la supuesta homosexualidad de Cervantes

Anuncio
'LUHFFLyQGHODXWRU
'DQLHO(LVHQEHUJ
([FHOVLRU&ROOHJH
&ROXPELD&LUFOH
$OEDQ\1<((88
(PDLOGDQLHOHLVHQEHUJ#ELJIRRWFRP
/DVXSXHVWDKRPRVH[XDOLGDGGH&HUYDQWHV
'DQLHO(LVHQEHUJ
([FHOVLRU&ROOHJH
(VVHxDOGHOPXQGRHQTXHYLYLPRV\GHORVFDPELRVTXHVHKDQSURGXFLGR
GXUDQWHODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVGHOVLJORYHLQWHTXHVHSXHGHGLVFXWLUDELHUWDPHQWHOD
RULHQWDFLyQVH[XDOGH&HUYDQWHV+DVWDHOWHPDQRH[LVWLy QLVLTXLHUDFUHR
TXHVHFRPHQWDUDRUDOPHQWHRVHPHGLWDUD3DUDOHORHQPXFKRVVHQWLGRVDOD
FXHVWLyQGHORVDQWHSDVDGRVMXGDLFRVGH&HUYDQWHVGHVFRQRFLGDDQWHVGH 3HURHOWHPDGHODDVFHQGHQFLDFULVWLDQRQXHYDGH&HUYDQWHVIXHDERUGDGR
SRUXQRGHORVPiVJUDQGHVSHQVDGRUHVKLVSiQLFRV$PpULFR&DVWUR/DVH[XDOLGDG
GH&HUYDQWHVKDVXIULGRXQDVXHUWHPiVLQGLJQD,QLFLyVXH[DPHQXQOLEURHQ
LQJOpVSXEOLFDGRDH[SHQVDVGHODXWRU VLJXLHURQXQOLEUR\XQDUWtFXORHQ
IUDQFpVGHVSXpVXQOLEURHQLWDOLDQRWUDGXFLGRDFWRVHJXLGRDOFDVWHOODQR +D\
(VWHHQVD\RFRPHQ]yFRPRFRPXQLFDFLyQDOD&HUYDQWHV6RFLHW\RI$PHULFDHQ8&/$/RV
$QJHOHVHOGHHQHURGH\OXHJRIXHSUHVHQWDGRHQHO9,,,&RORTXLR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD
$VRFLDFLyQGH&HUYDQWLVWDV(O7RERVR7ROHGRGHPD\RGH(ODUWtFXORGHWHU+RUVW
PHQFLRQDGRDFRQWLQXDFLyQHVXQDUpSOLFDDODFRPXQLFDFLyQVHJ~QQRWDPDQXVFULWDHQODFRSLD
TXHPHPDQGy4XLVLHUDDJUDGHFHUODD\XGDGHÈOYDUR0ROLQD\%HQMDPtQ7RUULFR
/DIHFKDHVODGH7KH*UHDW&HUYDQWHV+RD[GH&DHVDU-RKQVRQFLWDGRSRU&DUUROO-RKQVRQ
(QFDPELRFUHRTXHVtVHFRQRFtDQ\VHFRPHQWDEDQHQSULYDGRHQWUHPDHVWUR\GLVFtSXORR
HQWUHDILFLRQDGRVORVSRHPDVKRPRVH[XDOHVGHDXWRUHVKLVSDQRiUDEHVHKLVSDQRMXGtRV
/D([SRVLWLRQ3UHVVTXHSXEOLFyHOOLEURGH&DHVDU-RKQVRQYpDVHQRWDHVXQDHGLWRULDO
TXHSXEOLFDOLEURVGHTXLHQVHORVFRVWHDVHJ~QODQHFURORJtDGHVXGLUHFWRU8KODQ1HZ<RUN
7LPHV2FWREHU6HFWLRQ%SDJH&ROXPQ
&RPEHW\=PDQWDU
5RVVL6XOLEURORFRPHQWD'tH]
XQEUHYHH[DPHQSRUORVKLVWRULDGRUHV(PLOLR6ROD\-RVp)GHOD3HxDHQVXOLEUR
&HUYDQWHV\OD%HUEHUtD(O~QLFRDXWRUHVSDxROTXHVHKDDWUHYLGRDWRFDUHOWHPD
SOHQDPHQWHHVHOUHSXJQDQWH²HQHVWHDVSHFWR²$UUDEDO 8QSHTXHxRORJURGHO
FXDOHVWR\SDUWLFXODUPHQWHFRQWHQWRHVHOKDEHULPSHGLGRTXHVXFKDSX]D
DSDUHFLHUDHQLQJOpV
<HVHOLQJOpVODOHQJXDHQODFXDOHOWHPDVHHPSUHQGLyGLUHFWDPHQWHSRU
SULPHUDYH]SULPHURXQDUWtFXORVREUH&HUYDQWHVHQOD (QF\FORSHGLDRI
+RPRVH[XDOLW\\GLH]DxRVGHVSXpVXQHQVD\RGH5REHUWWHU+RUVWWLWXODGR
VHQFLOODPHQWH³:DV0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHVD+RPRVH[XDO"´HQHOFXDODILUPDTXH
HVLPSRVLEOHFRQWHVWDU$OPLVPRWLHPSRVHxDODWHU+RUVWFRPR6RODDQWHVTXHpO
ODVSUiFWLFDVKRPRVH[XDOHVPDVFXOLQDVRFXUUtDQHQDTXHOODpSRFDVHJ~QHOSDWUyQ
FOiVLFRGHXQKRPEUHFRQXQMRYHQ
&UHRTXHHOWHPDPHUHFHODDWHQFLyQGHORVFHUYDQWLVWDV6LVHWUDWD
GLJQDPHQWHVHHYLWDUiQPiVGLVSDUDWHVFRPRDTXHOFRQHOTXH$UUDEDOQRVKD
³KRQUDGR´6HFRQVLGHUDQUHOHYDQWHVRWURVDVSHFWRVGHVXVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVYLWDOHV²
VXWUDEDMRFRPRUHFDXGDGRUGHLPSXHVWRVVXGHVHRGHYROYHUD,WDOLDRDHPLJUDUD
ODV,QGLDVVXHQFDUFHODPLHQWRVXVFUHHQFLDVUHOLJLRVDVVXPDWULPRQLR&HUYDQWHV
IXHXQDXWRUTXHHVFULELyPXFKRVREUHWHPDVDPRURVRV\PDWULPRQLDOHV6XV
H[SHULHQFLDV\FUHHQFLDVVH[XDOHVSXHGHQVHUQRVyORLQWHUHVDQWHVHQVtVLQR
LPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHVXVREUDV
(OFRQFHSWRGH³KRPRVH[XDO´HVHVFXUULGL]R\VHKDHQWHQGLGRGHYDULDV
PDQHUDVYpDVH+DOSHULQ(QHOVLJOR;9,,QDWXUDOPHQWHQRH[LVWLyHOWpUPLQR\
HVGLVFXWLEOHVLH[LVWLyHOFRQFHSWRGHXQD³LGHQWLGDG´KRPRVH[XDOWDOFRPRKR\VH
HQWLHQGH&UHRTXHGHEDMRGHODVLPSOLVWDSUHJXQWDGHVL&HUYDQWHVHUDRQR
KRPRVH[XDOKD\WUHVSXQWRVTXHUHDOPHQWHQRVLQWHUHVDQ8QRHVODVH[XDOLGDGGH
DFWRV(VHOWHPDTXHSXHGHSURYRFDUKR\LJXDOTXHHQWRQFHVHOPD\RUHVFiQGDOR
VLELHQHOPHQRVUHOHYDQWHSDUDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHVXVREUDV'RVQRVLQWHUHVD
VDEHUVLDSDUWHGHVXFRQGXFWD&HUYDQWHVH[SHULPHQWyGHVHRVRWXYRIDQWDVtDV
KRPRVH[XDOHVRHQFXDOTXLHUFDVRTXpRSLQDEDGHHOORV7UHVQRVLQWHUHVDVDEHU
TXpRSLQDEDGHORVVHQWLPLHQWRVKRPRVH[XDOHVQRHUyWLFRV
/DSULPHUDGHHVWDVFXHVWLRQHVUHSLWRHV VL&HUYDQWHVVHGHVDKRJy
PHGLDQWHDFWRVFDUQDOHVFRQYDURQHVVHDQDGXOWRVRVHDQMyYHQHV\FXiQWDV
YHFHVORKL]RVLHVTXHOOHJyDKDFHUORDOJXQDYH]
/RVHUURUHV\PDQLSXODFLRQHVHQHOOLEURGH$UUDEDODQDOL]DGRSRU8UELQD\'tH]VRQ
HVSHOX]QDQWHV6HJ~QpO²\QRKD\GRFXPHQWDFLyQGHQLQJXQDGHHVWDVDILUPDFLRQHV²&HUYDQWHV
IXHGHVWHUUDGRSRUSHFDGRQHIDQGRORVSDGUHVGH&HUYDQWHVPRQWDURQHQ0DGULGXQDFDVDGH
SURVWLWXFLyQHOPDHVWUR/ySH]GH+R\RVHQVHxDEDDVXVSiUYXORVODILORVRItD
KLVSDQRPXVXOPDQDGHOVLJOR;,,&HUYDQWHVWHQtDPXFKRLQWHUpVHQODVILJXUDVGH%XGD\
&RQIXFLR\&DUORV9HVFULELyXQOLEURGHFDEDOOHUtDV(VSHFLDOPHQWHTXLVLHUDVHxDODU
TXH$UUDEDOQRFODXVXUyHO,&RQJUHVRGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH&HUYDQWLVWDV\TXHQROH
DSODXGLHURQGHSLH0DUWtQGH5LTXHU\-HDQ&DQDYDJJLRFRPRKDVLGRFRQILUPDGR
GLUHFWDPHQWHSRUHVWH~OWLPR
$QRVHUTXHDSDUH]FDQQXHYRVGRFXPHQWRVQRWHQGUHPRVQXQFDXQD
UHVSXHVWDGHILQLWLYDDHVWDWUHPHQGDLQWHUURJDQWH6LQIRWyJUDIRQLWHVWLJRGHYLVWD
QRSRGHPRVVDEHUORTXHKDFHQHQODLQWLPLGDGORVYLYRVQLPXFKRPHQRVORV
PXHUWRV/RTXHKLFLHURQ%LOO&OLQWRQ\0RQLFD/HZLQVN\VyORORVDEHQHOORV (QWUHFXDWURSDUHGHVRHQHOFDPSRDELHUWRQDGLHVLQRORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVVDEHORTXH
KDSDVDGR
'LVSRQHPRVGHXQVRORWHVWLPRQLRHOFXDOQRVLQIRUPDTXH&HUYDQWHVHQ
$UJHOKDEtDFRPHWLGR³FRVDVYLFLRVDVIHDV\GHVKRQHVWD>V@´/DKRQHVWLGDGVH
DFRUGDUiQVHUHILHUHDFRQGXFWDVH[XDO(OWHVWLJRTXHQRVSURSRUFLRQDHVWHGDWR
QRHVQDGDLPSDUFLDO6HWUDWDGH-XDQ%ODQFRGH3D]XQGHVHTXLOLEUDGRSUHPLDGR
HQ$UJHOSRUVXWUDLFLyQFRQWUDVXVFRPSDWULRWDVFRQXQDMDUUDGHPDQWHFDDOXVLyQ
LQHOXGLEOHDOVH[RDQDO\WRGDYtDQRPHQWDGDQLPHQRVH[SOLFDGDSRUORV
ELyJUDIRVGH&HUYDQWHV(LVHQEHUJ³¢3RUTXp"´Q
(QFRQWUDHVWiQWRGRVORVPXFKRVWHVWLPRQLRVTXH&HUYDQWHVUHFRJLyHQVX
³,QIRUPDFLyQGH$UJHO´¢&yPRSRGHPRVGDUPiVFUpGLWRDO~QLFRWHVWLPRQLR
³QHJDWLYR´TXHDORVPXFKRVWHVWLJRV³SRVLWLYRV´" 'LVSRQHPRVWDPELpQGHXQVRQHWRHOGHODFDUWDGHOUHDOGHSRUWH
PHQFLRQDGDHQOD³$GMXQWDDO3DUQDVR´(VFULWRSUREDEOHPHQWHSRU/RSHIXVWLJDD
&HUYDQWHVFRQFODURVDWDTXHVDVXYLULOLGDG³1RVpVLHUHV&HUYDQWHVFRQLFX´
UH]DHOVRQHWR³+DEODVWHEXH\SHURGLMLVWHµPX¶´ ,QGLFDGHVGHOXHJRTXH
&HUYDQWHVIXHYLVWRFRPRVXVFHSWLEOHGHDWDTXHVHQHVWHFDPSR3HURXQVRQHWRQR
HVGRFXPHQWDFLyQ 1RKD\WHVWLPRQLRQLVLTXLHUDDFXVDFLyQRGHQXQFLDGHQLQJ~QDFWR
KRPRVH[XDOSRUSDUWHGH&HUYDQWHV+D\HQFRQWUDORVQXPHURVRVWHVWLPRQLRV
UHFRJLGRVHQVXFXULRVDHQWRGRVORVVHQWLGRV³,QIRUPDFLyQGH$UJHO´\HOKHFKR
GHTXHDEDQGRQDUD$UJHOSDUDYROYHUDODFDWyOLFD(VSDxD
<HVWH~OWLPRKHFKRQRVHKDWHQLGRHQFXHQWDFRPRVHPHUHFH4XLHQ
TXLVLHUDDWULEXLUOHD&HUYDQWHVXQDVH[XDOLGDGKHWHURGR[DWLHQHTXHH[SOLFDUQRV
HQWRQFHVSRUTXpYROYLyGH$UJHODODUHSUHVLYD(VSDxDGH)HOLSH,,(LVHQEHUJ
3UHVLGHQWHGHORV((88XQDMRYHQFRQTXLHQWXYRXQDPRUtRHQ
(VRVLQHPEDUJRHVH[DFWDPHQWHORTXHKDFH5RVVL6XOOH&RPEHWDFHUWDGDPHQWH
VHxDODHOSHOLJURHQWRPDUWRGDOD³,QIRUPDFLyQGH$UJHO´DOSLHGHODOHWUDSHURWRGDYtDFRQFOX\H
TXH³ODFRQGXLWHGH&HUYDQWqVj$OJHUDpWpVDQVGRXWHLUUpSURFKDEOHHWKpURwTXH´
0LFKDHO0F*DKDVXJLHUHXQDWHRUtDLQWHUHVDQWH%DViQGRVHHQOD³+LVWRULDGHOFDXWLYR´
SURSRQHTXHODFRQGXFWDGH&HUYDQWHVYLVWDFRPRGHVKRQHVWDSRGUtDUHIHULUVHDDPRUtRVFRQXQD
PRUD
/DVSDODEUDVDEUHYLDGDVVRQFUHR³FRxR´\³FXOR´(O³PX´SXHGHVHU³PXOR´²DQLPDO
HVWpULO²\WDPELpQXQDUHIHUHQFLDDOPXJLGRGHODYDFD(OVRQHWRVHSXHGHOHHUHQPL(VWXGLRV
FHUYDQWLQRVS
6LQHPEDUJR&RPEHWORXVDFRPRGRFXPHQWDFLyQ6HJ~QpO³FX´VHUHILHUHDO
SiMDUR³FXFR´R³FXFOLOOR´VtPERORGHOFRUQXGRHOKRPEUHDOFXDOQROHHVILHOVXPXMHU1RGLFH
QDGDVREUHHO³FR´GHOVRQHWRQLFRPHQWDODVXSXHVWDPHQWHDOXGLGDLQILGHOLGDGGHVXHVSRVD
³¢3RUTXp"´1ROHHVSHUDEDQHQ(VSDxDQLPXMHUQLHPSOHR$UJHOHUDFHQWURGH
SODFHUHVKRPRVH[XDOHVHQWLHPSRVGH&HUYDQWHV²DXQTXHSUDFWLFDGRV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUORVUHQHJDGRVQRORVDUJHOLQRVGHQDFLPLHQWR/RVUHQHJDGRV
HXURSHRVFRQYHUWLGRVYROXQWDULDPHQWHDO,VODPFRQWURODEDQHOSRGHUSROtWLFR
DUJHOLQR\VHGLYHUWtDQOLEUHPHQWHFRQHOVH[RVLQUHVWULFFLRQHVGHQLQJXQDFODVH
&RQVWDTXH$UJHOHUDODFLXGDGGHOPXQGR0HGLWHUUiQHRGRQGHORVDFWRV
KRPRVH[XDOHVVHSUDFWLFDEDQPiVOLEUHPHQWHKDVWDHQODFDOOHVHJ~QQRVLQIRUPD
³+DHGR´,(QFDPELR&HUYDQWHVOHMRVGHUHQHJDUVDOLUGHOEDxR\
GLYHUWLUVHHQDTXHOOXJDUGHUHFUHRVH[XDO\VHQVXDOYROYLyYROXQWDULDPHQWHD
(VSDxD3HUPLWLyTXHVXVSDULHQWHVVHHPSREUHFLHUDQSDUDFRVWHDUVXUHVFDWH(Q
(VSDxDWXYRXQDKLMDHVFULELy/D*DODWHDFX\RWHPDHVHODPRUHQWUHKRPEUH\
PXMHUVHFDVy\DOJRPiVWDUGHHVFULELyRWHUPLQy 3HUVLOHVREUDTXHFRQFOX\HFRQ
HOPDWULPRQLRFULVWLDQRGHORVSURWDJRQLVWDV 'LFKRHVWRKD\TXHUHFRQRFHUWDPELpQTXHFLHUWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVGHODYLGD
GH&HUYDQWHVVRQVRVSHFKRVtVLPDV1XHVWUDVQRWLFLDVGHVXYLGDDUJHOLQDVRQ
PDQLILHVWDPHQWHLQFRPSOHWDV\PDQLSXODGDV (OPHURKHFKRGHKDEHUSUHSDUDGR
ORVWHVWLPRQLRVUHFRJLGRVHQOD³,QIRUPDFLyQGH$UJHO´HVLQVyOLWR\VXJLHUHXQD
SUHFDXFLyQWDQVHQWLGDFRPRQHFHVDULD
6L&HUYDQWHVTXLVLHUDH[SHULPHQWDUXQRVDFWRVVH[XDOHVFRQRWURVYDURQHVOH
VREUDEDQRSRUWXQLGDGHVQRVyORIXHUDGH(VSDxDVLQRWDPELpQGHQWURGHHOOD$
VDEHUHVWXGLRVFRQXQPDHVWURTXHOHDPDEDVHJ~QVXVSURSLDVSDODEUDV HVWDQFLDHQODPiVWROHUDQWH,WDOLDLQFOXVRHQ1iSROHV³ODPiVYLFLRVDFLXGDGTXH
KDEtDHQWRGRHOXQLYHUVRPXQGR´ 'RQ4XLMRWH,HVWDQFLDFRQXQFDUGHQDO
MRYHQHQ,WDOLDHPSOHR\DHQVtVRVSHFKRVRDPLJRHQ$UJHOGH+DViQ%DMiXQ
UHQHJDGRGHQRHVFRQGLGDVSUiFWLFDVKRPRVH[XDOHVDPLJRGHSHUVRQDVFRPR
&ULVWyEDOGH0HVD²SRUQRFLWDUDRWURVQRPEUHVPiVHVFDQGDORVRV²TXHHUDQ
DPLJRVGHKRPRVH[XDOHVRWUDGXMHURQDOHVSDxROWH[WRVTXHPHQFLRQDQHVWDV
SUiFWLFDV VHSDUDFLyQGHVXPXMHUDORVGRVDxRVGHFDVDGRV(LVHQEHUJ³(O
/DIHFKDRODVIHFKDVGHFRPSRVLFLyQGH3HUVLOHV\6LJLVPXQGDFRQVWLWX\HQXQRGHORV
JUDQGHVPLVWHULRVGHOFHUYDQWLVPR5HFLHQWHPHQWH6WHYHQ+XWFKLQVRQKDSURSXHVWRTXHOD
UHGDFFLyQGHORVSULPHURVFDStWXORVGH3HUVLOHVHVDQWHULRUDOYLDMHGH&HUYDQWHVD,WDOLD
&RPSRVLFLyQ³,URQ\´
1RFRQYHQFHHOUHWUDWRGHO&HUYDQWHVKHURLFRSLQWDGRSRU³+DHGR´VHJ~QHOFXDOQRUHFLELy
QLQJ~QFDVWLJRSRUVXVHVIXHU]RVGHRUJDQL]DU\OLEHUDUDORVSULVLRQHURV+HSURSXHVWRTXHOD
7RSRJUDItDHKLVWRULDJHQHUDOGH$UJHOSXEOLFDGDSRU'LHJRGH+DHGR\IXHQWHEiVLFDSDUD
QXHVWURFRQRFLPLHQWRGH&HUYDQWHVHQ$UJHOHVREUDGH&HUYDQWHVPLVPR/DDXWRUtDFHUYDQWLQD
GHHVWDREUDOHUHVWDUtDSRUWDQWRYDORUFRPRGRFXPHQWDFLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWH(LVHQEHUJ
³&HUYDQWHVDXWRU´
³0LTXHULGR\DPDGRGLVFtSXOR´9pDVHHODUWtFXOR³%HORYHG'LVFLSOH´/DDFWXDOHGLWRULDO
%HORYHG'LVFLSOHSXEOLFDOLEURVSDUDFULVWLDQRVJD\
0HVDWUDGXMRODV*HyUJLFDVGH9LUJLOLRWH[WRPX\DVRFLDGRFRQODKRPRVH[XDOLGDGGXUDQWH
HO5HQDFLPLHQWR\VHMDFWyGHVXDPLVWDGGXUDQWHDxRVFRQHOSRHWDKRPRVH[XDOLWDOLDQR
FRQYHQLR´H[WHQVRVYLDMHVSRUODSHQtQVXODIXHUDGHODYLJLODQFLDGHIDPLOLDUHV\
YHFLQRVUHVLGHQFLDHQ6HYLOODODPiVWROHUDQWHGHODVFLXGDGHVFDVWHOODQDV3HULFLD
HQQDLSHVIUHFXHQFLDGHXQDFDVDGHMXHJRHQ9DOODGROLGVHJ~Q3LQKHLURGD9HLJD
$VWUDQD9,\DPLVWDGFRQHOOLEUHUR\HGLWRU)UDQFLVFRGH5REOHVGXHxR
GHXQDFDVDGHMXHJRPDGULOHxDeWLHQYUH/DVFDVDVGHMXHJRVHUYtDQHQ
ODpSRFDSDUDHQFXHQWURVFRQSURVWLWXWRV (QILQGDGRTXHYLYtDHQOD(VSDxDGH
)HOLSH,,FXHVWDLPDJLQDUFyPRSRGUtDKDEHUJR]DGRGHPiVRSRUWXQLGDGHV
$VtTXHpVWDHVPLUHVSXHVWDDODSUHJXQWDVL&HUYDQWHVWXYRUHODFLRQHV
VH[XDOHVFRQSHUVRQDVGHVXPLVPRVH[R³(VSRVLEOH(VPiVTXHSRVLEOH6XV
FRQWHPSRUiQHRVORFUHtDQSRVLEOHWDPELpQ3HURQRSRGHPRVFRQVLGHUDUORXQ
KHFKR´
/DVHJXQGDFXHVWLyQHVVL&HUYDQWHVDSDUWHGHORTXHKLFLHUDR
SUDFWLFDUDH[SHULPHQWDEDDWUDFFLyQVH[XDOKDFLDORVYDURQHV$KRUDHVWDPRV
PHGLWDQGRQRORTXHSXGRKDEHUSDVDGRHQWUHFXDWURSDUHGHVVLQRGHQWURGHOD
PHQWHGHXQLQGLYLGXR(VDOJRTXHFRPR&HUYDQWHVPLVPRQRVUHFXHUGDHQ 'RQ
4XLMRWH(LVHQEHUJ/DLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSQXQFDSXHGHVDEHUVHGLUHFWDPHQWH
QLFRQFRPSOHWDVHJXULGDG
1XHVWURV~QLFRVGDWRVVRQVXVHVFULWRV(QODVREUDVGH&HUYDQWHVKD\SRFDV
DOXVLRQHVDDWUDFFLRQHVKRPRVH[XDOHV+D\SRFDVLQFOXVRHQVXVREUDVGHWHPiWLFD
PRUD/DPiVFODUDODHQFRQWUDPRVHQODSOD\DGH%DUFHORQDGRQGH*DVSDU
*UHJRULRFRUUHPiVSHOLJURYHVWLGRGHPXFKDFKRTXHGHGRQFHOODSRUTXH³HQWUH
DTXHOORVEiUEDURVWXUFRVHQPiVVHWLHQH\HVWLPDXQPRFKDFKRRPDQFHER
KHUPRVRTXHXQDPXMHUSRUEHOOtVLPDTXHVHD´,,3HURHVWDFLWDHV~QLFD
0LUHQFXiQWRIDOWDHQODVREUDVGH&HUYDQWHV1RKD\HQWUHWRGRVORVPRURV
QLQJXQRTXHKDEOHDELHUWDPHQWHGHHVWRVJXVWRV9DULRVVHHQDPRUDQGHPXMHUHV
FULVWLDQDV(Q7UDWRGH$UJHOHOMRYHQ6ROLPiQQDFLGR-XDQHVWiPX\VDWLVIHFKR
GHVHUPRURSHUR²VHJ~QGLFH²DFDXVDGHVXVYHVWLGRV\GHODVDEURVDFRPLGD
(VVXKHUPDQR)UDQFLVFRTXLHQFDOLILFD$UJHOGH³6RGRPD´GRQGHKD\³IDOVRV
UHJDORV´(OPR]RGHFDPSR\SOD]DTXHD\XGDEDD'RQ4XLMRWHGHVDSDUHFHHQHO
SULPHUFDStWXOR)HUQiQGH]
1RSHUFLERHQODVREUDVGH&HUYDQWHVQLQJXQDDWUDFFLyQQLVLTXLHUDWiFLWD
KDFLDORVPXFKDFKRVeVWRVOHIDVWLGLDQD'RQ4XLMRWHDO/LFHQFLDGR9LGULHUDDO
$VWXULDQRGH³/DLOXVWUHIUHJRQD´&XDQGRDSDUHFHXQPDQFHERKHUPRVRVH
SDUHFHD/XLVGLVIUD]DGRGHPR]RGHPXODVHQDPRUDGtVLPR\DGH'RxD&ODUD2
9LFHQWHGHOD5RFDR5RVDJUDQVHGXFWRUGHGRQFHOODV(OKLMRGH'LHJRGH
0LUDQGDHVHO~QLFRPDQFHERHQ 'RQ4XLMRWH³GHHGDGGHPHUHFHU´TXHQR
7RUTXDWR7DVVR
+HUUHUD3HUU\
H[SUHVDLQWHUpVHQODVKHPEUDV\DpOYROYHUHPRV
7RGRHQ&HUYDQWHVOOHYDDOSHUVRQDMH\DOOHFWRUKDFLDODPXMHU$*DODWHD
D7HROLQGDD3UHFLRVDD,VDEHO&RVWDQ]D\/HRFDGLDD'XOFLQHDD0DUFHODD
$XULVWHODKDVWDDODDQyQLPDKLMDGH'RxD5RGUtJXH]TXHFDSWDODYROXQWDG
ODFD\XQDGH7RVLORV7RGDVMyYHQHVWRGDVKHUPRVDVWRGDVFDOODGDVVXPLVDVRHQ
HOFDVRGH'XOFLQHDLQFOXVRLPDJLQDULDV+D\TXHFDVDUVHFRQHOODVR³VHUYLUOH´
HQHOFDVRGHODGDPDGH'RQ4XLMRWH/DVPXMHUHVGLVSRQLEOHV\QRYtUJHQHV
PXMHUHVFRQGHVHRVVH[XDOHVTXHVHRIUHFHQRSHUVLJXHQDOPDFKR²$OGRQ]D
/RUHQ]R'RxD5RGUtJXH]0DULWRUQHVOD'RxD(VWHIDQtDTXHFRQWDJLyD
&DPSX]DQR\OD³VHxRUDGHWRGRUXPER\PDQHMR´TXHHQYHQHQyD7RPiV
5RGDMD²DSDUHFHQWRGDVFRPRUHSXJQDQWHV
'LFKRHVWR'LFKRHVWR7DQWRpQIDVLVHQOOHYDUDORVOHFWRUHVDO
FDVDPLHQWRFULVWLDQRVXJLHUHTXHVLQHVWDVHQVHxDQ]DVVHSRGUtDQTXHGDUDOD
PLWDGGHOFDPLQRRVLQKDEHUORVLTXLHUDDFRPHWLGR(OPDWULPRQLRHQODVREUDV
FHUYDQWLQDVQRSDUHFHXQHVWDGRWDQGHVHDEOHSDUDHOYDUyQFRPRQHFHVDULRSDUDOD
VRFLHGDG)DOWDQORVPDWULPRQLRVIHOLFHVHQODVREUDVFHUYDQWLQDV&RPRVHKD
REVHUYDGR\DORVGHO&DEDOOHURGHO9HUGH*DEiQ\GH$QWRQLR0RUHQRDSHQDVVH
HVER]DQ6XVPXMHUHVGHVDSDUHFHQDSHQDVKDQVLGRYLVWDV
(OUHVXOWDGRGHOPDWULPRQLRVHUtDGHVGHOXHJRHVWRVQLxRVPROHVWRV/DV
KLMDVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQPXMHUFLWDVDODVTXHKD\TXHSURWHJHUQRVyORGHORV
JDODQHVVLQRGHVXVSURSLRVGHVHRV(OKLMRSRGUtDGHGLFDUVHDODSRHVtD
'RQ4XLMRWHUHFKD]DHOPDWULPRQLR3HURDSHVDUGHHOORVHJ~QpODO
FDEDOOHURDQGDQWHOHHVIRU]RVRWHQHU\VHUYLUDXQDGDPDDOJRTXHQRFRQVWDHQOD
FDEDOOHUtDKLVWyULFDQLHQQLQJ~QOLEURGHFDEDOOHUtDV(LVHQEHUJ /DLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
1RHVSDUD'RQ4XLMRWHXQJXVWRVLQRXQDREOLJDFLyQXQDGLVFLSOLQD6LQR
IXHUDIRU]RVR¢TXLpQVDEH"(OFDEDOOHURDQGDQWHSRGUtDJR]DUGHORVVHUYLFLRVGH
XQPR]RGHFDPSR\SOD]D
(QWRQFHV&HUYDQWHVXQDYH]PiVFRPELQDSURYHFKRFRQGHOHLWH/OHYDD
VXVOHFWRUHVPDOGHVXJUDGRDGRQGHDFDVRQRTXLVLHUDQLUDOPDWULPRQLRD
VXVWHQWDUDODVPXMHUHVDUHVSRQVDELOL]DUVHSRUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHVXVDFWRV
VH[XDOHV(VWRFRQOOHYDXQDSHUFHSFLyQSRUSDUWHGH&HUYDQWHVGHTXHXQMRYHQ
JDOODUGR\JDOiQIiFLOPHQWHSRGUtDHVWLPXODUHOGHVHRVH[XDOHQXQYDUyQ(V
SUHFLVDPHQWHORTXHQRQRVSLQWD(OPDQFHERVLQDPRUHVHV/RUHQ]RGH0LUDQGD
\HVXQDSUHJXQWDLQWHUHVDQWHTXHGHMRSDUDRWUDRFDVLyQVLHOPDOSRHWD/RUHQ]R
UHSUHVHQWDHQHVWDJDPDGHWLSRVTXHHV 'RQ4XLMRWHDOKRPRVH[XDO
$SHQDVKD\MyYHQHVHQHOSDODFLRGHORV'XTXHV(O~QLFRPDQFHERGHTXH
OOHJDPRVDWHQHUQRWLFLDHOODFD\R7RVLORVHQVHJXLGDGHFLGHFDVDUVH(QODFDVD
GH'RQ4XLMRWHQRKD\PiVMRYHQTXHVXVREULQD(QVXVDQGDQ]DVOHDFRPSDxDQR
XQPR]RVLQRHOIHRJRUGR\FDVDGR6DQFKR3DQ]D(QODFDVDGHpVWHOD
SUHRFXSDFLyQHVFDVDUDORVKLMRV
/DWpFQLFDGH&HUYDQWHVGHH[FOXLUDORVMyYHQHVGHVXQRYHODPHUHFXHUGDOD
IDOWDGHFRPHQWDULRVREUHODODVFLYLDGHORVOLEURVGHFDEDOOHUtDVGH)HOLFLDQRGH
6LOYDPX\FRPHQWDGRVSHURQXQFDOHtGRVHQ 'RQ4XLMRWH(LVHQEHUJ³5HVHDUFK´
&HUYDQWHVQRSLQWDORVGHIHFWRVSURPXHYHODDOWHUQDWLYDTXHFRQVLGHUDPiV
UHFRPHQGDEOH
/DSRVLFLyQTXHSRGHPRVFDOLILFDUGH³RILFLDO´VREUHODVH[XDOLGDGHQWUH
YDURQHVHQODWDUGtD(GDG0HGLDFULVWLDQD\6LJORGH2URQRVHSXVRQXQFDHQ
SDSHO/RVLJXLHQWHHVPLUHFRQVWUXFFLyQ3ULPHURTXHHUDJXVWRVtVLPD\SURGXFtD
DGLFFLyQFRPRXQQDUFyWLFRRFRPRDKRUDOD,QWHUQHWHOYDUyQTXHOOHJDD
FRQRFHUHVWHSODFHUQRORDEDQGRQDUiQXQFD6HJXQGRTXHFRPRXQDLQIHFFLyQ
HUDFRQWDJLRVDR³SHJDMRVD´QRKDEtDTXHLQWURGXFLUDQDGLHHQHVWRVJXVWRVVLQR
LPSHGLUTXHVHVXSLHUDGHHOORV
3RUTXHVLHOFRQWUROIUDFDVD\XQYDUyQOOHJDDFRQRFHUHVWRVSODFHUHV
KRPRVH[XDOHVHVWiSHUGLGR/DFXUDHUDLPSRVLEOH\KDEUtDTXHPDWDUDORV
FRQWDPLQDGRVSDUDHYLWDUTXHODHQIHUPHGDGVHH[SDQGLHVH 3RU~OWLPRORVDFWRV
KRPRVH[XDOHVHVWDEDQILUPHPHQWHYLQFXODGRVDFRQFHSWRVGHWUDLFLyQDODSDWULD
GHVLPSDWtDKDFLDHOMXGDtVPRRHO,VODPIXQGDGRpVWHVHJ~QXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
VLPSOLVWD\WHQGHQFLRVDSRUXQJUDQGHJHQHUDGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHSDUDDXWRUL]DU\
GLIXQGLUHVWRVSODFHUHVFDUQDOHV 3RUORTXHSXHGRYLVOXPEUDUGHVXELRJUDItD\REUDVpVWDHUDODSRVLFLyQGH
&HUYDQWHV(ODFWRKRPRVH[XDOSRGUtDVHUJXVWRVtVLPRSHURDOPLVPRWLHPSR
&HUYDQWHVORUHFKD]DFRPSOHWDPHQWH$VtVHHQWLHQGHSRUHMHPSORTXHHOPR]RGH
FDPSR\SOD]DGHOSULPHUFDStWXORGH 'RQ4XLMRWHKXELHUDTXHGHVDSDUHFHU(QYH]
GHOMRYHQHVFXGHURTXHDFRPSDxDDOFDEDOOHURDQGDQWHHQHOPXQGRYDURQLOGHOD
FDEDOOHUtDPtWLFDHOFRPSDxHURGH$ORQVR4XLMDQRHVGHVXPLVPDHGDGVLQ
DWUDFWLYRVH[XDODOJXQR
¢4XpSHQVDED&HUYDQWHVGHODKRPRVH[XDOLGDGPDVFXOLQDTXHQRVH
H[SUHVDUDHQDFWRVItVLFRV"(VRHVKDULQDGHRWURFRVWDO
([DPLQHPRVSDUDFRPHQ]DUHOFDVRGH'RQ4XLMRWH\6DQFKR1RVH
VLHQWHQDWUDtGRVVH[XDOPHQWH6DQFKRH[SUHVDVXGHVHRVH[XDOSRU$OGRQ]D
/RUHQ]R&XDQGRVHEDMDORVSDQWDORQHVHQSUHVHQFLDGHVXDPRHOUHVXOWDGRHV
UHSXJQDQWH,&XDQGRVXDPRVHSXVR³HQFDUQHV\HQSDxDOHV´³ODFDEH]D
DEDMR\ORVSLHVHQDOWR´GHVFXEULyFRVDVTXH6DQFKRQRKXELHUDTXHULGRYHU,
³(OSXHEORFRQVLGHUDEDHOSHFDGRQHIDQGRFRPRXQPDOµSHJDMRVR¶GHOFXDOXQDYH]
FRQWUDtGRGLItFLOPHQWHSRGUtDQOLEUDUVHORVLQGLYLGXRVFRQWDJLDGRV/DKRJXHUDHUDHO~QLFR
PHGLRDSWRSRUTXHHQFRPHQ]DQGRHVWHYLFLRHQXQKRPEUHQDGLHQLQDGDSXHGHDSDUWDUOHGHpO
µVLQRHOIXHJR¶´+HUUHUD
'DQLHO7DPELpQ%XQHV³0DKRPDIXHXQRGHORVKRPEUHVPiVFDUQDOHVTXHKDQ
H[LVWLGR&RPRpOVDEtDPX\ELHQTXHHUDXQVLPSOHIDOVDULRSDUDJDQDUVHODFRQILDQ]DGHORV
LGyODWUDVHQVXOH\OHVSHUPLWH\OHJDOL]DVXVEDMDVSDVLRQHV´S³(OFHOLEDWRFDVLFRQVWLWX\H
XQSHFDGR&UHHQTXHORVPXVXOPDQHVVLUYHQPHMRUDVX3URIHWDFXDQWRPiVDFWRVGHVKRQHVWRV
FRPHWDQQRUHVSHWDQGRHQHOORVDVXVKLMDVWUDVFXxDGDV\SDULHQWHVGHVH[RIHPHQLQR´S
³/DFRQVHFXFLyQGHOSODFHUHVVHJ~QODRSLQLyQGHORVHVSDxROHVODDVSLUDFLyQGHORVSUDFWLFDQWHV
GHO,VODP´S
3HURQRSRUHVWRGHMDQGHWHQHUXQDUHODFLyQtQWLPD\DPRURVD(OXQROHHV
³ILHO´DORWUR1ROHVSXHGH³DSDUWDURWURVXFHVRTXHHOGHODSDOD\D]DGyQ´,,
WpUPLQRVWtSLFDPHQWHDSOLFDGRVDOPDWULPRQLR(QXQVHQWLGRHPRFLRQDOHVWiQ
XQLGRVWDQLQVHSDUDEOHPHQWHFRPRHQHOFDVDPLHQWRFDWyOLFRTXHXQHORVFXHUSRV
SDUDFUHDUXQVHUQXHYRHOKLMR
2WUDYH]YHPRVFyPRORVWpUPLQRVYLJHQWHVHQODDFWXDOLGDGQR
FRUUHVSRQGHQDODUHDOLGDGGHODVpSRFDVDQWHULRUHV+R\YLYLPRVVDWXUDGRVGH
VH[XDOLGDG/DSRUQRJUDItDVHYHQGHHQORVNLRVFRV+RPEUHV\PXMHUHVDQXQFLDQ
VXSURVWLWXFLyQHQORVSHULyGLFRV7RGRYLQFXODGRDXQTXHVHUtDODUJRGHDQDOL]DU
DOFRQFHSWRGHPDWULPRQLRHVWDGRpVWHPXFKRPiVJHQHUDOL]DGRTXHHQODpSRFD
GH&HUYDQWHV
/DVH[XDOLGDGGHQXHVWURPXQGRHQORTXHFHUtDDOKRPEUHGHO6LJORGH2UR
HVSDxROTXHOOHJDUDDFRQRFHUOR&HUYDQWHVGLUtDPHLPDJLQRTXHGHODFLQWXUD
SDUDDEDMRQRVGLYHUWLPRVPXFKRVLTXHUHPRV¢<HODOPD"¢ODHPRFLyQ"¢HO
FRPSURPLVR"¢HOUHVSHWR"¢ODDPLVWDG"
&HUYDQWHVHVORVDEHPRVWRGRVHODXWRUGH³ORVGRVDPLJRV´³7DQGXOFH
QRPEUH´DVtVHFDOLILFDHQ³(OFXULRVRLPSHUWLQHQWH´³,PDJLQRTXHQRVLQ
PLVWHULRQRVKDMXQWDGRDTXtODVXHUWH\SLHQVRTXHKDEHPRVGHVHUGpVWHKDVWDHO
~OWLPRGtDGHQXHVWUDYLGDYHUGDGHURVDPLJRV´³5LQFRQHWH\&RUWDGLOOR´(VWH
³YHUGDGHURDPLJR´GHWRGDODYLGDHOTXH&HUYDQWHVQXQFDSXGRHQFRQWUDU
$QVHOPR\/RWDULR&LSLyQ\%HUJDQ]D5LQFyQ\&RUWDGR7LPEUHR\
6LOHULR'LHJR&DUULD]R\7RPiV$YHQGDxRHODXWRU\&LGH+DPHWH'RQ4XLMRWH
\6DQFKRLQFOXVR5RFLQDQWH\HOUXFLR³FX\DDPLVWDGGpO\GH5RFLQDQWHIXHWDQ
~QLFD\WDQWUDEDGDTXHKD\IDPD«TXHHODXWRUGHVWDYHUGDGHUDKLVWRULDKL]R
SDUWLFXODUHVFDStWXORVGHOOD´,,«(VIiFLOSHUFLELUFXiQWR&HUYDQWHVDSUHFLDED
ODDPLVWDG(V³VDQWDDPLVWDG´VHJ~QHOVRQHWRGH&DUGHQLR,(QOD(GDGGH
2URVHJ~QHOGLVFXUVRGH'RQ4XLMRWHDXVHQWHODVH[XDOLGDG³WRGRHUDSD]
HQWRQFHVWRGRDPLVWDG´, 1RKD\HMHPSORHQQLQJXQDREUDGH&HUYDQWHVGHDPLVWDGWDQKRQGDQL
GXUDGHUDHQWUHKRPEUH\PXMHUQLHQWUHPXMHUHV'XGRTXH&HUYDQWHVFUH\HUDTXH
WDOUHODFLyQIXHUDSRVLEOH,QFOXVRHQHOFDVRGHXQDPXMHUWDQOLVWDFRPR3UHFLRVD
WUDVHOPDWULPRQLRVXUHODFLyQFRQ$QGUpVFDPELDUiDEUXSWDPHQWH6HVXSRQHTXH
WHQGUiSURQWRTXHGHGLFDUVHDVXVKLMRVQRDVHUFRPSDxHUD,QFOXVR&HUYDQWHV
H[DPLQDHQ³(OFXULRVRLPSHUWLQHQWH´FyPRHOPDWULPRQLRSHUMXGLFDODDPLVWDG
HQWUHYDURQHV
/DSDODEUD³KRPRVH[XDO´HVGHFUHDFLyQPRGHUQD9R\DDFXxDUDTXt\
DKRUDRWURWpUPLQR³KRPRDPLFDO´HOTXHFUHHHQRVHGHGLFDDODDPLVWDGHQWUH
6REUHHOFRQFHSWRFHUYDQWLQRGHODDPLVWDGYpDVHHOHQVD\RGH3XLJ6WHYHQVTXLHQH[DPLQD
ODVLGHDVGH(UDVPRVREUHODDPLVWDG\VXVXSXHVWDKRPRVH[XDOLGDGFDWHJRUtDTXHUHFKD]D
RSLQD³DQ\DSSURDFKWRWKHTXHVWLRQPXVWZRUNZLWKLQWKHFRQFHSWXDOXQLYHUVHLQZKLFKWKHUHLV
QHLWKHUDVWDWHRIJHQGHUERXQGDU\QRUDQDEVROXWHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQSURSHUDQGLPSURSHU
VH[XDODFWV´1RKHYLVWRODWHVLVGRFWRUDOGH:\V]\QVNL
LQGLYLGXRVGHXQPLVPRVH[R<FRQHVWHFRQFHSWRTXHVtFUHRTXHOHFXDGUDELHQ
D&HUYDQWHVFRQFOX\R
&HUYDQWHVQRVHHQFDMDHQQXHVWURVPROGHV¢)XHKRPRVH[XDO"1RORIXH
5HSLWR&HUYDQWHVQRHUDKRPRVH[XDO3HURWDPSRFRHUDKHWHURVH[XDOHQORV
VHQWLGRVHQTXHKR\XVDPRVHVWRVWpUPLQRV6LVHTXLVLHUDHWLTXHWDUOHGHELVH[XDO
RFRORFDUOHHQDOJ~QSXQWRGHODOtQHDTXHYDGHVGHFLHQSRUFLHQKHWHURVH[XDOD
FLHQSRUFLHQKRPRVH[XDOQRSRGUtDRSRQHUPH3HURXVDUHVWRVWpUPLQRVFRQOOHYD
HQFDVLOODUD&HUYDQWHVHQXQDDQDFUyQLFDFDVLOODTXHQROHFRQYLHQHQLHQODFXDO
VHKXELHUDVHQWLGRFyPRGR
(ODPRUKXPDQRSDUD&HUYDQWHVWLHQHGRVSDUWHVHOVH[R\ODDPLVWDG(Q
HOPHMRUGHORVFDVRVHOVH[RULQGHXQSODFHUEUHYtVLPRFX\DVFRQVHFXHQFLDV
SXHGHQVHUPX\VHULDV'HVWUX\HIDPLOLDVSURGXFHQLxRVQRGHVHDGRVWUDQVPLWH
HQIHUPHGDGHVODVEXEDVVtILOLV,QFOXVRFDXVDJXHUUDV²ODJXHUUDGH7UR\DHO
HMHPSORFOiVLFR6LODVH[XDOLGDGQRVHFRQWURODSXHGHDUUXLQDUYLGDV\FDXVDU
HVWUDJRVHQODVRFLHGDG
(OGHVHRVH[XDOHVSHOLJURVR\HJRtVWD(QFDPELRODDPLVWDGHVEHQpILFD\
GHVLQWHUHVDGD'HODVGRVSDUWHVGHODPRUHVFRQPXFKRODPiVGXUDGHUDPiV
LPSRUWDQWHSXUDQREOH\JXVWRVD\HVWiH[HQWDGHFRQVHFXHQFLDVQHJDWLYDV0DO
TXHQRVSHVH\DPtPHSHVDEDVWDQWHSDUD&HUYDQWHVHVWDDPLVWDGVyORSRGUtD
H[LVWLUHQVXIRUPDPiVSOHQDHQWUHYDURQHV(QVXVREUDVODHQFRQWUDPRVVREUH
WRGRHQODVILJXUDVGH'RQ4XLMRWH\6DQFKRDXQTXHQRIDOWDHQIRUPDPHQRV
GHVDUUROODGDHQRWUDVREUDVVX\DV
<ODYLGDYHUGDGHUDPHQWHJXVWRVDVHKDOODHQFRPSDxtDGHRWURVKRPEUHV
OLEUHGHPXMHUHV7DQWR'RQ4XLMRWHFRPR6DQFKRTXLHUHQDXVHQWDUVHGHODV
PXMHUHV²HODPDODVREULQD\ODHVSRVDGH6DQFKR²FX\DFRPSDxtDQROHV
FRQVXHODQLOHVHVWLPXOD6HHVWiDJXVWRHQHOYLDMHFRQXQDPLJRFRPR6DQFKRR
'LHJR&RUWDGRHQJUXSRVWDOHVFRPRHOHMpUFLWRORVSDVWRUHVHQHOFDPSR
FULPLQDOHVHQXQDFRIUDGtDVHYLOODQDRHQHOERVTXHLQFOXVRHQORVEDxRVGH$UJHO
8QRGHORVSDVDMHVTXHH[SUHVDPiVJXVWRSODFHU\HQWXVLDVPRGHWRGDVODVREUDV
GH&HUYDQWHVHVHOVLJXLHQWH(QODVSOD\DVGH=DKDUDVHJ~QHOSULQFLSLRGH³/D
LOXVWUHIUHJRQD´
£$OOtDOOtHVWiHQVXFHQWURHOWUDEDMRMXQWRFRQODSROWURQHUtD$OOt
HVWiODVXFLHGDGOLPSLDODJRUGXUDUROOL]DHOKDPEUHSURPSWDOD
KDUWXUDDEXQGDQWHVLQGLVIUD]HOYLFLRHOMXHJRVLHPSUHODV
SHQGHQFLDVSRUPRPHQWRVODVPXHUWHVSRUSXQWRVODVSXOODVDFDGD
SDVRORVEDLOHVFRPRHQERGDVODVVHJXLGLOODVFRPRHQHVWDPSDORV
URPDQFHVFRQHVWULERVODSRHVtDVLQDFFLRQHV$TXtVHFDQWDDOOtVH
UHQLHJDDFXOOiVHULxHDFiVHMXHJD\SRUWRGRVHKXUWD$OOtFDPSHD
ODOLEHUWDG\OXFHHOWUDEDMRDOOtYDQRHQYtDQPXFKRVSDGUHV
SULQFLSDOHVDEXVFDUDVXVKLMRV\ORVKDOODQ\WDQWRVLHQWHQVDFDUORV
GHDTXHOODYLGDFRPRVLORVOOHYDUDQDGDUPXHUWH
$VtTXH&HUYDQWHVQRSXHGHVHUXWLOL]DGRSDUDDSR\DUXQSUHMXLFLRGH
QXHVWURVGtDV1RHVXQGHIHQVRUQLXQSDUWLGDULRGHODKRPRVH[XDOLGDG3HUR
WDPSRFRORHVGHODKHWHURVH[XDOLGDG1RPHSDUHFHXQHQWXVLDVWDGHVH[XDOLGDG
DOJXQD(OGHVHRVH[XDOHVXQDIRUPDGHORFXUDFXDQGRVHSURGXFHKD\TXH
FDQDOL]DUORRHQFHUUDUORFRQFDQGDGRVIXHUWHV6tIXH&HUYDQWHVXQGHIHQVRUGHO
PDWULPRQLRSHURQRHVHOPDWULPRQLRSRUDPRUVLQRHOGHVWLQDGRDODVDWLVIDFFLyQ
VH[XDOGHOYDUyQ\VREUHWRGRDTXHORVQLxRV\VXVPDGUHVWHQJDQXQDSR\R
HFRQyPLFR
1RWHPRVSDUDFRQFOXLUODWUDJHGLDGHOPLVPR&HUYDQWHV6XPDWULPRQLRDO
SDUHFHULQIHOL](LVHQEHUJ³&RQYHQLR´$PDQWHVGHVSXpVGHFDVDGRQLQJXQD
/DVPXMHUHVS~EOLFDVUHSXJQDQWHV8QDKLMDDTXLHQPDQWHQHU\FDVDU/DYLGDHQ
VXFDVDURGHDGRGHPXMHUHVHQ9DOODGROLGRGHSDULHQWHVGHVXPXMHUHQ(VTXLYLDV
GHEHKDEHUOHVLGRLQFyPRGD$PLJRVHVRVtGLVSRQtDGHYDULRV$QWRQLRGH6RVD
FRQTXLHQFRPSDUWLyDxRVGHFDXWLYHULRORVSRHWDV3HGURGH3DGLOOD'LHJR/DtQH]
\*DEULHO/ySH]0DOGRQDGRHOEDQTXHURVHYLOODQRLGHQWLILFDGRSRU$YDOOH$UFH
ORVWUHVDPLJRVTXHOHYLVLWDURQHQVXSLVRGH9DOODGROLG$ORQVR&RUWpV\RWURV
3HURHOYHUGDGHURDPLJRHOtQWLPR\GHWRGDODYLGDWDOFRPRVHGLEXMDHQYDULDV
GHVXVREUDVQRORKDOOyQXQFD$SDUWLUGHFXDQGRDEDQGRQyODFDVD
PDWULPRQLDOYLYLy²SRUORTXHVDEHPRV²VLQDPRUHVVLQVH[XDOLGDG\VLQOD
DPLVWDGtQWLPDTXHWDQWRDQKHODED'HEHPRVUHFRQRFHUODIXHU]DGHYROXQWDGTXH
OHKDEUiFRVWDGRD&HUYDQWHVHQHVWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVHOHVFULELU\HOYLYLU
2EUDVFLWDGDV
$ORQVR&RUWpV1DUFLVR³7UHVDPLJRVGH&HUYDQWHV´ %ROHWtQGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLD
(VSDxROD
$UUDEDO)HUQDQGR8QHVFODYROODPDGR&HUYDQWHV0DGULG(VSDVD&DOSH
$VWUDQD0DUtQ/XLV9LGDHMHPSODU\KHURLFDGH0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHV6DDYHGUD
0DGULG5HXV
$YDOOH$UFH-XDQ%DXWLVWD³8QEDQTXHURVHYLOODQRSRHWD\DPLJRGH&HUYDQWHV´
$UFKLYR+LVSDOHQVH
>6LQILUPD@³%HORYHG'LVFLSOH´(QF\FORSHGLDRI+RPRVH[XDOLW\(G:D\QH
'\QHVYROV1HZ<RUN*DUODQG,
%XQHV,EDUUD0LJXHOGH/DLPDJHQGHORVPXVXOPDQHV\GHOQRUWHGHÈIULFDHQ
OD(VSDxDGHORVVLJORV;9,\;9,,/RVFDUDFWHUHVGHXQDKRVWLOLGDG
0DGULG&6,&
&RPEHW/RXLV&HUYDQWqVRXOHVLQFHUWLWXGHVGXGpVLU8QHDSSURFKH
SV\FKRVWUXFWXUDOHGHO¶°XYUHGH&HUYDQWqV/\RQ3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH
/\RQ
'DQLHO1RUPDQ,VODPDQGWKH:HVW7KH0DNLQJRIDQ,PDJH(GLQEXUJK
(GLQEXUJK83
'tH])HUQiQGH]-RVp,JQDFLR³$YHQWXUDVLQYHQWRV\PL[WLILFDFLRQHVHQDOJXQDV
ELRJUDItDVUHFLHQWHVGH&HUYDQWHVXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQDVXVFDXVDV
SURIXQGDV´'HVYLDFLRQHVO~GLFDVHQODFUtWLFDFHUYDQWLQD3ULPHUFRQYLYLR
LQWHUQDFLRQDOGH/RFRV$PHQRV0HPRULDO0DXULFH0ROKR(G$QWRQLR
%HUQDW9LVWDULQL\-RVp0&DVDVD\DV6LQOXJDU8QLYHUVLWDWGHOHV,OOHV
%DOHDUV²(GLFLRQHV8QLYHUVLGDGGH6DODPDQFD
(LVHQEHUJ'DQLHO³&HUYDQWHVDXWRUGHOD 7RSRJUDItDHKLVWRULDJHQHUDOGH$UJHO
SXEOLFDGDSRU'LHJRGH+DHGR´ &HUYDQWHV'LVSRQLEOH
HQHO,QWHUQHWKWWSZZZKQHWPVXHGXaFHUYDQWHVEFVDOLVWKWP
³&HUYDQWHV´(QF\FORSHGLDRI+RPRVH[XDOLW\(G:D\QH'\QHV1HZ
<RUN*DUODQG,'LVSRQLEOHHQHO,QWHUQHW
KWWSELJIRRWFRPaGDQLHOHLVHQEHUJ
³&HUYDQWHV/RSH\$YHOODQHGD´ (VWXGLRVFHUYDQWLQRV%DUFHORQD6LUPLR
³&LVQHURV\ODTXHPDGHORVPDQXVFULWRVJUDQDGLQRV´ -RXUQDORI+LVSDQLF
3KLORORJ\>@'LVSRQLEOHHQHO,QWHUQHW
KWWSELJIRRWFRPaGDQLHOHLVHQEHUJFLVQHURVKWP
³(OFRQYHQLRGHVHSDUDFLyQGH&HUYDQWHV\VXPXMHU&DWDOLQD´ $QDOHV
&HUYDQWLQRV'LVSRQLEOHHQHO,QWHUQHW
KWWSELJIRRWFRPaGDQLHOHLVHQEHUJ
/DLQWHUSUHWDFLyQFHUYDQWLQDGHO4XLMRWH7UDG,VDEHO9HUGDJXHU0DGULG
&RPSDxtD/LWHUDULD'LVSRQLEOHHQHO,QWHUQHW
KWWSELJIRRWFRPaGDQLHOHLVHQEHUJ
³¢3RUTXpYROYLy&HUYDQWHVGH$UJHO"´(Q ,QJHQLRVDLQYHQFLyQ(VVD\VRQ
*ROGHQ$JH6SDQLVK/LWHUDWXUHIRU*HRIIUH\/6WDJJLQ+RQRURIKLV
(LJKW\)LIWK%LUWKGD\(G(OOHQ$QGHUVRQDQG$P\:LOOLDPVHQ1HZDUN
'HODZDUH-XDQGHOD&XHVWD'LVSRQLEOHHQHO,QWHUQHW
KWWSELJIRRWFRPaGDQLHOHLVHQEHUJ
³5HVHDUFK7RSLFV´-RXUQDORI+LVSDQLF3KLORORJ\>@
'LVSRQLEOHHQHO,QWHUQHWKWWSELJIRRWFRPaGDQLHOHLVHQEHUJ
eWLHQYUH-HDQ3LHUUH³3DFLHQFLD\EDUDMDU&HUYDQWHVORVQDLSHV\ODEXUOD´
)LJXUHVGXMHXpWXGHVOH[LFRVpPDQWLTXHVVXUOHMHXGHFDUWHVHQ(VSDJQH
;9,H;9,,,HVLqFOH0DGULG&DVDGH9HOi]TXH]
)HUQiQGH]GH&DQR\0DUWtQ-RVp5DPyQ³/DGHVWUXFFLyQGHOSHUVRQDMHHQOD
REUDFHUYDQWLQD$QGDQ]DV\GHVYHQWXUDGHOPDORJUDGRPR]RGHFDPSR\
SOD]D´/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOSHUVRQDMHHQODREUDFHUYDQWLQD&HUYDQWHV
*DUFtD&DOHUR-HV~V³$UUDEDOSXEOLFDXQDELRJUDItDGH&HUYDQWHVTXHOHPXHVWUD
KRPRVH[XDO\VLQPDQTXHUD´$%&GHDEULOGHS&RQRFLGDD
WUDYpVGHVXGLVWULEXFLyQHOPLVPRGtDHQODGHVDSDUHFLGDOLVWD&(5917(6
FHUYQWHV#OLVWVHUYDFQVQZXHGX
+DHGR'LHJRGH7RSRJUDItDHKLVWRULDJHQHUDOGH$UJHO(G,JQDFLR%DXHU\
/DQGDXHUYROV0DGULG6RFLHGDGGH%LEOLyILORV(VSDxROHV
+DOSHULQ'DQLHO0³+RZWR'RWKH+LVWRU\RI0DOH+RPRVH[XDOLW\´ */4$
-RXUQDORI/HVELDQDQG*D\6WXGLHV±
-RKQVRQ&DHVDU7KH*UHDW&HUYDQWHV+RD[1HZ<RUN([SRVLWLRQ3UHVV
-RKQVRQ&DUUROO³/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOSHUVRQDMHHQ&HUYDQWHV´ &HUYDQWHV
+HUUHUD3XJD3HGUR6RFLHGDG\GHOLQFXHQFLDHQHO6LJORGH2UR0DGULG
&DWyOLFD
+DUULVRQ6WHYHQ/DFRPSRVLFLyQGH/RVWUDEDMRVGH3HUVLOHV\6LJLVPXQGD
0DGULG3OLHJRV
0F*DKD0LFKDHO³+DFLDODYHUGDGHUDKLVWRULDGHOFDXWLYR0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHV´
5HYLVWD&DQDGLHQVHGH(VWXGLRV+LVSiQLFRV
3HUU\0DU\(OL]DEHWK³7KHµ1HIDULRXV6LQ¶LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ6HYLOOH´ -RXUQDORI
+RPRVH[XDOLW\(VWHWRPRGHO -RXUQDORI+RPRVH[XDOLW\
WDPELpQVHSXEOLFyFRPRHOOLEUR7KH3XUVXLWRI6RGRP\0DOH
+RPRVH[XDOLW\LQ5HQDLVVDQFHDQG(QOLJKWHQPHQW(XURSH(GV.HQW
*HUDUGDQG*HUW+HNPD1HZ<RUN+DZRUWK3UHVV
3LUDV3LQD5RVD³&HUYDQWHV/D,QIRUPDFLyQHQ$UJHO>VLF@HQWUHILFFLyQ\
GRFXPHQWR´9ROYHUD&HUYDQWHV$FWDVGHO,9&RQJUHVR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD
$VRFLDFLyQGH+LVSDQLVWDV/HSDQWRGHRFWXEUHGH(G$QWRQLR
%HUQDW9LVWDLQL3DOPD8QLYHUVLWDWGHOHV,OOHV%DOHDUV
'LVSRQLEOHHQOD:HEKWWSZZZXLEHVGHSDUWGIHFHUYDQWHV/HSDQWRSGI
3XLJ,GR\D³7KH3RUWUD\DORI)ULHQGVKLSLQ 'RQ4XLMRWH´%XOOHWLQRI+LVSDQLF
6WXGLHV>/LYHUSRRO@
5RVVL5RVD$XVFXOWDUH&HUYDQWHV5RPD5LXQLWLWUDGXFFLyQ (VFXFKDUD
&HUYDQWHV9DOODGROLGÈPELWR
²²²6XOOHWUDFFHGL&HUYDQWHV5RPD5LXQLWLWUDGXFFLyQ7UDVODV
KXHOODVGH&HUYDQWHV0DGULG7URWWD
6ROD(PLOLR\-RVp)GHOD3HxD &HUYDQWHV\ODEHUEHUtD&HUYDQWHVPXQGR
WXUFREHUEHULVFR\VHUYLFLRVVHFUHWRVHQODpSRFDGH)HOLSH,,0DGULG
)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD
6WHYHQV)RUUHVW7\OHU³(UDVPXV¶Vµ7LJUHVV¶7KH/DQJXDJHRI)ULHQGVKLS
3OHDVXUHDQGWKH5HQDLVVDQFH/HWWHU´ 4XHHULQJWKH5HQDLVVDQFH(G
-RQDWKDQ*ROGEHUJ'XUKDP'XNH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
WHU+RUVW5REHUW³:DV0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHVD+RPRVH[XDO"´ /HVELDQLVPDQG
+RPRVH[XDOLW\LQ(DUO\0RGHUQ6SDLQ/LWHUDWXUHDQG7KHDWHULQ&RQWH[W
(GLWHGE\0DUtD-RVp'HOJDGRDQG$ODLQ6DLQW6DsQV1HZ2UOHDQV
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRIWKH6RXWK
8UELQD(GXDUGR³+LVWRULDVYHUGDGHUDV\ODYHUGDGGHODKLVWRULD)HUQDQGR
$UUDEDOYV6WHSKHQ0DUORZH´&HUYDQWHV
:\V]\QVNL0DWWKHZ³&HUYDQWHV¶'RQ4XLMRWHDQGWKH,GHDRI)ULHQGVKLS´7HVLV
GRFWRUDO8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ
=PDQWDU)UDQoRLVH³6DDYHGUDHWOHVFDSWLIVGX 7UDWRGH$UJHOGH0LJXHOGH
&HUYDQWHV´(Q/¶DXWRELRJUDSKLHGDQVOHPRQGHKLVSDQLTXH
$L[HQ3URYHQFH8QLYHUVLWpGH3URYHQFH+D\WUDGXFFLyQ
³0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHV\VXVIDQWDVPDVGH$UJHO´ 4XLPHUD
Descargar