0RQV*HUDUGL RELVSRPiUWLUHQXQD,JOHVLDPiUWLU 6DQWLDJR2WHUR 8QLYHUVLGDG5DIDHO/DQGtYDU *XDWHPDOD 0RQV *HUDUGL HV HO RELVSR GH OD SD] \ HO PiUWLU GH OD SD] 6X PXHUWH RFX UULyHOGHDEULOGHHQHOJDUDMHGHVXFDVDSDUURTXLDOGH6DQ6HEDVWLiQ FLXGDGGH*XDWHPDODGRVGtDVGHVSXpVGHODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHO,QIRUPH5(0+, ,QIRUPH HQ HO TXH VH FRQWHPSOD OD UHDOLGDG GH XQ SXHEOR PDUWLUL]DGR \ OD UHD OLGDG GH XQD LJOHVLD PiUWLU ´(O RELVSR TXH URPSLy HO VLOHQFLRµ FRPR OR KDQ FDUDFWHUL]DGRRWUDVSHUVRQDV/D,JOHVLDJXDWHPDOWHFDGHVGHVXVRELVSRVKDVWDHO PiVKXPLOGHGHORVFDWHTXLVWDVGHODDOGHDPiVDSDUWDGDKDVLGRODPiVJROSHD GDGH$PpULFD/DWLQDHQORV~OWLPRVFXDUHQWDDxRV6RQPXFKRVORVFDWHTXLVWDV VDFHUGRWHV UHOLJLRVDV RELVSRV TXH KDQ VLGR JROSHDGRV SRU OD FDXVD GHO 5HLQR GH'LRV\KDQHQWUHJDGRVXYLGDFRPR-HV~VDOVHUYLFLRGHO(YDQJHOLR\GHVXV FRPXQLGDGHV (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR PRQVHxRU -XDQ -RVp *HUDUGL &RQHGHUD KD VLGR XQDYtFWLPDPiVDTXLHQVHKDUHFRQRFLGRFRPRPiUWLUGHODYHUGDG\GHODSD] PiUWLUGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVHQXQD,JOHVLDPiUWLU (QHVWDUHYLVWDKHPRVSXEOLFDGRDUWtFXORVWHyULFRVVREUHHOPDUWLULR\DUWtFXORVKLVWy ULFRWHVWLPRQLDOHV VREUH PiUWLUHV 5XWLOLR *UDQGH &KULVWRSKH 0XQ]LKLUZD 'LHWULFK %RQKRHIIHU$OIUHG'HOS3XEOLFDPRVDKRUDHQHO;;DQLYHUVDULRGHORVPiUWLUHVGH OD8&$HVWHDUWtFXORVREUHHOPiUWLUPRQVHxRU-XDQ-RVp*HUDUGL&RQHGHUDFRQVLGHUDGR FRPRXQRGHORV3DGUHVGHOD,JOHVLD/DWLQRDPHULFDQD 0 &DUUHUD -XDQ *HUDUGL ,O YHVFRYR FKH UXSSH LO VLOHQ]LR 0LODQR 4XH HV OD WUDGXFFLyQ GH OD VHJXQGD HGLFLyQ FDVWHOODQD WLWXODGD (Q OD PLULOOD GHO MDJXDU %LRJUDItD QRYHODGDGHPRQVHxRU*HUDUGL)&(*XDWHPDOD\ODVHJXQGDHGLFLyQHQ &RQIHUHQFLD(SLVFRSDOGH*XDWHPDOD7HVWLJRVÀHOHVGHOHYDQJHOLR*XDWHPDODPDU]R (VWD HGLFLyQ IXH SXEOLFDGD FRQ RFDVLyQ GH OD 9 &RQIHUHQFLD *HQHUDO GHO (SLVFRSDGR/DWLQRDPHULFDQR\GHO&DULEHHQ$SDUHFLGD%UDVLOHQ1RVRIUHFH OD QDUUDFLyQ EUHYH GHO WHVWLPRQLR PDUWLULR GH PXFKRV ODLFRV FDWHTXLVWDV GLUHFWLYRV GH$FFLyQ&DWyOLFD'HOHJDGRVGHOD3DODEUDR$QLPDGRUHVGHOD)HMXQWRDOGHYDULRV VDFHUGRWHV\PLVLRQHURVXQDUHOLJLRVD\XQRELVSR Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ (VWRHVORTXHFRQWHPSOyHOSDSD-XDQ3DEOR,,FXDQGRYLVLWy*XDWHPDODHQ PDU]RGH\XQDxRGHVSXpVOHVUHFRUGDUDDORVRELVSRVJXDWHPDOWHFRVHQ XQDEHOODFDUWD (QWUH ORV FDVRV GH LQMXVWLFLD \ GH YLROHQFLD TXH FRQWLQ~DQ GiQGRVH D~Q HQ YXHVWUR SDtV KH GH UHFRUGDU HO GUDPD GH ORV GHVDSDUHFLGRV \ OD SODJD GH VHFXHVWURV GH SHUVRQDV (V HVWH XQ XVR LQKXPDQR TXH KD YHVWLGR GH OXWR D WDQWDVIDPLOLDVRTXHODVGHMDHQXQDDQJXVWLRVDLQFHUWLGXPEUH/DJUDYHGDG \FUXHOGDGGHHVWRVLQQREOHVGHOLWRVHVD~QPD\RUFXDQGRVHFRPHWHQFRQWUD SHUVRQDVLQRFHQWHVFRQÀQHVLQWLPLGDWRULRVRGHUHSUHVDOLD 1RSXHGRGHMDUGHUHFRUGDUTXHHQWUHODVYtFWLPDVGHODYLROHQFLD\GHORGLRVH HQFXHQWUDQLQQXPHUDEOHVHYDQJHOL]DGRUHVGHODFUX]\GHVXPHQVDMHGHFDULGDG VDFHUGRWHV UHOLJLRVRV \ UHOLJLRVDV \ VREUH WRGR PLQLVWURV GH OD 3DODEUD &XDQ GR OD KLVWRULD PiV UHFLHQWH GH YXHVWUD ,JOHVLD VHD SUHVHQWDGD D ODV JHQHUDFLRQHV IXWXUDV¢VHUiSRVLEOHGDUDFRQRFHUHQVXVSiJLQDVODODUJDOLVWDGHQRPEUHVGH WDQWRV FDWHTXLVWDV JHQHURVRV VHPEUDGRUHV GH OD 3DODEUD GH 'LRV TXH HQ HO FXPSOLPLHQWRGHVXPLVLyQFD\HURQYtFWLPDVGHORGLRIUDWULFLGD" 8QRELVSRHQPHGLRGHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRDUPDGR 0RQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGLIXHDVHVLQDGRHOGRPLQJRGHDEULOGHHQVX SURSLDUHVLGHQFLDGHOD3DUURTXLDGH6DQ6HEDVWLiQDHVRGHODVGLH]GHODQRFKH FXDQGR UHJUHVDED GH YLVLWDU D VXV IDPLOLDUHV KHUPDQD \ VREULQRV 'RV GtDV DQ WHV HQ OD &DWHGUDO 0HWURSROLWDQD GH *XDWHPDOD VH KDEtD SUHVHQWDGR HO ,QIRUPH ,QWHUGLRFHVDQR SDUD OD 5HFXSHUDFLyQ GH OD 0HPRULD +LVWyULFD HQ HO TXH VH GH QXQFLDEDQODVJUDYHVYLROHQFLDVGHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRDUPDGRLQWHUQRTXHDEDUFDED DxRVGHJXHUUDGHD8QFULPHQTXHHQPXGHFLyDODVRFLHGDGJXD WHPDOWHFDXQKHFKRTXHSURORQJDEDODLPSXQLGDGHMHGHODVSROtWLFDVGHOWHUURU FRQHOTXHORVGLYHUVRVUHJtPHQHVPLOLWDUHVXQRVJROSLVWDV\RWURVIUDXGXOHQWRV VHIXHURQLPSRQLHQGRSRUODYtDGHODIXHU]D (VWH FULPHQ SRQtD HQ HQWUHGLFKR ORV DFXHUGRV GH SD] TXH VH KDEtDQ ÀUPDGR HOGHGLFLHPEUHGHSURFHVRTXHKDEtDGXUDGRXQRVGLH]DxRVHQGLIH UHQWHVHWDSDV\HQORVTXHSDUWLFLSyPX\GHFLGLGDPHQWHOD,JOHVLD&DWyOLFDTXH GHVGHORVDxRVGHO&RQFLOLRKDEtDYHQLGRUHLWHUDGDPHQWHGHQXQFLDQGRODVLQMXV WLFLDVVREUHWRGRODTXHQDFtDGHODLQMXVWDGLVWULEXFLyQGHORVELHQHVSULQFLSDO PHQWH OD WLHUUD DVt FRPR ODV JUDYHV OLPLWDFLRQHV LPSXHVWDV D OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD GH OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO HQ DxRV HQ ORV TXH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FDPSHVL &DUWDGHOSDSD-XDQ3DEOR,,DOHSLVFRSDGRJXDWHPDOWHFRGHGLFLHPEUHGH HU'RPLQJRGH$GYLHQWR(Q&RQIHUHQFLD(SLVFRSDOGH*XDWHPDOD$OVHUYLFLRGHODYLGD ODMXVWLFLD\ODSD]'RFXPHQWRVGHOD&(**XDWHPDODSS 7 0HOYLOOH \ 0 0HOYLOOH 7LHUUD \ SRGHU HQ *XDWHPDOD (GLWRULDO 8QLYHUVLWDULD &HQWURDPHULFDQD6DQ-RVp Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 QDV ³VREUH WRGR LQGtJHQDV³ \ REUHUDV UHFODPDEDQ VXV GHUHFKRV D XQ QLYHO GH YLGDPiVHTXLWDWLYR\DOUHVSHWRGHODGLJQLGDGGHODSHUVRQDKXPDQD'HUHFKRV TXH VH IXQGDPHQWDEDQ HQ OD (QVHxDQ]D 6RFLDO GH OD ,JOHVLD VREUH WRGR D SDUWLU GH OD 3DFHP LQ 7HUULV OD *DXGLXQ HW 6SHV OD 3RSXORUXP 3URJUHVVLR 0HGHOOtQ 3XHEOD«/DE~VTXHGDGHXQDSD]ÀUPH\GXUDGHUDIXHWRPDQGRIRUPDDUDt]GH ORV$FXHUGRV GH (VTXLSXODV GRQGH ORV SUHVLGHQWHV FHQWURDPHULFDQRV UHXQLGRV WRPDURQ HO FRPSURPLVR LQVWLWXFLRQDO GH LQLFLDU SURFHVRV GH SD] TXH OOHYDUDQ D ODVVRFLHGDGHVGHVXVUHVSHFWLYRVSDtVHVDODUHFRQFLOLDFLyQIXQGDPHQWDGDHQOD YHUGDG\ODMXVWLFLD /D &RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDO GH *XDWHPDOD DFHSWy HO UHWR GH DFRPSDxDU HVWH SURFHVRHQXQSDtVGRQGHODPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQHVSREUH\XQLQGtJH QD0RQVHxRU5RGROIR4XH]DGD7RUXxRIXHQRPEUDGRSUHVLGHQWHGHOD&RPLVLyQ 1DFLRQDO GH 5HFRQFLOLDFLyQ \ PRQVHxRU -XDQ -RVp *HUDUGL VX FRODERUDGRU GL UHFWRVXSOHQWHGHODPLVPDMXQWRDXQJUXSRGHGLJQDWDULRVSROtWLFRVPiV6LQ HPEDUJRHVWHPDUFRWDQJHQHUDOGHEHVHUSURIXQGL]DGRSDUDOOHJDUDGHVHQWUDxDU ODULFDSHUVRQDOLGDGGHPRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGL -XDQ*HUDUGLKLMRGHXQDIDPLOLDGHHPLJUDQWHV /RV UHJtPHQHV OLEHUDOHV GHO VLJOR ;,; HQ *XDWHPDOD SURPRYLHURQ SROtWLFDV IDYRUDEOHV SDUD TXH LQPLJUDQWHV HXURSHRV TXH SXGLHUDQ ODEUDU VXV IpUWLOHV WLH UUDV OOHJDUDQ DO SDtV -XQWR D KXPLOGHV FDPSHVLQRV EHOJDV IUDQFHVHV DOHPDQHV H LWDOLDQRV WDPELpQ VH LQVWDODURQ RWURV VHFWRUHV TXH SURPRYLHURQ H[SORWDFLRQHV DJUtFRODVTXHSXGLHUDQYLQFXODUODGpELOHFRQRPtDJXDWHPDOWHFDFRQHOPHUFDGR LQWHUQDFLRQDO(QHVWHSURFHVRODKLVWRULDGDFXHQWDGHp[LWRV\JUDQGHVIUDFDVRV 'RPHQLFR *LUDUGL FRQ VX HVSRVD \ WDO YH] FXDWUR KLMRV WRGDYtD QLxRV FDP SHVLQRV SREUHV GHO HQWRUQR GH OD FLXGDG GH 7UHQWR HQWRQFHV EDMR HO LPSHULR DXVWURK~QJDUR GHMDQGR DWUiV VXV WLHUUDV IDPLOLD \ WUDGLFLRQHV VH HPEDUFDURQ (VTXLSXODV HV HO VDQWXDULR GRQGH VH YHQHUD DO 6DQWR &ULVWR 1HJUR GH (VTXLSXODV FLXGDGOLPtWURIHGH*XDWHPDODFHUFDQDD(O6DOYDGRU\+RQGXUDVFX\DGHYRFLyQ SRSXODU VH HQUDt]D HQ HO VLJOR ;9, GRQGH VH YHQHUD XQD EHOOD LPDJHQ GHO 6HxRU &UXFLÀFDGR REUD GHO HVFXOWRU 4XLULR &DWDxR TXH OD HQWUHJy HQ \ FX\DV UHVR QDQFLDV DXWyFWRQDV GH WLHPSRV SUHWpULWRV VRQ HYLGHQWHV /D *UDQ %DVtOLFD DFWXDO WHUPL QDGDGHFRQVWUXLUKDFHDxRVHQHVXQFHQWURGHSHUHJULQDFLyQPHVRDPHULFDQR VREUHWRGRGHORVSXHEORVJXDWHPDOWHFRVVDOYDGRUHxRV\KRQGXUHxRV\TXHVHFRQVWUX\y FRQHODSRUWHGHORVÀHOHVGHWRGDVODVSDUURTXLDVGHOOODPDGRDQWLJXR5HLQRGH*XDWHPD OD$FWXDOPHQWHHVSUHODWXUD\HVWiDGPLQLVWUDGRSRUXQDFRPXQLGDGEHQHGLFWLQD 0RQVHxRU 5RGROIR 4XH]DGD HQ DTXHO HQWRQFHV HUD RELVSR GH OD GLyFHVLV GH =DFDSD\PRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGLHUDRELVSRDX[LOLDUGH*XDWHPDOD\VHFUHWDULRJHQHUDO GH OD &RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDO GH *XDWHPDOD 'HVGH PRQVHxRU 4XH]DGD IXH QRPEUDGR DU]RELVSR GH OD $UTXLGLyFHVLV GH *XDWHPDOD KHFKR FDUGHQDO SRU -XDQ 3DEOR,,HQHO&RQVLVWRULRGH Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ KDFLD$PpULFDSDUDSUREDUIRUWXQDHQ%UDVLOR$UJHQWLQD/DUHDOLGDGIXHPX\ RWUD SXHV HO EDUFR ORV GHMy HQ HO SXHUWR GH 6DQWR7RPiV GH &DVWLOOD HQ WLHUUDV JXDWHPDOWHFDV HQ XQD UHJLyQ LQKyVSLWD GHVSXpV GH &RPR HO EDUFR HQ HO TXH YLDMDEDQ OHV QHJy FXSR SDUD$PpULFD GHO 6XU \ YLpQGRVH HQ OD WHUULEOH VL WXDFLyQ GH VREUHYLYLU HQ HO WUySLFR \ FRQ VXV KLMRV SHTXHxRV GHFLGLHURQ YLDMDU D*XDWHPDODTXHHQDTXHOWLHPSRHUDXQODUJRWUHFKRDSLHRHQPXODVVLQPiV HVSHUDQ]DTXHHQFRQWUDUXQWUDEDMRTXHOHVSHUPLWLHUDYLYLU6HLQVWDODURQHQXQR GH ORV EDUULRV PiV SRSXODUHV GH OD FLXGDG GH *XDWHPDOD GRQGH WDPELpQ VH HQ FRQWUDURQFRQRWUDVIDPLOLDVLWDOLDQDV7RGDYtDQDFLHURQGRVKLMRVPiV(OPHQRU GHHOORV%HQLWRFRQWUDMRPDWULPRQLRFRQ/DXUD&RQHGHUDFRQTXLHQSURFUHyD FXDWURYiVWDJRVGHORVFXDOHVHOVHJXQGR-XDQ-RVp*HUDUGLQDFLyHQODFLXGDG GH*XDWHPDODHOGHGLFLHPEUHGH (QHVDpSRFDOD,JOHVLDJXDWHPDOWHFDSDVDEDSRUHOFDOYDULRSXULÀFDGRUGHOD SHUVHFXFLyQOLEHUDOTXHGHVGHGHFUHWyODH[SXOVLyQGHODU]RELVSR\RELVSR DX[LOLDUGH*XDWHPDODXQDVRODGLyFHVLVODH[SXOVLyQGHORVMHVXLWDV\UHVWRGH FRQJUHJDFLRQHV PDVFXOLQDV VREUH WRGR GRPLQLFRV IUDQFLVFDQRV FDSXFKLQRV« OD H[FODXVWUDFLyQ GH ORV FRQYHQWRV GH yUGHQHV IHPHQLQDV WRGDV FRQWHPSODWLYDV 6ROR TXHGDURQ ODV +HUPDQDV +LMDV GH OD &DULGDG \ ORV 3DGUHV 3DXOLQRV YLFHQ WLQRV TXH DSHQDV OOHYDEDQ HQ HO SDtV GLH] DxRV 'H D OD ,JOHVLD GH *XDWHPDOD IXH SUREDGD UHLWHUDGDPHQWH SHUGLy WRGDV VXV SRVHVLRQHV VH TXHGy VLQ FOHUR \ FRQJUHJDFLRQHV UHOLJLRVDV \ SURVFULELHURQ ODV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV UHOL JLRVDV GH FDUiFWHU S~EOLFR (Q HVWH PLVPR WLHPSR FDVL VHVHQWD DxRV OD$UTXL GLyFHVLV SHUPDQHFLy VLQ RELVSR UHVLGHQWH XQRV WUHLQWD DxRV (O FOHUR DXWyFWRQR HUDHVFDVRODVSDUURTXLDVUXUDOHVVHTXHGDURQVLQDWHQFLyQUHOLJLRVD\PXFKRVGH ORVHGLÀFLRVGHOD,JOHVLDSDVDURQDPDQRVGHO*RELHUQR&XDQGRQDFLy-XDQ*H UDUGLHODU]RELVSRKDEtDVLGRH[SXOVDGRGHOSDtV\QRVHUtDVLQRKDVWDQRYLHP EUHGHTXHOD6DQWD6HGHGLYLGHD*XDWHPDODHQGRVGLyFHVLV\QRPEUDXQ QXHYR DU]RELVSR HQ OD SHUVRQD GH XQ UHOLJLRVR SDXOLQR IUDQFpV /XLV 'XURX \ 6LUH\HOSULPHURELVSRSDUDODGLyFHVLVUHFLpQIRUPDGDGHORV$OWRVGH4XHW]DO WHQDQJR0RQV-RUJH*DUFtD\&DEDOOHURV+D\TXHDxDGLUTXHHQHVWRVSHUtRGRV VH VXFHGLHURQ GLYHUVRV *RELHUQRV OLEHUDOHV WRGRV PLOLWDUHV \ DOJXQRV SHUtRGRV GHGLFWDGXUDSURORQJDGDFRPRORVGH-XVWR5XÀQR%DUULRV0DQXHO (VWUDGD&DEUHUD\-RUJH8ELFRVLQKDFHUPHQFLyQGH RWURVPiVTXHVHVXFHGLHURQHQODSVRVPiVEUHYHV (Q HVWD PLVPD FR\XQWXUD OD SREODFLyQ JXDWHPDOWHFD SDVy GH DSUR[LPDGD PHQWH KDELWDQWHV HQ D PLOORQHV HQ \ D PLOORQHV HQ /DV IDPLOLDV FDPSHVLQDV YLYtDQ HQ ORV SXHEORV GH ODV PRQWDxDV GH *XDWHPDOD FDUHQWHV GH WLHUUD \ RIUHFLHQGR VX PDQR GH REUD EDUDWD HQ ODV ÀQ (O DSHOOLGR ´*LUDUGLµ GHO HQWRUQR GH7UHQWR DO OOHJDU D *XDWHPDOD VH WUDQVIRUPy HQ ´*HUDUGLµ &IU62WHUR'LH]*HUDUGLPHPRULDYLYD*XDWHPDOD Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 FDV GH FDIp EDQDQR« GH ODV UHJLRQHV PiV IpUWLOHV GHO SDtV TXH IXHURQ FD\HQGR HQ PDQRV GH WHUUDWHQLHQWHV \ VREUH WRGR GH OD 8QLWHG )UXLW &RPSDQ\ 8)&2 0RQVHxRU *HUDUGL WRGDYtD FRQRFLy HQ VXV DxRV FRPR RELVSR GH OD GLyFHVLV GH 4XLFKp FyPR VH EDMDED D OD FRVWD D FLHQWRV GH IDPLOLDV LQGtJHQDV SDUD UHDOL]DU ODVODERUHVGHODVFRVHFKDV $QWHV GH OD ,JOHVLD JXDWHPDOWHFD QR FRQWDED FRQ XQ VHPLQDULR ELHQ FRQVWLWXLGR OD &RPSDxtD GH -HV~V VH KDEtD HQFDUJDGR GHO VHPLQDULR PHQRU D SDUWLUGHGRQGHORVVHPLQDULVWDVTXHWHUPLQDEDQKXPDQLGDGHVODWtQ\ÀOR VRItDFRQWLQXDEDQORVDxRVGHWHRORJtDHQHO6HPLQDULR6DQ-RVpGHOD0RQWDxD GH6DQ6DOYDGRU6LQHPEDUJRD-XDQ*HUDUGLVHOHHQYLyDOVHPLQDULRGH1XHYD 2UOHDQV HQ (VWDGRV 8QLGRV 7RGRV VXV FRPSDxHURV UHFXHUGDQ OD PHPRULD LP SUHVLRQDQWHTXHWHQtD)XHRUGHQDGRVDFHUGRWHSRUHODU]RELVSR0DULDQR5RVVHOO $UHOODQR HQ *XDWHPDOD HQ \ D SDUWLU GH HVWD IHFKD GHVHPSHxy GLYHUVRV FDUJRVGHSiUURFRHQSXHEORVUXUDOHVGHOD$UTXLGLyFHVLV\RWURVVHUYLFLRVDGPL QLVWUDWLYRVVLHQGRFDQFLOOHUGHODFXULD3DEOR9,ORQRPEUDRELVSRGHODGLyFH VLVGH9HUDSD]HQ(UDXQDLJOHVLDSREUHIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHGHSREODFLyQ T·HTFKt GH SURIXQGD UHOLJLRVLGDG FRQ SRFR FOHUR \ GLItFLOHV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV HQWUH VXV SXHEORV -XDQ *HUDUGL \D FRQRFtD OD UHDOLGDG GHO PXQGR LQGtJHQD \ FDPSHVLQRSHURIXHHQVXVHGHGHODFLXGDGGH&REiQGRQGHHPSH]yDSURIXQ GL]DUHQODUHDOLGDGGHYLGDGHOSXHEORSXHVDKtKDEtDVLGRHQYLDGRFRPRRELVSR \ SDVWRU +L]R XQ JUDQ HVIXHU]R SRU DSUHQGHU OD OHQJXD GHO OXJDU \ GLR ORV SUL PHURVSDVRVSDUDRUJDQL]DUSDVWRUDOPHQWHXQDGLyFHVLVGHDFXHUGRDODGLQiPLFD SDVWRUDOSURSXHVWDSRUHO&RQFLOLR9DWLFDQR,,'HHVWHREMHWLYRGDFXHQWDVXSUL PHUDFDUWDSDVWRUDOWLWXODGD´'LyFHVLVFRPXQLGDGYLYD\RSHUDQWH$ODOX]GHO 9DWLFDQR ,,µ GHO GH MXOLR GH &RPR RELVSR MRYHQ \ HQWXVLDVWD DVXPLy FRQSURQWLWXG\HQHUJtDODVSURSXHVWDVGRFWULQDOHV\SDVWRUDOHVSDUDVXLJOHVLDGH 9HUDSD] /D SDVWRUDO GH FRQMXQWR OD FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV 'HOHJDGRV GH OD 3DODEUD GH'LRVODUDGLRODGRWDFLyQGHFOHURMRYHQDODGLyFHVLVODSURPRFLyQGHODSDV WRUDOLQGtJHQD\VRFLDOIXHURQREMHWLYRVPX\FODURVGHVXPLQLVWHULRHSLVFRSDO 6LELHQORVWLHPSRVKDEtDQFDPELDGROD,JOHVLDHQ*XDWHPDODQRJR]DEDGH WLHPSRV SURSLFLRV FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ SHUR SRFRV DJHQWHV GH SDVWR UDO SURORQJDFLyQ GH ORV *RELHUQRV PLOLWDUHV JROSHV GH (VWDGR \ OLPLWDFLRQHV LQFHVDQWHV D OD DFWLYLGDG SDVWRUDO GH OD ,JOHVLD 6t HV LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH ORV *RELHUQRV OLEHUDOHV TXH IXHURQ GH D QR SXGLHURQ ORJUDU HQ PiV GH VHWHQWD DxRV LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DU OD GHPRFUDFLD HQ HO SDtV TXH WXYR XQ WLHPSR SULYLOHJLDGRGHDFRQHOTXHXQJROSHGH(VWDGRGLRÀQDODOODPDGD SULPDYHUDGHPRFUiWLFDpSRFDDODTXHVLJXLHURQ*RELHUQRVGHFRUWHPLOLWDU'H DPiVGHXQVLJOR*XDWHPDODVyORFRQRFHGRV*RELHUQRVFLYLOHV 90HODQGHU7KHKRXURI*RG"3HRSOHLQ*XDWHPDODFRQIURQWLQJSROLWLFDOHYDQJHOLFDOLVP DQGFRXQWHULQVXUJHQF\8SSVDOD Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ /D,JOHVLDWRPDSRVLFLyQDQWHODUHDOLGDG +DFLD HQ *XDWHPDOD QR VH FRQWDEDQ QL FLHQ VDFHUGRWHV HQ DFWLYR SDUD DWHQGHUDWRGDVODVSDUURTXLDVGHOSDtV-XDQ*HUDUGLHUDXQRGHHOORV6XIULyHO DFRVR FRQVWDQWH GH ODV SROtWLFDV OLEHUDOHV GH FRUWH DQWLFOHULFDO 8Q OLEHUDOLVPR DQTXLORVDGRTXHVHIXHWUDQVIRUPDQGRHQ´FRQVHUYDGRUµGDQGRPXFKDVIDFLOLGD GHV D ORV SRFRV VHFWRUHV PX\ SXGLHQWHV GH OD VRFLHGDG JXDWHPDOWHFD /D IXHU]D SROtWLFD \ HFRQyPLFD GH OD ,JOHVLD HUD LQVLJQLÀFDQWH QR DVt OD VRFLDO SXHV VX FUHGLELOLGDG PRUDO KDEtD SHUPDQHFLGR D SHVDU GH ORV JROSHV GHO OLEHUDOLVPR \ OD ÀJXUD GHO DU]RELVSR 0DULDQR 5RVVHOO YHUGDGHUR RUJDQL]DGRU GH OD ,JOHVLD HQ *XDWHPDOD HQ HO VLJOR ;; ORJUy XQ OLGHUD]JR VRFLDO TXH DJOXWLQy XQ FDSLWDO VLPEyOLFR HQ HO TXH VH VHQWtDQ UHSUHVHQWDGRV ORV JXDWHPDOWHFRV HVWR OD OOHYy D DSR\DU HO JROSH GH (VWDGR GH SRUTXH KDEtD LQWHUSUHWDGR HQ HO UpJLPHQGHOFRURQHO-DFRER$UEHQ]*X]PiQXQDPDQLÀHVWDWHQGHQFLDFRPXQLVWD TXHDPHQD]DEDODQDFLRQDOLGDGJXDWHPDOWHFD\ODVPLVPDVWUDGLFLRQHVUHOLJLRVDV \FXOWXUDOHVGH*XDWHPDOD $XQDQWHVGHO&RQFLOLRHQOD,JOHVLDJXDWHPDOWHFDTXHSRFRDSRFRVH IXHFRQVWLWX\HQGRHQ&RQIHUHQFLD(SLVFRSDOFRQODFUHDFLyQGHQXHYDVGLyFHVLV HQ ODV GpFDGDV GH ORV DxRV FLQFXHQWD \ VHVHQWD GHQXQFLD TXH OD DPHQD]D GHO FRPXQLVPR TXH KDEtD DGYHUWLGR GLH] DxRV DQWHV QR WHQtD RWUD FDXVD TXH OD LQ MXVWLFLDVRFLDOODPDUJLQDFLyQGHOPXQGRFDPSHVLQRHLQGtJHQD\ODLQMXVWDGLV WULEXFLyQGHODVULTXH]DV)XHDVtFRPROD,JOHVLDHQ*XDWHPDODDSRVWySRUXQD SUHVHQFLDPX\DFWLYDHQHOPXQGRGHORVPiVSREUHVSURPRYLyODVFRRSHUDWLYDV ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FRPXQDOHV \ FDPSHVLQDV \ DSR\y HQ HO PXQGR LQGtJHQD ORV SURJUDPDV GH HGXFDFLyQ DOIDEHWL]DFLyQ VDOXG \ RUJDQL]DFLyQ FtYLFD 3URPRYLy ODFRQFLHQWL]DFLyQGHOSXHEOR\OHVHQVHxyDOXFKDUSDUDFRQVHJXLUKDFHUUHVSHWDU VXV SURSLRV GHUHFKRV /D GLQiPLFD GHO &RQFLOLR OD IXHU]D GH OD &RQIHUHQFLD GH 0HGHOOtQ\ODOOHJDGDDOSDtVGHXQFRQWLQJHQWHGHPLVLRQHURVTXHWRPDURQSUR IXQGDFRQFLHQFLDGHODUHDOLGDGGHLQMXVWLFLDHQODTXHYLYtDHOSXHEORGH*XDWH PDODIXHGHWHUPLQDQWH6HFWRUHVGHOSXHEORKDEtDQDVXPLGRRWUDVRSFLRQHV\QR IDOWDURQODVLGHRORJtDVOLEHUDOHVGHFLPRQyQLFDVTXHSRVWXODEDQXQDRSRVLFLyQD ORVSURJUDPDVGHOD,JOHVLDPiVSRUPRWLYRVLGHROyJLFRV\GRFWULQDULRVTXHSRU OD UHDOLGDG TXH FRQWHPSODEDQ HQ SURFHVR GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ 6HFWRUHV GH SRGHU WUDGLFLRQDOHV VREUH WRGR HFRQyPLFRV QXQFD YLHURQ ELHQ OD REUD VRFLDO GH OD ,JOHVLD GHO PLVPR PRGR ORV VHFWRUHV GH OD L]TXLHUGD UHYROXFLRQDULD WDUGDURQ PXFKRHQHQWHQGHUODPLVLyQSDVWRUDO\VRFLDOGHODPLVPD,JOHVLD6tHVLPSRU WDQWHGHVWDFDUTXHDSDUWLUGHORVDxRVVHWHQWDODFRQIURQWDFLyQGHOD,JOHVLDFRQ ODVIXHU]DVPLOLWDUHVGHOSDtVVHIXHKDFLHQGRFDGDYH]PiVQRWRULDHQODPHGLGD HQTXHHOSXHEORHUDYtFWLPDGHODVYLRODFLRQHVPiVVDOYDMHVFRQWUDODGLJQLGDG GHODSHUVRQDKXPDQD\ORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFRVGHODSREODFLyQ /D IDOWD GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ SROtWLFD GH OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO OD LPSRVLFLyQ GH *RELHU QRVPLOLWDUHVODFRQVWDQWHYLRODFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVGHORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDV Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 FDPSHVLQRV\REUHURVIXHURQFUHDQGRODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHOQDFLPLHQWRGHODLQVXU JHQFLDDUPDGDUHYROXFLRQDULDTXHIXHODFRQWUDSDUWHGHOFRQÁLFWRDUPDGRLQWHU QRGHD6LELHQOD,JOHVLDQXQFDDSR\yHOSURFHVRUHYROXFLRQDULRGH ODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQVRFLDOFRLQFLGtDFRQHOPRYLPLHQWRLQVXUJHQWHHQVHxDODUVXV YHUGDGHUDVUDtFHVSROtWLFDV\VRFLDOHVODIDOWDGHMXVWLFLDVRFLDO\ODQHJDFLyQGHO YDORUGHODYLGDHQFDGDVHUKXPDQR&RQORVIUDXGHVHOHFWRUDOHVGH \ PXFKRV VHFWRUHV VRFLDOHV VH XQLHURQ D OD LQVXUJHQFLD UHYROXFLRQDULD \ FRQ HOORV PXFKRV FULVWLDQRV TXH HQ YLUWXG GH VX IH KDEtDQ DOFDQ]DGR XQ QLYHO VXÀFLHQWH GH LQGLJQDFLyQ TXH QR OHV SHUPLWtD FRQWHPSODU SDVLYDPHQWH DTXHOOD VLWXDFLyQ 0RQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGLHQODGLyFHVLVGH4XLFKp &XDQGR PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL OOHJy D OD GLyFHVLV GH 4XLFKp GLFLHPEUH GH HQHOFRUD]yQQRUWHGH*XDWHPDODODUHDOLGDGGHOFRQÁLFWRHVWDEDJHQH UDOL]DGD(QVXGLyFHVLVWHQtDSRFRVDJHQWHVGHSDVWRUDOVDFHUGRWHV\UHOLJLRVDV GHVGH HVWDED HQFRPHQGDGD FDVL HQ VX WRWDOLGDG D ORV 0LVLRQHURV GHO 6D JUDGR &RUD]yQ TXH GHVSOHJDURQ YHUGDGHURV SURJUDPDV SDVWRUDOHV \ VRFLDOHV GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDG/DSREODFLyQGHO4XLFKpHUDPD\RULWDULDPHQWHLQ GtJHQD\SHUWHQHFtDDJUXSRVOLQJtVWLFRVELHQGLIHUHQFLDGRV.·LFKH·VT·HTFKtHV L[LOHV \ DOJXQDV RWUDV FRPXQLGDGHV 6H HQFRQWUy VLQ HPEDUJR XQD LJOHVLD EDV WDQWHRUJDQL]DGDFRQXQFRQWLQJHQWHJUDQGHGHFDWHTXLVWDVIRUPDGRVDOHVWLORGH OD $FFLyQ &DWyOLFD GH ORV DxRV FLQFXHQWD YHUGDGHUDPHQWH FRPSURPHWLGRV FRQ VXIHVROLGDULRV\FRQXQJUDQHPSXMHSDVWRUDOVRFLDO\SROtWLFR/RVFDWHTXLVWDV HUDQ YHUGDGHURV DJHQWHV GH LJOHVLD FRQ JUDQ OLGHUD]JR GHQWUR GH ODV FRPXQLGD GHVFDPSHVLQDVHLQGtJHQDVEDVWDQWHELHQIRUPDGRV\VREUHWRGRRUJDQL]DGRV /DVFRRSHUDWLYDVKDEtDQFRQVWLWXLGRXQPRGRPX\HIHFWLYRSDUDRUJDQL]DUDORV FDPSHVLQRV \ SURPRYHU VXV GHUHFKRV 3URQWR FKRFDURQ FRQ FLHUWRV VHFWRUHV GH SRGHU$SHVDUGHWRGRHOSXHEORGHO4XLFKpTXHPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLFRQWHPSOD EDHQVXVYLVLWDVSDVWRUDOHVDODVSDUURTXLDVHUDYHUGDGHUDPHQWHSREUH $QWHV GH OOHJDU D 4XLFKp OD YLGD GH PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL KDEtD WHQLGR FXDWUR PRPHQWRVGHWHUPLQDQWHVTXHLQFLGLUtDQHQVXWUDEDMRSDVWRUDODHQSDUWL FLSyHQOD&RQIHUHQFLDGH0HOJDU&RORPELDGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH0LVLRQHVGHO &(/$0EFRQVyORFLQFRDxRVGHVHURELVSROD&RQIHUHQFLD(SLVFRSDO&(* ORHOLJHSUHVLGHQWHGHODPLVPDHQFHQHVGHOHJDGRDOVtQRGRGH ODHYDQJHOL]DFLyQHQ5RPDTXHIXHGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDVXODERUSDVWRUDO\G\D &IU'LyFHVLVGHO4XLFKp(OTXLFKpHOSXHEOR\VXLJOHVLD6DQWD&UX]GHO4XLFKp 1LQJ~Q RELVSR HQ *XDWHPDOD IXH WDQ MRYHQ DxRV SUHVLGHQWH GH OD &RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDOGH*XDWHPDOD\QLQJ~QRWURIXHHOHJLGRWDQWDVYHFHVWUHVDOPLVPRFDUJR 0RQVHxRU*HUDUGLDVLVWLyDGRVVtQRGRVHQ5RPD\)XHHOHJLGRWDPELpQ SDUDSDUWLFLSDUHQOD&RQIHUHQFLDGH3XHEODHQ Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ HVWDQGR HQ 4XLFKp VX SUHVHQFLD HQ OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ORV SXHEORV GHVWUXLGRV HQHOWHUULEOHWHUUHPRWRGHOGHIHEUHURGH 6XSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQ0HOJDUIXHGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDLQLFLDUHQ/D9HUDSD]\HQ 4XLFKp YHUGDGHURV SUR\HFWRV SDVWRUDOHV ´LQFXOWXUDGRVµ TXH WXYLHUDQ HQ FXHQWD ODSURPRFLyQGHODHYDQJHOL]DFLyQHQVLQWRQtDFRQODUHDOLGDGGHORVSXHEORVVR EUHWRGRFRQVXFXOWXUD\DVSLUDFLRQHVGHYLGD)XHHQHVWHHQFXHQWURGRQGHFR QRFLyDPRQVHxRU6DPXHO5XL]RELVSRGH&KLDSDVFRQDxRVGHH[SHULHQFLDSDV WRUDO\FRPRpOHQXQDGLyFHVLVLQGtJHQD/DYLVLyQGHPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLFDP ELyGHPDQHUDGHWHUPLQDQWHTXHGDEDDWUiVHOEXHQ\FXPSOLGRDGPLQLVWUDGRUGH FXULD(QVHJXQGROXJDUHOKHFKRGHKDEHUVLGRHOHJLGRSUHVLGHQWHGHOD&(*OR FRORFDED HQ XQ SXHVWR GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG \ PHGLDFLyQ DO LQWHULRU GH OD PLVPD ,JOHVLDORTXHQRVPXHVWUDDOJXQRVUDVJRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHPRQVHxRU*H UDUGRFRPHGLGRSUXGHQWHUHVSRQVDEOHHTXLOLEUDGRDMHQRDODVLGHRORJtDVPX\ FRQVFLHQWHGHODUHDOLGDG\HVWRHQDxRVHQORVTXHOD&(*WXYRVHULRVSUREOH PDVSDUDPDQWHQHUODXQLGDGYLVLEOHHLQVWLWXFLRQDO(QHOVtQRGRVREUHODHYDQ JHOL]DFLyQPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLIXHUHODWRUGHXQJUXSRGHRELVSRVGHOHQJXDHVSD xRODIXHXQPRPHQWRSULYLOHJLDGRHQVXYLGDTXHOHDEULyDODGLPHQVLyQPD\RU GH OD ,JOHVLD XQLYHUVDO GH VXV SUREOHPDV \ VREUH WRGR GH OD SUHVHQFLD GH OD ,JOHVLDODWLQRDPHULFDQDHQHOVtQRGR(OSDSD3DEOR9,KDEtDTXHGDGRLPSDFWDGR DOYHUODUHDOLGDGGHORVSREUHVHQVXYLVLWDD%RJRWiHQ(QODH[KRUWDFLyQ (YDQJHOLL1XQWLDQGLDSDUHFHQHVWRVUDVJRVFRQFODULGDG(QHOYRFDEXOD ULRGHPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLLUUXPSHQFRQIXHU]DODVSDODEUDV´HYDQJHOL]DFLyQµ´OL EHUDFLyQµ ´UHOLJLRVLGDG GHO SXHEORµ ´LQMXVWLFLD LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGDµ« 0HGHOOtQ \ODWUDGLFLyQUHFLHQWHGHOD,JOHVLDODWLQRDPHULFDQDUHVRQDEDQFRQIXHU]DHQHVWH GRFXPHQWRSRQWLÀFLRQRSRUQDGDYDDFRQVWLWXLUODEDVH\ODIXHU]DGHOD,JOHVLD PiVFRPSURPHWLGDFRQODUHDOLGDG\ODOLEHUDFLyQGHORVSREUHVTXHVHUH~QHHQ 3XHEODDSULQFLSLRVGH\GRQGHWDPELpQHVWDUiPRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGL &RQHOWHUUHPRWRGHFRQWHPSODLPSRWHQWHOD*XDWHPDODGHORVPiVSR EUHVKXQGLGDHQODGHVWUXFFLyQ\ODGHVRODFLyQ8QIHQyPHQRQDWXUDOTXHGHMDED DO GHVFXELHUWR OD YHUGDGHUD UDGLRJUDItD GH ODV JUDQGHV GLIHUHQFLDV VRFLDOHV TXH HQVRPEUHFHQ OD UHDOLGDG JXDWHPDOWHFD 7DO YH] WRGRV SDGHFLHURQ DOJR SHUR ORV PiV SREUHV VXIULHURQ HQ H[WUHPR /D ,JOHVLD VH KL]R LQPHGLDWDPHQWH SUHVHQWH HQODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQSHURXQLHURQDOSURFHVRPDWHULDOODLOXPLQDFLyQSDVWRUDO\ WHROyJLFDSXEOLFDQGRXQDLPSRUWDQWHFDUWDSDVWRUDOWLWXODGD´8QLGRVHQOD(VSH UDQ]Dµ MXOLR GH XQD YHUGDGHUD GHQXQFLD GH ODV LQMXVWLFLDV VRFLDOHV HQ FX\DHODERUDFLyQ\SXEOLFDFLyQWXYRPXFKRTXHYHUPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLHQWRQFHV SUHVLGHQWHGHOD&(*(VWHGRFXPHQWRSUHVHQWDDOD,JOHVLDGH*XDWHPDODFRQHO &RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDO GH *XDWHPDOD $O VHUYLFLR GH OD YLGD OD MXVWLFLD \ OD SD] ySFLW(OVHxRUFDUGHQDOGHHQWRQFHVGHFLGLyQRÀUPDUGLFKRGRFXPHQWRVHHQFRQ WUDEDHQXQYLDMHIXHUDGH*XDWHPDOD Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 URVWUR TXH KD WUDWDGR GH PDQWHQHU HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV XQD ,JOHVLD FRPSUR PHWLGDFRQODYLGDGHORVSREUHVTXHKDFHRSFLyQSRUORVSREUHVTXHOXFKDFRQ WUD ODV LQMXVWLFLDV TXH VH HQIUHQWD D OD PLOLWDUL]DFLyQ GHO SDtV TXH GHQXQFLD ORV VDODULRVGHKDPEUHGHFDPSHVLQRV\WUDEDMDGRUHVTXHRIUHFHHVSHUDQ]DDORVPiV KXPLOGHV TXH OHV RIUHFH VX WRWDO DSR\R /D ,JOHVLD GHMDED GH VHU LQGLIHUHQ WH R GLVLPXODU FLHUWDV UHDOLGDGHV HQ DELHUWD FRQWUDGLFFLyQ FRQ HO (YDQJHOLR (O RUGHQ GHEH LU DFRPSDxDGR GH OD MXVWLFLD SDUD FRQVHJXLU OD SD] 1R FDEH OD PHQRU GXGD GH TXH PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL IRUPDED SDUWH GH HVWD ,JOHVLD PiV FRPSURPHWLGD6XSHQVDPLHQWRHVWDEDÀUPHPHQWHPDUFDGRSRUODKXHOODGHO &RQFLOLR OR KDEtD DVXPLGR HQ VX HVWLOR GH LJOHVLD HQ VX SUR\HFWR SDVWRUDO \ VREUHWRGRHQVXHVSLULWXDOLGDGHQODFRQÀJXUDFLyQ\FRQVWUXFFLyQGHFRPXQLGD GHVYLYDV\RSHUDQWHV 0RQVHxRU*HUDUGLFRQIURQWDGRFRQHOWHUURUGHO(VWDGR 0RQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGLVDEtDPX\ELHQTXHOD,JOHVLDTXHDVXPHODFDXVDGH XQSXHEORFRPRORVHxDODEDHO&RQFLOLRHQHOSULPHUQ~PHURGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ SDVWRUDO*DXGLXPHW6SHVVHH[SRQHDVXIULUODVPLVPDVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXHSD GHFHODJHQWH<OD,JOHVLDHQ*XDWHPDODSDVyWDPELpQSRUHVWHWUDQFH(VWDDÀU PDFLyQGHEHVHUFRPSUHQGLGDHQWRGDVXSURIXQGLGDG &XDQGRPRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGLOOHJyD4XLFKpGHGLFyXQWLHPSRDFRQRFHU ODGLyFHVLV\DWRPDUFRQWDFWRFRQWRGDVVXVIXHU]DVYLYDVDQDOL]DUSUR\HFWRV\ HYDOXDU OD SUHVHQFLD GH OD ,JOHVLD HQ FDGD SDUURTXLD /D SDVWRUDO HVWDED IXHUWH PHQWHPDUFDGDSRUODGLQiPLFDGH$FFLyQ&DWyOLFD\ODSURSXHVWDGHORV0LVLR QHURVGHO6DJUDGR&RUD]yQTXHHQXQPRPHQWRGDGROOHJDURQDVHU +XER VLQ HPEDUJR GRV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV \D PHQFLRQDGRV TXH JROSHDURQ IXHUWHPHQWHHOFRUD]yQGH*HUDUGLHOSULPHURHOWHUUHPRWRTXHGHVWUX\yYDULRV SXHEORV GH OD GLyFHVLV FRQ VDOGR GH PLOHV GH GDPQLÀFDGRV VLQ UHSRQHUVH GH HVWH JROSH PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL FRQWHPSOD DQWH Vt OD UHDOLGDG GH OD PLOLWDUL]DFLyQ FRPSOHWDGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH4XLFKpTXHFRLQFLGHFRQORVOtPLWHVGHVXPLVPD GLyFHVLVDXQTXHHOKHFKRHQVtWLHQHRWURVSXQWRViOJLGRVDORODUJR\DQFKRGHO SDtVVREUHWRGRHQHODOWLSODQRLQGtJHQD(Q4XLFKpODYLROHQFLDHMHUFLGDSRUODV LQVWLWXFLRQHVHVWDWDOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHHO(MpUFLWROOHJyDJUDGRVH[WUHPRVVREUH WRGRDSDUWLUGH(OHQWXVLDVPRFRQHOTXHUHJUHVDEDPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLGH 3XHEODVHHQFRQWUDEDFRQXQUHYpVLQHOXGLEOH'HWRGRVPRGRVLQLFLyXQSURFH VRSDVWRUDOSDUDHODERUDUXQSODQGLRFHVDQRDFRUGHFRQODYLVLyQHVSLULWXDOSDV WRUDO\WHROyJLFDQDFLGDHQ3XHEOD1RORSXGRYHUUHDOL]DGR/RVDFRQWHFLPLHQ WRVGHYLROHQFLDVHIXHURQLPSRQLHQGRGHPDQHUDLPSODFDEOH/DYLROHQFLDGHOD LQVXUJHQFLD WDPELpQ JROSHDED HQ OD PLVPD UHDOLGDG SHUR GH PDQHUD VHOHFWLYD &RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDO GH *XDWHPDOD 0RQVHxRU -XDQ *HUDUGL WHVWLJR ÀHO GH 'LRV /D1XHYD*XDWHPDODGHOD$VXQFLyQHUDQLYHUVDULR Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ 'HDFXHUGRDORVSULQFLSLRVGHODGRFWULQDGHODVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDOORV*RELHU QRVPLOLWDUHVGHODpSRFDLPSXVLHURQDODVRFLHGDGFLYLOODRUJDQL]DFLyQSDUDPL OLWDU FRQRFLGD FRPR ´SDWUXOODV GH DXWRGHIHQVD FLYLOµ HQ FDGD SXHEOR\DOGHD (UD HO SXHEOR DUPDGR FRQWUD Vt PLVPR &RQVWLWXtD OD LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQ GH OD YLROHQFLDHQODUHDOLGDGFDSLODUGHODVRFLHGDGHQVXVHVWUDWRVPiVVHQVLEOHVGHO WHMLGRVRFLDOKDVWDOOHJDUDODIDPLOLD ¢4Xp UHVSXHVWD SRGtD GDU OD GLyFHVLV GH 4XLFKp D HVWD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GH YLROHQFLD" 0RQVHxRU *HUDUGL VLHPSUH DERJy SRU OD FRUGXUD HO GLiORJR OD UH ÁH[LyQ HO VHQWLGR GH KXPDQLGDG 3HUR ORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV VH LEDQ LPSRQLHQGR FRPRPDUWLOOD]RVFRQWUDODSD](OGHHQHURGHXQJUXSRGHFDPSHVLQRV \ HVWXGLDQWHV HQ VX PD\RUtD GH 4XLFKp WRPDURQ SDFtÀFDPHQWH OD HPEDMDGD GH (VSDxD HQ OD FLXGDG GH *XDWHPDOD /D UHVSXHVWD GHO *RELHUQR PLOLWDU GHO JHQHUDO /XFDV *DUFtD QR SHUPLWLy QLQJ~Q WLSR GH GLiORJR &RQWUD WRGR GHUHFKR LQWHUQDFLRQDO LQYDGLy ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV GH OD VHGH GLSORPiWLFD HXURSHD GRQGH PXULHURQ TXHPDGDV SHUVRQDV HQWUH GLSORPiWLFRV FDPSHVLQRV \ HVWXGLDQWHV 0RQVHxRU*HUDUGLFRQORVDJHQWHVGHVXGLyFHVLVUHVSRQGLyFRQXQFRPXQLFD GR FRQGHQDQGR OD DFFLyQ 'H HVWH PRGR HPSH]DED D VHU QR VyOR DFXVDGR VLQR VHxDODGRGHSHUPLWLUTXHOD,JOHVLDMXVWLÀFDUDODYLROHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULD(QVX GLyFHVLV VH IXHURQ VXFHGLHQGR ORV VHFXHVWURV GH FDPSHVLQRV GH FDWHTXLVWDV OD SHUVHFXFLyQ GH VDFHUGRWHV \ UHOLJLRVDV (Q DEULO IXH ERPEDUGHDGR HO FRQYHQWR GHODSDUURTXLDGH8VSDQWiQHQVXGLyFHVLVWRGDOD]RQDQRUWHGH4XLFKpVHLED GHVSREODQGR GH DJHQWHV GH SDVWRUDO (Q PD\R HQ OD SUHODWXUD GH (VFXLQWOD VRQ DVHVLQDGRV GRV PLVLRQHURV &,&0 HO GH MXQLR GH HVH PLVPR DxR GHVSXpV GH XQDJLUDPLVLRQHUDIXHDVHVLQDGRFHUFDGHODSDUURTXLDGH&KDMXOHQ4XLFKpHO VDFHUGRWH-RVp0DUtD*UDQ06&\VXVDFULVWiQ'RPLQJRGHO%DUULR%DW]HO GHMXOLRGHHVHPLVPRDxRHQODSDUURTXLDGH-R\DEDMIXHDVHVLQDGRHOVDFHUGR WH)DXVWLQR9LOODQXHYDWDPELpQ06&/DSHUVHFXFLyQFRQWUDOD,JOHVLDVHKDEtD JHQHUDOL]DGR$ HVWRV \ RWURV PXFKRV KHFKRV GH YLROHQFLD PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL UHVSRQGtDFRQODFRUGXUDQHFHVDULDTXHQROHIDOWDEDSHURWDPELpQFRQYHKHPHQ FLD FRQGHQDQGR ORV DWURSHOORV FRQWUD OD GLJQLGDG GH OD SHUVRQD KXPDQD (Q HVWD FR\XQWXUDVHGHVFXEUHTXHHO*RELHUQRKDGHFLGLGRDFDEDUFRQOD,JOHVLDGH4XLFKp 0RQVHxRU*HUDUGL\ORVSRFRVDJHQWHVTXHWRGDYtDOHTXHGDEDQHQODGLyFHVLVGH FLGHQHQXQDUHXQLyQTXHSRUHOELHQGHORVFDWHTXLVWDV\OtGHUHVODLFRVHUDPHMRU UHWLUDUVHXQWLHPSRGHOGLVWULWR(VWDGHFLVLyQOHFRVWyGRORU\OiJULPDVDPRQVHxRU *HUDUGL SHUR WDPELpQ OD SHQD PRUDO GH VHQWLUVH FRPR HO SDVWRU TXH VH DXVHQWD GH VX UHEDxR eO QR TXHUtD TXH VX SUHVHQFLD HQ OD GLyFHVLV IXHUD OD GLVFXOSD GH PDWDQ]DVRTXHKLFLHUDSHQVDUTXHOD,JOHVLDDQLPDEDDODVIXHU]DVVXEYHUVLYDV 6REUHORVPiUWLUHVGHO4XLFKpODGLyFHVLVKDSXEOLFDGRGRVOLEURV'LHURQODYLGD 6DQWD&UX]GHO4XLFKpHODXWRUGHODREUDHVHO3-HV~V/DGD&DPEORU06& 'LHURQODYLGDYRO,,/LEURGHORV0iUWLUHVGHOD'LyFHVLVGH4XLFKp(GLFLRQHV 6DQ3DEOR*XDWHPDOD Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 (Q UHSHWLGDV RFDVLRQHV PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL VH DFHUFy FRQ WHPRU \ WHPEORU D ODVDXWRULGDGHVSROtWLFDV\PLOLWDUHVSDUDOODPDUDODFRUGXUDHOFHVHGHODUHSUH VLyQ\HOUHVSHWR D OD YLGD GH OD JHQWH TXH GLDULDP]SHWLGD /HV PDQLIHVWDED TXH ODJXHUULOODFUHFHQRSRUTXHODLGHRORJtDGHODJHQWHFDPELDRSRUTXHGHXQGtD SDUDRWURWRGRVDPDQH]FDQVLHQGR´FRPXQLVWDVµVLQRSRUODUHSUHVLyQ\HOWHUURU TXHSURYRFDHO(MpUFLWRHQWRGDODSREODFLyQ$XQFXDQGRHQODUHJLyQGH4XLFKp HO *RELHUQR \D WHQtD GHFLGLGD VX HVWUDWHJLD VH DWUHYLHURQ D VROLFLWDUOH D PRQVHxRU *HUDUGLVXFRODERUDFLyQPiVRPHQRVHQHVWRVWpUPLQRV´6LOD,JOHVLDTXLHUHOD SD] \ OD WUDQTXLOLGDG ¢SRU TXp QR FRODERUD FRQ QRVRWURV"µ 0RQVHxRU *HUDUGL VLQ SHQVDUOR PXFKR IXH HQIiWLFR HQ VX UHVSXHVWD ´0LHQWUDV HO (MpUFLWR VLJD PDWDQGR FDPSHVLQRV \ VHPEUDQGR GH OXWR \ GRORU ORV FDPSRV GH PL GLyFHVLV HVRQXQFDVHUiSRVLEOHµ 0RQVHxRU *HUDUGL DFHSWDED GHMDU OD GLyFHVLV FRQ WRGRV VXV DJHQWHV PDQWH QLHQGRFRQWDFWRFRQORVFDWHTXLVWDV\ODVFRPXQLGDGHVFULVWLDQDVFDVLGHPDQHUD FODQGHVWLQD DOJR DVt FRPR pO VH PRYLy HQ OD FLXGDG GH *XDWHPDOD GXUDQWH XQ PHVDQWHVGHVDOLUSDUD5RPDSDUDFRPXQLFDUDO6DQWR3DGUHODVLWXDFLyQTXHVH KDEtDFUHDGRHQVXGLyFHVLVODRFDVLyQWDPELpQVHODGDEDODDVLVWHQFLDDOVtQRGR VREUHODIDPLOLDHQ5RPDGHORWRxRGH)XHUHFLELGRSRUHOSDSD-XDQ3D EOR,,DOPHQRVHQGRVRFDVLRQHV(QODSULPHUDHOSDSDHVFXFKyDWHQWDPHQWHOD QDUUDFLyQ GH ORV KHFKRV DFDHFLGRV HQ OD GLyFHVLV GH PRQVHxRU HO SDSD OH URJy TXHDSHVDUGHWRGRFRQYHQtDTXHUHJUHVDUDD4XLFKp%LHQFRQRFtD-XDQ3DEOR,, GHSHUVHFXFLRQHV3HUR¢FyPRKDFHUORHQDTXHOODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV"(OSDSDHVWX YRGHDFXHUGRTXHWDOVLWXDFLyQGHSHUVHFXFLyQGHOD,JOHVLDGHEtDVHUGHQXQFLD GD\pOPLVPRDSR\DUtDGLFKDVROXFLyQ(QGRVUHXQLRQHVPiVTXHVHGHELHURQ GDU PLHQWUDV HO VtQRGR VH GHVDUUROODED GH DFXHUGR D VX SURJUDPD VH FRQFOX\y XQDEHOODFDUWDTXHHOSDSD-XDQ3DEOR,,HQYLyDOHSLVFRSDGRJXDWHPDOWHFRFRQ IHFKDGHOXQRGHQRYLHPEUHGHHVHPLVPRDxR(OGtDDQWHULRUKDEtDQWHQLGROD ~OWLPD UHXQLyQ MXQWRV VLQ GXGD SDUD TXH PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL OH LQGLFDUD VL HVWD ED GH DFXHUGR FRQ VX FRQWHQLGR (UD XQD FDUWD IXHUWH TXH OOHJDGD GHVGH 5RPD VHxDODED GLUHFWDPHQWH D ORV YHUGDGHURV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH OD SHUVHFXFLyQ GH OD ,JOHVLD /RV RELVSRV JXDWHPDOWHFRV GHFLGLHURQ KDFHUOD S~EOLFD DXQTXH HO VHxRU FDUGHQDOGH*XDWHPDODYLRRSRUWXQRGDUDFRQRFHUVXFRQWHQLGRDOSUHVLGHQWHGH OD5HS~EOLFDHOJHQHUDO5RPHR/XFDV*DUFtD&XDQGRHOPLOLWDUODOH\yLQWX\y LQPHGLDWDPHQWHTXHGHWUiVGHVXFRQWHQLGRHVWDEDODPDQRGHPRQVHxRU*HUDUGL )XHHQHVHPRPHQWRTXHVHOHHVFDSyXQDH[SUHVLyQOOHQDGHUDELD´6LHVHFXUD HQWUD HQ *XDWHPDOD QRV OR WURQDPRVµ /D VHQWHQFLD GH PXHUWH GH PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL\DQRQHFHVLWDEDUHGDFWDUVH &XDQGR SRU ÀQ HO GH QRYLHPEUH GH UHJUHVDED YtD DpUHD PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL D VX SDtV ODV DXWRULGDGHV GH PLJUDFLyQ OH LPSLGLHURQ OD HQWUDGD 'H QDGD YDOLy OD RSRUWXQD LQWHUFHVLyQ GHO HQFDUJDGR GH QHJRFLRV GH OD 1XQFLDWXUD $SRVWyOLFD QL OD SUHVHQFLD GH YDULRV RELVSRV GH OD FRQIHUHQFLD HSLVFRSDO 0RQ Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ VHxRU*HUDUGLGHELyYLDMDUHVDPLVPDQRFKHD(O6DOYDGRUGRQGHWDPSRFRSXGR SHUPDQHFHU SRU PXFKDV KRUDV SXHV HO SUHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD 1DSROHyQ 'XDUWHGHPyFUDWDFULVWLDQROHKL]RVDEHUDORELVSRTXHWDPSRFRpOSRGtDJDUDQ WL]DUVXVHJXULGDGHQHOSDtV&RQWLQXyVXYLDMHKDVWD&RVWD5LFDGRQGHIXHUH FLELGRSULPHURHQOD1XQFLDWXUD\OXHJRHQXQDSDUURTXLDGHODVDIXHUDVGH6DQ -RVp 6DQ -XDQ GH 7LEiV 6H H[SXOVDED GHO SDtV D XQ RELVSR TXH HUD 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD &RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDO )XH VX H[LOLR IRU]DGR 7DPSRFR SRGtD FXPSOLU HO GHVHR GHO SDSD 3DUD 4XLFKp HO9DWLFDQR QRPEUy GRV DGPLQLVWUDGRUHV DSRVWyOL FRVVXFHVLYRV3HURKDFLDFDVLODWRWDOLGDGGHODVFDVDVSDUURTXLDOHVGHOD GLyFHVLVFHQWURVGHIRUPDFLyQFROHJLRVFDWyOLFRVVHGHGH&iULWDVLQWHUQDGRGH YDURQHVKDEtDQVLGRLQWHUYHQLGRVSRUHO(MpUFLWRPXFKRVGHHOORVFRQYHUWLGRVHQ ERGHJDVGHSHUWUHFKRVGHJXHUUD8QDSHULRGLVWDQRUWHDPHULFDQDTXHSXGRKDFHU DOJXQRVUHSRUWDMHVHQDTXHOODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVHQWLHUUDVGH4XLFKpSXEOLFyIRWRV GHODVLJOHVLDVWRPDGDVSRUPLOLWDUHVHQXQDGHHVDVIRWRVVHYHDORVVDQWRVGH ODLJOHVLDGH&KDMXOYHVWLGRVFRQXQLIRUPHVPLOLWDUHV 'HOH[LOLRDODOXFKDSRUORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV $xR\PHGLRSHUPDQHFLyPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLHQHVWDVLWXDFLyQYLYLHQGRFRPR XQ YLFHSiUURFR (Q HVWRV DxRV UHYLYtD HO YLDFUXFLV GH VX SXHEOR GHVGH OD OHMD QtD KHFKR TXH OH FDXVDED GRORU \ QR SRFDV YHFHV XQ VHQWLPLHQWR SURIXQGR GH IUXVWUDFLyQ H LPSRWHQFLD (O *RELHUQR JXDWHPDOWHFR UHSHWtD OD FRQVLJQD GH TXH OD YLROHQFLD HQ *XDWHPDOD VH GHEtD D OD ,JOHVLD 1R VROR OD GLyFHVLV GH 4XLFKp VXIULy HVWD UHDOLGDG 'H DOJXQD PDQHUD WRGD OD ,JOHVLD VH YLR HQYXHOWD HQ HVWD WUDJHGLD $ YHFHV VH OOHJDED D OD FRQFOXVLyQ GH TXH FDGD SURQXQFLDPLHQWR GH OD,JOHVLDHQFRQWUDGHODYLROHQFLD\DIDYRUGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVFRQFOXtD FRQHODVHVLQDWRGHDOJ~QVDFHUGRWHRODH[SXOVLyQ\SHUVHFXFLyQGHRWURVPiV /D,JOHVLDGH*XDWHPDODVHYLRUHGXFLGDDOVLOHQFLRHUDPHMRUDFWXDUVLQKDEODU +DVWDODPLVPD&RQIHUHQFLD(SLVFRSDORSWySRUUHXQLUVHGHPDQHUDGLVFUHWDVLQ DQXQFLDU OD VHGH GRQGH VH LEDQ D UHXQLU &LHQWRV GH FDWHTXLVWDV PXULHURQ GHFHQDV GH VDFHUGRWHV IXHURQ H[SXOVDGRV R GHELHURQ GHMDU HO SDtV 0XFKDV FDVDV UHOLJLRVDV HUDQUHJLVWUDGDVVLQSUHYLRDYLVR/D,JOHVLDWXYRHQHO*RELHUQRPLOLWDUGHOJHQHUDO 5RPHR/XFDVXQRGHORVPRPHQWRVGHPD\RUSHUVHFXFLyQGHVXKLVWRULDVHUHSHWtDQ HVFHQDVGHPDUWLULRTXHQRVUHFXHUGDQFDVLHQSDUDOHORODUHDOLGDGGHORVPiUWLUHVGH ORVSULPHURVVLJORVEDMRHO,PSHULRURPDQR3RUODYtDGHOJROSHGH(VWDGRVHLPSX VRDOJHQHUDO(5tRV0RQWWTXHJREHUQyFRQEUD]RGHKLHUURHQDxRVHQORVTXHVH VXFHGHQODVPDVDFUHV\ODSUiFWLFDGHODOODPDGD´WLHUUDDUUDVDGDµ8QD,JOHVLDTXH -06LPRQ*XDWHPDOD(WHUQDOVSULQJHWHUQDOW\UDQQ\::1RUWRQ&RPSDQ\ 1HZ<RUN/RQGRQVHHVWiSUHSDUDQGRODWUDGXFFLyQDOFDVWHOODQRVLELHQHVOD FDOLGDGGHVXVIRWRVODTXHQRVPXHVWUDODUHDOLGDGGHORVDxRVGHODJXHUUD 3DUDHVWRVDxRVVRQLQGLVSHQVDEOHVGRVJUDQGHVLQIRUPHVD3UR\HFWR,QWHUGLRFHVDQRGH 5HFXSHUDFLyQGHOD0HPRULD+LVWyULFD5(0+,*XDWHPDODQXQFDPiVYRO~PHQHV Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 VXIULyWDPELpQHQVLOHQFLRVXGRORUVLQHQFRQWUDUHFRGHVXGHQXQFLDHQORVIRURV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV 0RQVHxRUGHFLGHUHJUHVDUD*XDWHPDODPX\GLVFUHWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHOJRO SHGH(VWDGRGHOGHPDU]RGHTXHOOHYyDOSRGHUDOJHQHUDO5tRV0RQWW HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ D TXH VX PDGUH 0DUtD /DXUD VH HQFRQWUDED JUDYHPHQWH HQIHU PD \ GH KHFKR IDOOHFLy GtDV GHVSXpV 3HUR QR UHJUHVD D OD GLyFHVLV GH 4XLFKp GRQGH VH HQFRQWUDED 0RQV 3DEOR 8Ut]DU DGPLQLVWUDGRU DSRVWyOLFR WUDWDQGR GH UHVFDWDU DOJXQDV SDUURTXLDV \ KDFLHQGR DFWR GH SUHVHQFLD FRQ XQ SHTXHxR JUX SR GH VDFHUGRWHV 0RQVHxRU *HUDUGL WDPSRFR YLYH FRQ VX IDPLOLD VLQR TXH VH ´UHIXJLDµ HQ XQD LJOHVLD FRQ HO UDQJR GH ´FDSHOODQtDµ 3DVy FDVL GRV DxRV PX\ GLVFUHWDPHQWH GH DEULO GH D MXOLR GH FXDQGR GHFLGH UHQXQFLDU D OD GLyFHVLVGH4XLFKpSDUDDFHSWDUODSURSXHVWDGHOQXHYRDU]RELVSRGH*XDWHPDOD PRQVHxRU3UyVSHUR3HQDGRVGHO%DUULRFRPRRELVSRDX[LOLDUGHOD$UTXLGLyFH VLV &RQ HO WLHPSR OD &(* OH HQFRPHQGy HO FDUJR GH VHFUHWDULR JHQHUDO \ HO DU]RELVSRGH*XDWHPDODOHHQFDUJyHFKDUDDQGDUORVSUHSDUDWLYRVGHXQLQFLSLHQWH 3ODQ3DVWRUDO$UTXLGLRFHVDQRTXHDODSRVWUHGHVHPERFDUtDHQODUHDOL]DFLyQGHO SULPHU6tQRGR$UTXLGLRFHVDQR 3HURHOFRUD]yQGHPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLODWtDLQTXLHWR([SHULPHQWDEDHQFDUQH SURSLDFyPRODLPSXQLGDGVHDGXHxDEDGH*XDWHPDODODIUXVWUDFLyQGHQRSRGHU KDFHUPXFKRSRUDOLYLDUODVLQMXVWLFLDVFRPHWLGDVFRQWUDODJHQWHPiVKXPLOGHHO YHUFyPRODSD]VHFRQGLFLRQDEDDODIXHU]DGHODVDUPDV\FyPRHOGHUHFKRVH UHWRUFtDFDGDGtD&DGDGtDWRFDEDQDODVSXHUWDVGHORVRELVSDGRVGH*XDWHPDOD R GH ODV SDUURTXLDV SHUVRQDV TXH SHGtDQ SURWHFFLyQ D\XGD HQ OD GHVHVSHUDGD UHDOLGDGGHYHUVHDPHQD]DGRV\SHUVHJXLGRV«)XHDVtFRPRHODU]RELVSR3UyV SHUR3HQDGRVGHFLGHDEULUXQD2ÀFLQDGH6HUYLFLRV6RFLDOHVGHO$U]RELVSDGRHQ GH OD TXH XQ DxR PiV WDUGH QDFHUtDOD 2ÀFLQD GH 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV GHO $U]RELVSDGR$PEDVOHIXHURQHQFRPHQGDGDVDPRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGLTXHFRQ XQ HTXLSR GH DERJDGRV \ SURIHVLRQDOHV SXGLHURQ SRQHU HQ PDUFKD OD SULPHUD RÀFLQD SDUD GHIHQGHU OD YLGD HQ *XDWHPDOD WRGDYtD GHQWUR GHO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR DUPDGRLQWHUQR)XHFRPRURPSHUHOPXURGHODLPSXQLGDG\RIUHFHUXQFDPLQR GHUHVLVWHQFLDDODSROtWLFDGHWHUURU(VLPSRUWDQWHUHFRUGDUTXHHVWDGHFLVLyQVHGD HQHOSHUtRGRGHOSULPHU*RELHUQRGHPRFUiWLFRSHURHQXQSDtVWRGDYtD PLOLWDUL]DGRTXHHVWDEDEXVFDQGRORVFDPLQRVGHODSD]\ODUHFRQFLOLDFLyQ 9LDMyYDULRVDxRVD*LQHEUDSDUDGHQXQFLDUDQWHOD&RPLVLyQGHODV1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV SDUD ORV 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV ODV YLRODFLRQHV TXH VH FRPHWtDQ FRQWUD OD *XDWHPDODGLULJLGRSRUPRQVHxRU *HUDUGL E &RPLVLyQSDUDHO(VFODUH FLPLHQWR +LVWyULFR &(+ *XDWHPDOD PHPRULD GHO VLOHQFLR 2ÀFLQD GH 6HUYLFLRV SDUD 3UR\HFWRVGHODV1DFLRQHV8QLGDV*XDWHPDOD 3D[&KULVWL,QWHUQD]LRQDOH1LFDUDJXD(O6DOYDGRU*XDWHPDOD+RQGXUDV5DSSRUWR VXL'LULWWL8PDQL(G(0,6HUYL]LR0LVLRQDULR%RORJQD Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ YLGDGRQGHQROOHJDEDFRPRXQSROtWLFRVLQRFRPRHOKRPEUHGH'LRVDTXLHQ OHGROtDYHUFyPRODLPDJHQGHFDGDVHUKXPDQRDVHVLQDGRHUDFRPRXOWUDMDUOD LPDJHQGH'LRV´(OVXIULPLHQWRGH&ULVWRHQVXFXHUSRPtVWLFRHVDOJRTXHQRV GHEHKDFHUUHÁH[LRQDU(VGHFLUVLHOSREUHHVWiIXHUDGHQXHVWUDYLGDHQWRQFHV TXL]iV-HV~VHVWiIXHUDGHQXHVWUDYLGDµ (O,QIRUPH5(0+, (OSURFHVRGHODVQHJRFLDFLRQHVGHSD]LEDFDPLQDQGRHQWUHOXFHV\VRPEUDV HQWUH\HQPD\RGHXQQXHYRJROSHGH(VWDGRGLVIUD]DGRGH ´DXWRJROSHµ SDUHFtD DSOD]DU ODV HVSHUDQ]DV GH SD] SDUD HO SXHEOR GH *XDWHPD OD (O JROSH VLJQLÀFy HO FDPELR GH OLGHUD]JR HQ ODV QHJRFLDFLRQHV GH SD] 6H PDUJLQyDPRQVHxRU5RGROIR4XH]DGD7RUXxRFRQFLOLDGRUHQWUHODVSDUWHV\VH SLGLy D ODV 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV OD FRQGXFFLyQ GHO SURFHVR TXH HQ FRQVLJXLy DOJXQRVORJURVHQWUHRWURVODÀUPDGHO$FXHUGRVREUH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV\HO $FXHUGRVREUHHO(VFODUHFLPLHQWR+LVWyULFR'HOSULPHURVHVLJXLyODLQVWDODFLyQ HQHOSDtVGHOD0LVLyQGHODV1DFLRQHV8QLGDVSDUD*XDWHPDOD0,18*8$\ GHOVHJXQGRODLQVWDODFLyQGHXQDFRPLVLyQTXHLQYHVWLJDVHODVYLRODFLRQHVDORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV HQ OD ODUJD JXHUUD GHO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR DUPDGR LQWHUQR GH DxRV 'DGDODH[SHULHQFLDTXHVHWHQtDGHORVUHVXOWDGRVHQRWUDVODWLWXGHVVREUHOD HÀFDFLD GH HVWDV FRPLVLRQHV PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL DQDOL]DQGR OD UHDOLGDG OOHJy D ODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHHQ*XDWHPDODXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVLPLODUSRUHMHPSORDOD GH (O 6DOYDGRU QR SHUPLWLUtD DÀDQ]DU OD MXVWLFLD IUXWR GHO SHUGyQ \ OD UHFRQFL OLDFLyQSLODUHVGHODSD]1DFHDVtODLGHDTXHQRWLHQHSUHFHGHQWHVHQQLQJXQD ,JOHVLDGH$PpULFD/DWLQDGHUHDOL]DUXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQSDWURFLQDGDSRUODPLV PD,JOHVLDFRQVXVPLVPRVDJHQWHV´SURPRWRUHVGHODUHFRQFLOLDFLyQµ\RIUHFHU XQD EDVH D GLFKD &RPLVLyQ SDUD HO (VFODUHFLPLHQWR +LVWyULFR (O $FXHUGR GH ODV1DFLRQHV8QLGDVFRQWHPSODEDXQDDPQLVWtDFDVLJHQHUDOSDUDGLULJHQWHVGHO (MpUFLWRORV*RELHUQRVGHWXUQRRODLQVXUJHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULDTXHODLQYHVWLJD FLyQUHFRQRFLHUDFRPRKHFKRUHVGHYLRODFLRQHVDORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV6HJ~Q HO$FXHUGRSDUDHO(VFODUHFLPLHQWR+LVWyULFRWDPSRFRHOLQIRUPHGDUtDORVQRP EUHVGHORVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHGLFKDVYLRODFLRQHV 0RQVHxRU *HUDUGL FUHtD TXH FRQ WDOHV GLVSRVLFLRQHV OD LPSXQLGDG LED D DG TXLULU FDUWD GH FLXGDGDQtD \ ODV YtFWLPDV VH VHQWLUtDQ FRQ XQ QXGR IXHUWH HQ VXV JDUJDQWDV\ODVPDQRVDWDGDVVLQEDVHMXUtGLFDSDUDUHFODPDUVXVGHUHFKRV&LHU WDPHQWH ORV FUtPHQHV FRQWUD OD KXPDQLGDG TXHGDEDQ IXHUD GHO $FXHUGR SHUR ¢FyPRUHFODPDUMXVWLFLD"7DPELpQODVIDPLOLDVLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHSRGtDQUHFXUULUD ORVWULEXQDOHVSHUR¢DTXLpQHVDFXVDU"¢FXiOHVHUDQORVQRPEUHVGHODVSHUVRQDV TXHYLRODURQGHVDSDUHFLHURQRDVHVLQDURQDVXVVHUHVTXHULGRV" 3DODEUDVGHPRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGLGLFKDVHOGHPDU]RGH Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 0RQVHxRU *HUDUGL UHFRQRFHUtD D OD KRUD GH HQWUHJDU ORV OLEURV GHO 5(0+, ´$xRVGHWHUURU\PXHUWHKDQGHVSOD]DGR\UHGXFLGRDOPLHGR\DOVLOHQFLRDOD PD\RUtD GH JXDWHPDOWHFRV /D YHUGDG HV OD SDODEUD SULPHUD OD DFFLyQ VHULD \ PDGXUD TXH QRV SRVLELOLWD URPSHU HVH FLFOR GH YLROHQFLD \ PXHUWH \ DEULUQRV D XQIXWXURGHHVSHUDQ]D\OX]SDUDWRGRVµGHDEULOGH &UHtD HVWH EXHQ RELVSR GH OD UHFRQFLOLDFLyQ TXH HQ UHDOLGDG OD SD] IRUPDO SRGUtDDOJ~QGtDORJUDUVHSHURODMXVWLFLDHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVGHUHFKRVGH ODV YtFWLPDV VX UHVDUFLPLHQWR OD YHUGDG GH OR VXFHGLGR HQ HO SDVDGR TXHGDUtD HQWHUUDGRSDUDVLHPSUHVLQRVHFUHDEDHOHVSDFLRSDUDHVFXFKDUODSDODEUDGHODV YtFWLPDV/XFKySRUODUHDOL]DFLyQGHHVWHLQIRUPHORSUHVHQWyDOD&RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDO TXH OXHJR GH YHU ORV SUR \ FRQWUD OR DSUREy *HUDUGL PDQWHQtD VX SRVLFLyQ HO SHUGyQ \ OD UHFRQFLOLDFLyQ QR OOHJDUi VL QR VH UHFRQRFH OD YHUGDG /DV YtFWLPDV WLHQHQ GHUHFKR D VDEHU OD YHUGDG 9DULDV GLyFHVLV HQWUDURQ FRQ IXHU]DHQHOSUR\HFWRHQWUHRWUDVODGLyFHVLVGHO4XLFKpHQODTXHGHVGHHQHUR GH HUD RELVSR PRQVHxRU -XOLR &DEUHUD 2YDOOH SHUR WDPELpQ +XHKXHWH QDQJR 6DQ 0DUFRV 4XHW]DOWHQDQJR (O 3HWpQ /D9HUDSD] ,]DEDO 6ROROi« /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQVHUHDOL]yGHD(OUHVXOWDGRHVHO,QIRUPH5(0+,HQ YRO~PHQHVSUHVHQWDGRHOGHDEULOGHTXHFRQVWLWX\HXQGHODLQIRU PDFLyQUHXQLGD6HUHFROHFWDURQWHVWLPRQLRVDORODUJR\DQFKRGHWRGRHO SDtVTXHKDEODEDQGHPiVGHYtFWLPDVGHXQWRWDOTXHSXGRVXSHUDUODV 'HDFXHUGRDO,QIRUPH5(0+,HQWUH\KXERHQ*XDWHPD OD FDVL YtFWLPDV TXH HTXLYDOH DO GHO WRWDO TXH 5(0+, GRFXPHQWy (QWUH \ RFXUULHURQ FDVL PDVDFUHV GH ODV TXH VH SXGLHURQ GRFXPHQWDU'HGLFKDVPDVDFUHVWXYLHURQPiVGHYtFWLPDV\GHRWUDV PDVDFUHVVHSXGRGRFXPHQWDUTXHWXYLHURQPiVGHFLHQYtFWLPDVFDGDXQD (Q HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH 4XLFKp IXH GRQGH VH YLYLy FRQ PD\RU LQWHQVLGDG HO LPSDFWR GH OD YLROHQFLD HO GH ODV YtFWLPDV FX\RV LQIRUPHV VRQ UHFRJLGRV SRU 5(0+, VH UHÀHUHQ D 4XLFKp \ XQ D ´/DV9HUDSDFHVµ (Q 4XLFKp VH SHUSHWUDURQKHFKRVYLROHQWRVTXHFDXVDURQPiVGHYtFWLPDV3DUD*XDWH PDODHO,QIRUPH5(0+,FRQWDELOL]yPDVDFUHVGRFXPHQWy\GHHOODV VH FRPHWLHURQ FRQWUD ORV SXHEORV GHO 4XLFKp 6yOR HQ VH SHUSHWUDURQ 'HHVDVHO(MpUFLWRHVUHVSRQVDEOHGHIXHURQIUXWRGHODFROD ERUDFLyQHQWUHHO(MpUFLWR\JUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHVORVSDUDPLOLWDUHVSRUVXFXHQWD SHUSHWUDURQ\ODJXHUULOODHVUHVSRQVDEOHGHGHGLFKDVPDVDFUHV6HVDEH TXHHVWRVGDWRVQRSXHGHQGDUFXHQWDGHODWRWDOLGDGGHODVYLROHQFLDVSHUSHWUD GDV FRQWUD HO SXHEOR JXDWHPDOWHFR HQ HVRV DxRV (Q HVWH LQIRUPH VLQ HPEDUJR - &DEUHUD 2YDOOH 0HPRULD \ WHVWLJRV GH *XDWHPDOD (GLFLRQHV 6DQ 3DEOR *XDWHPDOD \&RQVXHODDPLSXHEORWUHVYRO~PHQHVGHKRPLOtDVHGLWDGRVHQ*XDWHPDOD 9HULJXDOPHQWHHODUWtFXOR´0RQVHxRU-XDQ-RVp*HUDUGL&RQHGHUDSURIHWD\PiUWLUµHQ &RQIHUHQFLD (SLVFRSDO GH *XDWHPDOD 0RQVHxRU -XDQ *HUDUGL WHVWLJR ÀHO GH 'LRV ySFLWSS Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ FRQVWDEDQOXJDUHVQRPEUHVGHORVSUHVXQWRVUHVSRQVDEOHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVGHORV KHFKRVGHORVTXHVHSXHGHVHJXLUXQSURFHVROHJDOFRQWUDORVYLFWLPDULRV(V WRVGDWRVSRUGHVJUDFLDQRVD\XGDQDHQWHQGHUODFDXVDSRUODTXHIXHDVHVLQDGR PRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGL /D SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO ,QIRUPH 5(0+, TXH VH OOHYy D FDER HQ OD &DWHGUDO GH *XDWHPDODHOGHDEULOGHFRQWyFRQODSDODEUDGHYDULDVSHUVRQDOLGDGHV HQWUHHOODVPRQVHxRU-XOLR&DEUHUDRELVSRGH4XLFKp\PRQVHxRU-XDQ*HUDUGL FRRUGLQDGRUGHO,QIRUPH(QVXGLVFXUVRPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLIXHPX\SUHFLVRHQ LQGLFDUODUD]yQTXHOOHYyDOD,JOHVLDDODHODERUDFLyQGHOGRFXPHQWR (O 3UR\HFWR 5(0+, HQ HO FRQÁXLU GHO WUDEDMR SDVWRUDO GH OD ,JOHVLD HV XQD GHQXQFLDOHJtWLPDGRORURVDTXHGHEHPRVGHHVFXFKDUFRQSURIXQGRUHVSHWR \ HVStULWX VROLGDULR 3HUR WDPELpQ HV XQ DQXQFLR XQD DOWHUQDWLYD SDUD HQ FRQWUDU QXHYRV FDPLQRV GH FRQYLYHQFLD KXPDQD &XDQGR HPSUHQGLPRV HVWD WDUHDQRVLQWHUHVDEDFRQRFHUSDUDFRPSDUWLUODYHUGDGUHFRQVWUXLUODKLVWRULD GHGRORU\PXHUWHYHUORVPyYLOHVHQWHQGHUHOSRUTXp\HOFyPR0RVWUDUHO GUDPDKXPDQRFRPSDUWLUODSHQDODDQJXVWLDGHORVPLOHVGHPXHUWRVGHV DSDUHFLGRV\WRUWXUDGRVYHUODUDt]GHODLQMXVWLFLD\ODDXVHQFLDGHYDORUHV (VWH HV XQ PRGR SDVWRUDO GH KDFHU ODV FRVDV (V WUDEDMDU D OD OX] GH OD IH HQFRQWUDUHOURVWURGH'LRVODSUHVHQFLDGHO6HxRU(QWRGRVHVWRVDFRQWHFL PLHQWRVHV'LRVTXLHQQRVHVWiKDEODQGR(VWDPRVOODPDGRVDUHFRQFLOLDU/D PLVLyQGH-HV~VHVUHFRQFLOLDGRUD6XSUHVHQFLDQRVOODPDDVHUUHFRQFLOLDGR UHVHQHVWDVRFLHGDGTXHEUDGDWUDWDQGRGHXELFDUYtFWLPDV\YLFWLPDULRVGHQ WUR GH OD MXVWLFLD +D\ JHQWH TXH PXULy SRU XQ LGHDO< ORV YHUGXJRV IXHURQ PXFKDVYHFHVLQVWUXPHQWRV/DFRQYHUVLyQHVQHFHVDULD\QRVWRFDDEULUORV HVSDFLRVSDUDHVWLPXODUOD1RVHWUDWDGHDFHSWDUORVKHFKRVVLPSOHPHQWH(V PHQHVWHUUHÁH[LRQDU\UHFXSHUDUORVYDORUHV 4XHUHPRV FRQWULEXLU D OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQ SDtV GLVWLQWR 3RU HVR UHFXSH UDPRV OD PHPRULD GHO SXHEOR (VWH FDPLQR HVWXYR \ VLJXH HVWDQGR OOHQR GH ULHVJRVSHURODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHO5HLQRGH'LRVWLHQHULHVJRV\VyORVRQVXV FRQVWUXFWRUHVDTXHOORVTXHWLHQHQIXHU]DSDUDHQIUHQWDUORV (O GLVFXUVR HQWHUR HV XQD YHUGDGHUD MR\D GH OD YLVLyQ FULVWLDQD VREUH OD GLJ QLGDG GH OD SHUVRQD KXPDQD 8QD JXHUUD VLHPSUH FRORFD D OD VRFLHGDG HQWHUD \ D FDGD VHU KXPDQR HQ SDUWLFXODU HQ ORV OtPLWHV GH OD GHJUDGDFLyQ WRWDO \ HQ OD KLSRWHFDGHVXIXWXURGHHVSHUDQ]D\DVtORUHFRQRFtDHORELVSRGHORVGHUHFKRV KXPDQRV ´$EULUQRV D OD YHUGDG HQFDUDU QXHVWUD UHDOLGDG SHUVRQDO \ FROHFWLYD QRHVXQDRSFLyQTXHVHSXHGHDFHSWDURGHMDUHVXQDH[LJHQFLDLQDSHODEOHSDUD /RVYRO~PHQHVGHO,QIRUPH5(0+,WLHQHQHVWHRUGHQYRO,,PSDFWRGHODYLROHQFLD SiJLQDVYRO,,/RVPHFDQLVPRVGHOKRUURUSiJLQDVYRO,,,(OHQWRUQR KLVWyULFRSiJLQDVYRO,99tFWLPDVGHOFRQÁLFWRSiJLQDV Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 WRGRVHUKXPDQRSDUDWRGDVRFLHGDGTXHSUHWHQGDKXPDQL]DUVH\VHUOLEUH1RV VLW~DDQWHQXHVWUDFRQGLFLyQPiVUDGLFDOFRPRSHUVRQDVVRPRVKLMRVHKLMDVGH 'LRVOODPDGRVDSDUWLFLSDUGHODOLEHUWDGGHO3DGUHµ < WHUPLQD VX GLVFXUVR UHFODPiQGRVH DO RUGHQ GH OD FUHDFLyQ SULPHUD ´/D DFWXDOL]DFLyQ\PHPRULDGHHVWRVKHFKRVGRORURVRVQRVFRQIURQWDQFRQXQDSDOD EUDRULJLQDOGHQXHVWUDIH¶&DtQ¢GyQGHHVWiWXKHUPDQR$EHO"1RVpFRQWHVWy ¢6R\DFDVRHOJXDUGLiQGHPLKHUPDQR"5HSOLFy<DKYp¢TXpKDVKHFKR"6HR\H ODVDQJUHGHWXKHUPDQRFODPDUGHVGHHOVXHORKDVWDPt·*HQµ -XVWLFLDSDUDXQKRPEUHMXVWR 'RV GtDV GHVSXpV GH OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO ,QIRUPH 5(0+, HQ OD QRFKH GHO GH DEULO HUD VDOYDMHPHQWH DVHVLQDGR PRQVHxRU -XDQ *HUDUGL (O LPSDFWR GH VX PXHUWH IXH XQ PHQVDMH FODUR SDUD TXLHQHV HVWDEDQ D IDYRU GH ORV$FXHUGRV GH 3D] ÀUPDGRV D ÀQDOHV GH SHUR VREUH WRGR FRQWHQtD XQ PHQVDMH FODUR FRQWUDDTXHOORVTXHTXLVLHUDQDEULUHOOLEURGHODYHUGDG6XPXHUWHFUXHOIXHXQ PHQVDMHGHORVVHFWRUHVDPSDUDGRVHQODLPSXQLGDG 6LQHPEDUJR\WDPELpQKD\TXHGHFLUORTXLHQHVSODQLÀFDURQ\HMHFXWDURQVX PXHUWHODPXHUWHGHXQRELVSRUHFRQRFLGRSRUVXOXFKDDIDYRUGHORVGHUHFKRV KXPDQRVSXVLHURQHQPRYLPLHQWRXQLPSUHVLRQDQWHDSDUDWRSDUDTXHHVWHQXH YR KHFKR GH YLROHQFLD TXHGDUD LPSXQH 8QD HVFHQD GHO FULPHQ WUHPHQGDPHQWH GLVWRUVLRQDGD QRWLFLDV D ORV PHGLRV GH SUHQVD FRQIXVDV \ FRQWUDGLFWRULDV FRQ ODV TXH VH FUHDEDQ QXHYRV HVFHQDULRV GH ORV KHFKRV \ VH VHxDODEDQ D SUHVXQWRV DVHVLQRV HQWUH LQGLYLGXRV TXH SHUWHQHFHQ D OD GHOLQFXHQFLD FRP~Q \D GHVGH HO PLVPRGtDVHTXLVRKXPLOODUODPHPRULDGHOEXHQSDVWRUFUHDQGRODVRVSHFKDGH TXHVXPXHUWHVHGHEtDDXQFULPHQSDVLRQDO« 6LQHPEDUJRODVLQVWDQFLDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQRÀFLDOHVFDPLQDEDQSRUXQODGR SHUR HO VHQWLPLHQWR GHO SXHEOR HUD FODUR ´$ PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL OR PDWDURQ SRU GHFLU OD YHUGDGµ +DVWD VH YLR HQYXHOWR HQ ORV KHFKRV XQ VDFHUGRWH FRQ OR TXH VH TXHUtD FUHDU D~Q PiV FRQIXVLyQ LQGLFDQGR TXH VH WUDWDED GH XQ FULPHQ FX\D FDXVD HVWDED GHQWUR GH OD PLVPD ,JOHVLD 3DUHFtD XQ FULPHQ SHUIHFWR KDVWD VH LQFXOSyDXQSHUURSHUWHQHFLHQWHDOVDFHUGRWHTXHFRPSDUWtDWDUHDVSDVWRUDOHVHQ OD3DUURTXLDGH6DQ6HEDVWLiQ$OÀQDOODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHWRGRGLULJLGDV SRU ORV DERJDGRV GH OD 2ÀFLQD GH 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV GHO PLVPR$U]RELVSDGR IXHURQGHPRVWUDQGRODIDOWDGHIXQGDPHQWRGHFDGDXQDGHODVKLSyWHVLVIRUPX ODGDVSRUODÀVFDOtD\HOPLQLVWHULRS~EOLFRGHIHQGLGDVSRUVHFWRUHVGHJRELHUQR \ JUXSRV GH SRGHU \ VH IXH DEULHQGR OX] D ORV YHUGDGHURV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH OD PXHUWH GH PRQVHxRU -XDQ *HUDUGL HO (VWDGR 0D\RU 3UHVLGHQFLDO GHO *RELHUQR GHO SUHVLGHQWH $U]~ TXH XQRV DxRV DQWHV KDEtD ÀUPDGR OD SD] (VWH VHFWRU GHO (MpUFLWR HUD \D VH VXSULPLy XQ FXHUSR DXWyQRPR GHQWUR GH ODV IXHU]DV GH VHJXULGDG GHO (VWDGR HQFDUJDGR GH OD SURWHFFLyQ GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV SHUVRQDOLGDGHVGHO*RELHUQRGHOD5HS~EOLFD/DSUHVHQFLDGHPLHPEURVGHHVWH Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ FXHUSRDORODUJRGHYDULDVGpFDGDVHQKHFKRVGHYLRODFLyQDORVGHUHFKRVKXPD QRVVHFXHVWURV\DVHVLQDWRVKDVLGRGHPRVWUDGDHQRWURVPXFKRVFDVRVVLQTXH ODVYtFWLPDVSXGLHUDQUHFODPDUMXVWLFLD (O MXLFLR SDUD HVFODUHFHU OD PXHUWH YLROHQWD GH PRQVHxRU *HUDUGL VH LQLFLD HQPDU]RGHHQHOEDQTXLOORGHORVDFXVDGRVHVWiQXQFRURQHOUHWLUDGRGHO (MpUFLWR GRV PLHPEURV GHO (VWDGR 0D\RU 3UHVLGHQFLDO XQ VDFHUGRWH \ OD FRFL QHUDGHODFDVDGHORELVSR1R VRQ WRGRVORVTXHSDUWLFLSDURQ(OGHMXQLRGH HVH DxR GHVSXpV GHO LQWHUURJDWRULR GH ORV WHVWLJRV OD VHQWHQFLD GLR DxRV GH SULVLyQ D ORV PLOLWDUHV \ DO VDFHUGRWH TXHGy OLEUH OD FRFLQHUD /D VHQWHQFLD SLGH LQYHVWLJDU DO PHQRV D XQD PHGLD GRFHQD GH PLOLWDUHV PiV GH DOWR UDQJR D ORVTXHVHOHVGHVFXEULySDUWLFLSDFLyQHQHOFULPHQ&RQORVUHFXUVRVSRVWHULRUHV ORVDERJDGRVGHORVPLOLWDUHVFRQVLJXLHURQUHYRFDUODVHQWHQFLDHQVHJXQGDLQV WDQFLDSHURQRDQWHOD&RUWH6XSUHPDGH-XVWLFLDQLDQWHOD&RUWHGH&RQVWLWXFLR QDOLGDG 'LFKD VHQWHQFLD TXHGy HQ ÀUPH FLQFR DxRV GHVSXpV (VWi SHQGLHQWH OD FRQWLQXLGDGGHOSURFHVR 3RUVXSDUWHOD,JOHVLDGH*XDWHPDODHVSHFLDOPHQWHHODFWXDODU]RELVSRFDU GHQDO4XH]DGD7RUXxRVHKDPDQWHQLGRÀUPHHQUHFODPDUMXVWLFLDSDUDXQKRP EUHMXVWRFRPRHVHOVHQWLPLHQWRGHOD,JOHVLDHQWHUD\GHWRGDODFLXGDGDQtD$QWH ORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVDO9,,&20/$\,,&$0TXHVHOOHYyDFDERHQ*XDWHPDODDÀ QDOHVGHQRYLHPEUHGHHODU]RELVSRGH*XDWHPDODOHVDVHJXUy´<DQWHWRGRV XVWHGHVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQWDQWDVLJOHVLDVGHOPXQGR\WDQWDVLJOHVLDVSDUWLFXODUHVGH $PpULFD/DWLQDKDFLpQGRPHSRUWDYR]GHPLVKHUPDQRVORVRELVSRVGH*XDWHPDOD \\RPLVPROHVSXHGRDVHJXUDUTXHQRGHVFDQVDUHPRVOXFKDQGRMXUtGLFDPHQWHSDUD HVFODUHFHU HVWH DVHVLQDWR« < TXH QR HVWpQ WUDQTXLORV ORV DXWRUHV LQWHOHFWXDOHV R PDWHULDOHVSRUTXHVHUHPRVODYR]GHVXFRQFLHQFLDSDUDTXHHVWRV KHFKRV FRPR TXHUtDPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLHQ*XDWHPDODQXQFDPiVVHUHSLWDQµ &RPSURPHWLGRVFRQVXPHPRULD\VXOHJDGR /DPXHUWHGHPRQVHxRU*HUDUGLQRVJROSHyHODOPDIXHODUHVSXHVWDLQKXPD QDGHOVLVWHPDGHPXHUWHTXHpOKDEtDFRPEDWLGRFRQODSDODEUDGHODYHUGDG\OD IXHU]D GHO (YDQJHOLR 6X PHPRULD TXHGD HQ QXHVWURV FRUD]RQHV \ VX OHJDGR HV XQHVWtPXORFRQVWDQWHSDUDOXFKDUSRUXQD*XDWHPDODGLVWLQWD 8QD GH ODV PHMRUHV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SXEOLFDGDV VREUH HVWH SURFHVR HV IUXWR GHO SHULRGLVWD JXDWHPDOWHFRHVWDGRXQLGHQVH )UDQFLVFR *ROGPDQ HQ VX OLEUR 7KH DUW RI SROLWLFDO PXUGHU :KR NLOOHG WKH ELVKRS" *URYH 3UHVV 1HZ <RUN (Q PD\R GHVHSXEOLFy OD WUDGXFFLyQ HQ FDVWHOODQR FRQ XQ FDStWXOR DxDGLGR VREUH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV UHODWLYDV DO DxR (O DUWH GHO DVHVLQDWRSROtWLFR¢4XLpQPDWyDO RELVSR"(GLWRULDO$QDJUDPD*XDWHPDOD &RQRFDVLyQGHODQLYHUVDULRVHUHDOL]yXQVHPLQDULRLQWHUQDFLRQDOHQ*XDWHPDOD GHO DO GH DEULO GH FX\D PHPRULD OOHYD SRU WtWXOR ´&RQVWUX\HQGR OD SD] GHVGHODYHUGDGµ Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 0216*(5$5',2%,6320É57,5(181$,*/(6,$0É57,5 (Q HO GpFLPR SULPHU DQLYHUVDULR GHO PDUWLULR GHO RELVSR *HUDUGL GRQ 3HGUR &DVDOGiOLJDGHVGH%UDVLOOHGHGLFyHVWRVYHUVRV 7X PXHUWH EXHQ SDVWRU QR KD VLGR HQ YDQR *XLDGRV SRU WX HMHPSOR QRVR WURVVHJXLUHPRVIRUMDQGRODYHUGDG\ODMXVWLFLDGDQGRODYR]DOFDQWRHQPXGHFL GRGDQGRHVSHUDQ]DDO3XHEORFDPLQDQWHGDQGRODYLGDDO5HLQRGHORVSREUHV Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas