLOLHQFLDSRUORVTXHDWUDYHVDURQODVVRFLHGDGHVPLOHQDULDVPD\DV DORODUJRGHVXKLVWRULD/RVPD\DVVRQXQDGHODVFLYLOL]DFLRQHVPiVJUDQGHVGHODDQWLJHGDG\VX OHJDGRSHUVLVWHKDVWDQXHVWURVGtDV &RQWUROGHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DV(OVLVWHPDKLGUiXOLFRGHODFLXGDGGH7LNDO 55 BIBLIOGRAFÍA %($&+7,027+<6+(5<//8==$''(5%$(&+1,&+2/$6'811,1*<'81&$1&22. +XPDQ DQG 1DWXUDO ,PSDFWV RQ )OXYLDO DQG .DUVW 6\VWHPV LQ WKH 0D\D /RZODQGV Geomorphology &$5552%(57) &RUULHQWDO 4XDGUDQJOH HQ Tikal Report No. 11: Map of the Ruins of Tikal, El Peten, Guatemala 0XVHXP0RQRJUDSKV3KLODGHOSKLD8QLYHUVLW\0XVHXP8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD &$5552%(57)<-$0(6(+$=$5' Map of the Ruins of Tikal, El Peten, Guatemala 7LNDO 5HSRUW 1R 3KLODGHOSKLD 8QLYHUVLW\ 0XVHXP8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD '811,1*1,&+2/$63<7,027+<%($&+ 6WDELOLW\ DQG ,QVWDELOLW\ LQ 3UHKLVSDQLF 0D\D /DQGVFDSHV An Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian AmericasHGLWDGRSRU'DYLG/HQW]SS1HZ<RUN&ROXPELD 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV '811,1*1,&+2/$63<52%(57*5,)),1 1RWDV GH FDPSR7HPSRUDGD $UFKLYR GHO 3UR\HFWR 3UiFWLFDV GH 6LOYLFXOWXUD \ PDQHMR GHO DJXD SRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DVGH7LNDO1RWDVGHFDPSRQRSXEOLFDGDV&LQFLQQDWL8QLYHUVLGDGGH&LQFLQQDWL '811,1*1,&+2/$67,027+<%($&+</8==$''(5%($&+6+(5</ (QYLURQPHQWDO 9DULDELOLW\ DPRQJ %DMRV LQ WKH 6RXWKHUQ 0D\D /RZODQGV DQG LWV ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU $QFLHQW0D\D&LYLOL]DWLRQDQG$UFKDHRORJ\Pre-Columbian Water Management, editado por Lisa Lucero y %DUEDUD)DVKSS7XFVRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI$UL]RQD *$//23,1*$5<* Water Storage Technology at Tikal, Guatemala 7HVLV GH PDHVWUtD &LQFLQQDWL 'HSDUWPHQWR GH $QWKURSRORJtD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&LQFLQQDWL *,//5,&+$5'621% The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life and Death$OEXTXHUTXH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ0H[LFR3UHVV *5$=,2626,(55$/,:< 1RWDVGHFDPSR7HPSRUDGD\$UFKLYRGHO3UR\HFWR3UiFWLFDVGH6LOYLFXOWXUD\PDQHMR GHODJXDSRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DVGH7LNDO&LQFLQQDWL8QLYHUVLGDGGH&LQFLQQDWL *5$=,2626,(55$/,:<<9(5121/6&$5%2528*+ /RK~PHGR\ORVHFR(OPDQHMRGHODJXD\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOSDLVDMHHQ7LNDOMemorias del Coloquio Internacional Sociedades Mayas Milenarias: Crisis del pasado y Resiliencia HGLWDGR SRU 0DULH &KDUORWWH $UQDXOG\$ODLQ%UHWRQSS0HVRZHE +$=$5'-$0(6(1/(9,1(<52%(57)&$55 *UHDW3OD]D4XDGUDQJOHHQ&DUU5REHUW)\-DPHV(+D]DUGTikal Report No. 11: Map of the Ruins of Tikal, El Peten, Guatemala0XVHXP0RQRJUDSKV3KLODGHOSKLD8QLYHUVLW\0XVHXP8QLYHUVLW\ RI3HQQV\OYDQLD /(17='$9,'/ 1RWDVGHFDPSR7HPSRUDGD$UFKLYRGHO3UR\HFWR3UiFWLFDVGH6LOYLFXOWXUD\PDQHMRGHODJXD SRUORVDQWLJXRVPD\DVGH7LNDO&LQFLQQDWL8QLYHUVLGDGGH&LQFLQQDWL /(17='$9,'/<%5,$1+2&.$'$< 7LNDOWLPEHUVDQGWHPSOHV$QFLHQW0D\DDJURIRUHVWU\DQGWKHHQGRIWLPHJournal of Archaeological Science /(17='$9,'//,:<*5$=,26269(51216&$5%2528*+1,&+2/$6'811,1*<3$75,&. &8/%(57 3UiFWLFDV GH VLOYLFXOWXUD \ PDQHMR GH DJXDV GH ORV DQWLJXRV PD\DV GH 7LNDO XXIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2009, Vol. 1HGLWDGRSRU-XDQ3HGUR/DSRUWH\%iUEDUD$UUR\R SS*XDWHPDOD0,&8'(,'$(+081$($VRFLDFLyQ7LNDO 56 /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUD y 9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJK /LZ\*UD]LRVR6LHUUDï\9HUQRQ/6FDUERURXJKð 6&$5%2528*+9(5121/ 0D\DZDWHUPDQDJHPHQW$QFLHQWZDWHUPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH6RXWKHUQ0D\D/RZODQGVResearch and Exploration 6&$5%2528*+9(5121/<:,//,$05%8516,'( &RPSOH[LW\ DQG 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ 3HUVSHFWLYHV IURP WKH $QFLHQW 0D\D DQG WKH 0RGHUQ %DOLQHVH American Antiquity 6&$5%2528*+9(5121/<*$5<**$//23,1 :DWHU6WRUDJH$GDSWDWLRQLQWKH0D\D/RZODQGVScience 6&$5%2528*+9(5121/</,:<*5$=,2626,(55$ HQ SUHQVD 7KH (YROXWLRQ RI DQ $QFLHQW :DWHUZRUNV 6\VWHP DW 7LNDO Tikal and Maya Ecology: Water, Landscape and ResilienceHGLWDGRSRU'DYLG/HQW]1LFKRODV'XQQLQJ\9HUQRQ6FDUERURXJK&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6&$5%2528*+9(5121/1,&+2/$63'811,1*.(11(7+%7$1.(56/(<&+5,6723+(5 &$55(5,&:($9(5/,:<*5$=,262%5,$1/$1(-2+1*-21(63$/0$%877/(6)5(' 9$/'(=-5<'$9,'/(17= :DWHU DQG VXVWDLQDEOH ODQG XVH DW WKH DQFLHQW WURSLFDO FLW\ RI 7LNDO *XDWHPDOD Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7$1.(56/(< .(11(7+ 9(5121 / 6&$5%2528*+ 1,&+2/$6 '811,1* :$55(1 +8)) %$55<0$<1$5'<7$00<*(5.( (YLGHQFH IRU 9ROFDQLF $VK )DOO LQ WKH 0D\D /RZODQGV IURP DQ $QWKURSRJHQLF 5HVHUYRLU DW 7LNDO *XDWHPDODJournal of Archaeological Science