El poder electoral en el siglo XIX. Los derechos de votar y ser votado Dra. María Macarita ELIZONDO GASPERÍN Dra. María Macarita Elizondo Gasperín 'RFWRUDHQ'HUHFKRFRQPHQFLyQKRQRUt¿FD\PHGDOODDOPpULWRXQLYHUVLWDULR³*DELQR%DUUHGD´ SRUOD81$0(VSHFLDOLVWDHQ-XVWLFLD&RQVWLWXFLRQDO&XHQWDFRQPiVGHDxRVGHH[SHULHQFLDHQ GHUHFKRHOHFWRUDO\MXULVSUXGHQFLDO3OD]RHQHOTXHLJXDOPHQWHKDVLGRLQYHVWLJDGRUD\DFDGpPLFD XQLYHUVLWDULDFRQGLYHUVRVUHFRQRFLPLHQWRV\GLVWLQFLRQHVSRUVXDOWRGHVHPSHxR$XWRUDGHYDULRV OLEURV \ QXPHURVRV DUWtFXORV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH FXHVWLRQHV FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV \ GH MXVWLFLD HOHFWRUDO0LHPEURGHQ~PHURGHOD$VRFLDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH'HUHFKR3URFHVDO\GHO,QVWLWXWR ,EHURDPHULFDQRGH'HUHFKR3URFHVDO)XH-XH]\0DJLVWUDGDGHO7ULEXQDO(OHFWRUDOGHO3RGHU-XGLFLDO GH OD )HGHUDFLyQ GHVLJQDGD SRU HO 6HQDGR GH OD 5HS~EOLFD D SURSXHVWD GH OD 6XSUHPD &RUWH GH -XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ\DFWXDOPHQWHHV&RQVHMHUD(OHFWRUDOGHO,QVWLWXWR)HGHUDO(OHFWRUDOGHVLJQDGD SRUOD&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRV SUMARIO35(È0%8/2/266(17,0,(1726'(/$1$&,Ï1<(/'(&5(72&2167,78&,21$/3$5$/$/,%(57$''(/$$0e5,&$0(;,&$1$'HUHFKRDYRWDU'HUHFKR DVHUYRWDGR$&7$&2167,787,9$'(/$)('(5$&,Ï1'(&5(72'('((1(52'( &2167,78&,Ï1)('(5$/'(/26(67$'2681,'260(;,&$126 '(&5(72 '('(2&78%5('('HUHFKRDYRWDU'HUHFKRDVHUYRWDGR/(<&2167,78&,21$/(67$17(6<+$%,7$17(6(1(/7(55,725,20(;,&$12686'(5(&+26 <2%/,*$&,21(6'(',&,(0%5('(/(<62%5((/(&&,21(6'(',387$'263$5$(/&21*5(62*(1(5$/<'(/26,1',9,'82648(&20321*$1/$6 -817$6 '(3$57$0(17$/(6 '( 129,(0%5( '( (OHFFLRQHV SULPDULDV (OHFFLRQHVVHFXQGDULDV(OHFFLRQHVGHGLSXWDGRV\GHODVMXQWDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHV,QIUDFFLRQHV HQ PDWHULD HOHFWRUDO /(<(6 &2167,78&,21$/(6 '( ',&,(0%5( '( /$6 %$6(6'(25*$1,=$&,Ï132/Ë7,&$'(/$5(3Ò%/,&$0(;,&$1$'(-81,2'( (OSRGHUHOHFWRUDO/$&2167,78&,Ï1)('(5$/'((OHFFLyQ\UHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGHQGLFKRPDUFRFRQVWLWXFLRQDO/RVGHUHFKRVGHYRWDU\VHUYRWDGR'HUHFKRDVHUYRWDGR *(1(5$/,'$'(6'(/$/(<25*È1,&$(/(&725$/'((OSURFHVRHOHFWRUDOGH DFXHUGRDODOHJLVODFLyQYLJHQWHHQODpSRFD/DHOHFFLyQLQGLUHFWD(OHFFLyQGHO3UHVLGHQWHGH OD5HS~EOLFD0H[LFDQD/DDQXODFLyQGHODVHOHFFLRQHV/DYLRODFLyQDODOH\HOHFWRUDO'HOLWRV HVSHFLDOHV3$/$%5$6),1$/(6 Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana El poder electoral en el siglo XIX. Los derechos de votar y ser votado Ma. Macarita (/,=21'2*$63(5Ë1 ³4XHFRPRODEXHQDOH\HVVXSHULRUDWRGRKRPEUH ODVTXHGLFWHQXHVWUR&RQJUHVRGHEHQVHUWDOHVTXH REOLJXHQ D FRQVWDQFLD \ SDWULRWLVPR PRGHUHQ OD RSXOHQFLD\ODLQGLJHQFLD\GHWDOVXHUWHVHDXPHQWH HO MRUQDO GHO SREUH TXH PHMRUH VXV FRVWXPEUHV DOHMDQGRODLJQRUDQFLDODUDSLxD\HOKXUWR 3XQWR 6HQWLPLHQWRV GH OD 1DFLyQ GH -RVp 0DUtD 0RUHORV\3DYyQ 35(È0%8/2 & RQPRWLYRGHORVIHVWHMRVGHOELFHQWHQDULRGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDHVLPSRUWDQWH FRQPHPRUDUODJHVWDKHURLFDGHORVSUyFHUHVLQVXUJHQWHV'HEHPRVDSUHFLDUHO OHJDGRGHQXHVWURVDQWHFHVRUHV\KDFHUXQDVHUHQD\REMHWLYDUHÀH[LyQVREUH QXHVWUDVLWXDFLyQDFWXDO\ORTXHLPSOLFyFRQVHJXLUQXHVWURVGHUHFKRVYLJHQWHV (QODDFWXDOLGDGQRVSDUHFHLQFRQFHELEOHHLQDFHSWDEOHTXH~QLFDPHQWHSXGLHVHQYRWDU TXLHQHVWXYLHVHQXQFDSLWDO\SRUHVWRTXHGDVHQH[FOXLGRVORVDQDOIDEHWDVODVPXMHUHV \HOSHUVRQDOGHVHUYLFLRGRPpVWLFR+R\HVXQDUHDOLGDGORTXHHQRWURVWLHPSRVIXHXQ LGHDOHOYRWRXQLYHUVDOOLEUHVHFUHWRGLUHFWRSHUVRQDOHLQWUDQVIHULEOH 1XHVWUD1DFLyQSRVHHXQDYDVWDULTXH]DKLVWyULFDFXOWXUDO\VRFLDOODFXDOGHEHVHU FRPSUHQGLGDHQVXSURSLRFRQWH[WRWHPSRUDO1RSRGHPRVSHUGHUGHYLVWDTXHHQ0p[LFR QXHVWURVGHUHFKRVKDQHYROXFLRQDGRFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODLQHOXGLEOHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ VRFLDOTXHLQFOXVROOHJDURQDVHUPRYLPLHQWRVYLROHQWRV (VRSRUWXQRKDFHUXQDUHÀH[LyQVREUHODHYROXFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVGHORVFLXGDGDQRV GHYRWDU\VHUYRWDGR$~QFXDQGRSXGLHUDSHQVDUVHTXHHOPRYLPLHQWRGHLQGHSHQGHQFLD SRUVtPLVPRVLJQL¿FyODOLEHUWDGGHORVPH[LFDQRV\TXHODVVXEVHFXHQWHVOHJLVODFLRQHV $JUDGH]FRODVLHPSUHDWLQDGDLQWHUYHQFLyQ\REVHUYDFLRQHVGHOD/LFHQFLDGD6RQLD3pUH]3pUH] La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico UHÀHMDURQORVLGHDOHVTXHDEDQGHUyGLFKRPRYLPLHQWR'HEHFRPSUHQGHUVHHVWHSURFHVRHQ HOFRQWH[WRVRFLRSROtWLFRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODURQORVKHFKRVKLVWyULFRVORVSDUDGLJPDV LPSHUDQWHVORVSUHMXLFLRVHQHVDVRFLHGDGGHFLPRQyQLFDHOPDUFRMXUtGLFRYLJHQWHSDUD FRPSUHQGHU\MX]JDUODHYROXFLyQGHORVFLWDGRVGHUHFKRVSRUTXHVRQVLQGXGDORVSLODUHV VREUHORVTXHGHVFDQVDQXHVWURVLVWHPDGHPRFUiWLFRTXHKDVLGRHOUHVXOWDGRGHORVGRV PRYLPLHQWRVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVODLQGHSHQGHQFLD\ODUHYROXFLyQPH[LFDQD $ GHFLU GH /XLV GH OD +LGDOJD GHVGH HO PRYLPLHQWR LQVXUJHQWH FRQYHUWLGR HQ OD 5HYROXFLyQ GH ,QGHSHQGHQFLD OD KLVWRULD FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GH 0p[LFR WXYR FRPR EDVH IXQGDPHQWDOODGHIHQVDGHGRVSULQFLSLRVODOLEHUWDG\ODLJXDOGDG\GHDKtHVHFRPEDWH GXUDQWH WRGR HVWH PHGLR VLJOR GH OXFKDV LQWHVWLQDV GH UHEHOLRQHV GH PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV FRQWUDHOGRPLQLRFRQWUDODGLFWDGXUD\ODWLUDQtDTXHVHLQWHQWDEDLPSRQHUGHVGHHOSRGHU HMHFXWLYRFRQHODSR\RGHOFOHURTXHSRUWHPRUDSHUGHUHOFRQWUROGHOSXHEORH[LJtDQOD IRUPDFLyQGHXQJRELHUQRFHQWUDOFRQVHUYDGRUGHVGHHOFXDOSRGtDQORJUDUVXGRPLQLRFRQ PD\RUIDFLOLGDGVLQHPEDUJRQRREVWDQWHHVWDUHDOLGDGWDQWRORVFRQVHUYDGRUHVFHQWUDOLVWDV FRPRORVOLEHUDOHVIHGHUDOLVWDVUHFXUULHURQVLHPSUHDOGLFWDGRGHXQD&RQVWLWXFLyQTXHOHV IXHUDSURSLFLD\ORJUDUVXREMHWREDMRVXDPSDUR (OGHUHFKRHOHFWRUDOFREUDXQPDWL]LQWHUHVDQWHDODOX]GHXQHVWXGLRKLVWyULFRSXHV ODKLVWRULDQRVSHUPLWHFRQRFHUHOSDVDGRSDUDFRPSUHQGHUFDEDOPHQWHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV YLJHQWHVHQFRQVHFXHQFLDDWUDYpVGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQXQHQIRTXHKLVWyULFRHOHFWRUDO VHDSURYHFKDODRSRUWXQLGDGGHYDORUDUHODYDQFHQDFLRQDOHQPDWHULDHOHFWRUDOTXHSHUPLWH ODHVWDELOLGDG\HOUHVSHWRDODVREHUDQtDSRSXODUEDVDGDHQHOYRWROLEUH\VHFUHWRGHORV FLXGDGDQRV DE LA HIDALGA,/XLVHistoria del Derecho Constitucional Mexicano0p[LFR(G3RUU~DSS Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana -RVp0DUtD0RUHORV\3DYyQGRVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV 1. LOS SENTIMIENTOS DE LA NACIÓN Y EL DECRETO CONSTITUCIONAL PARA LA LIBERTAD DE LA AMÉRICA MEXICANA. (OWH[WRGHORV³6HQWLPLHQWRVGHOD1DFLyQ´GH'RQ-RVp0DUtD0RUHORV\3DYyQHV XQDUHIHUHQFLDSRVWHULRUDOPRYLPLHQWRLQGHSHQGHQWLVWDVRQORVLGHDOHVGHXQDQDFLyQHQ IRUPDFLyQ (QWUH VXV GHFODUDFLRQHV HQFRQWUDPRV \D XQD DOXVLyQ D OD VREHUDQtD DO VRVWHQHU “5º Que la soberanía dimana inmediatamente del Pueblo, el que solo quiere depositarla en el Supremo Congreso Nacional Americano, compuesto de representantes de las provincias de números´$VLPLVPRGHIRUPDLPSOtFLWDVHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOGHUHFKRDYRWDU\VHU YRWDGRHVGHFLUVHYLVOXPEUyGLFKDLQWHQFLyQSXHVHVWDEOHFLy“7º Que funcionarán cuatro años los vocales, turnándose, saliendo los más antiguos para que ocupen el lugar de los nuevos electos”. La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico $VtXQDYH]TXHVHGLFWyHO“Acta solemne de la declaración de la independencia de América Septentrional”HQXQDGHODVLQWHUURJDQWHVHUDGHWHUPLQDUTXpVHKDUtDFRQ ODOLEHUWDGHVGHFLUFUHDUODQXHYDQDFLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWHORFXDOVHWUDVODGyHO³'HFUHWR FRQVWLWXFLRQDOSDUDODOLEHUWDGGHOD$PpULFDPH[LFDQD´VDQFLRQDGRHQ$SDW]LQJiQHO GHRFWXEUHGHHQODFXDOGHVWDFDQGLYHUVRVDVSHFWRVTXHWUDWDUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ 'H DFXHUGR D OR SUHYLVWR HQ HO DUWtFXOR GHO FLWDGR GHFUHWR OD VREHUDQtD UHVLGtD RULJLQDULDPHQWHHQHOSXHEOR\VXHMHUFLFLRHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQQDFLRQDOFRPSXHVWDGH GLSXWDGRVHOHJLGRVSRUORVFLXGDGDQRVEDMRODIRUPDTXHHQVXPRPHQWRSUHVFULELHUDOD &RQVWLWXFLyQ (OGHUHFKRGHVXIUDJLRSDUDODHOHFFLyQGHGLSXWDGRVVHHQFRQWUDEDGHDFXHUGRDODUWtFXOR VLQGLVWLQFLyQGHFODVHVQLSDtVHVHQWRGRVORVFLXGDGDQRVHQTXLHQHVFRQFXUULHUHQORV UHTXLVLWRVSUHYLVWRVHQODOH\6HUHSXQWDEDQFLXGDGDQRVGH$PpULFDWRGRVORVQDFLGRV HQHOODHLQFOXVRORVH[WUDQMHURVTXHSURIHVDUDQODUHOLJLyQFDWyOLFDDSRVWyOLFDURPDQD \QRVHRSXVLHUDQDODOLEHUWDGGHODQDFLyQFXDQGRVHOHVRWRUJDUDODFDUWDGHQDWXUDOH]D DUWtFXORV\ &DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHQRVHSUHYHtDFRPRXQDREOLJDFLyQYRWDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVSXHV HQHODUWtFXORUHIHULGRDODVREOLJDFLRQHV~QLFDPHQWHHVWDEDQFRPRWDOHVXQDHQWHUD VXPLVLyQDODVOH\HVXQDREHGLHQFLDDEVROXWDDODVDXWRULGDGHVFRQVWLWXLGDVXQDSURQWD GLVSRVLFLyQDFRQWULEXLUDORVJDVWRVS~EOLFRVXQVDFUL¿FLRYROXQWDULRGHORVELHQHV\GHOD YLGDFXDQGRVXVQHFHVLGDGHVORH[LJLHUDQ 1.1 Derecho a votar (V RSRUWXQR VHxDODU TXH SDUD ODV HOHFFLRQHV IXQFLRQDEDQ ODV MXQWDV HOHFWRUDOHV GH SDUURTXLDGHSDUWLGR\GHSURYLQFLD /DV MXQWDV HOHFWRUDOHV GH SDUURTXLD VH FRPSRQtDQ GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV FRQ GHUHFKR D VXIUDJLRTXHHVWXYLHUDQGRPLFLOLDGRV\UHVLGLHUDQHQHOWHUULWRULRGHODUHVSHFWLYDIHOLJUHVtD /RVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDHMHUFHUHOVXIUDJLRHUDQWHQHUGLHFLRFKRDxRVRDQWHVVLVHFDVDEDQTXH KXELHUDQDFUHGLWDGRVXDGKHVLyQDODFDXVDTXHWXYLHUDQHPSOHRRPRGRKRQHVWRGHYLYLU \TXHQRKXELHUDQVLGRQRWDGRVSRUDOJXQDLQIDPLDS~EOLFDQLSURFHVDGRVFULPLQDOPHQWH SRUHOJRELHUQR '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0DLegislación Mexicana o Colección completa de las disposiciones legislativas0p[LFR(G2¿FLDO,PSUHQWD\/LWRJUDItDGH(GXDUGR'XEOiQ\&RPS7RPR,SiJ\ Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana 3RUFDGDSDUURTXLDVHQRPEUDEDXQHOHFWRU\SDUDSRGHUVHUQRPEUDGRVHUHTXHUtDVHU FLXGDGDQRHQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRVPD\RUGHYHLQWLFLQFRDxRV\TXHDOWLHPSRGHOD HOHFFLyQUHVLGLHUDHQODIHOLJUHVtD (VLQWHUHVDQWHPHQFLRQDUTXHXQDYH]MXQWRVORVFLXGDGDQRVHOHFWRUHV\HO3UHVLGHQWH SDVDEDQDOD,JOHVLDSULQFLSDOGRQGHVHFHOHEUDEDXQDPLVDVROHPQHGH(VStULWX6DQWR\HO FXUDSURQXQFLDEDXQGLVFXUVR8QDYH]FRQFOXLGDODPLVDVHUHJUHVDEDQDOOXJDUGHVLJQDGR SDUDOOHYDUDFDERODVYRWDFLRQHVGHHQWUHORVFRQFXUUHQWHVVHQRPEUDEDDGRVHVFUXWDGRUHV \DXQVHFUHWDULRTXLHQHVVHVHQWDEDQDOODGRGHOSUHVLGHQWH &XPSOLGDV FLHUWDV IRUPDOLGDGHV VREUH SRVLEOHV LPSHGLPHQWRV R GXGDV SDUD OOHYDU D FDERODHOHFFLyQFDGDYRWDQWHVHDFHUFDEDDODPHVDFRQYR]FODUDHLQWHOLJLEOHQRPEUDED ORVWUHVLQGLYLGXRVTXHMX]JDEDPiVLGyQHRVSDUDVHUHOHFWRUHV(OVHFUHWDULRHVFULEtDHVWRV VXIUDJLRV\ORVPDQLIHVWDEDDOYRWDQWHDOSUHVLGHQWH\DORVHVFUXWDGRUHVGHPRGRWDOTXH WRGRVTXHGDUDQVDWLVIHFKRV$VtSRGHPRVYHUTXHQRVLHPSUHHOYRWRKDVLGRVHFUHWRDO menos no en estos casos. 8QDYH]TXHVHHOHJtDFRPRHOHFWRUDOTXHREWXYLHUDODPD\RUtDGHYRWRVVHLEDQORV PLHPEURV GH OD PHVD GLUHFWLYD GH FDVLOOD SUHVLGHQWH VHFUHWDULR \ HVFUXWDGRUHV FRQ HO HOHFWRUDODLJOHVLDSDUDFDQWDUHQDFFLyQGHJUDFLDVXQVROHPQH“Te-Deum”\HQWRQFHVOD MXQWDTXHGDEDGLVXHOWDSDUDVLHPSUH1LQJ~QFLXGDGDQRSRGtDH[FXVDUVHGHOHQFDUJRGH HOHFWRUGHSDUURTXLD &XDQGRVHWHQtDQHOHFWRUHVSRUMXQWDHOHFWRUDOSDUURTXLDOpVWRVFRQIRUPDEDQODVMXQWDV HOHFWRUDOHVGHSDUWLGR/DVTXHSRGHPRVOODPDUPHVDVGLUHFWLYDVGHFDVLOODIXQFLRQDEDQ FRQXQSUHVLGHQWHGRVHVFUXWDGRUHV\XQVHFUHWDULR(QODSULPHUDVHVLyQVHHOHJtDQDORV LQWHJUDQWHV\HOORVVHOOHYDEDQORVQRPEUDPLHQWRVGHORVHOHFWRUHVSDUDH[DPLQDUORV(O SURFHGLPLHQWRDQWHVGHVFULWRSDUDHOFDVRGHODVMXQWDVSDUURTXLDOHVVHOOHYDEDDFDERGH PDQHUDVLPLODUVyORTXHHQHVWDRFDVLyQODHOHFFLyQVHKDFtDDWUDYpVGHFpGXODV\QRDYLYD YR]VLQHPEDUJRXQDYH]HQWUHJDGDODFpGXODHOVHFUHWDULRODVOHtDHQYR]DOWD /RVHOHFWRUHVGHOSDUWLGRIRUPDEDQDVXYH]ODVMXQWDVSURYLQFLDOHVSDUDQRPEUDUDORV GLSXWDGRVTXHGHEtDQLQFRUSRUDUVHDO&RQJUHVR\HOSURFHGLPLHQWRHUDVLPLODUDOVHxDODGR anteriormente. 3DUDPD\RUUHIHUHQFLDYHUORVDUWtFXORVDOGHO³$FWDVROHPQHGHODGHFODUDFLyQGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLD GH$PpULFD6HSWHQWULRQDO´ 3DUDPD\RUUHIHUHQFLDYHUORVDUWtFXORVDOGHODOH\FLWDGD La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico 1.2 Derecho a ser votado 3RUFDGDSDUURTXLDVHQRPEUDEDXQHOHFWRU\SDUDSRGHUVHUQRPEUDGRVHUHTXHUtDVHU FLXGDGDQRHQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRVPD\RUGHYHLQWLFLQFRDxRV\TXHDOWLHPSRGH ODHOHFFLyQUHVLGLHUDHQODIHOLJUHVtD3DUDVHUQRPEUDGRHOHFWRUGHXQDMXQWDHOHFWRUDOGH SDUWLGRHUDQQHFHVDULRVORVPLVPRVUHTXLVLWRVDGHPiVGHVHUUHVLGHQWHGHODUHVSHFWLYD MXULVGLFFLyQGHOSDUWLGR /RV UHTXLVLWRV SDUD VHU GLSXWDGRHUDQVHU FLXGDGDQRHQ HMHUFLFLRGH VXV GHUHFKRV OD HGDGGHWUHLQWDDxRVEXHQDUHSXWDFLyQSDWULRWLVPRDFUHGLWDGRFRQVHUYLFLRVSRVLWLYRV\ WHQHUOXFHVQRYXOJDUHVSDUDGHVHPSHxDUODVDXJXVWDVIXQFLRQHVGHHVHHPSOHRORDQWHULRU SUHYLVWRHQHODUWtFXOR1RGHEHSDVDULQDGYHUWLGRTXHQLQJ~QFLXGDGDQRSRGtDH[FXVDUVH SDUDGHVHPSHxDUHOFDUJRGHGLSXWDGRDUW (O6XSUHPR&RQJUHVRWHQtDHQWUHVXVDWULEXFLRQHVGHDFXHUGRDODUWtFXORHOHJLUORV LQGLYLGXRVGHOVXSUHPRJRELHUQR3DUDIRUPDUSDUWHGHOVXSUHPRJRELHUQRHUDQHFHVDULR FXPSOLUFRQORVPLVPRVUHTXLVLWRVTXHSDUDVHUGLSXWDGRVyORTXH~QLFDPHQWHVHHVFRJtDQ DWUHVLQGLYLGXRV 2. ACTA CONSTITUTIVA DE LA FEDERACIÓN. DECRETO DE 31 DE ENERO DE 1824). (O$FWD&RQVWLWXWLYDGHHQHURGHIXHHODQWHFHGHQWHGHODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHOPLVPR DxR\HQHOODVHHVWDEOHFLHURQIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHODIRUPDGHJRELHUQRODUHOLJLyQ\OD GLYLVLyQ GH SRGHUHV SUHYLHQGR SDUD HOOR DO OHJLVODWLYR HMHFXWLYR \ MXGLFLDO 6H ¿My OD PLVPD GLYLVLyQ GH SRGHUHV SDUD ORV (VWDGRV \ OD HOHFFLyQ SRSXODU SDUD ORV PLHPEURV GHOSRGHUOHJLVODWLYR³(QHOPHQFLRQDGRGRFXPHQWRVLJXLHQGRODPLVPDWyQLFDTXHHO &RQVWLWX\HQWHDQWHULRUVHUHFRQRFHODIRUPDGHJRELHUQR³IHGHUDO´FRQORFXDOVHGDSDVR IRUPDOPHQWHDODSXJQDHQWUHIHGHUDOLVWDV\FRQVHUYDGRUHV´ '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0Dop. cit.,7RPR,SiJV (63,12=$ GH ORV 0RQWHURV -DYLHU La noción de los derechos en la historia del constitucionalismo mexicano. 6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ0p[LFRS Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana *XDGDOXSH 9LFWRULD 3. CONSTITUCIÓN FEDERAL DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS (DECRETO DE 4 DE OCTUBRE DE 1824)8 3.1 Derecho a votar 7HQLHQGRFRPR3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDD*XDGDOXSH9LFWRULD\FRPR9LFHSUHVLGHQWH D1LFROiV%UDYRVHHPLWLyOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ)HGHUDOGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV0H[LFDQRV &RPRPHQFLRQDPRVDQWHULRUPHQWHHO3RGHU/HJLVODWLYRVHGHSRVLWyHQXQFRQJUHVR JHQHUDO GLYLGLGR HQ GRV FiPDUDV XQD GH GLSXWDGRV \ RWUD GH VHQDGRUHV /D FiPDUD GH GLSXWDGRVVHFRPSRQtDGHUHSUHVHQWDQWHVHOHJLGRVHQVXWRWDOLGDGFDGDGRVDxRVSRUORV FLXGDGDQRVGHORV(VWDGRV (VLPSRUWDQWHPHQFLRQDUTXHHQHVWDFRQVWLWXFLyQQRVHSUHYpTXLpQHVSXHGHQYRWDU SXHV SUHFLVDPHQWH HQ HO DUWtFXOR VH HVWDEOHFH TXH ODV FXDOLGDGHV GH ORV HOHFWRUHV VH SUHVFULELUiQ FRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH SRU ODV OHJLVODWXUDV GH ORV (VWDGRV D ODV TXH WDPELpQ '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0Dop. cit.,7RPR,SiJV La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico FRUUHVSRQGtD UHJODPHQWDU ODV HOHFFLRQHV FRQIRUPH D ORV SULQFLSLRV HVWDEOHFLGRV HQ OD SURSLDFRQVWLWXFLyQ /DHOHFFLyQHUDLQGLUHFWDWUDWiQGRVHGHORVGLSXWDGRV 3.2 Derecho a ser votado 3DUDVHUGLSXWDGRVHUHTXHUtD 7HQHUDOWLHPSRGHODHOHFFLyQODHGDGGHDxRVFXPSOLGRV 7HQHUSRUORPHQRVGRVDxRVFXPSOLGRVGHYHFLQGDGHQHO(VWDGRTXHHOLJHRKDEHU QDFLGRHQpODXQTXHHVWpDYHFLQGDGRHQRWUR $VLPLVPRORVQRQDFLGRVHQHOWHUULWRULRQDFLRQDOGHEtDQWHQHUDGHPiVGHRFKRDxRVGH YHFLQGDGHQpORFKRPLOSHVRVGHELHQHVUDtFHVHQFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHODUHS~EOLFDRXQD LQGXVWULDTXHOHVSURGXMHUDPLOSHVRVFDGDDxRVLQHPEDUJRVHSUHIHUtDDORVQDFLRQDOHV DUWtFXORV\ $KRUDELHQHQWUHORVLPSHGLPHQWRVSDUDVHUGLSXWDGRVHHQFRQWUDEDQGHFRQIRUPLGDG DODUWtFXORORVVLJXLHQWHV I. /RVTXHHVWXYLHUDQSULYDGRVRVXVSHQVRVGHORVGHUHFKRVGHOFLXGDGDQR II. (O3UHVLGHQWH\9LFHSUHVLGHQWHGHODIHGHUDFLyQ III. /RVLQGLYLGXRVGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLD ,9 /RVVHFUHWDULRVGHOGHVSDFKR\ORVR¿FLDOHVGHVXVVHFUHWDUtDV 9 /RVHPSOHDGRVGHKDFLHQGDFX\RHQFDUJRVHH[WLHQGHDWRGDODIHGHUDFLyQ 9, /RV JREHUQDGRUHV GH ORV (VWDGRV R WHUULWRULRV ORV FRPDQGDQWHV JHQHUDOHV ORV 0 55$U]RELVSRV \ 55 2ELVSRV ORV JREHUQDGRUHV GH ORV DU]RELVSRV \RELVSDGRVORVSURYLVRUHV\YLFDULRVJHQHUDOHVORVMXHFHVGHFLUFXLWR\ORV FRPLVDULRVJHQHUDOHVGHKDFLHQGD\JXHUUDSRUORV(VWDGRVRWHUULWRULRVHQTXH HMHUFLHUDQVXHQFDUJR\PLQLVWHULR Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana &DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHQFDVRGHTXHTXLVLHUDQVHUGLSXWDGRVTXLHQHVVHHQFRQWUDEDQ LPSHGLGRV GHEtDQ VHSDUDUVH DEVROXWDPHQWH HQ VXV FDUJRV VHLV PHVHV DQWHV GH ODV elecciones. 3DUD VHU VHQDGRU VH UHTXHUtDQ ORV PLVPRV UHTXLVLWRV TXH SDUD XQ GLSXWDGR VyOR TXH ODHGDGH[LJLGDHUDGHWUHLQWDDxRV3RURWURODGRSDUDVHUSUHVLGHQWHRYLFHSUHVLGHQWH VHUHTXHUtDVHUFLXGDGDQRPH[LFDQRSRUQDFLPLHQWRGHWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRVFXPSOLGRV DOWLHPSRGHODHOHFFLyQ\UHVLGHQWHHQHOSDtVTXHGDQGRSURKLELGDODUHHOHFFLyQVLQRDO FXDUWRDxRGHKDEHUFHVDGRHQVXVIXQFLRQHVORDQWHULRUGHFRQIRUPLGDGFRQHODUWtFXOR /D6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDVHFRPSRQtDGHRQFHPLQLVWURVGLVWULEXLGRVHQWUHV6DODV \GHXQ¿VFDOSXGLHQGRHOFRQJUHVRJHQHUDODXPHQWDURGLVPLQXLUVXQ~PHURVLORMX]JDUH FRQYHQLHQWH &DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH GLFKRV PLQLVWURV HUDQ HOHFWRV HO PLVPR GtD SRU ODV OHJLVODWXUDVGHORV(VWDGRVSRUPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHYRWRV 4XLHQ DVSLUDUD D VHU PLQLVWUR QHFHVLWDED HVWDU LQVWUXLGR HQ OD FLHQFLD GHO GHUHFKR D MXLFLRGHODVOHJLVODWXUDVGHORV(VWDGRVWHQHUODHGDGGHWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRVFXPSOLGRV VHUFLXGDGDQRQDWXUDOGHODUHS~EOLFDRQDFLGRHQFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHOD$PpULFDTXHDQWHV GH GHSHQGtD GH (VSDxD \ TXH VH KD VHSDUDGR GH HOOD FRQ WDO GH TXH WXYLHUD OD YHFLQGDGGHFLQFRDxRVFXPSOLGRVHQHOWHUULWRULRGHOD5HS~EOLFD 4. LEY CONSTITUCIONAL. ESTANTES Y HABITANTES EN EL TERRITORIO MEXICANO, SUS DERECHOS Y OBLIGACIONES (15 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1835) 10 (QHVWDQXHYDOH\FRQVWLWXFLRQDOVHKDFH\DXQDGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORVPH[LFDQRV\ORV FLXGDGDQRVVHxDODQGRHQHODUWtFXORTXLHQHVVRQPH[LFDQRVHQHODUWtFXOR\ORV GHUHFKRV\REOLJDFLRQHVTXHpVWRVWHQtDQ3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHSUHFLVDTXLpQHVHUDQFLXGDGDQRV VHxDODQGR FRPR WDOHV D “Todos los comprendidos en los cinco primeros párrafos del DUWtFXORTXHWHQJDQXQDUHQWDDQXDOORPHQRVGHFLHQSHVRVSURFHGHQWHVGHFDSLWDO¿MR RPRELOLDULRRGHLQGXVWULDRWUDEDMRSHUVRQDOKRQHVWR\~WLODODVRFLHGDG´. (VLPSRUWDQWHUHVDOWDUTXH\DVHSUHYpFRPRGHUHFKRVGHORVFLXGDGDQRVPH[LFDQRV YRWDUSDUDWRGRVORVFDUJRVGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUGLUHFWD\SRGHUVHUYRWDGRSDUDORVPLVPRV 3DUDPD\RUUHIHUHQFLDYHUORVDUWtFXORVDOGHODOH\FLWDGD '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0Dop. cit.,7RPR,,,SiJV La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico VLHPSUHTXHHQVXSHUVRQDFRQFXUULHUDQODVFXDOLGDGHVTXHODVOH\HVH[LJLHUDQHQFDGDFDVR DUWtFXOR $KRUD ELHQ H[LVWtD HO GHUHFKR D YRWDU FRPR PHQFLRQDPRV HQ HO SiUUDIR DQWHULRU VLQ HPEDUJR WDPELpQ VH HVWDEOHFtD HQ HO DUWtFXOR REOLJDFLRQHV YLQFXODGDV FRQ ODV HOHFFLRQHVDVDEHU 3ULPHUR$GVFULELUVHHQHOSDGUyQGHVXPXQLFLSDOLGDG 6HJXQGR&RQFXUULUDODVHOHFFLRQHVSRSXODUHVVLHPSUHTXHQRVHORLPSLGDFDXVD ItVLFDRPRUDO 7HUFHUR'HVHPSHxDUORVFDUJRVFRQFHMLOHV\SRSXODUHVSDUDTXHIXHVHQRPEUDGRVL QRHVTXHWHQJDH[FHSFLyQOHJDORLPSHGLPHQWRVX¿FLHQWHFDOL¿FDGRSRUODDXWRULGDG TXHFRUUHVSRQGDVHJ~QODOH\ $VLPLVPRHQHORUGHQDPLHQWRHQFLWDVHHQXQFLDURQFODUDPHQWHODVFDXVDVGHVXVSHQVLyQ \SpUGLGDGHORVGHUHFKRVGHORVFLXGDGDQRVORFXDOVHUHJXOyHQORVDUWtFXORV\ respectivamente. 5. LEY SOBRE ELECCIONES DE DIPUTADOS PARA EL CONGRESO GENERAL, Y DE LOS INDIVIDUOS QUE COMPONGAN LAS JUNTAS DEPARTAMENTALES (30 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1836)11 (VWDOH\GHVGHQXHVWURSXQWRGHYLVWDFREUDUHOHYDQFLDSXHVVHHPSLH]DQDSUHFLVDUODV IRUPDOLGDGHVTXHVHGHEHQREVHUYDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVWUDGLFLyQTXHHQDOJXQRVDVSHFWRV D~QVHPDQWLHQHDODIHFKDSXHVHVVREUHHOORTXHVHKDFRQVHUYDGRODHVHQFLDGHQXHVWUD WUDGLFLyQ HOHFWRUDO /RV DVSHFWRV UHOHYDQWHV TXH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ UHIHULPRV WDPELpQ VH REVHUYDQHQODOH\HOHFWRUDOGHTXHWXYRXQDDSOLFDFLyQSRUXQSHULRGRSURORQJDGR FRQXQDVUHIRUPDVVXVWDQFLDOHVHQTXHODFRPSOHPHQWDURQ12 $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ LGHQWL¿FDUHPRV DOJXQDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SDUWLFXODUHV GH OD OH\ VREUH HOHFFLRQHVGHGLSXWDGRVSDUDHOFRQJUHVRJHQHUDO\GHORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHFRPSRQtDQODV MXQWDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHV '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0Dop. cit.,7RPR,,,SiJV 8QDUHIHUHQFLDPiVDPSOLDUHVSHFWRGHODOH\FLWDGDVHHQFXHQWUDHQELIZONDO GASPERÍN0D0DFDULWD “Los derechos político-electorales de los ciudadanos en la postrimería del siglo XIX.”>OLEURHOHFWUyQLFR@ 0p[LFR6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana 5.1 Elecciones primarias /DFLWDGDOH\PDQGDWDEDTXHFXDWURVHPDQDVDQWHVGHOGtDGHODHOHFFLyQVHGHEHUtD UHDOL]DUSRUODDXWRULGDGFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHOSDGUyQHOHFWRUDOFRQODVSHUVRQDVTXHWHQtDQ GHUHFKRDYRWDU\DODVFXDOHVVHOHVGDEDODEROHWDHOHFWRUDOODFXDOHVSHFL¿FDED 6(&&,Ï1180 ______ Calle, o barrio, o rancho, o hacienda. C.N.HOQRPEUHGHOTXHUHFLEHODEROHWD Sabe o no sabe escribir. )LUPDGHOFRPLVLRQDGR 7HQtDQGHUHFKRDUHFLELUODEROHWDTXLHQHVWHQtDQXQDUHQWDDQXDOPD\RUDFLHQSHVRV SURFHGHQWHGHFDSLWDO¿MRRPRELOLDULRRGHWUDEDMRSHUVRQDOKRQHVWR\~WLODODVRFLHGDG TXHIXHUDQYHFLQRVGHO'HSDUWDPHQWR\UHVLGHQWHVHQHOOXJDUDTXHSHUWHQHFtDODVHFFLyQ SRU HVSDFLR GH XQ DxR FXPSOLGR \ DGHPiV TXH WXYLHUDQ OD FDOLGDG GH PH[LFDQR (V RSRUWXQRPHQFLRQDUTXHHQHODUWtFXORVHSUHYHtDTXHFXPSOtDQFRQGLFKDFDOLGDGORV VLJXLHQWHV , 4XH VHDQ QDFLGRV HQ HO WHUULWRULR GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GH SDGUHV PH[LFDQRV SRU QDFLPLHQWRRSRUQDWXUDOL]DFLyQ ,,4XHKD\DQQDFLGRHQSDtVH[WUDQMHURGHSDGUHVPH[LFDQRVSRUQDFLPLHQWRVLDO HQWUDUHQHOGHUHFKRGHGLVSRQHUGHVtDYLVDURQTXHVHUHVROYtDQDYHQLUD¿MDUVHHQOD 5HS~EOLFD\ORHMHFXWDURQDVtGHQWURGHODxRGHVSXpVGHKDEHUGDGRHODYLVR ,,,4XHKD\DQQDFLGRHQWHUULWRULRH[WUDQMHURGHSDGUHPH[LFDQRSRUQDWXUDOL]DFLyQ TXHQRKD\DSHUGLGRHVWDFXDOLGDGVLSUDFWLFDURQORSUHYHQLGRHQHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRU ,94XHKDELHQGRQDFLGRHQHOWHUULWRULRGHOD5HS~EOLFDGHSDGUHH[WUDQMHURKD\DQ SHUPDQHFLGROHJDOPHQWHHQpOKDVWDODpSRFDGHGLVSRQHUGHVt\GDGRDOHQWUDUHQ HOODHOUHIHULGRDYLVR 94XHQRQDFLGRVHQpOHVWXYLHUHQ¿MDGRVHQOD5HS~EOLFDFXDQGRpVWDGHFODUyVX LQGHSHQGHQFLDMXUDURQODDFWDGHHOOD\KD\DQFRQWLQXDGRUHVLGLHQGRDTXt 9, 4XH QDFLGRV HQ WHUULWRULR H[WUDQMHUR SHUR LQWURGXFLGRV OHJDOPHQWH GHVSXpV GH OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD KD\DQ REWHQLGR FDUWD GH QDWXUDOL]DFLyQ FRQ ORV UHTXLVLWRV TXH SUHVFULEHQODVOH\HV $VLPLVPRHQFRQWUDPRVODVFDXVDVHQODVFXDOHVD~QVLHQGRFLXGDGDQRVVHOLPLWDED VX GHUHFKR D YRWDU HQWUH ODV TXH VH HQFRQWUDEDQ VHU PHQRUHV GH YHLQWL~Q DxRV VLHQGR VROWHURV \ GH GLHFLQXHYH VLHQGR FDVDGRV VHU VLUYLHQWHV GRPpVWLFRV WHQHU XQD FDXVD La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico FULPLQDOSHQGLHQWHKDEHUSHUGLGRODFDOLGDGGHPH[LFDQRSRUFRPHWHUXQFULPHQKDEHU VLGR VDQFLRQDGR FRQ XQD SHQD LQIDPDQWH KDEHU KHFKR TXLHEUD IUDXGXOHQWD FDOL¿FDGD HVWDULPSRVLELOLWDGRSDUDHOGHVHPSHxRGHODVREOLJDFLRQHVGHFLXGDGDQRSRUODSURIHVLyQ GHO HVWDGR UHOLJLRVR VHU YDJRV PDO HQWUHWHQLGRV R QR WHQHU LQGXVWULD R PRGR GH YLYLU PDQWHQHUMXHJRVSURKLELGRVRVHUYLUVHGHHOORV (OHMHUFLFLRDOOLEUHVXIUDJLRQRHUDWRWDOSXHVHVWDEDOLPLWDGRDOJXQDVGHODVFDXVDVODV REVHUYDPRVLQFOXVRHQODDFWXDOLGDG\VLJXHQVLHQGRPDWHULDGHMXLFLRVSDUDODSURWHFFLyQ GH ORV GHUHFKRV SROtWLFRHOHFWRUDOHV GHO FLXGDGDQR SRU HMHPSOR OD VXVSHQVLyQ GH ORV GHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVSRUHVWDUVXMHWRDXQSURFHVRFULPLQDOTXHPHUH]FDSHQDFRUSRUDOD FRQWDUGHVGHODIHFKDGHODXWRGHIRUPDOSULVLyQ ([LVWtDQGRVSRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDUHFODPDUVREUHODVEROHWDVTXHHQVXFRQFHSWRHVWXYLHUDQ PDOGDGDVRVHKXELHUDQGHMDGRGHGDUSULPHURDFXGLHQGRDOFRPLVLRQDGRTXHODVKXELHUD UHSDUWLGR \ HQ VX FDVR VL QR OH VDWLVIDFtD OD VROXFLyQ TXH OH GLHUH H[LVWtD OD RSFLyQ GH UHVHUYDUVXTXHMDSDUDODMXQWDORFDO /D-XQWDVHFRPSRQtDGHFXDWURYHFLQRVGHODPLVPD&DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHQFRQWUDPRV ODREOLJDFLyQGHORVPH[LFDQRVGHSDUWLFLSDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVQRSRGtDQH[FXVDUVHGH FRQFXUULUVLQRSRULPSHGLPHQWRJUDYHTXHWHQtDQTXHH[SUHVDUORDQWHHOFRPLVLRQDGRHQ HODFWRGHVXQRPEUDPLHQWRSDUDTXHHQVXFDVRVHQRPEUDUDDRWUR(OFDVWLJRSRUIDOWDU VLQFDXVDMXVWL¿FDGDHUDXQDPXOWDGHGRFHDFLQFXHQWDSHVRVVHOHKDFtDVDEHUDOMXH]\ GLFKRGLQHURLEDDORVIRQGRVPXQLFLSDOHV (QHODUWtFXORVHSUHYHtDODIRUPDGHVXVWLWXFLyQGHORVLQWHJUDQWHVGHODMXQWDTXH IDOWDUDQHOGtDGHODHOHFFLyQ&RPRPHQFLRQDPRVDQWHULRUPHQWHD~QQRVHSHUFLEHQODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO YRWR FRPR ODV FRQFHELPRV DKRUD XQLYHUVDO OLEUH VHFUHWR GLUHFWR SHUVRQDO H LQWUDQVIHULEOH 1R WRGRV SRGtDQ YRWDU HPSH]DQGR SRU ODV PXMHUHV HUD XQD HOHFFLyQ LQGLUHFWD \ WDPSRFR HUD VHFUHWR SXHV VH HQWHUDEDQ HQ HVH PRPHQWR SRU TXLpQ &DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHUHFLHQWHPHQWHHO3OHQRGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDDQDOL]yHQOD&RQWUDGLFFLyQ GH WHVLV 3/ VL ORV GHUHFKRV SROtWLFRV GHO FLXGDGDQR GHEHQ GHFODUDUVH VXVSHQGLGRV GHVGH HO GLFWDGR GHO DXWR GH IRUPDO SULVLyQ SRU XQ GHOLWR TXH PHUH]FD SHQD FRUSRUDO GH FRQIRUPLGDG FRQ HO DUWtFXORIUDFFLyQ,,GHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFDGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV0H[LFDQRVRVtSRUHOFRQWUDULR DXQFXDQGRHOFLXGDGDQRKD\DVLGRVXMHWRDSURFHVRSHQDODOKDEpUVHOHRWRUJDGRODOLEHUWDGFDXFLRQDO\ PDWHULDOPHQWHQRVHOHKXELHUHUHFOXLGRDSULVLyQQRKD\UD]RQHVYiOLGDVSDUDMXVWL¿FDUODVXVSHQVLyQGHVXV GHUHFKRVSROtWLFRHOHFWRUDOHVSXHVPLHQWUDVQRVHOHSULYHGHODOLEHUWDG\SRUHQGHVHOHLPSLGDHOHMHUFLFLR GHVXVGHUHFKRV\SUHUURJDWLYDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVWDPSRFRKD\UD]RQHVTXHMXVWL¿TXHQGLFKDVXVSHQVLyQR PHUPDHQHOGHUHFKRSROtWLFRHOHFWRUDOGHYRWDUGHOFLXGDGDQR)LQDOPHQWHHO3OHQRUHVROYLyTXHQRKDEtD FRQWUDGLFFLyQ HQWUH OD MXULVSUXGHQFLD HPLWLGD SRU OD 3ULPHUD 6DOD GH OD 6XSUHPD &RUWH GH -XVWLFLD GH OD 1DFLyQ\OD6DOD6XSHULRUGHO7ULEXQDO(OHFWRUDOGHO3RGHU-XGLFLDOGHOD)HGHUDFLyQ Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana VHYRWDEDSRUVXSXHVWRGHEHPRVDWHQGHUTXHODPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQPH[LFDQDHUD DQDOIDEHWD 5HVSHFWRGHODVHFUHFtDGHOYRWRHVRSRUWXQRFRPHQWDUTXHVHOHVHQWUHJDEDODEROHWD\ HOORVHVFULEtDQHQODSDUWHGHDWUiVHOQRPEUHGHVXFDQGLGDWRHQFDVRGHTXHQRVXSLHUDQ HUDQDX[LOLDGRVSRUXQDSHUVRQDGHVXFRQ¿DQ]D<DOOHJDEDQDOD-XQWD(OHFWRUDOFRQOD EROHWDPDUFDGDVLQHPEDUJRVLTXHUtDQFDPELDUHOQRPEUHRD~QQRORKDEtDQSXHVWR SRGtDQKDFHUORHQHOPRPHQWRGHODHOHFFLyQFRQODD\XGDGHOVHFUHWDULR6LXQHOHFWRU QRSRGtDLUVHOHSHUPLWtDPDQGDUVXEROHWDFRQXQDSHUVRQDGHVXFRQ¿DQ]D/DVEROHWDV VHQXPHUDEDQ\HQXQDOLVWDVHDQRWDEDHOQ~PHURGHEROHWDHOQRPEUHGHOHOHFWRU\HO QRPEUHGHOHOHJLGR (OGtDGHODMRUQDGDHOHFWRUDOVHLQLFLDEDDUHFLELUODYRWDFLyQDODVQXHYHGHODPDxDQDODV MXQWDVGXUDEDQWRGRHOWLHPSRQHFHVDULRSDUDTXHYRWDUDQORVFLXGDGDQRVGHODVVHFFLRQHV UHVSHFWLYDVSHURVLDODVGRVGHODWDUGHQDGLHHVWXYLHUDSUHVHQWHSDUDYRWDURSDUDUHFODPDU TXHQRVHOHVGLREROHWDFRQFOXtDODHOHFFLyQ /D-XQWDWHQtDODIDFXOWDGDQWHVGHGLVROYHUVHGHLPSRQHUDORVTXHQRKXELHUHQOOHYDGR RUHPLWLGRODVEROHWDVRTXHODVKD\DQHQYLDGRVLQ¿UPDUSXGLHQGRKDFHUORXQDPXOWD GHVGH XQR KDVWD YHLQWLFLQFR SHVRV \ GHEtD UHPLWLU OD OLVWD ¿UPDGD SRU HO SUHVLGHQWH \ VHFUHWDULRVDOMXH]GHOWHUULWRULRSDUDTXHODVH[LJLHUDSRUODYtDMXGLFLDO\HQVXFDVRODV HQWUHJDUDDOIRQGRPXQLFLSDO 5.2 Elecciones secundarias. (OTXHKDEtDREWHQLGRODPD\RUtDGHYRWRVHQODHOHFFLyQSULPDULDSDUDVHUHOHFWRUHUD OODPDGRFRPSURPLVDULR7RGRVORVFRPSURPLVDULRVGHEHUtDQUHXQLUVHHOSULPHUGRPLQJR VLJXLHQWH DO HQ TXH VH KXELHUD UHDOL]DGR OD HOHFFLyQ SULPDULD LPSRQLpQGRVH WDPELpQ XQDPXOWDHQFDVRGHLQDVLVWHQFLDLQMXVWL¿FDGD\HQFDVRGHQRSDJDUORLQFOXVRVHSRGtD LPSRQHUXQDSHQDGHSULVLyQ 8QDYH]UHXQLGRVORVFRPSURPLVDULRVGHHQWUHHOORVHOHJtDQDOSUHVLGHQWHYLFHSUHVLGHQWH \GRVVHFUHWDULRVTXLHQHVH[DPLQDEDQTXHODVEROHWDVSUHVHQWDGDVIXHUDQDXWpQWLFDV/DV HOHFFLRQHVVHFHOHEUDEDQHOMXHYHVVLJXLHQWHFDEHPHQFLRQDUTXHSDUDHVWDHOHFFLyQVLVH SUHYHtDTXHHOYRWRIXHUDVHFUHWR La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico 5.3 Elecciones de diputados y de las juntas departamentales. 4XLHQ REWXYLHUD OD PD\RUtD GH YRWRV HUD QRPEUDGR HOHFWRU GH 3DUWLGR \ HUD TXLHQ SDUWLFLSDEDHQODVHOHFFLRQHVGHGLSXWDGRV\GHODVMXQWDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHVWDPELpQHQHVWH WLSRGHHOHFFLyQHOYRWRHUDVHFUHWRSXHVODVFpGXODVFRQHOYRWRHUDQGHSRVLWDGDVSRUFDGD HOHFWRUHQXQYDVRSXHVWRDOHIHFWRVREUHODPHVDDFHUFiQGRVHSDUDHOORGHXQRHQXQRSRU HORUGHQGHVXVDVLHQWRV(OSULPHUGtDVHHOHJtDQGLSXWDGRVSURSLHWDULRV\VXSOHQWHVSDUD HOFRQJUHVR\DORWURGtDDORVGLSXWDGRV\VXSOHQWHVSDUDODMXQWDGHSDUWDPHQWDOVHJ~QOR SUHYLVWRHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ /RVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDVHUGLSXWDGRFRQVLVWtDQHQ 3ULPHUR 6HU PH[LFDQR SRU QDFLPLHQWR R QDWXUDO GH FXDOTXLHUD RWUD SDUWH GH OD $PpULFDTXHHQPLORFKRFLHQWRVGLH]GHSHQGtDGHOD(VSDxD\VHDLQGHSHQGLHQWHVL VHKDOODEDHQOD5HS~EOLFDDOWLHPSRGHVXHPDQFLSDFLyQ 6HJXQGR 6HU FLXGDGDQR PH[LFDQR HQ DFWXDO HMHUFLFLR GH VXV GHUHFKRV QDWXUDO R YHFLQRGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRTXHORHOLJH 7HUFHUR7HQHUWUHLQWDDxRVFXPSOLGRVGHHGDGHOGtDGHODHOHFFLyQ &XDUWR 7HQHU XQ FDSLWDO ¿MR ItVLFR R PRUDO JLUR R LQGXVWULD TXH OH SURGX]FD DO LQGLYLGXRORPHQRVPLOTXLQLHQWRVSHVRVDQXDOHV 6HHVWDEOHFtDQLPSHGLPHQWRVFRPRHORVWHQWDUGHWHUPLQDGRFDUJRS~EOLFRRVHUPLQLVWUR GHFXOWRUHOLJLRVRHQWUHRWURV 5.4 Infracciones en materia electoral (VSHFLDODWHQFLyQPHUHFHQODVSUHYHQFLRQHVJHQHUDOHVHQODVFXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQODV VDQFLRQHVSRULQIUDFFLRQHVHQPDWHULDHOHFWRUDO(QSULQFLSLRHVRSRUWXQRPHQFLRQDUTXHD ORVFLXGDGDQRVQRSRGtDH[FXVDUVHSDUDGHVHPSHxDUORVFDUJRVGHFRPLVLRQDGRSUHVLGHQWH \VHFUHWDULRVGHODVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHVVLQFDXVDMXVWL¿FDGD/DSHQDDLPSRQHUHUDXQD PXOWDGHVHLVKDVWDFLHQSHVRVTXHGHWHUPLQDEDHOMXH]GHSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDGHOOXJDU $VLPLVPRVHHVWDEOHFtDXQDVDQFLyQDTXLHQIDOVHDUDGRFXPHQWRVSRUHMHPSORSUHVHQWDU XQD EROHWD IDOVL¿FDGD R KDEpUVHOD GDGR D RWUR LQGLYLGXR SRU KDEHUVH HPSDGURQDGR R SUHVHQWDUVHDYRWDUHQRWUDPDQ]DQDRVHFFLyQTXHQRIXHUDODGHVXYHFLQGDGHLQFOXVR SRU KDEHU DOWHUDGR OD UHJXODFLyQ MXVWD GH ORV YRWRV 'LFKRV FLXGDGDQRV HUDQ DUUHVWDGRV LQPHGLDWDPHQWH\SXHVWRVDGLVSRVLFLyQGHOMXH]FRPSHWHQWH (O FLXGDGDQR LPSOLFDGR HQ FRKHFKR SDUD TXH OD HOHFFLyQ UHFD\HUD HQ GHWHUPLQDGD Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana SHUVRQD HUD SULYDGR GH YR] DFWLYD R SDVLYD HQ HVD HOHFFLyQ GDQGR FXHQWD DO MXH] GH SULPHUDLQVWDQFLDSDUDTXHWRPDQGRFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODLQIUDFFLyQLPSXVLHUDXQDPXOWD GHVHLVKDVWDFLHQSHVRV\HQFDVRGHTXHQRWXYLHUDFRQTXpSDJDUODVHOHLPSRQtDXQD SHQDGHSULVLyQGHVGHXQRKDVWDWUHVPHVHV 6. LEYES CONSTITUCIONALES (29 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1836) $GHFLUGH-DYLHU(VSLQR]DFRQODH[SHGLFLyQGHODV6LHWH/H\HV&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHVVH UHVWDEOHFLHURQ ORV SULYLOHJLRV GH ODV SDUWHV DIHFWDGDV FOHUR \ PLOLFLD 6LQ HPEDUJR OD LQVWDXUDFLyQGHXQUpJLPHQFHQWUDOWDPSRFRJHQHUyODWUDQTXLOLGDG\SURVSHULGDGHVSHUDGD WRGRORFRQWUDULRHOSDtVDWUDYHVyXQDVHULHGHYLFLVLWXGHVWDQWRLQWHUQDVFRPRH[WHUQDV TXH OR FRQYXOVLRQDURQ D SHVDU GH TXH ORV FHQWUDOLVWDV DVSLUDEDQ D PHMRUDU HO VLVWHPD FRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHGLDQWHODVSHUWLQHQWHVUHIRUPDV (VWDV OH\HV FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV UHWRPDQ OR VHxDODGR HQ OD OH\ FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GH UHVSHFWRGHHVWDEOHFHUTXLpQHVVRQPH[LFDQRV\GLVWLQJXLUORVGHORVFLXGDGDQRVDVLPLVPR VHxDODQGRVXVGHUHFKRV\REOLJDFLRQHVGHFDGDXQRORDQWHULRUVHHVWDEOHFtDHQODSULPHUD de las leyes. (Q OD VHJXQGD VH UHIHUtD D OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH XQ VXSUHPR SRGHU FRQVHUYDGRU HO FXDO VH GHSRVLWDUtD HQ FLQFR LQGLYLGXRV$O UHVSHFWR LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHO FRQWH[WR VRFLRSROtWLFRGHGLFKRSRGHUFRQYLHQHWHQHUSUHVHQWHTXHSDUDVHUPLHPEURGHOVXSUHPR SRGHUFRQVHUYDGRUVHUHTXHUtD I. 6HU PH[LFDQR SRU QDFLPLHQWR \ HVWDU HQ HO DFWXDO HMHUFLFLR GH ORV GHUHFKRV GH FLXGDGDQR II. 7HQHUHOGtDGHODHOHFFLyQFXDUHQWDDxRVFXPSOLGRVGHHGDG\XQFDSLWDOItVLFRR PRUDOTXHOHSURGX]FDSRUORPHQRVWUHVPLOSHVRVGHUHQWDDQXDO III. +DEHUGHVHPSHxDGRDOJXQRGHORVFDUJRVVLJXLHQWHVSUHVLGHQWHRYLFHSUHVLGHQWH GHOD5HS~EOLFDVHQDGRUGLSXWDGRVHFUHWDULRGHOGHVSDFKRPDJLVWUDGRGHOD6XSUHPD &RUWHGH-XVWLFLD 6HSUHYHtDTXHXQDYH]TXHVHUHDOL]DUDQODVHOHFFLRQHVHQODVMXQWDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHV VHUtDUHPLWLGDHODFWDGHHOHFFLyQDOD&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRVSDUDTXHGHORVTXHKXELHUHQ VLGRQRPEUDGRVHOLJLHUDXQDWHUQDGHLQGLYLGXRVUHPLWLpQGRODDOD&iPDUDGH6HQDGRUHV SDUD TXH D VX YH] GLFKD &iPDUD HOLJLHUD DO JDQDGRU 6H SUHYHtD OD SRVLELOLGDG GH OD reelección. '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0Dop. cit7RPR,,,SiJV (63,12=$GHORV0RQWHURV-DYLHUop. cit.S La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico 'LFKRSRGHUVHFRQFHEtDFRPRVXSHULRUDFXDOTXLHURWUR\QRHUDUHVSRQVDEOHGHVXV RSHUDFLRQHVPiVTXHFRQ'LRV\ODRSLQLyQS~EOLFD\ORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHODFRQIRUPDUDQ QRSRGUtDQVHUMX]JDGRVQLUHFRQYHQLGRVSRUVXVRSLQLRQHV 6HHVWDEOHFtDQORVPLVPRVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDVHUGLSXWDGRTXHORVVHxDODGRVHQOD/H\VREUH elecciones de diputados para el congreso generalSHURVHSUHYHtDTXHXQDOH\SDUWLFXODU HVWDEOHFHUtD ORV GtDV PRGR \ IRUPD GH ODV HOHFFLRQHV DVt FRPR ODV FXDOLGDGHV GH ORV HOHFWRUHV/DVHOHFFLRQHVGHGLSXWDGRVGHEtDQVHUFDOL¿FDGDVSRUHOVHQDGROLPLWiQGRVHD YHUUL¿FDUVLVHFXPSOtDQFRQODVFXDOLGDGHVH[LJLGDVSRUODOH\\VLHQODVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHV KXER QXOLGDG TXH YLFLDUD HVHQFLDOPHQWH OD HOHFFLyQ (Q FDVR GH QXOLGDG HQ HO FXHUSR HOHFWRUDOVHPDQGDUtDVXEVDQDUHOGHIHFWRHQHOGHQXOLGDGGHORVHOHFWRVVHUHSHWtDOD HOHFFLyQ \ HQ HO FDVR GH QXOLGDG HQ HO SURSLHWDULR \ QR HQ HO VXSOHQWH VH UHDOL]DED OD VXVWLWXFLyQ $KRUDELHQHQHVWDVOH\HV\DVHUHFRQRFHDOD&iPDUDGH6HQDGRUHVODFXDOVHFRPSRQtD GHYHLQWLFXDWURVHQDGRUHV3DUDHOHJLUORVODFiPDUDGHGLSXWDGRVHOJRELHUQRHQMXQWDGH PLQLVWURV\OD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDHOHJtDQDFDGDXQRGHORVYHLQWLFXDWURSRUPD\RUtD DEVROXWDGHYRWRV$VtFDGDyUJDQRIRUPDEDXQDOLVWD\HVDVWUHVOLVWDVHUDQUHPLWLGDVDODV MXQWDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHVSDUDTXHFDGDXQDHOLJLHUDSUHFLVDPHQWHGHHQWUHORVFRPSUHQGLGRV HQODVOLVWDV\XQDYH]UHDOL]DGDVODVHOHFFLRQHVVHUHPLWtDQODVOLVWDVDO6XSUHPR3RGHU &RQVHUYDGRUSDUDVXFDOL¿FDFLyQ /RVUHTXLVLWRVSUHYLVWRVSDUDVHUVHQDGRUHUDQORVPLVPRVTXHSDUDVHUGLSXWDGRVDOYR TXH OD HGDG HUD GH WUHLQWD \ FLQFR DxRV \ HO FDSLWDO QHFHVDULR HUD GH DO PHQRV GRV PLO TXLQLHQWRVSHVRVDQXDOHV (OSRGHUHMHFXWLYRVHGHSRVLWDEDHQXQVXSUHPRPDJLVWUDGRGHQRPLQDGR3UHVLGHQWH GHOD5HS~EOLFDVHSUHYHtDTXHHOVHQDGR\ODDOWD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDHOLJLHUDQFDGDXQR XQDWHUQDGHLQGLYLGXRV\ODHQYLDUDQDOD&iPDUDGHGLSXWDGRVSDUDTXHHVFRJLHUDDWUHV \GLFKDWHUQDODUHPLWLHUDDODVMXQWDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHVSDUDODHOHFFLyQGHXQRGHHOORV(O &RQJUHVR*HQHUDOUHXQLGRKDFtDODFDOL¿FDFLyQGHODVHOHFFLRQHV (QWUH ORV UHTXLVLWRV SDUD RFXSDU HO FDUJR GH 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GHVWDFDQ HO GH WHQHU FXDUHQWD DxRV XQ FDXGDO GH SRU OR PHQRV FXDWUR PLO SHVRV DQXDOHV GH UHQWD KDEHUGHVHPSHxDGRDOJXQRGHORVFDUJRVVXSHULRUHVFLYLOHVRPLOLWDUHV\QRKDEHUVLGR FRQGHQDGRHQSURFHVROHJDOSRUFUtPHQHVRPDOYHUVDFLyQHQORVFDXGDOHVS~EOLFRV Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana (O &RQVHMR GH JRELHUQR VH FRPSRQtD GH WUHFH FRQVHMHURV GH ORV FXDOHV GRV HUDQ HFOHVLiVWLFRVGRVPLOLWDUHV\HOUHVWRGHODVGHPiVGHODVRFLHGDG\VHHOHJtDQGHXQDOLVWDGH WUHLQWD\QXHYHTXHHODERUDEDHOFRQJUHVR\HUDQHOHFWRVSRUHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD 3DUDVHUFRQVHMHURHUDQQHFHVDULRVORVPLVPRVUHTXLVLWRVTXHSDUDVHUGLSXWDGR )LQDOPHQWHORVRQFHPLQLVWURVTXHIRUPDEDQOD&RUWH6XSUHPDGH-XVWLFLDVHHOHJtDQGH ODPLVPDIRUPDTXHHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD3DUDVHUHOHFWRPLQLVWURVHUHTXHUtD 3ULPHUR6HUPH[LFDQRSRUQDFLPLHQWR 6HJXQGR&LXGDGDQRHQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRV 7HUFHUR7HQHUODHGDGGHFXDUHQWDDxRVFXPSOLGRV &XDUWR1RKDEHUVLGRFRQGHQDGRSRUDOJ~QFULPHQHQSURFHVROHJDO 4XLQWR6HUOHWUDGR\HQHMHUFLFLRGHHVWDSURIHVLyQSRUGLH]DxRVDORPHQRV )LQDOPHQWHFDEHDJUHJDUTXHVHHVWDEOHFtDODGLYLVLyQGHOD5HS~EOLFDHQGHSDUWDPHQWRV pVWRVDVXYH]HQGLVWULWRV\WDOHVHQSDUWLGRV(OJRELHUQRLQWHULRUGHORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV HVWDEDDFDUJRGHORVJREHUQDGRUHVFRQVXMHFLyQDOJRELHUQRJHQHUDOORVFXDOHVGXUDEDQ HQVXFDUJRRFKRDxRVFRQSRVLELOLGDGGHUHHOHJLUVHORVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDVHUJREHUQDGRU HUDQORVPLVPRVTXHSDUDVHUVHQDGRU 7. LAS BASES DE ORGANIZACIÓN POLÍTICA DE LA REPÚBLICA MEXICANA (13 DE JUNIO DE 1843)16 (Q ODV EDVHV RUJiQLFDV TXH UHIHULPRV H[SHGLGDV VLHQGR 3UHVLGHQWH $QWRQLR /ySH] GH6DQWD$QQDQRKXERFDPELRVVXVWDQFLDOHVUHVSHFWRGHORVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDRFXSDUORV GLIHUHQWHVFDUJRVS~EOLFRV 6HSUHFLVyHQHODUWtFXORTXHHUDQKDELWDQWHVGHOD5HS~EOLFDWRGRVORVTXHUHVLGtDQ HQ SXQWRV TXH HOOD UHFRQRFtD SRU VX WHUULWRULR DVLPLVPR VH UH¿ULHURQ VXV GHUHFKRV 3RVWHULRUPHQWHHODUWtFXORVHxDOyTXLHQHVHUDQPH[LFDQRVQRH[LVWLHQGRGLIHUHQFLDV VXVWDQFLDOHVUHVSHFWRGHODVVLHWHOH\HV )LQDOPHQWHIXHHQHODUWtFXORGRQGHVHxDOyTXHHUDQFLXGDGDQRVPH[LFDQRVORVTXH KXELHUDQFXPSOLGRGLHFLRFKRDxRVVLHQGRFDVDGRV\YHLQWLXQRVLQRORHUDQ\TXHWXYLHUDQ XQDUHQWDDQXDOGHGRVFLHQWRVSHVRVSRUORPHQRVSURFHGHQWHGHFDSLWDOItVLFRLQGXVWULD RWUDEDMRSHUVRQDOKRQHVWR$VLPLVPRGHVGHHODxRGHHQDGHODQWHORVTXHOOHJDVHQ DODHGDGTXHVHH[LJtDSDUDVHUFLXGDGDQRDGHPiVGHODUHQWDSDUDHQWUDUHQHMHUFLFLRGH VXVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVHUDQHFHVDULRTXHVXSLHUDQOHHU\HVFULELU '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0Dop. cit7RPR,9SiJV La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico (QHODUWtFXORVHSUHFLVDEDTXHHUDQGHUHFKRVGHORVFLXGDGDQRVPH[LFDQRVHOGH YRWDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVSRSXODUHVFXDQGRHQHOORVFRQFXUULHUDQORVUHTXLVLWRVVHxDODGRVSRU ODVOH\HVHOGHVHUQRPEUDGRVSDUDORVFDUJRVS~EOLFRV\ORVGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODU 5HVSHFWRGHODVREOLJDFLRQHVGHORVFLXGDGDQRVQRH[LVWHXQFDPELRQRWDEOHDORSUHYLVWR HQ ODV VLHWH OH\HV SHUR HQ OR TXH UHVSHFWD D OD VXVSHQVLyQ GH GHUHFKRV VH DxDGH D ODV SUHYLVWDVDQWHULRUPHQWHODGHQRGHVHPSHxDUORVFDUJRVGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUFDUHFLHQGR GHFDXVDMXVWL¿FDGDHQFX\RFDVRGXUDUtDODVXVSHQVLyQHOWLHPSRTXHGHEHUtDGHVHPSHxDU el cargo. ([LVWHQHQODOH\FDPELRVVXVWDQFLDOHVUHVSHFWRDOD&iPDUDGH6HQDGRUHVSXHVDKRUD VHLQWHJUDUtDSRUVHVHQWD\WUHVLQGLYLGXRVGRVWHUFLRVGHHOORVHOHJLGRVSRUODVDVDPEOHDV GHSDUWDPHQWDOHVHORWURWHUFLRSRUOD&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRVHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD \OD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDHQODIRUPDSUHYLVWDHQODOH\ 8QDVSHFWRTXHGHVWDFDHQODLQWHJUDFLyQGHOD&iPDUDHVODUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGSXHVVH SUHYHtDTXHODVDVDPEOHDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHVHOHJLUtDQORVVHQDGRUHVTXHOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHUD QRPEUDQGR SUHFLVDPHQWH FLQFR LQGLYLGXRV GH FDGD XQD GH ODV FODVHV VLJXLHQWHV DJULFXOWRUHVPLQHURVSURSLHWDULRVRFRPHUFLDQWHV\IDEULFDQWHV/DHOHFFLyQGHODVGHPiV GHEtDUHFDHUHQSHUVRQDVTXHKXELHUDQHMHUFLGRDOJXQRGHORVFDUJRVVLJXLHQWHVSUHVLGHQWH R YLFHSUHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD VHFUHWDULR GHO GHVSDFKR SRU PiV GH XQ DxR PLQLVWUR SOHQLSRWHQFLDULR JREHUQDGRU GH DQWLJXR (VWDGR R 'HSDUWDPHQWR SRU PiV GH XQ DxR VHQDGRUDOFRQJUHVRJHQHUDOGLSXWDGRDOPLVPRHQOHJLVODWXUDV\DQWLJXRFRQVHMHURGH JRELHUQRRTXHKXELHUDVLGRRELVSRRJHQHUDOGHGLYLVLyQ $OFRPSXWDUORVYRWRVGHODVDVDPEOHDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHVVHGHEtDQVHSDUDUORVGHFDGD XQDGHODVFODVHVH[SUHVDGDVHQHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRUVLQPH]FODUORVYRWRVTXHUHVXOWDVHQ DIDYRUGHFDGDXQR/RVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDVHUVHQDGRUQRYDULDURQVDOYRTXHSDUDORVTXH VHHOLJLHUDQSDUDOOHQDUHOQ~PHURDVLJQDGRDODVFXDWURFODVHVGHDJULFXOWRUHVPLQHURV SURSLHWDULRVRFRPHUFLDQWHV\IDEULFDQWHVORVFXDOHVGHEtDQWHQHUDGHPiVXQDSURSLHGDG UDt]TXHQREDMDUDGHFXDUHQWDPLOSHVRV 7.1 El poder electoral (QHVWDVOH\HV\DH[LVWHXQDSDUWDGRUHIHULGRDO3RGHUHOHFWRUDOVLQGXGDXQWpUPLQR TXHSRFRVHKDXVDGRKDVWDODIHFKD(QGLFKRDSDUWDGRTXHFRPSUHQGtDGHVGHHODUWtFXOR DO VH UHIHUtDQ ODV UHJODV SDUD OOHYDU D FDER ODV HOHFFLRQHV FX\RV DVSHFWRV PiV Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana UHOHYDQWHVPHQFLRQDUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ 7RGDVODVSREODFLRQHVGHOD5HS~EOLFDVHGLYLGtDQHQVHFFLRQHVGHTXLQLHQWRVKDELWDQWHV SDUD OD FHOHEUDFLyQ GH ODV MXQWDV SULPDULDV /RV HOHFWRUHV SULPDULRV QRPEUDEDQ D ORV VHFXQGDULRVTXHIRUPDUtDQHO&ROHJLR(OHFWRUDOGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRVLUYLHQGRGHEDVHHO QRPEUDUXQHOHFWRUVHFXQGDULRSRUFDGDYHLQWHGHORVSULPDULRVTXHGHEtDQFRPSRQHUOD -XQWD'LFKRFROHJLRHUDHOHQFDUJDGRGHKDFHUODHOHFFLyQGHGLSXWDGRVDOFRQJUHVR\GH YRFDOHVGHODUHVSHFWLYDDVDPEOHDGHSDUWDPHQWDO 3DUDVHUHOHFWRUSULPDULRRVHFXQGDULRVHQHFHVLWDED 6HUFLXGDGDQRHQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRV 0D\RUGHYHLQWLFLQFRDxRV 9HFLQRGHOSDUWLGRRVHFFLyQGRQGHVHHOLJLHUD\ 1RHMHUFHUMXULVGLFFLyQFRQWHQFLRVD 3DUDVHUHOHFWRUHQXQSDUWLGRVHUHTXHUtDDGHPiVWHQHUXQDUHQWDDQXDOGHTXLQLHQWRV SHVRVSRUORPHQRVSURFHGHQWHGHFDSLWDOItVLFRLQGXVWULDRWUDEDMRKRQHVWR (VGHUHVDOWDUVHTXHGHDFXHUGRDODUWtFXORQLQJXQDHOHFFLyQSRGUtDFRQVLGHUDUVH QXODVLQRSRUDOJXQRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVPRWLYRV )DOWDGHODVFDOLGDGHVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVHQHOHOHFWR ,QWHUYHQFLyQRYLROHQFLDGHODIXHU]DDUPDGDHQODVHOHFFLRQHV )DOWDGHPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHORVTXHWLHQHQGHUHFKRGHYRWDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVTXH no sean primarias. (UURURIUDXGHHQODFRPSXWDFLyQGHORVYRWRV )LQDOPHQWHFDEHSUHFLVDUTXHORVGHFUHWRVTXHH[SLGLHUDQHOFRQJUHVR\HOVHQDGRHQ HMHUFLFLRGHVXVIXQFLRQHVHOHFWRUDOHVFRQIRUPHDODVEDVHVGHRUJDQL]DFLyQTXHUHIHULPRV QRHVWDUtDQVXMHWDVDREVHUYDFLRQHVGHOJRELHUQR 8. LA CONSTITUCIÓN FEDERAL DE 1857 /RVDxRVTXHSUHFHGLHURQDOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHHVWXYLHURQFROPDGRVGHWUDJHGLD TXHUHSUHVHQWDURQHOFDRV\ODWXUEXOHQFLDHQHOSDQRUDPDKLVWyULFRGH0p[LFRVLELHQVH LQQRYDURQXQDVHULHGHLGHDVSROtWLFDVVRFLDOHV\HFRQyPLFDVWDPELpQORVGHVDFLHUWRVGH ODVGLVWLQWDVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVSXVLHURQHQULHVJRODLQGHSHQGHQFLDSROtWLFDGHOSDtVDSHQDV La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico alcanzada. 'H JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD UHVXOWD FRQRFHU DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV TXH PRWLYDURQ OD UHJXODFLyQ GH ORV GHUHFKRV GHO KRPEUH \ ORV GHUHFKRV SROtWLFRHOHFWRUDOHVGHO FLXGDGDQR SXHV VLQ GXGDODVQRUPDVQRVHSXHGHQHQWHQGHUGHPDQHUDLQWHJUDOVLQRVHDWLHQGHDOHVStULWXGHO legislador. $VtHODUWtFXORSULPHURGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHOGHIHEUHURGHTXHGyGHODVLJXLHQWH manera: ARTÍCULO (O SXHEOR PH[LFDQR UHFRQRFH TXH ORV GHUHFKRV GHO KRPEUH VRQ ODEDVH\HOREMHWRGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVVRFLDOHV(QFRQVHFXHQFLDGHFODUDTXHWRGDV ODVOH\HV\WRGDVODVDXWRULGDGHVGHOSDtVGHEHQUHVSHWDU\VRVWHQHUODVJDUDQWtDVTXH RWRUJDODSUHVHQWH&RQVWLWXFLyQ &RQHODUWtFXORDQWHULRUVHKDGLFKRTXHHO&RQJUHVR&RQVWLWX\HQWHDGRSWyODSRVWXUD ius naturalista,QFOXVR-RVp0DUtD,JOHVLDVUHFRQRFLyHQVXVHVFULWRVODH[LVWHQFLDGHODOH\ QDWXUDODXQTXHQRFRQVLGHUyQHFHVDULRTXHORVGHUHFKRVSUHH[LVWHQWHVGHOKRPEUHGHELHUDQ HVWDUHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQHQXQWtWXORJHQpULFR/DRSLQLyQGH,JOHVLDVIXHFRPSDUWLGDSRU GHVWDFDGRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDVTXLHQHVSRVWHULRUPHQWHSDUWLFLSDURQHQORVGHEDWHVVREUH la incompetencia de origen. Vid. 7$9(5$$/)$52 ;DYLHU /DV LGHDV OLEHUDOHV GHO &RQVWLWX\HQWHGH /HFWXUDV+LVWyULFDV 0H[LFDQDV0p[LFR(G8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR7RPR9S Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana )LQDOPHQWHORVDUWtFXORVUHVSHFWLYRVGHORVFLXGDGDQRVPH[LFDQRVHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGH TXHGDURQGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD De los ciudadanos mexicanos ARTÍCULO 346RQFLXGDGDQRVGHOD5HS~EOLFDWRGRVORVTXHWHQLHQGRODFDOLGDG GHPH[LFDQRVUH~QDQDGHPiVODVVLJXLHQWHV I. +DEHUFXPSOLGRGLH]\RFKRDxRVVLHQGRFDVDGRVRYHLQWLXQRVLQRORVRQ II. 7HQHUXQPRGRKRQHVWRGHYLYLU ARTÍCULO 356RQSUHUURJDWLYDVGHOFLXGDGDQR I. 9RWDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVSRSXODUHV II. 3RGHU VHU YRWDGR SDUD WRGRV ORV FDUJRV GH HOHFFLyQ SRSXODU \ QRPEUDGR SDUD FXDOTXLHURWURHPSOHRRFRPLVLyQWHQLHQGRODVFDOLGDGHVTXHODOH\HVWDEOH]FD III. $VRFLDUVHSDUDWUDWDUORVDVXQWRVSROtWLFRVGHOSDtV ,9 7RPDUODVDUPDVHQHOHMpUFLWRRODJXDUGLDQDFLRQDOSDUDODGHIHQVDGHOD5HS~EOLFD \GHVXVLQVWLWXFLRQHV 9 Ejercer en toda clase de negocios el derecho de petición ARTÍCULO 36. 6RQREOLJDFLRQHVGHOFLXGDGDQRGHOD5HS~EOLFD I. ,QVFULELUVHHQHOSDGUyQGHVXPXQLFLSDOLGDGPDQLIHVWDQGRODSURSLHGDGTXHWLHQH RODLQGXVWULDSURIHVLyQRWUDEDMRGHTXHVXEVLVWH II. $OLVWDUVHHQODJXDUGLDQDFLRQDO III. 9RWDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVSRSXODUHVHQHOGLVWULWRTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGD ,9 'HVHPSHxDUORVFDUJRVGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUGHOD)HGHUDFLyQTXHHQQLQJ~QFDVR VHUiQJUDWXLWRV ARTÍCULO 37. /DFDOLGDGGHPH[LFDQRVHSLHUGH I. 3RUQDWXUDOL]DFLyQHQXQSDtVH[WUDQMHUR II. 3RUVHUYLUR¿FLRVDPHQWHDOJRELHUQRGHRWURSDtVRDGPLWLUGHpOFRQGHFRUDFLRQHV WtWXORV R IXQFLRQHV VLQ SUHYLD OLFHQFLD GHO &RQJUHVR )HGHUDO ([FHSWXiQGRVH ORV 5HIRUPDGRHQVXIUDFFLyQ,9HOGHMXQLRGH La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico WtWXORVOLWHUDULRVFLHQWt¿FRV\KXPDQLWDULRVTXHSXHGHQDFHSWDUVHOLEUHPHQWH ARTÍCULO 38. /D OH\ ¿MDUi ORV FDVRV \ OD IRUPD HQ TXH VH SLHUGHQ R VXVSHQGHQ ORV GHUHFKRVGHFLXGDGDQR\ODPDQHUDGHKDFHUODUHKDELOLWDFLyQ 8.1 Elección y representatividad en dicho marco constitucional /D&RQVWLWXFLyQGHHVWDEOHFLyTXHODVHOHFFLRQHVGH3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD GLSXWDGRV\PDJLVWUDGRVGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHHUDQLQGLUHFWDVHQSULPHUJUDGR\HQHVFUXWLQLR VHFUHWRDFRUGHFRQORTXHHVWDEOHFtDOD/H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOGHOPLVPRDxR El Poder Legislativo. /D&RQVWLWXFLyQGHSUHYHtDTXHHO6XSUHPR3RGHUGHOD )HGHUDFLyQ VH GLYLGLUtD SDUD VX HMHUFLFLR HQ /HJLVODWLYR (MHFXWLYR \ -XGLFLDO $UWtFXOR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO 7UDWiQGRVH GHO 3RGHU /HJLVODWLYR pVWH GHSRVLWDED VX HMHUFLFLR HQ XQD DVDPEOHD XQLFDPHUDO TXH VH GHQRPLQD &RQJUHVR GH OD 8QLyQ $UWtFXOR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO (O&RQJUHVRGHOD8QLyQVHFRPSRQtDGHUHSUHVHQWDQWHVHOHJLGRVHQVXWRWDOLGDGFDGD GRVDxRVSRUORVFLXGDGDQRVPH[LFDQRV$UWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO 6HQRPEUDEDDXQGLSXWDGRSRUFDGDFXDUHQWDPLOKDELWDQWHVRSRUXQDIUDFFLyQTXH SDVDEDGHYHLQWHPLO(OWHUULWRULRHQTXHODSREODFLyQIXHUDPHQRUDODDQWHVUHIHULGDSRGtD QRPEUDUXQGLSXWDGR3RUFDGDGLSXWDGRSURSLHWDULRVHQRPEUDEDXQVXSOHQWH$UWtFXORV \FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV /D HOHFFLyQ SDUD GLSXWDGRV HUD LQGLUHFWD HQ SULPHU JUDGR \ HQ HVFUXWLQLR VHFUHWR $UWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDOUHTXLULpQGRVHSDUDGLFKRFDUJRVHUFLXGDGDQRPH[LFDQRHQ HMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRVWHQHUYHLQWLFLQFRDxRVFXPSOLGRVHOGtDGHODDSHUWXUDGHODV VHVLRQHVVHUYHFLQRGHO(VWDGRRWHUULWRULRTXHKDFHODHOHFFLyQ\QRSHUWHQHFHUDOHVWDGR HFOHVLiVWLFR /DYHFLQGDGQRVHSHUGtDSRUDXVHQFLDHQHOGHVHPSHxRGHOFDUJRS~EOLFRGHHOHFFLyQ SRSXODU$UWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO (OFDUJRGHGLSXWDGRHUDLQFRPSDWLEOHFRQFXDOTXLHUDFRPLVLyQRGHVWLQRGHOD8QLyQ HQTXHVHGLVIUXWDUDGHVXHOGR/RVGLSXWDGRVSURSLHWDULRVGHVGHHOGtDGHODHOHFFLyQKDVWD 5HIRUPDGRHOGHQRYLHPEUHGH 5HIRUPDGRHOGHQRYLHPEUHGH 5HIRUPDGRHOGHQRYLHPEUHGH Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana HOGtDTXHFRQFOXtDVXHQFDUJRQRSRGtDQDFHSWDUQLQJ~QHPSOHRGHQRPEUDPLHQWRGHO (MHFXWLYRGHOD8QLyQSRUHOTXHVHGLVIUXWDUDVXHOGRVLQSUHYLDOLFHQFLDGHO&RQJUHVR (VWHPLVPRUHTXLVLWRDSOLFDEDSDUDORVGLSXWDGRVVXSOHQWHVVLHPSUH\FXDQGRHVWXYLHUHQ HQ HMHUFLFLR GH VXV IXQFLRQHV 'LFKRV GLSXWDGRV HUDQ LQYLRODEOHV SRU VXV RSLQLRQHV PDQLIHVWDGDV HQ HO GHVHPSHxR GH VX HQFDUJR \ QR SRGtDQ VHU UHFRQYHQLGRV SRU HOODV $UWtFXORV\FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV (O &RQJUHVR FDOL¿FDED ODV HOHFFLRQHV GH VXV PLHPEURV \ UHVROYtD ODV GXGDV TXH VH SUHVHQWDUDQVREUHHOODVDUWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO\HQWUHVXVIDFXOWDGHVVHHQFRQWUDED FRQFHGHU DPQLVWtDV SRU GHOLWRV FX\R FRQRFLPLHQWR SHUWHQHFtD D ORV WULEXQDOHV GH OD IHGHUDFLyQIUDFFLyQ;;9GHODUWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO Poder Ejecutivo(OHMHUFLFLRGHO6XSUHPR3RGHU(MHFXWLYRGHOD8QLyQVHGHSRVLWDED HQXQVRORLQGLYLGXROODPDGR³3UHVLGHQWHGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV0H[LFDQRV´$UWtFXOR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO /DHOHFFLyQGHGLFKR3UHVLGHQWHHUDLQGLUHFWDHQSULPHUJUDGR\HQHVFUXWLQLRVHFUHWR $UWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO 3DUDVHUSUHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDVHUHTXHUtDVHUFLXGDGDQRPH[LFDQRSRUQDFLPLHQWR HQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRVWHQHUWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRVFXPSOLGRVDOWLHPSRGHODHOHFFLyQ QRSHUWHQHFHUDOHVWDGRHFOHVLiVWLFR\UHVLGLUHQHOSDtVDOWLHPSRGHYHUL¿FDUVHODHOHFFLyQ $UWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO (O SUHVLGHQWH HQWUDED D HMHUFHU VXV IXQFLRQHV HO SULPHUR GH GLFLHPEUH \ GXUDED HQ VXHQFDUJRFXDWURDxRV\HQODVIDOWDVWHPSRUDOHVRDEVROXWDPLHQWUDVVHSUHVHQWDEDHO QXHYDPHQWHHOHFWRHOSRGHUORHMHUFtDHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD Nación. 7UDWiQGRVHGHODIDOWDDEVROXWDGHO3UHVLGHQWHVHSURFHGtDDXQDQXHYDHOHFFLyQ\TXLHQ UHVXOWDUD HOHFWR HMHUFtD VXV IXQFLRQHV KDVWD HO GtD ~OWLPR GH QRYLHPEUH GHO FXDUWR DxR VLJXLHQWHDOGHVXHOHFFLyQ(OFDUJRGHO3UHVLGHQWHVRORHUDUHQXQFLDEOHSRUFDXVDJUDYH $UWtFXORV UHIRUPDGRV HO GH QRYLHPEUH GH &DEH SUHFLVDU TXH KDVWD DO UHIRUPDUVH HO DUWtFXORGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHVHDGRSWyODHOHFFLyQGLUHFWDSDUDGLSXWDGRVQRDVtSDUDVHQDGRUHV\ 3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD Ídem. 5HIRUPDGRHOGHMXOLRGH La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico FDOL¿FDGDSRUHO&RQJUHVR$UWtFXORV \FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV (QWUHODVIDFXOWDGHVGHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDVHHQFRQWUDEDQODVGHIDFLOLWDUDO3RGHU -XGLFLDOORVDX[LOLRVTXHQHFHVLWDEDSDUDHOHMHUFLFLRH[SHGLWRGHVXVIXQFLRQHV\FRQFHGHU FRQIRUPHDODVOH\HVORVLQGXOWRVDORVUHRVVHQWHQFLDGRVSRUGHOLWRVGHODFRPSHWHQFLDGH ORVWULEXQDOHVIHGHUDOHVIUDFFLRQHV;,,,\;9GHODUWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO Poder Judicial (O HMHUFLFLR GHO 3RGHU -XGLFLDO GH OD )HGHUDFLyQ VH GHSRVLWDED HQ XQD &RUWH 6XSUHPD GH -XVWLFLD \ ORV7ULEXQDOHV GH 'LVWULWR \ GH &LUFXLWR $UWtFXOR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO /D6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQVHFRPSRQtDGHRQFHPLQLVWURVSURSLHWDULRV FXDWURVXSHUQXPHUDULRVXQ¿VFDO\XQSURFXUDGRUJHQHUDOFDGDXQRGHHOORVGXUDEDHQ VX HQFDUJR VHLV DxRV \ VX HOHFFLyQ HUD LQGLUHFWD HQ SULPHU JUDGR $UWtFXORV \ FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV 3DUDVHUHOHFWRPLQLVWURVGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDVHQHFHVLWDEDHVWDULQVWUXLGR HQ OD FLHQFLD GHO GHUHFKR D MXLFLR GH ORV HOHFWRUHV VHU PD\RU GH WUHLQWD \ FLQFR DxRV VHU FLXGDGDQR PH[LFDQR SRU QDFLPLHQWR HQ HMHUFLFLR GH VXV GHUHFKRV $UWtFXOR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO &DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHOGHQRYLHPEUHGHVHUHIRUPDURQ\DGLFLRQDURQGLYHUVRV DUWtFXORVGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHFRQORVFXDOHVVHUHVWDEOHFLyHOVHQDGRGHOD5HS~EOLFD FRQVHUYiQGRVHODFDOL¿FDFLyQGHODVHOHFFLRQHVSRUXQyUJDQRSROtWLFRGDGRTXHHOPLVPR FRQJUHVRVHFRQVWLWXtDHQFROHJLRHOHFWRUDO/DVHOHFFLRQHVHUDQLQGLUHFWDVHQSULPHUJUDGR \VyORHQFDVRGHQRDUURMDUUHVXOWDGRVGHPD\RUtDDEVROXWDVHGDEDOD¿JXUDGHODVHJXQGD YXHOWDHQWUHORVFDQGLGDWRVFRQPD\RUtDUHODWLYDSHURHVWH~OWLPRPRPHQWRHUDPHGLDQWH HVFUXWLQLRVHFUHWR\SRUFpGXODVGHHQWUHORVPLHPEURVGHOFROHJLRHOHFWRUDO 5HIRUPDGRHOGHPD\RGHHOGHRFWXEUHGHHOGHGLFLHPEUHGH\HOGHPD\R GH 5HIRUPDGRHOGHRFWXEUHGHHOGHDEULOGH\HOGHPD\RGH 5HIRUPDGRHOGHDEULOGH\HOGHPD\RGH 5HIRUPDGRHOGHPD\RGH 5HIRUPDGRHOGHRFWXEUHGHVXEVWLWXLGRSRUSULPHUDYH]HOGHDEULOGH\SRUVHJXQGD YH]HOGHPD\RGH $GLFLRQDGRFRQODIUDFFLyQ;9,HOGHMXOLRGH 5HIRUPDGRHOGHPD\RGH Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana 8.2 Los derechos de votar y ser votado (QOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHFRPRKHPRVVHxDODGRORVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVVHHQFRQWUDEDQ UHJXODGRVHQHODUWtFXORDUWtFXORTXHGHEHHVWXGLDUVHMXQWRFRQORVGLYHUVRV\ ORVFXDOHVVHxDODEDQTXLpQHVWHQtDQODFDOLGDGGHPH[LFDQRV\TXpUHTXLVLWRVQHFHVLWDEDQ SDUDVHUFLXGDGDQRV 'H WDOHV DUWtFXORV SRGHPRV GHVSUHQGHU TXH WHQtDQ OD FDOLGDG GH FLXGDGDQRV GH OD UHS~EOLFDORVPH[LFDQRVTXHKXELHUDQFXPSOLGRGLHFLRFKRDxRVVLHQGRFDVDGRVRYHLQWLXQR VLQROHHUDQVLHPSUH\FXDQGRWXYLHUDQXQPRGRKRQHVWRGHYLYLU 4XLpQHV FXPSOLHUDQ FRQ HVRV UHTXLVLWRV SRGtDQ HMHUFHU ODV SUHUURJDWLYDV GH YRWR DFWLYRYRWRSDVLYRDVRFLDFLyQWRPDUODVDUPDVHQHOHMpUFLWRRHQODJXDUGLDQDFLRQDO\ el derecho de petición. Derecho a votar (OYRWRDFWLYRHVXQDSUHUURJDWLYD\XQDREOLJDFLyQGHOFLXGDGDQR\FRQVWLWX\HXQRGH ORVGHUHFKRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDTXHHOFLXGDGDQRSDUWLFLSHHQODLQWHJUDFLyQGHORVSRGHUHV S~EOLFRVSHURHVWHGHUHFKRQRGHEHYHUVHGHPDQHUDDLVODGDVLQRMXQWRFRQHOGHUHFKRD VHUYRWDGRHOYRWRSDVLYRSRUTXHIRUPDQXQDPLVPDLQVWLWXFLyQSLODUIXQGDPHQWDOGH WRGD GHPRFUDFLD SXHV XQD YH] FHOHEUDGDV ODV HOHFFLRQHV ORV DVSHFWRV DFWLYR \ SDVLYR FRQYHUJHQ HQ HO FDQGLGDWR HOHFWR IRUPDQGR XQD XQLGDG HQFDPLQDGD D OD LQWHJUDFLyQ OHJtWLPDGHORVSRGHUHVS~EOLFRV\SRUORWDQWRVXVFHSWLEOHVGHWXWHODMXUtGLFD 6LQHPEDUJRHO&RQJUHVR&RQVWLWX\HQWHVLELHQHOLPLQyODH[LJHQFLDGHVDEHUOHHU\ HVFULELUSDUDSRGHUYRWDUGHMyVXEVLVWHQWHHOLPSHGLPHQWRGHTXHODVPXMHUHVSXGLHUDQ ejercer ese derecho. (OPXOWLFLWDGRartículo 35GHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHOGHIHEUHURGHHQVXIUDFFLyQ, SUHYLyHQWUHODVSUHUURJDWLYDVGHOFLXGDGDQRHOYRWDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVSRSXODUHVSHURSDUD DGTXLULUHOGHUHFKRDYRWDUVHQHFHVLWDEDVHUFLXGDGDQRGHOD5HS~EOLFD\KDEHUFXPSOLGR GLHFLRFKRDxRVVLHQGRFDVDGRVRYHLQWLXQRVLQRORHUDQVLHPSUH\FXDQGRWXYLHUDQXQ modo honesto de vivir. Vid. 7HVLVGH-XULVSUXGHQFLD 6(/-FX\RUXEURHVHOVLJXLHQWHDERECHO DE VOTAR Y SER VOTADO. SU TELEOLOGÍA Y ELEMENTOS QUE LO INTEGRANSXEOLFDGDHQOD&RPSLODFLyQ 2¿FLDOGHO7ULEXQDO(OHFWRUDOGHO3RGHU-XGLFLDOGHOD)HGHUDFLyQ-XULVSUXGHQFLD\7HVLV5HOHYDQWHV 7RPR-XULVSUXGHQFLDS La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico $KRUDELHQHOIXQGDPHQWRGHOGHUHFKRDYRWDUFRPRREOLJDFLyQORHQFRQWUDPRVHQOD IUDFFLyQ,,,GHODUWtFXORGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGH$GHPiVGHFRQIRUPLGDGFRQOD IUDFFLyQ,GHGLFKRDUWtFXORORVFLXGDGDQRVWHQtDQODREOLJDFLyQGHLQVFULELUVHHQHOSDGUyQ GHVXPXQLFLSDOLGDGPDQLIHVWDQGRODSURSLHGDGTXHWXYLHUDQRODLQGXVWULDRSURIHVLyQR WUDEDMRGHOFXDOVXEVLVWLHUDQ 3RUVXSDUWHHODUWtFXORGHOD/H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOVHxDOyTXHWHQtDQGHUHFKRD YRWDUHQODVHFFLyQGHVXUHVLGHQFLDORVFLXGDGDQRVPH[LFDQRVFRQIRUPHDORVDUWtFXORV \GHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQPLHQWUDVTXHHODUWtFXORUHJXODEDTXLpQHVQRWHQtDQGHUHFKR DOYRWRDFWLYRQLSDVLYRHQODVHOHFFLRQHVHQWUHORVTXHHVWDEOHFtDD /RVTXHKD\DQSHUGLGRODFDOLGDGGHFLXGDGDQRVPH[LFDQRVVHJ~QHODUWtFXOR GH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ SRU KDEHUVH QDWXUDOL]DGR HQ SDtV H[WUDQMHUR SRU HVWDU VLUYLHQGR R¿FLDOPHQWH DO JRELHUQR GH RWUR SDtV R SRU KDEHU DGPLWLGR FRQGHFRUDFLRQHVWtWXORVRIXQFLRQHVVLQSUHYLDOLFHQFLDGHO&RQJUHVR)HGHUDO /RVTXHWHQJDQVXVSHQGLGRVORVGHUHFKRVGHFLXGDGDQRVSRUFDXVDFULPLQDOR GHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGSHQGLHQWHGHVGHODIHFKDGHOPDQGDPLHQWRGHSULVLyQRGH ODGHFODUDFLyQGHKDEHUOXJDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHFDXVDKDVWDHOGtDHQTXHVH SURQXQFLHODVHQWHQFLDDEVROXWRULD /RV TXH SRU VHQWHQFLD MXGLFLDO KD\DQ VLGR FRQGHQDGRV D VXIULU DOJXQD SHQD LQIDPDQWH /RVTXHKD\DQKHFKRTXLHEUDIUDXGXOHQWDFDOL¿FDGD /RVYDJRV\PDOHQWUHWHQLGRV /RVWDK~UHVGHSURIHVLyQ /RVTXHIXHUDQHEULRVFRQVXHWXGLQDULRV Derecho a ser votado. (O'HUHFKRDVHUYRWDGRLPSOLFDODVFDOLGDGHVQHFHVDULDVSDUDVHUHOHJLGRSDUDXQFDUJR GHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUSHURDGHPiVHVWDSUHUURJDWLYDLQFOXtDHQFDVRGHUHVXOWDUJDQDGRUHO GHUHFKRDRFXSDUHOFDUJRTXHODSURSLDFLXGDGDQtDOHHQFRPHQGyGHDKtTXHHOGHUHFKRD YRWDU\VHUYRWDGRHUDQXQDPLVPDLQVWLWXFLyQTXHQRSRGtDYHUVHGHPDQHUDDLVODGD $Vt HQ OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ GH VH HVWDEOHFLy TXH SRGtDQ VHU YRWDGRV GH PDQHUD LQGLUHFWD HO 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD ORV 'LSXWDGRV \ ORVPLHPEURV GH OD 6XSUHPD &RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQSRVWHULRUPHQWHFRQODVUHIRUPDVGHOGHQRYLHPEUHGH FRQHOUHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHO6HQDGRVHDJUHJyTXHWDPELpQSRGtDVHUYRWDGRVGH PDQHUDLQGLUHFWDORVDVSLUDQWHVDVHQDGRUHVVLHPSUH\FXDQGRFXPSOLHUDQWRGRVHOORVFRQ Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana ORVVLJXLHQWHVUHTXLVLWRV 7UDWiQGRVH GHO 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD VH UHTXHUtD VHU FLXGDGDQR PH[LFDQR SRU QDFLPLHQWRHQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRVWHQHUWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRVFXPSOLGRVHOGtDGH OD HOHFFLyQ QR SHUWHQHFHU DO HVWDGR HFOHVLiVWLFR \ UHVLGLU HQ HO SDtV HQ HO PRPHQWR GH YHUL¿FDUVHODHOHFFLyQ 3DUDVHUGLSXWDGRVHUHTXHUtDVHUFLXGDGDQRPH[LFDQRHQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRVWHQHU YHLQWLFLQFRDxRVFXPSOLGRVHOGtDGHODDSHUWXUDGHODVVHVLRQHVVHUYHFLQRGHO(VWDGRR 7HUULWRULRTXHKLFLHUDODHOHFFLyQ\QRSHUWHQHFHUDOHVWDGRHFOHVLiVWLFR 3DUDVHUVHQDGRUVHUHTXHUtDQODVPLVPDVFDOLGDGHVTXHSDUDVHUGLSXWDGRH[FHSWRODGH ODHGDGTXHHUDGHWUHLQWDDxRVFXPSOLGRVHOGtDGHODDSHUWXUDGHODVVHVLRQHV < SDUD VHU HOHFWR PLHPEUR GH OD 6XSUHPD &RUWH VH QHFHVLWDED HVWDU LQVWUXLGR HQ OD FLHQFLDGHOGHUHFKRDMXLFLRGHORVHOHFWRUHVVHUPD\RUGHWUHLQWD\FLQFRDxRV\FLXGDGDQR PH[LFDQRSRUQDFLPLHQWRHQHMHUFLFLRGHVXVGHUHFKRV (OIXQGDPHQWRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOWHPDTXHQRVRFXSDORHQFRQWUDPRVHQODIUDFFLyQ ,,GHODUWtFXORTXHUH¿HUHHOGHUHFKRDVHUYRWDGRSDUDWRGRVORVFDUJRVGHHOHFFLyQ SRSXODU\QRPEUDGRSDUDFXDOTXLHURWURHPSOHRRFRPLVLyQWHQLHQGRODVFDOLGDGHVTXH ODOH\HVWDEOH]FD /D /H\ 2UJiQLFD (OHFWRUDO HQ VX DUWtFXOR SUHYHtD TXH QDGLH SRGtD H[FXVDUVH GH VHUYLUORVFDUJRVGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODU(O&RQJUHVRGHFLGtDVREUHORVLPSHGLPHQWRVTXHVH DOHJDUDQSDUDVHURFRQWLQXDUVLHQGRGLSXWDGRRLQGLYLGXRGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLD \UHVROYtDVREUHODUHQXQFLDRGLPLVLyQGHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDTXHVHSUHVHQWDUD FRQIRUPHDODUWtFXORGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ (QYLUWXGGHWRGRORDQWHULRUORVQRPEUDPLHQWRVSDUDFXDOTXLHURWURHPSOHRRFRPLVLyQ VyORSRGtDQUHFDHUHQORVFLXGDGDQRVSRUORTXHQRHUDQDVHTXLEOHVDOLQGLYLGXRHQJHQHUDO HQUD]yQGHTXHVHKDGLFKRTXHWDOGHUHFKRQRHVLQKHUHQWHDODFDOLGDGGHSHUVRQDVLQR TXHGHULYDGHODFRQGLFLyQGHFLXGDGDQRPH[LFDQR\SRUWDQWRHVGLVWLQWRGHODV³JDUDQWtDV LQGLYLGXDOHV´TXHVRQDTXHOODVTXHFRQFLHUQHQDOKRPEUH. Vid 7HVLV DLVODGD 2FWDYD eSRFD ,QVWDQFLD 7ULEXQDOHV &ROHJLDGRV GH &LUFXLWR )XHQWH 6HPDQDULR -XGLFLDOGHOD)HGHUDFLyQ7RPR,,,6HJXQGD3DUWH(QHURD-XQLRGHSiJLQDFX\RUXEURHV HOVLJXLHQWHJUECES DEL DISTRITO FEDERAL. SU DESIGNACION CONSTITUYE UN ACTO POLITICO. AMPARO IMPROCEDENTE. La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico 9. GENERALIDADES DE LA LEY ORGÁNICA ELECTORAL DE 1857. (O&RQJUHVR([WUDRUGLQDULR&RQVWLWX\HQWHGHWDPELpQIXHHOHQFDUJDGRGHUHGDFWDU la /H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDODVtTXHHQODVHVLyQGHOGHGLFLHPEUHGHHOGLSXWDGR 6DQWRV'HJROODGRGLROHFWXUDDOSUR\HFWRGHOH\ 'LFKRSUR\HFWRVLELHQVHEDVyHQORVDUWtFXORVUHVSHFWLYRVGHODQXHYD&RQVWLWXFLyQ\ HQGLYHUVDVFRQYRFDWRULDVFLUFXODUHV\yUGHQHVSURYLQFLDOHVTXHDQWHULRUPHQWHVHKDEtDQ H[SHGLGRHQOD5HS~EOLFDWDPELpQORHVTXHVHLQWURGXMHURQGLYHUVDVLQQRYDFLRQHVFRPR ODVTXHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHVHxDODQ ¾ 6HVLJXLyGLYLGLHQGRHOSDtVHQ'LVWULWRV(OHFWRUDOHV\HQSRUFLRQHVGH KDELWDQWHV SDUD TXH HQ FDGD XQR GH HVWRV GLVWULWRV HOHFWRUDOHV VH QRPEUDUD XQ GLSXWDGR SURSLHWDULR \ XQ VXSOHQWH SHUR FDGD GLVWULWR HOHFWRUDO VH VXEGLYLGLUtD HQ seccionesGHKDELWDQWHV ¾ &DEH UHFRUGDU TXH DQWHULRUPHQWH ODV -XQWDV (OHFWRUDOHV VH GLVROYtDQ XQD YH] HIHFWXDGDODHOHFFLyQSDUDODTXHKDEtDQVLGRFRQYRFDGDV\HQODOH\TXHVHFRPHQWD VHSURSXVRTXHODVJuntas de DistritoGXUDUDQGRVDxRV\TXHIXHUDQSHULyGLFDVSDUD TXHVLQPD\RUWUiPLWHVHSXGLHUDQFXEULUODVYDFDQWHVTXHOOHJDUHQDSUHVHQWDUVHHQ FXDOTXLHUDGHORVWUHVSRGHUHVDWUDYpVGHQXHYDV\H[WUDRUGLQDULDVHOHFFLRQHV ¾ (Q UD]yQ GH TXH VH KDEtD DEXVDGR GH ODV FpGXODV HQ EODQFR SRU SDUWH GH ORV PLHPEURVFROHJLDGRVHQODVYRWDFLRQHVVHFUHWDVVHSURSXVRRWRUJDUDHVDVFpGXODV XQYDORUFXDQGRVXQ~PHURIXHUDWDOTXHLQFRPSOHWDUDODPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHORV YRWRVSUHVHQWHV\DFXPXODUORSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWHDORVGRVFDQGLGDWRVTXHUHXQLHUDQ PiVVXIUDJLRV ¾(OKHFKRGHTXHVHUHJXODUDHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQTXHODVHOHFFLRQHVIXHUDQLQGLUHFWDV HQ SULPHU JUDGR WUDMR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD TXH VH HVWDEOHFLHUD TXH HO &RQJUHVR JHQHUDOHUDHOHQFDUJDGRGHUHDOL]DUODFRPSXWDFLyQGHORVYRWRVTXHVHOOHJDUDQD HPLWLUWDQWRSDUD3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDFRPRSDUDVXVSURSLRVPLHPEURV\ORV GHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQSRUORTXHIXHFRQYHQLHQWHHULJLUHQ &ROHJLR(OHFWRUDODO&RQJUHVRGHOD8QLyQ\DXWRUL]DUORSDUDFRPSXWDUORVYRWRV\ decidir las elecciones. ¾ 'HELGR D TXH DQWHULRUPHQWH QR VH FRQWDED FRQ OD IDFXOWDG UHYLVRUD GH ORV H[SHGLHQWHV\FUHGHQFLDOHVTXHWHQtDQODVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHVGHWRGRVORVJUDGRVVH consideró importante precisar las causas de nulidad de las elecciones, FRQFUHWDPHQWH Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana 0p[LFRHQOLWRJUDItDGH&DVLPLUR&DVWUR YHUL¿FDUORVUHTXLVLWRVOHJDOHVHQORVHOHFWRUHV\GHORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVDMXVWDGRVDOD OH\LQWURGXFLHQGRODDFFLyQSRSXODUSDUDODGHQXQFLDGHODVHOHFFLRQHVQXODV ¾ 'HQWURGHODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVJHQHUDOHVVHLQWURGXMRXQDSDUWHSHQDOSDUDDTXHOORV IXQFLRQDULRVTXHQRFXPSOLHUDQFRQODPLVLyQTXHHOSXHEOROHVKDEtDHQFRPHQGDGR ,JXDOPHQWHVHDGXMRODVXVSHQVLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVDVtFRPRODLQKDELOLWDFLyQ temporal para otros empleos. ¾ 3RUORTXHKDFHDOUHTXLVLWRGHODYHFLQGDGpVWHVHGH¿QLyFRPRODUHVLGHQFLD FRQWLQXDGHXQDxRSDUDODVSHUVRQDVVLQDUUDLJR\GHVHLVPHVHVSDUDODVSHUVRQDV TXHSRVHtDQELHQHVRIDPLOLDHQHOOXJDUGHODUHVLGHQFLD 9.1 El proceso electoral de acuerdo a la legislación vigente en la época. /D/H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOGH/2(HVWDEOHFLyODVVLJXLHQWHVEDVHVSDUDTXHVH OOHYDUDQDFDERODVGLYHUVDVHOHFFLRQHV Vid. =$5&2)UDQFLVFR, +LVWRULDGHO&RQJUHVR([WUDRUGLQDULR&RQVWLWX\HQWH0p[LFR(G &ROHJLRGH0p[LFRSS\ Vid &$%5(5$ $&(9('2 /XFLR /H\ 2UJiQLFD (OHFWRUDO GH IHEUHUR GH 'RFXPHQWRV &RQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\/HJDOHVUHODWLYRVDOD)XQFLyQ-XGLFLDO, SS\VV La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico Distritos Electorales. /RVJREHUQDGRUHVGHORV(VWDGRVHOGHO'LVWULWR)HGHUDO\ORV MHIHV SROtWLFRV GH ORV WHUULWRULRV WHQtDQ TXH GLYLGLU ODV GHPDUFDFLRQHV GH VX UHVSHFWLYR PDQGRHQGLVWULWRVHOHFWRUDOHVTXHQXPHUDGRVFDGDXQRGHEtDQGHFRQWHQHUFXDUHQWDPLO KDELWDQWHVGHVLJQDQGRFRPRFHQWURGHFDGDGHPDUFDFLyQHOOXJDURVLWRTXHDVXMXLFLR IXHVHPiVFyPRGRSDUDODFRQFXUUHQFLDGHORVHOHFWRUHV 7RGDIUDFFLyQGHPiVGHYHLQWHPLOKDELWDQWHVIRUPDEDWDPELpQXQGLVWULWRHOHFWRUDO GHVLJQiQGROH VX UHVSHFWLYD FDEHFHUD SHUR HQ FDVR GH TXH OD IUDFFLyQ IXHUD PHQRU ORV HOHFWRUHV QRPEUDGRV FRQFXUUtDQ D ODV FDEHFHUDV GH ORV GLVWULWRV HOHFWRUDOHV TXH HVWDEDQ PiVSUy[LPDVDORVOXJDUHVGHVXUHVLGHQFLD$UWtFXORGHOD/2( 8QDYH]SXEOLFDGDSDUDORVJREHUQDGRUHV\MHIHVSROtWLFRVODQRWLFLDGHODH[WHQVLyQTXH FRPSUHQGtDFDGDXQRGHORVGLVWULWRVHOHFWRUDOHVORVD\XQWDPLHQWRVUHVSHFWLYRVSURFHGtDQ DGLYLGLUVXVPXQLFLSLRVHQsecciones WDPELpQQXPHUDGDVGHTXLQLHQWRVKDELWDQWHVGHWRGR VH[R\HGDGSDUDTXHGLHUDQXQHOHFWRUDFDGDXQDHQHOFDVRGHTXHTXHGDUDXQDIUDFFLyQ TXHQROOHJDUDDTXLQLHQWRVKDELWDQWHVSHURTXHQREDMDUDGHGRVFLHQWRVFLQFXHQWD\XQR WDPELpQWHQtDGHUHFKRDQRPEUDUXQHOHFWRU&DVRFRQWUDULRHVGHFLUTXHODIUDFFLyQIXHUD PHQRUGHGRVFLHQWRVFLQFXHQWD\XQKDELWDQWHVHDJUHJDEDQDODVHFFLyQPiVLQPHGLDWD SDUDTXHORVFLXGDGDQRVFRQFXUULHUDQDQRPEUDUVXHOHFWRU$UWtFXORGHOD/2( Empadronamiento de ciudadanos /RV$\XQWDPLHQWRV FRPLVLRQDEDQ XQD SHUVRQD SDUD FDGD XQD GH ODV GLYLVLRQHV GH VX PXQLFLSDOLGDG TXH D VX YH] HPSDGURQDED D ORV FLXGDGDQRV TXH WHQtDQ GHUHFKR D YRWDU \ OHV H[SHGtD ODV EROHWDV TXH OHV VHUYLUtD GH FUHGHQFLDO$UWtFXORGHOD/2( /RVFRPLVLRQDGRVKDFtDQFRQVWDUHQORVSDGURQHVTXHIRUPDEDQHOQ~PHURGHVHFFLyQ \HOQ~PHUROHWUDRVHxDGHODFDVD\HOQRPEUHGHORVFLXGDGDQRVVXHVWDGRVXSURIHVLyQ RHMHUFLFLRVXHGDG\VLVDEtDQRQRHVFULELU$UWtFXORGHOD/2( /DVEROHWDVTXHH[SHGtDQORVFRPLVLRQDGRVVHH[WHQGtDFRQODVVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXHHVWDEOHFtDHODUWtFXORGHOD/2( (VWDODERUUHDOL]DGDSRUHOHPSDGURQDGRUHUDGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD\GHQROOHYDUVHDFDERFRQVWLWXtD XQDLUUHJXODULGDG8QFDVRLQWHUHVDQWHUHVXOWyHODFRQWHFLGRHQHODxRGHFXDQGRXQFLXGDGDQRDFXVy DOMHIH3ROtWLFRSHUWHQHFLHQWHDOSDUWLGRGH3pQMDPRSRUQRKDEHUGHMDGRHQOLEHUWDGDOD\XQWDPLHQWRSDUD QRPEUDUHPSDGURQDGRUHV\FRPLVLRQDGRVSDUDODLQVWDODFLyQGHODVFDVLOODVVLQHPEDUJRODFDXVDMXGLFLDO TXHVHOHVLJXLy~QLFDPHQWHVHIXQGyHQHOGLFKRGHODFXVDGRUVid(/,=21'2*$63(5Ë10D0DFDULWD “Los derechos político-electorales de los ciudadanos en la postrimería del siglo XIX.”>OLEURHOHFWUyQLFR@ 0p[LFR6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana 0XQLFLSDOLGDG>de tal parte@%ROHWDQ~PHUR« 6HFFLyQ>o la que fuere@ (O FLXGDGDQR >nombre@ FRQFXUULUi HO GRPLQJR >tantos@ GHO FRUULHQWHDQRPEUDUXQHOHFWRUHQODPHVDTXHVHLQVWDODUiDODV QXHYHGHODPDxDQDHQODFDOOHGH>WDORHQWDOSDUDMH@ [Fecha@ [Firma del empadronador@ (VWDVEROHWDVHVWDEDQHQSRGHUGHORVFLXGDGDQRVWUHVGtDVDQWHVSRUORPHQRVGHOHQTXH KDEtDGHYHUL¿FDUVHODHOHFFLyQ\DOUHYHUVRRYXHOWDGHHOODVVHDQRWDEDHOQRPEUHGHO FLXGDGDQRDTXLHQGDEDQVXYRWR¿UPDQGRDOFDOFHORVTXHVDEtDQKDFHUOR &RQ DQWLFLSDFLyQ GH RFKR GtDV ORV HPSDGURQDGRUHV ¿MDEDQ OLVWDV GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV DTXLHQHVFRQVLGHUDEDQFRQGHUHFKRGHYRWDUHQHOSDUDMHPiVS~EOLFRGHODUHVSHFWLYD VHFFLyQSDUDTXHORVFLXGDGDQRVTXHQRHVWXYLHUHQDQRWDGRVHQGLFKDVOLVWDVSXGLHUDQ UHFODPDUDOPLVPRHPSDGURQDGRU\VLpVWHQRORVDWHQGtDORVFLXGDGDQRVSRGtDQH[SRQHU VXTXHMDDQWHODPHVDTXHUHFLEtDODYRWDFLyQSDUDTXHGHFLGLHUDDIDYRURHQFRQWUDGHO UHFODPDQWHVLQDGPLWLUUHFXUVRSRVWHULRU$UWtFXORGHOD/2( Derecho de Voto7HQtDQGHUHFKRDYRWDUHQODVHFFLyQGHVXUHVLGHQFLDORVFLXGDGDQRV PH[LFDQRVTXHKXELHUDQQDFLGRHQHOWHUULWRULRGHOD5HS~EOLFDRIXHUDGHHOODGHSDGUHV PH[LFDQRV\ORVTXHHVWXYLHUDQQDWXUDOL]DGRVFRQIRUPHODVOH\HVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVVLHPSUH \FXDQGRWXYLHUDQGLHFLRFKRDxRVVLHQGRFDVDGRVRYHLQWLXQRVLQRORHUDQ\TXHWXYLHUHQ XQPRGRKRQHVWRGHYLYLU$UWtFXORGHOD/2( El día de las elecciones. $ODVQXHYHGHODPDxDQDGHOGtDHQTXHVHKDEtDVHxDODGR SDUDODHOHFFLyQVHUHXQtDQVLHWHFLXGDGDQRVSRUORPHQRVHQHOVLWLRS~EOLFRTXHVHKDEtD GHVLJQDGR\EDMRODSUHVLGHQFLDGHOYHFLQRTXHDOHIHFWRKDEtDVLGRFRPLVLRQDGRSRUHO D\XQWDPLHQWRSDUDLQVWDODUODPHVDSURFHGtDQDQRPEUDUHQWUHORVLQGLYLGXRVSUHVHQWHV TXHKXELHUHQUHFLELGREROHWDXQSUHVLGHQWHGRVHVFUXWDGRUHV\GRVVHFUHWDULRVDUWtFXOR GHOD/2( $FWRFRQWLQXRHO3UHVLGHQWHSUHJXQWDEDVLDOJXLHQWHQtDTXHH[SRQHUXQDTXHMDVREUH FRKHFKR R VRERUQR HQJDxR R YLROHQFLD SDUD TXH OD HOHFFLyQ UHFD\HUD HQ GHWHUPLQDGD SHUVRQD(QFDVRGHTXHVHKXELHUDSUHVHQWDGRDOJXQDTXHMDVHKDFtDS~EOLFDODDYHULJXDFLyQ YHUEDO HQ HO DFWR \ GH UHVXOWDU FLHUWD OD DFXVDFLyQ D MXLFLR GH OD PD\RUtD GH OD PHVD TXHGDEDQSULYDGRVORVDFXVDGRVGHOYRWRDFWLYR\SDVLYRFDVRFRQWUDULRORVFDOXPQLDGRUHV VXIUtDQODPLVPDSHQD La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico 6LDOLQVWDODUVHODPHVDVHVXVFLWDEDQGXGDVVREUHODIDOWDGHUHTXLVLWRVSDUDYRWDUHQ DOJXQRVGHORVSUHVHQWHVODMXQWDGHFLGtDHQHODFWRSRUPD\RUtDGHYRWRV\VXGHFLVLyQVH HMHFXWDEDVLQUHFXUVRDOJXQR 6LGHVSXpVGHLQVWDODGDODPHVDDOJXQDSHUVRQDUHFODPDEDODEROHWDTXHQROHKXELHUD H[SHGLGRHOFRPLVLRQDGRVHRtDDpVWHSDUDORFXDO\SDUDTXHUHVROYLHUDODVGHPiVGXGDV TXHRFXUULHUDQHVWDEDSUHVHQWHGXUDQWHODHOHFFLyQ\VLODPD\RUtDGHODPHVDIDOODEDD IDYRUGHOUHFODPDQWHHUDDGPLWLGRDYRWDU\VHFRQVLJQDEDORRFXUULGRHQHODFWD\VH H[SHGtDHOTXHMRVRXQDEROHWDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVWpUPLQRV 0XQLFLSDOLGDGGH>tal parte@ 6HFFLyQQ~P>tantos@ 6HGHFODUDTXHHOFLXGDGDQRWLHQHGHUHFKRDYRWDU [Fecha@ [)LUPDGHOSUHVLGHQWH\XQVHFUHWDULR@ /RVLQGLYLGXRVTXHFRPSRQtDQODPHVDGHEtDQGHDEVWHQHUVHGHKDFHULQGLFDFLRQHVSDUD TXHODHOHFFLyQUHFD\HUDHQGHWHUPLQDGDSHUVRQD$UWtFXORGHOD/2( Nombramiento de Electores. (OSULPHUSDVRSDUDODHOHFFLyQLQGLUHFWDHQSULPHU JUDGR FRQVDJUDGD HQ OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ HUD TXH ORV FLXGDGDQRV PH[LFDQRV HOLJLHUDQ XQ elector. 3DUDQRPEUDUHOHFWRUHVVHUHTXHUtDHVWDUHQHMHUFLFLRGHORVGHUHFKRVGHODFLXGDGDQtD PH[LFDQDUHVLGLUHQODVHFFLyQTXHKDFtDHOQRPEUDPLHQWRSHUWHQHFHUDOHVWDGRVHJODU\ QRHMHUFHUPDQGRSROtWLFRQLMXULVGLFFLyQGHQLQJXQDFODVHHQODPLVPDVHFFLyQ /RVFLXGDGDQRVHQWUHJDEDQODVEROHWDVDOSUHVLGHQWHGHODPHVD\pVWHODVSDVDEDDXQR GHORVVHFUHWDULRVSDUDTXHSUHJXQWDUDHQYR]EDMDVLHOFLXGDGDQRHUDHOGXHxRGHODEROHWD VLODUHVSXHVWDHUDD¿UPDWLYDXQRGHORVHVFUXWDGRUHVLQWURGXFtDODEROHWDHQXQDXUQDR FDMDSUHSDUDGDSDUDHOHIHFWR\HORWURHVFUXWDGRUDQRWDEDHQXQSDGUyQDOPDUJHQ\HQOD GLUHFFLyQGHODOtQHDGHFDGDHPSDGURQDGRODSDODEUDvotó. $UWtFXORV\GHOD/2( $UWtFXORVGHODOGHOD/2(&DEHDGYHUWLUTXHHOGHPD\RGHVHHPLWLyXQ'HFUHWRTXH PRGL¿FyHODUWtFXORGHOD/H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOHVWH'HFUHWRHVWDEOHFLyORVLJXLHQWH³Art. 1. (QODV HOHFFLRQHVSDUDODUHQRYDFLyQGHORVSRGHUHVIHGHUDOHVVHREVHUYDUiODOH\RUJiQLFDGHOGHIHEUHURGH PRGL¿FDQGRVXDUWtFXORHQHVWRVWpUPLQRV$UW6HSURFHGHUiDOQRPEUDPLHQWRGHHOHFWRUHV \SDUDVHUORVHUHTXLHUHHVWDUHQHMHUFLFLRGHORVGHUHFKRVGHODFLXGDGDQtDPH[LFDQDUHVLGLUDFWXDOPHQWH HQODVHFFLyQTXHKDFHHOQRPEUDPLHQWR\QRHMHUFHUPDQGRSROtWLFRQLMXULVGLFFLyQGHQLQJXQDFODVHHQOD misma sección. 2. No podrán ser electos diputados al congreso federal, los individuos que hubieren servido a la intervención del llamado imperio. '8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp0Dop. cit.SS\ Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana 8QDYH]FRQFOXLGDODHOHFFLyQXQRGHORVVHFUHWDULRVHQSUHVHQFLDGHORVLQWHJUDQWHV GHODPHVD\GHORVGHPiVFLXGDGDQRVSUHVHQWHVFRQWDEDORVEROHWDV\OHtDHQYR]DOWD VyORHOQRPEUHGHORVHOHFWRUHVHQFDGDXQDDOPLVPRWLHPSRDPERVHVFUXWDGRUHVKDFtDQ ODFRPSXWDFLyQGHORVYRWRVIRUPDQGRODVOLVWDVGHHVFUXWLQLRDOWHUPLQDUHOSUHVLGHQWH GHFODUDEDHQYR]DOWDTXLHQHVKDEtDQWHQLGRPiVYRWRV (QFDVRGHTXHGRVRPiVLQGLYLGXRVWXYLHUDQHOPLVPRQXPHURGHYRWRVVHFRORFDEDQ VXVQRPEUHVHQFHGXOLOODVGHQWURGHXQDiQIRUD\GHVSXpVGHTXHXQRGHORVVHFUHWDULRV ODVPRYtDHQWRGDVODVGLUHFFLRQHVHORWURVHFUHWDULRSURFHGtDDVDFDUXQDGHHOODV\VHOD HQWUHJDEDDOSUHVLGHQWHTXLHQODOHtDHQYR]DOWDGHFODUiQGRORHOHFWR $OUHGHGRUHVGHODFLXGDGGH0p[LFRDPHGLDGRVGHO6LJOR;,; La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico 3URFHGLHQGRDH[WHQGHUSRUGXSOLFDGRHODFWDGHODHOHFFLyQ¿UPiQGRODORVIXQFLRQDULRV GHODPHVD\DORVFLXGDGDQRVTXHKDEtDQVLGRGHFODUDGRVHOHFWRUHVVHOHVH[WHQGtDQVXV FUHGHQFLDOHVGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD /RVLQIUDVFULWRVFHUWL¿FDPRVTXHHOFLXGDGDQRN. ha sido QRPEUDGRHOHFWRUFRQ>tantos votos@SRUODVHFFLyQ>ó la que fuere@ GHODPXQLFLSDOLGDGGH>tal parte@ [Fecha@ [Firma de los individuos de la mesa@ $KRUDELHQVLSDVDGRHOPHGLRGtDQRKDEtDQFRQFXUULGRORVVLHWHFLXGDGDQRVTXHVH UHTXHUtDQSDUDODLQVWDODFLyQGHODPHVDHOFRPLVLRQDGRPDQGDEDOODPDUDORVYHFLQRVGH ODVHFFLyQTXHHVWXYLHUDQPiVLQPHGLDWRVH[KRUWiQGRORVDTXHVHLQVWDODUDQHQODMXQWD SHURVLDSHVDUGHHVRQRVHORJUDEDODUHXQLyQDODVWUHVGHODWDUGHVHSRGtDUHWLUDU\GDED SDUWHSRUHVFULWRDOSUHVLGHQWHGHOD\XQWDPLHQWRGHYROYLpQGROHHOSDGUyQ\ODSDSHOHUtD respectiva. /RV H[SHGLHQWHV GH ODV HOHFFLRQHV IRUPDGRV FRQ ODV EROHWDV OLVWDV GH HVFUXWLQLR \ SULPHUDVFRSLDVGHODVDFWDVVHPDQGDEDQDODVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHVGHGLVWULWRSRUFRQGXFWR GHORVSUHVLGHQWHVGHORVD\XQWDPLHQWRVTXHGDQGRHQSRGHUGHODVPHVDVODVVHJXQGDV FRSLDVGHODVDFWDVSDUDHOFDVRGHH[WUDYtRGHODVSULPHUDV De las Juntas Electorales de Distrito./DVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHVGHGLVWULWRVHLQWHJUDEDQ FRQ ORV HOHFWRUHV GH ODV VHFFLRQHV \ GHEtDQ UHXQLUVH HQ ODV FDEHFHUDV GH ORV GLVWULWRV HOHFWRUDOHVUHVSHFWLYRVHMHUFLHQGRVXVIXQFLRQHVHQORVGtDVTXHGHVLJQDEDODOH\ (OMXHYHVDQWHULRUDOGtDGHODVHOHFFLRQHVGHGLVWULWRORVHOHFWRUHVGHEtDQUHXQLUVHHQ ODFDEHFHUDTXHOHVWRFDEDVHSUHVHQWDEDQDODSULPHUDDXWRULGDGSROtWLFDORFDO\pVWDORV LQVFULEtDHQHOOLEURGHDFWDVWRPDQGRUD]yQGHVXVFUHGHQFLDOHV'LFKDDXWRULGDGQRWHQtD IDFXOWDGGHLPSHGLUODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHQLQJ~QHOHFWRUEDMRQLQJ~QPRWLYR $OGtDVLJXLHQWHGHGLFKDLQVFULSFLyQODVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHVGHGLVWULWRVHLQVWDODEDQHQ HOOXJDUGHVLJQDGR\QRPEUDEDQGHHQWUHVXVPLHPEURVPHGLDQWHHVFUXWLQLRVHFUHWRSRU FpGXODVXQSUHVLGHQWHGRVHVFUXWDGRUHV\XQVHFUHWDULRHUDQSUHVLGLGDVSRUODSULPHUD DXWRULGDGSROtWLFDORFDOVRORSDUDHOQRPEUDPLHQWRGHODPHVD\VRORSRGtDQGHFODUDUVH LQVWDODGRV\IXQFLRQDUFXDQGRHVWXYLHUDQSUHVHQWHVODPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHORVHOHFWRUHV TXHVHKXELHUDQQRPEUDGRHQWRGRHOGLVWULWR $UWtFXORVGHODO\GHODOGHOD/2( Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana (Q FDVR GH H[LVWLU PiV GH XQ GLVWULWR HOHFWRUDO HQ XQD PXQLFLSDOLGDG OD DXWRULGDG SROtWLFDSUHVLGtDDODLQVWDODFLyQHQXQDMXQWD\HQRWUDHOSUHVLGHQWHGHOD\XQWDPLHQWR\HQ ODVGHPiVORVUHJLGRUHVPiVDQWLJXRV /DDXWRULGDGTXHSUHVLGtDODLQVWDODFLyQGHODPHVDGHVLJQDEDDGRVGHORVHOHFWRUHVSDUD TXHOHD\XGDUDQDIRUPDUODVUHVSHFWLYDVOLVWDVGHHVFUXWLQLR\DFRPSXWDUORVYRWRVDFWR FRQWLQ~RHQWUHJDEDSRULQYHQWDULRORVH[SHGLHQWHVGHODVHOHFFLRQHVTXHKXELHUHUHFLELGR FRQVHUYDQGRRWURSDUDVXUHVJXDUGR ,QPHGLDWDPHQWHORVHOHFWRUHVSUHVHQWDEDQVXVFUHGHQFLDOHVSDUDVXH[DPHQ\FDOL¿FDFLyQ HOSUHVLGHQWHGHDFXHUGRFRQORVLQGLYLGXRVGHODPHVDQRPEUDEDXQDSULPHUDFRPLVLyQ UHYLVRUDFRPSXHVWDGHFLQFRHOHFWRUHVTXHGLFWDPLQDEDVREUHORVH[SHGLHQWHVGHHOHFFLRQHV \ FUHGHQFLDOHV TXH VH OH SDVDUDQ \ XQD VHJXQGD FRPLVLyQ UHYLVRUD FRPSXHVWD GH WUHV HOHFWRUHV TXH GLFWDPLQDED VREUH ORV H[SHGLHQWHV \ FUHGHQFLDOHV GH ORV PLHPEURV GH OD PHVD\GHODSULPHUDFRPLVLyQ(VWDVHJXQGDFRPLVLyQUHYLVRUDHUDQRPEUDGDSRUODMXQWD HQHVFUXWLQLRVHFUHWRPHGLDQWHFpGXODVLQGLYLGXDOPHQWH\EDMRODVUHJODVUHVSHFWLYDVTXH SUHYHtDODOHJLVODFLyQHOHFWRUDO(VWDVFRPLVLRQHVUHYLVRUDVHPLWtDQVXVGLFWiPHQHVXQGtD DQWHVGHODVHOHFFLRQHV\VXUHYLVLyQLJXDOPHQWHVHFRQFUHWDEDDH[DPLQDUORVH[SHGLHQWHV y credenciales. /HtGRVORVGLFWiPHQHVVHSRQtDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDGLVFXVLyQ\ODMXQWDORVDSUREDEDR UHSUREDEDSRUPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHORVYRWRVSUHVHQWHVHQHOPLVPRGtD 7RGR HOHFWRU WHQtD GHUHFKR D SHGLU TXH VH YRWDUD VHSDUDGDPHQWH OD DSUREDFLyQ R UHSUREDFLyQGHXQDRPiVFUHGHQFLDOHVHVWDSHWLFLyQODSRGtDUHDOL]DUDQWHVRGHVSXpVGH FHUUDGDODGLVFXVLyQ /DV GHFLVLRQHV GH OD MXQWD DFHUFD GH OD YDOLGH] R QXOLGDG GH ODV HOHFFLRQHV GH VXV PLHPEURVHUDQLQDSHODEOHV /RVHOHFWRUHVTXHSRUDOJ~QLPSHGLPHQWRQRSRGtDQHVWDUSUHVHQWHVDODLQVWDODFLyQGH ODMXQWDHUDQDGPLWLGRVHQWRGRWLHPSRVLHPSUH\FXDQGRVXVFUHGHQFLDOHVIXHUDQUHYLVDGDV SRUODFRPLVLyQUHVSHFWLYD\DSUREDGDVSRUODMXQWD (OGtDHQTXHGHEtDQGHYHUL¿FDUVHODVHOHFFLRQHVGHGLVWULWRVHUHXQtDQORVHOHFWRUHV HQHOHGL¿FLRGHVLJQDGRRFXSDEDQORVDVLHQWRVVLQSUHIHUHQFLDGHOOXJDU\HOSUHVLGHQWH DQXQFLDEDHOLQLFLRGHODVHVLyQ La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico )LQDOPHQWHQDGLHSRGtDH[FXVDUVHGHVHUYLUORVFDUJRVGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUTXHSUHYHtD ODOH\HQFRPHQWRGHFLGLHQGRHO&RQJUHVRVREUHORVLPSHGLPHQWRVTXHVHDOHJDUDQSDUD VHURFRQWLQXDUVLHQGRGLSXWDGRRPLHPEURGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLD\UHVROYtD VREUHODGHQXQFLDRGLPLVLyQGHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD /RV GLSXWDGRV TXH IDOWDEDQ VLQ FDXVD MXVWL¿FDGD R VLQ OLFHQFLD GHO &RQJUHVR DO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH VXV REOLJDFLRQHV SHUGtDQ OD UHPXQHUDFLyQ TXH OHV DVLJQDED OD OH\ VH OHVVXVSHQGtDQWRGRVVXVGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVLQFOXVRORVGHFLXGDGDQtDSRURWURODGRQR SRGtDQ REWHQHU QL GHVHPSHxDU HPSOHR S~EOLFR \ GHMDEDQ GH SHUFLELU FXDOTXLHU VXHOGR TXHHVWXYLHUDQGLVIUXWDQGRGHSDUWHGHO(VWDGR(VWDVSULYDFLRQHVGXUDEDQ~QLFDPHQWHHO WLHPSRTXHGXUDEDODRPLVLyQ (QODVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHVHVWDEDSURKLELGDODSUHVHQFLDGHJXDUGLDVQLVHSHUPLWtDTXH ORVFLXGDGDQRVVHSUHVHQWDUDQFRQDUPDV\SDUDGHOLEHUDUHQHOODV(OSUHVLGHQWHGHFDGD XQDGHODVMXQWDVFRQFHGtDODSDODEUDSRUWXUQR\VyORSRUGRVYHFHVDGRVHOHFWRUHVGHORV TXHODSHGtDQHQSUR\DGRVGHORVTXHODSHGtDQHQFRQWUDVLQTXHHOXVRGHODSDODEUD H[FHGLHUDGHPHGLDKRUD8QDYH]TXHVHKXELHVHWRPDGRODUHVROXFLyQVHGHEtDDMXVWDUD HOODODMXQWDTXHODKXELHUHDFRUGDGR /RV H[SHGLHQWHV \ SDSHOHV UHODWLYRV D HOHFFLRQHV SULPDULDV VH FRQVHUYDEDQ FXLGDGRVDPHQWH\FRQODVHSDUDFLyQGHELGDHQORVDUFKLYRVGHORVD\XQWDPLHQWRVGHODV FDEHFHUDVGHGLVWULWRVHOHFWRUDOHV\VHKDFtDHQWUHJDGHGLFKRVSDSHOHVSRUHOSUHVLGHQWH GH OD MXQWD DO VHFUHWDULR GHO D\XQWDPLHQWR SDUD VX FXVWRGLD &RQ HO PLVPR FXLGDGR VH JXDUGDEDQHQODVHFUHWDUtDGHO&RQJUHVRORVH[SHGLHQWHV\GRFXPHQWRVFRQFHUQLHQWHVDVXV IXQFLRQHVGHFXHUSRHOHFWRUDO 9.2 La elección indirecta &RPR\DTXHGyPHQFLRQDGRHQOtQHDVDQWHULRUHVODHOHFFLyQLQGLUHFWDFRQVLVWtDHQTXH ORVFLXGDGDQRVTXHFXPSOtDQFRQGHWHUPLQDGRVUHTXLVLWRVWUDQVIHUtDQVXGHUHFKRGHYRWDU DRWURVHOHFWRUHVSDUDTXHpVWRVORHMHUFLHUDQDGLIHUHQFLDGHODHOHFFLyQGLUHFWDHQODFXDO ORVFLXGDGDQRVVRQORVHOHFWRUHVTXLHQHVHMHUFHQGHPDQHUDLQPHGLDWDVXGHUHFKRDOYRWR VLQLQWHUPHGLDFLyQDOJXQD &DEH DGYHUWLU TXH GXUDQWH HO &RQJUHVR &RQVWLWX\HQWH GH DO DQDOL]DUVH HO DUWtFXOR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO VH GHEDWLy VL ORV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV SRSXODUHV GHEtDQ VHU HOHFWRV HQ IRUPD GLUHFWD R LQGLUHFWD &RQFUHWDPHQWH ODV GLVFXVLRQHV VH OOHYDURQ D FDER HQ ODV VHVLRQHV GHO \ GH VHSWLHPEUH GH HQ ODV TXH HO GLSXWDGR =DUFR VH H[WUDxy Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana TXHODFRPLVLyQTXHWDQFHORVDVHKDEtD PRVWUDGR D IDYRU GH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH ODV WHRUtDV GHPRFUiWLFDV UHFXUULHQGR VLHPSUH DO SXHEOR FRQVHUYDUD OD HOHFFLyQLQGLUHFWDODFXDODVXMXLFLRQR podía ser el medio verdadero de conocer ODRSLQLyQSXEOLFDSXHVVRVWHQtDTXHHQ ODHOHFFLyQLQGLUHFWDVHSUHVWDEDDWRGD FODVH GH LQWULJDV VLHQGR XQ DUWL¿FLR SDUD HQJDxDU DO SXHEOR KDFLpQGROR FUHHUTXHHUDHOHOHFWRU\HPSOHiQGROR HQ FUHDU XQD HVSHFLH GH DULVWRFUDFLD HOHFWRUDOTXHPLHQWUDVPiVVHHOHYDED HQJUDGRVPiVVHVHSDUDGHOHVStULWX\ GHORVLQWHUHVHVGHOSXHEOR. 3RU VX SDUWH HO GLSXWDGR 2OYHUD DUJXPHQWy TXH OD FRPLVLyQ TXHUtD OD HOHFFLyQ GLUHFWD SHUR QR WDQ SURQWR FRPR HO VHxRU =DUFR VLQR GH PDQHUD SURJUHVLYD SXHV D VX GLFKR SDUD QR DYDQ]DU GH XQD YH] KDVWD OD HOHFFLyQ GLUHFWDODFRPLVLyQKDEtDDWHQGLGRDOD VLWXDFLyQDFWXDOGHODSREODFLyQGLYLGLGD SRUGHVJUDFLDHQXQDFODVHDOWDHQRWUD PHGLD\HQRWUDtQ¿PDTXHVHFRPSRQtD de indígenas no emancipados todavía. /D HOHFFLyQ GLUHFWD VHUtD RSRUWXQD FXDQGR OD SREODFLyQ SUHVHQWDUD XQ FDUiFWHUKRPRJpQHR. (QSRVWHULRULQWHUYHQFLyQHOGLSXWDGR =DUFR DUJXPHQWy TXH XQD DVDPEOHD FRQVWLWX\HQWH OODPDGD D LQWURGXFLU JUDQGHV LQQRYDFLRQHV GHEtD DVSLUDU D UHIRUPDUODVFRVWXPEUHV\DHPDQFLSDU Vid. =$5&2)UDQFLVFR, op. cit.SS\ ss. Idem. )UDQFLVFR=DUFR La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico a las clases desgraciadas. 3RUVXSDUWHHOGLSXWDGR,JQDFLR5DPtUH]FRQVLGHUyLJXDOPHQWHTXHQRKDEtDSURJUHVR PLHQWUDVVHFRQVHUYDUiFRQPiVRPHQRVJUDGRVXQDEVXUGRTXHIDOVHDUD\GHVQDWXUDOL]DUD HOVLVWHPDUHSUHVHQWDWLYR6REUHWRGRVLVHIXQGDEDHOVLVWHPDHQTXHHOSXHEORHUDVREHUDQR \KDELHQGRHOHFFLRQHVLQGLUHFWDVQRSRGtDHMHUFHUVHHVDVREHUDQtDSRUORTXHDVXGLFKR VLVHTXHUtDTXHORVFRQJUHVRVUHSUHVHQWDUDQODRSLQLyQGHOSDtVQRKDEtDPiVPHGLRTXH la elección directa. (OGHVHSWLHPEUHGHVHFRQWLQ~RFRQHOGHEDWHGHODUWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO\ HQHVWiVHVLyQSDUWLFLSyHOGLSXWDGR0RUHQRTXLpQH[SUHVyTXHHOSXHEORD~QQRWHQtDOD LOXVWUDFLyQQLHOGLVFHUQLPLHQWRQHFHVDULRSDUDKDFHUHVSHUDUEXHQRVUHVXOWDGRVGHODHOHFFLyQ GLUHFWDSRUORTXH¿QDOPHQWH\GHVSXpVGHYDULDVGLVFXVLRQHVHVWHDUWtFXORIXHDSUREDGR SRUYRWRVFRQWUDTXHGDQGRVXEVLVWHQWHHOVLVWHPDLQGLUHFWRGHYRWDFLRQHV &DEH PHQFLRQDU TXH HQ HO DxR GH VH UHIRUPy HO DUWtFXOR FRQVWLWXFLRQDO DGRSWiQGRVHODHOHFFLyQGLUHFWDSDUDORVGLSXWDGRVQRDVtSDUDORVVHQDGRUHV\3UHVLGHQWH GHOD5HS~EOLFD 3RVWHULRUPHQWH HO GH DEULO GH VH SURPXOJy HO GHFUHWR GH UHIRUPDV D OD &RQVWLWXFLyQGHHQWUHORVDUWtFXORVUHIRUPDGRVHVWXYLHURQHO\ORVFXDOHV HVWDEOHFLHURQ Artículo 55/DHOHFFLyQGHGLSXWDGRVVHUiGLUHFWD\HQORVWpUPLQRVTXHGLVSRQJDOD ley electoral. Artículo 58D(OVHQDGRVHFRPSRQGUiGHGRVVHQDGRUHVSRUFDGD(VWDGR\GRVSRU HO'LVWULWR)HGHUDO/DHOHFFLyQGHVHQDGRUHVVHUiGLUHFWD« Artículo 76/DHOHFFLyQGHSUHVLGHQWHVHUiGLUHFWD\HQORVWpUPLQRVTXHGLVSRQJD la ley electoral. 9.3 Elección del Presidente de la República Mexicana 3DUDODHOHFFLyQGH3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDHOSURFHGLPLHQWRHVWDEOHFLGRRULJLQDOPHQWH SRUOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHFRQVLVWtDHQTXHDOGtDVLJXLHQWHGHQRPEUDGRVORVGLSXWDGRV FDGDMXQWDGLVWULWDOHOHFWRUDOVHYROYtDDUHXQLU\ORVHOHFWRUHVQRPEUDEDQSRUHVFUXWLQLR Idem Idem. 3$7,f2&$0$5(1$-DYLHU 3$7,f2&$0$5(1$-DYLHU1XHYR'HUHFKR(OHFWRUDO0H[LFDQRHG0p[LFR(G ,QVWLWXWR GH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV-XUtGLFDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFRS\ $UWtFXORV\GHOD/2( Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana -RVp,JQDFLR&RPRQIRUW3UHVLGHQWHPH[LFDQRHQ VHFUHWR PHGLDQWH FpGXODV XQD SHUVRQD SDUD 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD OD YRWDFLyQ VH YHUL¿FDEDGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD ¾ /RVHOHFWRUHVGHSRVLWDEDQVXVYRWRVHQODiQIRUDTXHVHSRQtDHQODPHVDSURFHGLHQGR FRQRUGHQVLOHQFLR\UHJXODULGDG ¾ 6HSDUDEDQGHVXVDVLHQWRVXQRDXQRSRUODGHUHFKDGHODPHVD ¾ 8QDYH]WHUPLQDGRHOPRYLPLHQWRHOVHFUHWDULRSUHJXQWDEDHQYR]DOWD\SRUGRV YHFHV¢KDFRQFOXLGRODYRWDFLyQ" ¾ 'HVSXpV GH XQD SUXGHQWH HVSHUD YDFLDED ODV FpGXODV VREUH OD PHVD ODV FRQWDED WDPELpQHQYR]DOWD\GHLJXDOPRGRODVOHtDXQDDXQDKDVWDFRQFOXLU La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico ¾ &XDOTXLHUD GH ORV HVFUXWDGRUHV IRUPDED OD OLVWD GH HVFUXWLQLR HVFULELHQGR ORV QRPEUHVTXHOHtDHOVHFUHWDULR\DQRWDQGRORVYRWRVFRQOtQHDVYHUWLFDOHVVREUHXQD KRUL]RQWDO ¾ (ORWURHVFUXWDGRUUHXQtDHQJUXSRVVHSDUDGRVODVFpGXODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDFDGD FDQGLGDWXUDSDUDFRQIURQWDUODVFRQODOLVWD ¾ (VWDQGRODOLVWDVLQSUREOHPDVVHSDUDEDHO3UHVLGHQWHTXLHQOHtDFRQYR]SHUFHSWLEOH ORVQRPEUHV\YRWRVGHFDGDLQGLYLGXR\VHGHFODUDEDHOHFWRDOTXHKXELHVHUHXQLGR SRUORPHQRVORVGHPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHORVHOHFWRUHVSUHVHQWHV $QWHVGHFRQFOXLUODVHVLyQGHODMXQWDGLVFXWtD\DSUREDED\H[WHQGtDHQGXSOLFDGR HODFWDGHODVHOHFFLRQHVGHOGtD¿UPiQGRODWRGRVORVHOHFWRUHVSUHVHQWHVXQDGHpVWDVVH UHPLWtDHOJRELHUQRGHOHVWDGR'LVWULWR)HGHUDORWHUULWRULR\DO&RQJUHVRGHOD8QLyQRD ODGLSXWDFLyQSHUPDQHQWHDFWRVHJXLGRVHUHWLUDEDGHOOXJDU 3RU~OWLPRVHPDQGDEDD¿MDUHQORVSDUDMHVS~EOLFRVHLQVHUWDUHQORVSHULyGLFRVOD OLVWDVGHORVFDQGLGDWRV\Q~PHURGHORVYRWRVTXHKXELHUDQREWHQLGRSDUD3UHVLGHQWHGH OD5HS~EOLFD &DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHO&RQJUHVRGHOD8QLyQVHHULJtDHQColegio Electoral todas las YHFHVTXHKXELHUDHOHFFLyQGH3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDRGHPLHPEURVGHOD6XSUHPD &RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQGLFKR&ROHJLR(OHFWRUDOSURFHGtDDUHDOL]DUHOHVFUXWLQLR GHORVYRWRVHPLWLGRV\VLDOJ~QFDQGLGDWRKDEtDUHXQLGRODPD\RUtDDEVROXWDORGHFODUDED HOHFWR\VyORHQFDVRGHTXHQLQJ~QFDQGLGDWRKXELHUHUHXQLGRODPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGH YRWRV HO &RQJUHVR YRWDQGR SRU GLSXWDFLRQHV HOHJtD SRU HVFUXWLQLR VHFUHWR PHGLDQWH FpGXODVGHHQWUHORVGRVFDQGLGDWRVTXHKXELHUHQREWHQLGRODPD\RUtDUHODWLYD 9.4 La anulación de las elecciones (VWD /H\ 2UJiQLFD (OHFWRUDO GH HVWDEOHFtD XQD VHULH GH FDXVDV GH QXOLGDG GH HOHFFLyQSUHYLVWDVHQHODUWtFXOR ¾ 3RUIDOWDGHDOJ~QUHTXLVLWROHJDOHQHOHOHFWRRSRUHVWDUFRPSUHQGLGRHQDOJXQD UHVWULFFLyQTXHODSURSLDOH\HOHFWRUDOHVWDEOHFtD ¾ 3RUTXHHQHOQRPEUDPLHQWRKXELHUHLQWHUYHQLGRYLROHQFLDGHODIXHU]DDUPDGD Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana ¾ 3RUKDEHUPHGLDGRVRERUQRRFRKHFKRHQODHOHFFLyQ ¾ 3RUHUURUVXVWDQFLDOUHVSHFWRGHODSHUVRQDQRPEUDGD ¾ 3RUIDOWDGHODPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHORVYRWRVSUHVHQWHVHQODVMXQWDVHOHFWRUDOHVTXH QRIXHUDQSULPDULDV ¾ 3RUHUURURIUDXGHHQODFRPSXWDFLyQGHORVYRWRV %DMRGLFKRRUGHQDPLHQWRWRGRFLXGDGDQRPH[LFDQRWHQtDGHUHFKRDUHFODPDUODQXOLGDG GHODVHOHFFLRQHV\SHGLUODGHFODUDFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODMXQWDDTXLHQWRFDUDIDOODU RDO&RQJUHVRHQVXFDVRHVWHGHUHFKRVHOHFRQRFLyFRPRacción popularSXGLpQGRVH HMHUFHUSRUHVFULWRDQWHVGHOGtDHQTXHVHGHEtDGHUHVROYHUDFHUFDGHORVH[SHGLHQWHV\ FUHGHQFLDOHVUHVSHFWLYDV(QHVWRVFDVRVHOGHQXQFLDQWHVHGHEtDFRQFUHWDUDGHWHUPLQDU\ SUREDUODLQIUDFFLyQH[SUHVDGHODOH\'HVSXpVGHGLFKRGtDQRVHDGPLWtDQLQJ~QUHFXUVR \VHWHQtDSRUOHJLWLPDGRWRGRORDFWXDGR$UWtFXORVGHOD/2( (QFRQFOXVLyQHVWDOH\HOHFWRUDOLQLFLyXQQXHYRVLVWHPDHOHFWRUDOFUHDQGRORVGLVWULWRV HOHFWRUDOHV GHVDSDUHFLHQGR ODV MXQWDV GHSDUWDPHQWDOHV DVt PLVPR VH LQVWUXPHQWDURQ GLYHUVRVSURFHGLPLHQWRVTXHKR\GtDSHUPDQHFHQHQQXHVWUDOHJLVODFLyQHOHFWRUDO /D/H\HQFRPHQWRIXHODTXHGHWHUPLQyODVLWXDFLyQHOHFWRUDOHQODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHO VLJOR;,;DOFRQVDJUDUORVSULQFLSLRVGHUHVSHWRDODVOLEHUWDGHV\GHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVGH ORVFLXGDGDQRVDOPHQRVKDVWDOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGH <DHQODHWDSD¿QDOGHOJRELHUQRGH-XiUH]OD/H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOGHIHEUHURGH IXHUHIRUPDGDSRUODLey Electoral de 8 de mayo de 1871VREUHVDOHQGHHVWDV UHIRUPDVORVVLJXLHQWHVSXQWRV ¾ /RV LQGLYLGXRV FRPLVLRQDGRV SDUD HPSDGURQDU \ ORV TXH IXHUDQ SDUD SUHVLGLU OD LQVWDODFLyQGHODVPHVDV\ORVFLXGDGDQRVTXHDFXGLHUDQDODLQVWDODFLyQGHEtDQVHU YHFLQRVGHODVHFFLyQ ¾ 6HHVWDEOHFLyXQDVHULHGHFRQGXFWDVTXHHUDQVDQFLRQDGDVSRUXQMXH]GHGLVWULWR LQFOXVLYH HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV ORV LQIUDFWRUHV TXHGDEDQ VXVSHQGLGRV GH VXV GHUHFKRV GH FLXGDGDQRV \ GHVWLWXLGRV GH FXDOTXLHU FDUJR R HPSOHR S~EOLFR TXH HVWXYLHUDQ Vid. 3RGHU-XGLFLDOGHOD)HGHUDFLyQ/D6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDHQOD5HS~EOLFD5HVWDXUDGD 0p[LFR6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQSS La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico GHVHPSDxDQGR ¾ 6H UHJXODEDQ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV SDUD ORV IXQFLRQDULRV S~EOLFRV TXH WROHUDUDQ R SHUPLWLHUDQ OD YLROHQFLD HO FRKHFKR R VRERUQR HO IUDXGH R ORV DEXVRV TXH VXV VXEDOWHUQRVFRPHWLHUDQHQFRQWUDGHODOLEHUWDGHOHFWRUDO ¾ 6HFRQVLGHUyLOHJtWLPDWRGDUHXQLyQTXHQRFXPSOLHUDFRQODQRUPDWLYLGDGH[LVWHQWH \SRUWDQWRHUDQQXORVORVDFWRVTXHOOHYDUDQDFDER ¾ 6HSUHYLyXQDVHULHGHUHJODVWUDWiQGRVHGHODVIXHU]DVDUPDGDVWDQWRGHOD)HGHUDFLyQ FRPRGHORV(VWDGRVSDUDTXHSXGLHUDQYRWDUHQODVHOHFFLRQHVUHVSHFWLYDV 3RU'HFUHWRGHO&RQJUHVRGHOGHPD\RGHVHUHIRUPyODOH\HOHFWRUDOGHOGH IHEUHURGH 9.5 La violación a la ley electoral. Delitos especiales 7DQWROD/H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOGHFRPRODVUHIRUPDVGHOGHPD\RGH HVWDEOHFLHURQ XQD VHULH GH FRQGXFWDV TXH HUDQ VDQFLRQDGDV HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV SRU ORV IXQFLRQDULRVGHODPHVDHQRWURVSRUDOJXQDDXWRULGDGGHORUGHQFRP~QRSRUXQMXH]GH GLVWULWRFRQFUHWDPHQWH &RPRVHPHQFLRQyHODUWtFXORGHOD/H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOUHJXODEDTXHHO3UHVLGHQWH GHODPHVDSRGtDSUHJXQWDUVLDOJXLHQWHQtDTXHH[SRQHUXQDTXHMDVREUHFRKHFKRRVRERUQR HQJDxRRYLROHQFLDSDUDTXHODHOHFFLyQUHFD\HUDHQGHWHUPLQDGDSHUVRQDHQFDVRGHTXH VHSUHVHQWDUDDOJXQDTXHMDVHKDFtDpública la averiguación verbalHQHODFWR'HUHVXOWDU FLHUWDODDFXVDFLyQDMXLFLRGHODmayoría de la mesaTXHGDEDQSULYDGRVORVDFXVDGRV GHOYRWRDFWLYR\SDVLYRFDVRFRQWUDULRORVcalumniadoresVXIUtDQODPLVPDSHQDHVWR HVODPHVDWHQtDODIDFXOWDGGHHVWDEOHFHUVDQFLRQHVFRQVLVWHQWHVHQSULYDUDORVUHRVR FDOXPQLDGRUHVGHOYRWRDFWLYR\GHOSDVLYR 3RUVXSDUWHHODUWtFXORGHODOH\DQWHVUHIHULGDSUHYHtDTXHORVGLSXWDGRVTXHIDOWDEDQ VLQFDXVDMXVWL¿FDGDRVLQOLFHQFLDGHO&RQJUHVRDOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHVXVREOLJDFLRQHV (O GH PD\R GH VH HPLWLy HO 'HFUHWR GHO &RQJUHVR HQ HO TXH VH FRQYRFD D HOHFFLRQHV GH GLSXWDGRVDO&RQJUHVR*HQHUDO\GH3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDVid.'8%/È10DQXHO\/2=$12-RVp Ma. op. cit., S Ibíd.,SS3UHYLDPHQWHHOGHPD\RGHVHKDEtDUHIRUPDGRVyORHODUWtFXORGHGLFKD /H\2UJiQLFD(OHFWRUDOUHVSHFWRDORVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDVHUHOHFWRUCfr.&$67(//$126+(51È1'(= (GXDUGR )RUPDV GH *RELHUQR \ 6LVWHPDV (OHFWRUDOHV HQ 0p[LFR 0p[LFR (G &HQWUR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ&LHQWt¿FD³,QJ-RUJH/7DPD\R´$&S Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana perdían la remuneraciónTXHOHVDVLJQDEDODOH\HUDQVXVSHQGLGRVGHWRGRVVXVGHUHFKRV SROtWLFRV LQFOXVR ORV GH FLXGDGDQtD SRU RWUR ODGR QR SRGtDQ REWHQHU QL GHVHPSHxDU HPSOHRS~EOLFR\GHMDEDQGHSHUFLELUFXDOTXLHUVXHOGRR¿FLDO(VWDVSULYDFLRQHVGXUDEDQ ~QLFDPHQWHHOWLHPSRTXHGXUDEDODRPLVLyQ $KRUDELHQFRQODVUHIRUPDVGHOGHPD\RGHDODOH\HOHFWRUDOVHHVWDEOHFLHURQ XQDVHULHGHFRQGXFWDVTXHGHOOHYDUVHDFDERHUDQVDQFLRQDGDVGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD ,/RVDFWRVGHLQVWDODUPHVDVH[WHQGHUODVDFWDV¿UPDUODV\H[SHGLUFUHGHQFLDOHV VHUHDOL]DEDQGHXQDPDQHUDS~EOLFDHQODVPLVPDVFDVLOODVHOHFWRUDOHV\ORV~OWLPRV DQWHV GH OHYDQWDUVH ODV PHVDV /RV LQGLYLGXRV TXH FRQWUDYLQLHUDQ HVD GLVSRVLFLyQ VH KDFtDQ VRVSHFKRVRV GHO GHOLWR GH IDOVHGDG \ HUDQ FDVWLJDGRV FRQ OD SHQD TXH FRUUHVSRQGtDDGLFKRGHOLWRSRUHOMXH]GHGLVWULWRUHVSHFWLYRTXLHQSURFHGtDGHR¿FLR RDLQVWDQFLDGHSDUWH6LHQHOMXLFLRQRDSDUHFtDMXVWL¿FDGRTXHKDEtDVXSODQWDFLyQ GHYRWRVRIUDXGHHQODFRPSXWDFLyQVHLPSRQtDXQDPXOWDGHDSHVRVRSULVLyQ GHVGHRFKRGtDVKDVWDXQPHVSRUVRORHOKHFKRGHODLQIUDFFLyQ ,, &XDQGR HQ DOJ~Q FROHJLR HOHFWRUDO VH UHWLUDED DOJXQD IUDFFLyQ GH pO GHMDQGR incompleto el quórum ORV PLHPEURV TXH TXHGDEDQ VH FRQVWLWXtDQ HQ MXQWD SHUPDQHQWH\H[KRUWDEDQDORVVHSDUDWLVWDVSRUPHGLRGHODDXWRULGDGSROtWLFDORFDOD TXHUHJUHVDUDQ\VLQRUHJUHVDEDQVHOODPDUtDDORVHOHFWRUHVTXHKXELHUDQIDOWDGR\ VLDXQFRQHVWRVQRKXELHUDquórumRQRFRQFXUULHUDQDORVRFKRGtDVFXDQGRPiVVH SURFHGtDDXQDQXHYDHOHFFLyQHQODVVHFFLRQHVGRQGHSHUWHQHFtDQORVVHSDUDWLVWDV\ ORVIDOWLVWDVVLQFDXVDMXVWL¿FDGDYHUL¿FiQGRVHpVWDV\ODVVHFXQGDULDVUHVSHFWLYDVHQ ORVGtDVTXHVHxDODEDHO&RQJUHVRIHGHUDORHQORVUHFHVRVODGLSXWDFLyQSHUPDQHQWH /RV HOHFWRUHV TXH VLQ FDXVD MXVWL¿FDGD GHMDEDQ GH DVLVWLU D FXPSOLU FRQ VXV REOLJDFLRQHVHUDQVXVSHQGLGRVGHORVGHUHFKRVGHFLXGDGDQRSRUXQDxR\GHVWLWXLGRV GHFXDOTXLHUFDUJRRHPSOHRS~EOLFRTXHHVWXYLHUDQGHVHPSHxDQGRODPLVPDSHQD VHLPSRQtDSRUGRVDxRVDORVHOHFWRUHVTXHVHVHSDUDUDQGHXQFROHJLRHOHFWRUDO\QR UHJUHVDUDQSHVHDKDEHUVLGRH[FLWDGRVRVHKXELHUHQVHSDUDGRGHOOXJDU(O-XH]GH GLVWULWRUHVSHFWLYRDSOLFDEDODVSHQDVLQGLFDGDVSDUDORFXDOORVFROHJLRVHOHFWRUDOHV UHPLWtDQORVDQWHFHGHQWHVTXHIXHUDQQHFHVDULRV ,,, 3RU RWUR ODGR VH FRQVLGHUy TXH HUD LOHJtWLPD WRGD UHXQLyQ TXH FRQ HO FDUiFWHU GH PHVDV FROHJLRV HOHFWRUDOHV \ GLSXWDGRV FRQJUHJDGRV HQ MXQWDV SUHYLDV QR VH VXMHWDUHQ SDUD VX LQVWDODFLyQ\ GHPiV DFWRV D OD QRUPDWLYLGDG H[LVWHQWH VLHQGR HQ FRQVHFXHQFLDQXORVWRGRVVXVDFWRV /RV TXH VH VHSDUDUDQ GH XQ FROHJLR HOHFWRUDO SDUD IRUPDU RWUR HQ GLYHUVR OXJDU HUDQFDVWLJDGRVSRUFXDWURDxRVHVWRHVVXVSHQGLGRVGHORVGHUHFKRVGHFLXGDGDQR 6REUHHOSDUWLFXODUFDEHPHQFLRQDUODFDXVDVHJXLGDFRQWUDGRVFLXGDGDQRVDFXVDGRVGHLQIULQJLUODOH\ HOHFWRUDOHQODVHOHFFLRQHVSULPDULDVGHDOQRPEUDUSRUVt\DQWHVtDORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHFRPSXVLHURQ OD PHVD GH OD VHFFLyQ TXLQWD HQ FX\R DFWR RPLWLHURQ WRGDV ODV IRUPDOLGDGHV GH OD OH\ /RV DFXVDGRV DUJXPHQWDURQHQVXGHIHQVDODIDOWDGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHOFDVR)LQDOPHQWHVHOHVGHFODUy FXOSDEOHV\DOKDEHUHVWDGRHQSULVLyQSRUPiVGHXQPHVVHOHVWXYRSRUFRPSXUJDGDODSHQD\VHGHFUHWy VXOLEHUWDGVid(/,=21'2*$63(5Ë10D0DFDULWDLoc. cit. La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico SRU HVH ODSVR \ GHVWLWXLGRV GH FXDOTXLHU FDUJR R HPSOHR S~EOLFR TXH HVWXYLHUDQ GHVHPSHxDQGR ,9/RVHPSDGURQDGRUHVHUDQFDVWLJDGRVFRQODSHQDGHFLQFRDYHLQWLFLQFRSHVRVRGH XQRDRFKRGtDVGHSULVLyQLPSXHVWDVSRUODSULPHUDDXWRULGDGSROtWLFDORFDO\WRGR FLXGDGDQR WHQtD GHUHFKR D GHQXQFLDU FXDOTXLHUD GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV IDOWDV HQ ODV TXH SRGtDQLQFXUULUDTXHOORV 4XHQR¿MDUDQODVOLVWDVHOGtDVHxDODGRSRUODOH\HOHFWRUDO 4XHQRHQWUHJDUDQDORVFLXGDGDQRVODVEROHWDVFRQODGHELGDDQWLFLSDFLyQR 4XHPDOLFLRVDPHQWHQRH[SLGLHUDQODEROHWDDGHWHUPLQDGRFLXGDGDQR 9$VLPLVPRVHGLVSRQtDTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVTXHIDOVL¿FDEDQFUHGHQFLDOHVRFXDOTXLHU RWURGRFXPHQWRHOHFWRUDO\ORVFyPSOLFHVIXHUDQMX]JDGRVGHR¿FLRRDLQVWDQFLDGH SDUWHSRUHOMXH]GHGLVWULWRUHVSHFWLYR\VDQFLRQDGRVFRQSHQDVGHSULYDFLyQGHORV GHUHFKRVGHFLXGDGDQtDGHVGHVHLVPHVHVKDVWDGRVDxRVGHFRQ¿QDPLHQWR desde GRV KDVWD VHLV PHVHV \ GH GHVWLWXFLyQ GH HPSOHR R HQFDUJR SRSXODU VL HO IDOVDULR HUDHPSOHDGRGHODIHGHUDFLyQRGHO(VWDGRRHVWXYLHUDLQYHVWLGRGHDOJ~QFDUJRR QRPEUDPLHQWRSRSXODU 9, /RV LQGLYLGXRV TXH UREDUDQ R VXVWUDMHUDQ ORV H[SHGLHQWHV \ GRFXPHQWRV GH OD HOHFFLyQHUDQFDVWLJDGRVSRUXQMXH]GHGLVWULWRFRQSHQDGHVHLVPHVHVDXQDxRGH prisión. 9,,/DVSHUVRQDVTXHWXPXOWXDULDPHQWHRSRUODIXHU]D\VXVFyPSOLFHVODQ]DUDQR SUHWHQGLHUDQODQ]DUGHVXVSXHVWRVDORVLQWHJUDQWHVGHODVPHVDVRFROHJLRVHOHFWRUDOHV HUDQVDQFLRQDGDVFRQODVSHQDVVHxDODGDVFRQWUDORVSHUWXUEDGRUHVGHORUGHQS~EOLFR DGHPiVGHODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVGHOLWRVGHORUGHQFRP~QTXHFRPHWLHUDQHQHVH DFWR\VLQSHUMXLFLRGHODVTXHGHEtDQDSOLFDUVHFRQIRUPHDODOH\GHUHVSRQVDELOLGDG VLHODXWRURFyPSOLFHIXHUDQIXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRV 9,,,/DVPHVDVRFROHJLRVHOHFWRUDOHVTXH KXELHUDQVLGR GLVXHOWRVSRU OD IXHU]DR YLROHQFLDSURFXUDEDQUHLQVWDODUVHEDMRODSURWHFFLyQGHODDXWRULGDGSROtWLFDORFDO ,;&XDOTXLHUIXQFLRQDULRTXHGLUHFWDRLQGLUHFWDPHQWHSUHVWDEDDSR\RDODVUHXQLRQHV LOHJtWLPDV HUD VDQFLRQDGR FRQ OD SHQD GH VXVSHQVLyQ GH VXV GHUHFKRV FLXGDGDQRV SULYDFLyQGHORVFDUJRVRHPSOHRVS~EOLFRVTXHGHVHPSHxDVH\VHUtDLQKDELOLWDGRSDUD REWHQHUORVKDVWDSRUGLH]DxRV ;1RSRGtDFRQFHGHUVHLQGXOWRRFRQPXWDFLyQGHODVSHQDVDQWHVUHIHULGDV ;, )LQDOPHQWH FRPR VH GLMR HQ HO 'HFUHWR GH UHIRUPDV VH SUHYHtD TXH WRGRV ORV IXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRVFRPHWtDQXQGHOLWRR¿FLDOWROHUDQGRRGLVLPXODQGRODYLROHQFLD GHODIXHU]DDUPDGDHOFRKHFKRRVRERUQRHOIUDXGHRHODEXVRTXHVXVVXEDOWHUQRV FRPHWLHUDQHQFRQWUDGHODOLEHUWDGHOHFWRUDOHQODVHOHFFLRQHVGHORVIXQFLRQDULRV IHGHUDOHV /D tolerancia o disimulo FRQVWLWXtDQ XQ GHOLWR R¿FLDO FDOL¿FDGR VL ORV PHQFLRQDGRVDEXVRVHUDQFRPHWLGRVSRUODIXHU]DDUPDGDSRUVXVR¿FLDOHVRMHIHV (OFRQ¿QDPLHQWRVHLPSRQtDVRODPHQWHSRUGHOLWRVSROtWLFRVSHURODGHVLJQDFLyQGHOOXJDUHQTXHKDEtD GHUHVLGLUHOFRQGHQDGRORKDFtDHOJRELHUQRFRQFLOLDQGRODVH[LJHQFLDVGHODWUDQTXLOLGDGS~EOLFDFRQOD VDOXG\QHFHVLGDGHVGHOFRQGHQDGR$UWtFXORGHO&yGLJR3HQDOSDUDHO'LVWULWR)HGHUDO\WHUULWRULRGHOD %DMD&DOLIRUQLDVREUHGHOLWRVGHOIXHURFRP~Q\SDUDWRGDOD5HS~EOLFDVREUHGHOLWRVFRQWUDODIHGHUDFLyQ Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana (OHFFLRQHVHQHOVLJOR;,;/RQGUHV,QJODWHUUD 10. PALABRAS FINALES 5HDOL]DU XQ HVWXGLR FRPSDUDWLYR UHODWLYR DO SRGHU SRSXODU VREHUDQR HQ HO 7HUFHU 0LOHQLRHVXQMXVWRKRPHQDMHD'RQ-RVp0DUtD0RUHORV\3DYyQDOPD\PHQWHFUHDGRUD GH³/RV6HQWLPLHQWRVGHOD1DFLyQ´\VXUHÀHMRMXUtGLFRHQHO³'HFUHWR&RQVWLWXFLRQDOSDUD ODOLEHUWDGGHOD$PpULFD0H[LFDQD´TXHHVWDEOHFHHQVXDUWtFXOR³Que la Soberanía dimana inmediatamente del Pueblo, que solo quiere depositarla en el Supremo Congreso Nacional Americano...”, HVGHFLUHOSDVRGHOSRGHUGHKHFKRDOSRGHUGHGHUHFKRHVWH DYDQFHLPSOLFyODSURPRFLyQGHODFFHVRHIHFWLYRGHODVRFLHGDGFLYLODODYHUGDGHUDSROtWLFD FLXGDGDQDUHVSRQVDEOH\SDUWLFLSDWLYDDGHPiVODUDFLRQDOL]DFLyQMXUtGLFDGHOSRGHUSDUD DOFDQ]DUXQDYHUGDGHUDMXVWLFLDVRFLDOSOXULFXOWXUDO +R\GHEHPRVHQIUHQWDU\UHVROYHUORVUHWRVGHODGHPRFUDFLDFRPRXQDIRUPDGHYLGDHO uso del poder de mando o control político GHEHFRQVWLWXLUODEDVHGHXQJRELHUQRHPDQDGR GHO SXHEOR \ SDUD pVWH LPSOLFD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH DOJ~Q WLSR GH JRELHUQR LQGHSHQGLHQWH UHVXOWDGR GH HOHFFLRQHV FRQ¿DEOHV \ SDFt¿FDV 5HÀH[LRQDU UHVSHFWR GH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ DFWLYDGHORVPH[LFDQRVFRPRXQDIRUPDGHVREHUDQtDLQGLYLGXDOXQDOXFKDSROtWLFDGHQWUR La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico GHXQPDUFRMXUtGLFRXQDFRQWLHQGDSROtWLFDHTXLWDWLYDWUDQVSDUHQWH\SDFt¿FDVRODPHQWH VRPHWLGDDXQRUGHQDPLHQWRVXSHULRUOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ /D SDUWLFLSDFLyQ DFWXDO GH OD PXMHU HQ OD YLGD SROtWLFD FRQVWLWX\H XQD FRQTXLVWD LQQHJDEOHHVWDYDOLRVDLQWHUYHQFLyQVHJHVWyFRPRXQDOXFKDFDOODGDSHURSHUVHYHUDQWH DKRUDFRQORJURVHYLGHQWHVHQODVFXRWDVGHJpQHURHQODVHOHFFLyQGHFDQGLGDWRVDHOHFFLyQ SRSXODUDUWV\GHO&2),3((VMXVWRFRQVLGHUDUTXHODGHPRFUDFLD DFWXDO LQFRUSRUD FRQFHSWRV GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ \ UHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDG HQ OD FRPSRVLFLyQ GHO&RQJUHVRGHOD8QLyQ\HQODJHRJUDItDHOHFWRUDOVLQLPSRQHUOLPLWDFLRQHVUDFLDOHV HFRQyPLFDVFXOWXUDOHVRGHJpQHUR7tWXOR7HUFHUR&DStWXOR3ULPHURDUWV GHO&2),3( $FWXDOPHQWHQXHVWURSDtVVHHQFXHQWUDGLYLGLGRHQGLVWULWRVXQLQRPLQDOHV\FLQFR FLUFXQVFULSFLRQHVSOXULQRPLQDOHVFRQHOREMHWRGHTXHPiVGHFLHQPLOORQHVGHPH[LFDQRV VH HQFXHQWUHQ UHSUHVHQWDGRV HQ HO &RQJUHVR GH OD 8QLyQ FRQ OHJLVODGRUHV GH PD\RUtD 5HODWLYD\5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ3URSRUFLRQDO3DUDIDFLOLWDUHODFFHVRDODVXUQDVDWRGRVORV FLXGDGDQRVVLQLPSRUWDUORDOHMDGRGHVXUHVLGHQFLD\SRGHUKDFHUHIHFWLYDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD HQ OD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV GXUDQWH HO ~OWLPR SURFHVR HOHFWRUDO IHGHUDO VHRUJDQL]DURQVHFFLRQHV\VHLQVWDODURQFDVLOODVHPLWLHURQVXYRWR FLXGDGDQRVGHXQSDGUyQHOHFWRUDOGHFLXGDGDQRVFRQSRVLELOLGDG de votar. $SULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;,;VHFRQVLGHUDEDTXHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODYROXQWDGSRSXODU VH UHGXFtD D HOHJLU HO Q~PHUR GH GLSXWDGRV DO FRQJUHVR WRPDQGR HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ OD SREODFLyQWRWDOGHFDGDOXJDUVLQHPEDUJRQRGHEHPRVROYLGDUFRPRVHPHQFLRQyHQ HVWHWUDEDMRTXHVHWUDWDEDGHXQDHOHFFLyQLQGLUHFWD2WURDVSHFWRTXHQRVHGHEHRPLWLUHO DOWRtQGLFHGHDQDOIDEHWLVPRDVSHFWRVTXHLQFLGtDQHQODIDOWDGHUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGSRUTXH HO VHFWRU GH OD SREODFLyQ SRU HO FXDO VH HQFRQWUDEDQ HQ HO &RQJUHVR VL ELHQ ORV KDEtD HOHJLGRSRUYRWRVpVWRVHPDQDEDQWDQVRORGHXQDPtQLPDSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQWRWDOFX\D YROXQWDGVREHUDQDQRHUDHVFXFKDGDWDQVRORVHREWHQtDXQDDUJXPHQWDFLyQSDUODPHQWDULD DWtWXORLQGLYLGXDOFRQLQÀXHQFLDFRQVHUYDGRUD $FWXDOPHQWHH[LVWHODHOHFFLyQGLUHFWD\ORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVSURSRQHQDVXUHVSHFWLYR FDQGLGDWR SRU FDGD XQR GH ORV WUHVFLHQWRV GLVWULWRV XQLQRPLQDOHV HQ TXH VH GLYLGH HO SDtV DVt VH HOLJH D XQ GLSXWDGR SRU HO VLVWHPD GH PD\RUtD UHODWLYD \ GRVFLHQWRV SRU HO SULQFLSLRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDOGHFRQIRUPLGDGFRQODVFLQFRFLUFXQVFULSFLRQHV SOXULQRPLQDOHVSDUDFRQVLGHUDUDODVPLQRUtDVTXHQRHUDQHVFXFKDGDV\TXHREMHWLYDPHQWH ODYROXQWDGSRSXODUVHUHÀHMHHQHO&RQJUHVRSDUDSURFXUDUXQDYHUGDGHUDUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDG Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana SRSXODUHQHOFRQJUHVR +R\ODVRSFLRQHVSDUDSDUWLFLSDUHQODYLGDSROtWLFDGHODQDFLyQVRQUHDOHV\P~OWLSOHV ([LVWHQ VLHWH SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV QDFLRQDOHV TXH FXHQWDQ FRQ UHJLVWUR DQWH HO ,QVWLWXWR )HGHUDO(OHFWRUDOFRQHVWHUHTXLVLWRJR]DQGHVHJXULGDG\SUHUURJDWLYDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV SDUDUHDOL]DUVXVDFWLYLGDGHVHOHFWRUDOHV\HQGHIHQVDGHLQWHUHVHVGLIXVRVOXHJRHQWRQFHV HODQKHORGHORVSUyFHUHVTXHIRUMDURQQXHVWUDLQGHSHQGHQFLDVHYXHOYHWDQJLEOHHOYRWR FRQGLFLRQDGR\UHVWULQJLGRDpOLWHVXUEDQDVVHKDWUDQVIRUPDGRDWUDYpVGHORVGHUHFKRV SROtWLFRHOHFWRUDOHV GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV \ GH ORV SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV HQ XQD RSRUWXQLGDG YHUGDGHUDFRQDFFHVRVHQFLOORDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQSROtWLFD'HEHGHVWDFDUVHTXHODH[LVWHQFLD GHORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVQDFLRQDOHVWDPELpQHVHOUHÀHMRGHODH[LVWHQFLD\YLJHQFLDGH XQDQRUPDWLYLGDGHOHFWRUDOTXHSURSXJQDSRUODFRH[LVWHQFLDGHGLVWLQWDVLGHRORJtDV\OD YHUGDGHUDFRQYLYHQFLDFLXGDGDQDFRQWROHUDQFLD\UHVSHWRDODGLVLGHQFLD/DOXFKDHQWUH SHQLQVXODUHV\FULROORVODGLVFULPLQDFLyQDODVPXMHUHV\DODSREODFLyQLQGtJHQDDVtFRPR ODLQWROHUDQFLDUHOLJLRVDVRQHWDSDVKLVWyULFDVTXHYDQVLHQGRVXSHUDGDVSDXODWLQDPHQWH 5HVSHFWR D OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ODV PXMHUHVHQ ODYLGDSROtWLFDHV LPSRUWDQWHVHxDODU TXHODVPXMHUHVFRQVWLWX\HQPiVGHOFLQFXHQWDSRUFLHQWRGHOSDGUyQHOHFWRUDO(OODVDO LJXDOTXHORVKRPEUHVVRQFLXGDGDQDVFRQWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV\REOLJDFLRQHVDFWXDOPHQWH LQWHJUDQORVyUJDQRVGHGLULJHQFLDGHORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVDXWRULGDGHVHOHFWRUDOHVORV FXHUSRVOHJLVODWLYRVIHGHUDOHV\ORFDOHVVRQODVPiVYDOLHQWHVOXFKDGRUDVVRFLDOHVGLJQDV VHJXLGRUDV GH ORV HMHPSORV GH -RVHID 2UWL] GH 'RPtQJXH] /HRQD 9LFDULR R *HUWUXGLV %RFDQHJUD'H/D]RGHOD9HJD\DQRWLHQHQTXHSDGHFHUODFiUFHORHOSDUHGyQDKRUDHQOD FiWHGUDODSDOHVWUDODWULEXQDRODMXGLFDWXUDGH¿HQGHQVXVFRQYLFFLRQHV\HORUGHQMXUtGLFR SDUD WUDQVIRUPDQ ORV SDUDGLJPDV VREUH OD IHPLQLGDG DVt WDPELpQ GHVWUXLU SUHMXLFLRV \ atavismos sociales. 3RURWURODGRFDEHUHVDOWDUTXHXQDOWRSRUFHQWDMHGHFLXGDGDQRVLQVFULWRVHQHOSDGUyQ HOHFWRUDOFRUUHVSRQGHDORVMyYHQHVGHDDxRVGHHGDGHVWRHVVLJQL¿FDWLYRSDUD HQWHQGHUHOLQWHUpVGHODVQXHYDVJHQHUDFLRQHVHQORVIHQyPHQRVVRFLDOHV\ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ GLUHFWDHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVVLQHPEDUJRODVGLULJHQFLDVGHORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVDXQ VHLQWHJUDQSRUDGXOWRVPD\RUHVGHDxRVORFXDOQRVKDFHUHÀH[LRQDUUHVSHFWRGHOD QHFHVLGDGGHUHYLVDUODQRUPDWLYLGDGLQWHUQDGHORVSDUWLGRVSDUDIDFLOLWDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHORVMyYHQHVHQODVGLULJHQFLDVDVtFRPRODFUHDFLyQGHHVWUDWHJLDVSDUDODGLYXOJDFLyQ SHUPDQHQWHGHXQDFXOWXUDSROtWLFDREMHWLYDDFWXDOL]DGDTXHGHVHPERTXHHQODIRUPDFLyQ GHFXDGURVSUHSDUDGRVSDUDGLULJLUODOXFKDSROtWLFD La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico &RPR HV VDELGR HO FRQFHSWR soberanía GRFWULQDOPHQWH LPSOLFD OD SUHHPLQHQFLD GH XQDYROXQWDGTXHQRDGPLWHRWUDVXSHULRUSRGHUGHPDQGRFRQWUROSROtWLFRDGHPiVHVWD IXHU]DGHEHVHUOHJtWLPDRGHORFRQWUDULRVHUtDDUELWUDULHGDG\DEXVR(QHO0p[LFRDFWXDO HVWH FRQFHSWR HV XQD UHDOLGDG WDQJLEOH VH DFODUD \ DVt OR HVWDEOHFH HO DUWtFXOR GH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFDGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV0H[LFDQRV³La soberanía nacional reside HVHQFLDO\RULJLQDULDPHQWHHQHOSXHEOR«´HQFRQVHFXHQFLDVXUJHODSUHJXQWD¢&yPR HOSXHEORHMHUFHHVWDIDFXOWDG"HQVHJXLGDHOPLVPRDUWtFXORGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQQRV GDODUHVSXHVWD³7RGRSRGHUS~EOLFRGLPDQDGHOSXHEOR\VHLQVWLWX\HSDUDEHQH¿FLRGH éste”DKRUDHVWHSUHFHSWRLQFOX\HHOFRQFHSWRGH³poder público´HVGHFLUHOHMHUFLFLRGHO SRGHUSRUPHGLRGHXQDIRUPDGHJRELHUQRXQJRELHUQRVXUJLGRGHXQDHOHFFLyQOHJtWLPD GHPRFUiWLFDTXHOHIDFXOWDSDUDLPSRQHU\FUHDUODVQRUPDVHQIDYRUGHOPLVPRSXHEORD WUDYpVGHORVSRGHUHVHMHFXWLYR\OHJLVODWLYR(ODUWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVFODUR\GLFH (OSXHEORHMHUFHVXVREHUDQtDSRUPHGLRGHORV3RGHUHVGHOD8QLyQHQORVFDVRVGHOD &DULFDWXUDDOXVLYDD-XiUH]\OD&RQVWLWXFLyQGH Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana FRPSHWHQFLDGHpVWRV\SRUORVGHORV(VWDGRVHQORTXHWRFDDVXVUHJtPHQHVLQWHULRUHV en los términos respectivamente establecidos por la...” 3RUORWDQWRODVREHUDQtDQDFLRQDO VHPDWHULDOL]DHQODYROXQWDGSRSXODU\pVWDVHPDWHULDOL]DSRUPHGLRGHDFWRVFROHFWLYRV FRQXQDPHWDLQGLYLGXDOGDUVHODIRUPDGHJRELHUQRTXHFRQVLGHUHFRQYHQLHQWHSDUDHO HMHUFLFLR GHO SRGHU S~EOLFR GHQWUR GH XQ PDUFR MXUtGLFR \ FRQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ORV FLXGDGDQRVTXHH[WHULRUL]DQVXGHFLVLyQLPSXOVLYDRPHGLWDGDSHURFRPRXQDFWRYROLWLYR GHELGDPHQWHUHJXODGRSRUODVQRUPDVYLJHQWHVHQXQOXJDU\WLHPSR /XHJRHQWRQFHVODYROXQWDGSRSXODUHVODVXPDGHPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVKXPDQDVLQGLYLGXDOHV HV HO HIHFWR GH XQ FRQVHQVR H[SUHVR OD H[WHULRUL]DFLyQ GH ODV GHFLVLRQHV SHUVRQDOHV GHELGDPHQWH UHJLVWUDGDV SDUD SURGXFLU XQ HIHFWR MXUtGLFR (Q QXHVWUR VLVWHPD HOHFWRUDO DFWXDOPHQWHVHFRQVLGHUDQODVGHFLVLRQHVPD\RULWDULDVHVGHFLUXQDSHUVRQDREWLHQHXQD FXUXORXQHVFDxRFXDQGRFDGDFLXGDGDQRH[WHULRUL]DVXGHFLVLyQSHUVRQDOVLQTXHRWUD YROXQWDGVXSHULRURDMHQDORREOLJXHDHPLWLUHOYRWRDIDYRUGHDOJXLHQHVWDFRLQFLGHQFLD HQODHOHFFLyQGHODSHUVRQDSDUDHOFDUJRGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUVHFRQRFHFRPRPD\RUtD UHODWLYDVLQHPEDUJRHVWiSUHYLVWRTXHH[LVWHGLVLGHQFLDHQODHOHFFLyQSRUORWDQWRODV PLQRUtDVGHEHQHVWDUUHSUHVHQWDGDVSDUDTXHODYROXQWDGSRSXODUVHDUHSUHVHQWDWLYD\VH FRQVLGHUHFRPRXQDGHFLVLyQSRSXODUVREHUDQDSRUORDQWHULRUFDGDVXIUDJLRHPLWLGRHVHO UHVXOWDGRGHXQDGHFLVLyQLQGLYLGXDOODH[WHULRUL]DFLyQGHXQDYROXQWDGVREHUDQD (QHVWHSURFHVRHYROXWLYRGHQXHVWUDGHPRFUDFLDELHQFDEHKDFHUXQDUHÀH[LyQ\TXL]i SUHWHQGHUXQDSURSXHVWDSDUDGLVFXVLyQ&RQVLGHUDQGRODVREOLJDFLRQHVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQHO DUWtFXORFRQVWLWXFLRQDODVtFRPRHQHODUWtFXORGHO&yGLJR)HGHUDOGH,QVWLWXFLRQHV\ 3URFHGLPLHQWRV(OHFWRUDOHVSRGHPRVVHxDODUVHUYRWDGRSDUDHOGHVHPSHxRGHFDUJRVGH HOHFFLyQSRSXODUHVXQGHUHFKR\WDPELpQXQDREOLJDFLyQFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\ODVREHUDQtD SRSXODU KD UHFRUULGR HO GLItFLO \ ODUJR WUD\HFWR GHO DXWRULWDULVPR D OD GHPRFUDFLD SDUD WDOHIHFWRKDFUHDGRLQVWLWXFLRQHVDXWyQRPDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVTXHRUJDQL]DQ\UHDOL]DQ HOHFFLRQHVFRQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHPLOHVGHFLXGDGDQRVVLVWHPDVGHSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVTXH WLHQHQFRPR¿QSURPRYHUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHOSXHEORHQODYLGDGHPRFUiWLFDFRQWULEXLUD ODLQWHJUDFLyQGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQQDFLRQDO\FRPRRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHFLXGDGDQRVKDFHU SRVLEOHHODFFHVRGHpVWRVDOHMHUFLFLRGHOSRGHUS~EOLFRGHDFXHUGRFRQORVSURJUDPDV SULQFLSLRVHLGHDVTXHSRVWXODQ\PHGLDQWHHOVXIUDJLRXQLYHUVDOOLEUHVHFUHWR\GLUHFWR $KRUDELHQOD¿JXUDHQHOVLJOR;,;QRH[LVWtDQORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRV\VHORJUDEDJDQDU XQDHOHFFLyQDWUDYpVGHFDQGLGDWXUDVLQGLYLGXDOHV$FWXDOPHQWHQRH[LVWHHVDSRVLELOLGDG HQODOHJLVODFLyQHOHFWRUDOIHGHUDOYLJHQWH6LFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQHVXQ SURFHVR SHUPDQHQWH LQLQWHUUXPSLGR \ SURJUHVLYR \ TXH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD HQ La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico ORVSURFHVRVHOHFWRUDOHVHVXQPHGLRSDUDFRQWURODUORVH[FHVRVGHORVJREHUQDQWHVSDUD LQÀXLUHQORVUHVXOWDGRVHOHFWRUDOHVHVQHFHVDULRUHÀH[LRQDUHORWRUJDUOHDOFLXGDGDQRHQ ORLQGLYLGXDOODSRVLELOLGDGGHDFFHGHUDORVFDUJRVGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUVLQTXHGHSHQGD REOLJDWRULDPHQWH GH XQ SURFHVR GH VHOHFFLyQ SDUWLGLVWD 3RU VXSXHVWR QR HV XQ WHPD PHQRUSXHVODVRSLQLRQHVDIDYRURHQFRQWUDVRQYiOLGDV\GHEHQVHUHVWXGLDGDVFRQVXPR detenimiento. 1R ROYLGHPRV TXH HO FRQFHSWR GH VREHUDQtD SRSXODU QR GHEH FLUFXQVFULELUVH D OD DEVWUDFFLyQSXUDGHXQDVXPDGHYROXQWDGHVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHEHFRQVLGHUDUVHTXHFDGDXQR GHORVVXPDQGRVHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQMXLFLRRUD]RQDPLHQWRGHWRGRV\FDGDXQRGHORV LQWHJUDQWHVGHHVDVRFLHGDGFRPRHQWHVSHQVDQWHVFRQFRLQFLGHQFLDV\GLVLGHQFLDVFRQORV GHPiVTXHUHFLEHHQORLQGLYLGXDOORVEHQH¿FLRVRSHUMXLFLRVGHODVGHFLVLRQHVFROHFWLYDV SHURRULJLQDOPHQWHFDGDFLXGDGDQRFRQVWLWX\HODIXHQWHGHODVREHUDQtDSRSXODU $UJXPHQWRVDIDYRUVHxDODQTXHVLH[LVWLHVHODSRVLELOLGDGGHFDQGLGDWXUDVLQGLYLGXDOHV GHQWUR GH XQ PDUFR QRUPDWLYR HOHFWRUDO ORV SDUWLGRV SROtWLFRV QR VHUtDQ GHVSOD]DGRV HQ VXV PHWDV GH DOFDQ]DU HO SRGHU QL HQ VXV DFFLRQHV WXLWLYDV D IDYRU GH ORV LQWHUHVHV GLIXVRV FRPR WDPSRFR HQ VXV ODERUHV GH GLYXOJDFLyQ H LQYHVWLJDFLyQ LGHROyJLFD VH GHPRFUDWL]DUtDQWDQWRHQORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVGHHOHFFLyQGHVXVGLULJHQFLDVFRPRHQHO SURFHVR GH VHOHFFLyQ GH FDQGLGDWRV D FDUJRV GH HOHFFLyQ SRSXODU SRUTXH XQD FRUULHQWH RXQJUXSRLQWHUQRGHQWURGHORVSDUWLGRVDFWXDOPHQWHSXHGHGHWHQWDUODGLULJHQFLD\QR DSHJDUVHDODVQRUPDVHVWDWXWDULDVSDUDLPSRQHUDVXVSURSLRVFRUUHOLJLRQDULRVSHUGLpQGRVH DVtHODYDQFHGHPRFUiWLFR 8Q DUJXPHQWR HQ FRQWUD HV UHODWLYR D OD ¿VFDOL]DFLyQ \ ¿QDQFLDPLHQWR GH XQD ODUJD FDPSDxDHOHFWRUDOWDQWRSRUODWUDQVSDUHQFLDGHORULJHQFRPRODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQKRQHVWD H¿FLHQWH\FODUDGHORVUHFXUVRVHFRQyPLFRVSRUORWDQWRVHUtDFRQGLFLyQsine quanonOD H[LVWHQFLDGHXQDnormatividad estrictaDOUHVSHFWRSDUDDOFDQ]DUODHOHJLELOLGDG 3RURWUDSDUWHFDEUtDSUHJXQWDUVHVLHOGHVHPSHxRGHOVHUYLGRUS~EOLFRHOHJLGRDWUDYpV GHXQDFDQGLGDWXUDLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHUtDHYDOXDGRVHYHUDPHQWHSRUTXLHQHVYRWDURQSRUpO \SRGUtDFRQVLGHUDUVHODSURORQJDFLyQGHVXJHVWLyQFRPRXQUHFRQRFLPLHQWRSRSXODUDVX H¿FLHQFLDUHVSRQVDELOLGDG\KRQHVWLGDGRELHQSRGUtDUHYRFiUVHOHHOQRPEUDPLHQWRVLQ TXHORVSDUWLGRVSROtWLFRVHQWUDVHQHQXQFKRTXHFRQVXVD¿OLDGRVRXQDFULVLVHQWUHJUXSRV internos de poder. ([LVWHQ PXFKRV RWURV DVSHFWRV TXH VRQ PRWLYR GH UHÀH[LyQ \ WDO YH] GH GLVFXVLyQ 6LQHPEDUJRHVLQQHJDEOHTXHHOGHVDUUROORGHODGHPRFUDFLDUHTXLHUHGHWROHUDQFLDDOD Comisión Organizadora de Festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana GLVLGHQFLDUHVSHWRDODRSLQLyQ\FRLQFLGHQFLDSDUDFRQVWUXLUFRQVHQVRVSHURVREUHWRGR HOUHVSHWRDODYROXQWDGLQGLYLGXDO (QHVWRVGRVFLHQWRVDxRV0p[LFRKDHYROXFLRQDGRHQ¿OiQGRVHKDFLDXQPHMRUVLVWHPD HOHFWRUDO\SDUDUHFRQRFHUOREDVWDKDFHUXQDE~VTXHGDHQODVSiJLQDVGHODKLVWRULDVLQ ROYLGDUTXHFDGDSiJLQDHVFULWDHQODKLVWRULDGHQXHVWURSDtVHQFLHUUDDGHPiVGHXQDYDVWD HQVHxDQ]DXQWUR]RGHODYLGD\GHORVLGHDOHVGHORVPH[LFDQRVTXHQRVDQWHFHGLHURQ BIBLIOGRAFÍA &$%5(5$$&(9('2/XFLR'RFXPHQWRV&RQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\/HJDOHVUHODWLYRVDOD)XQFLyQ -XGLFLDO0p[LFR6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ7RPRV,\,, &$67(//$126 +(51È1'(= (GXDUGR )RUPDV GH *RELHUQR \ 6LVWHPDV (OHFWRUDOHV HQ 0p[LFR0p[LFR(G&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ&LHQWt¿FD³,QJ-RUJH/7DPD\R´$ & '(/$+,'$/*$/XLVHistoria del Derecho Constitucional Mexicano0p[LFR(G3RUU~D '8%/È1 0DQXHO \ /2=$12 -RVp 0D Legislación Mexicana o Colección completa de las disposiciones legislativas0p[LFR(G2¿FLDO,PSUHQWD\/LWRJUDItDGH(GXDUGR'XEOiQ\&RPS 7RPRV,,,,,,,99,,,,;;;,;,,;,,,;,9;9;9,;9,,;9,,,;,;\;; (/,=21'2*$63(5Ë10D0DFDULWDLos derechos político-electorales de los ciudadanos en la postrimería del siglo XIX.>/LEURHOHFWUyQLFR@0p[LFR6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ (63,12=$ '( /26 0217(526 -DYLHU La noción de los derechos en la historia del constitucionalismo mexicano6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ0p[LFR 3$7,f2&$0$5(1$-DYLHU1XHYR'HUHFKR(OHFWRUDO0H[LFDQRHG0p[LFR(G,QVWLWXWR GH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV-XUtGLFDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR La Independencia de México a 200 años de su inicio. Pensamiento social y jurídico 32'(5 -8',&,$/ '( /$ )('(5$&,Ï1 /D 6XSUHPD &RUWH GH -XVWLFLD HQ OD 5HS~EOLFD 5HVWDXUDGD0p[LFR6XSUHPD&RUWHGH-XVWLFLDGHOD1DFLyQ 7$9(5$$/)$52;DYLHU/DVLGHDVOLEHUDOHVGHO&RQVWLWX\HQWHGH/HFWXUDV+LVWyULFDV 0H[LFDQDV0p[LFR7RPR9(G8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR =$5&2)UDQFLVFR+LVWRULDGHO&RQJUHVR([WUDRUGLQDULR&RQVWLWX\HQWH0p[LFR (G&ROHJLRGH0p[LFR