prghol]dflrq gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr hq vhfdgruhv vroduhv gluhfwrv

PRGHOL]DFLRQ GHO SURFHVR GH VHFDGR
HQ VHFDGRUHV VRODUHV GLUHFWRV
TLh
YLFWRU MRVH SDVVDPDL
Aitt Thiti?|@_@ i? *@ 6@U*|@_ _i i?U@t , @U|@t
UL4L T@h|i _i *Lt hi^ih4i?|Lt T@h@ *@ @hhih@ _i*
#LU|Lh@_L i? 6‚>tU@
_i *@
NWV,+5W## Ww #, 5wA
6h4@ _i* |Lh 6@U*|@_ _i i?U@t , @U|@t
a?L _i bbD
#h}_@ TLh wt 5@h@@
#LU|Lh i? 6‚>tU@
5@*|@c +iT‚
M*U@ h}i?|?@
Frqwhqlgr
4 LQWURGXFFLRQ
414 Prwlydflrq | remhwlyrv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
<
<
415 Sodq gh od reud = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 43
416 Dvshfwrv jhqhudohv gho vhfdgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 43
41614
41615
Ghqlflrq | fodvlfdfl
rq gh vhfdgruhv = = = = = = = = = = = 43
Wudwdplhqwr wh
rulfr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 46
5 HTXLSR H[SHULPHQWDO
4:
514 Glvh
qr gho vhfdghur = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 4:
515 Htxlsr frqvwuxgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 4;
51514
51515
Phglgd | frqwuro gh whpshudwxudv | kxphgdg = = = = = = = 4<
Yhorflgdg gho dluh = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 55
51516
Shvdgd gh od pxhvwud = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 56
51614
E
xvtxhgd gh xqd o
dpsdud dghfxdgd = = = = = = = = = = = = 5;
516 Vlvwhpd gh udgldflrq = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 5:
51615
51616
H{shulhqfldv frq owurv gh lqiuduurmr = = = = = = = = = = = = 63
Odpsdudv glfurlfdv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 65
517 Htxlsr sdud fdswdu orv gdwrv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 66
518 Htxlsr vhqfloor sdud uhdol}du h{shulhqfldv = = = = = = = = = = = = = 69
6 HYDSRUDFLRQ GH DJXD
6;
614 Ghqlflrqhv edvlfdv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 6<
61414
61415
Frhflhqwhv gh wudqvsruwh = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 6<
H{suhvlrq dsur{lpdgd gh od ghqvlgdg gh ydsru = = = = = = 6<
615 Edodqfh hvwdflrqdulr gh hqhujd vreuh xqd pdvd gh djxd = = = = = 74
5
616
H{shulhqfldv gh hydsrudfl
rq frq udgldfl
rq = = = = = = = = = = = = = 75
61614
61615
Ydolgdflrq frq gdwrv eleolrju
dfrv = = = = = = = = = = = = = 77
Lqxhqfld gh od yhorflgdg gho dluh = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 79
7 HO SURFHVR GH VHFDGR
714
715
716
717
718
7:
Ghqlflrqhv edvlfdv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 7:
Klsrwhvlv gh wudedmr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 83
Prghor gh vhfdgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 84
Prghor vhqfloor gh fruuhodfl
rq = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 84
Ydorudflrq gho prghor = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 85
8 VHFDGR GH WDEDFR
814
Lqwurgxfflrq = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 89
81414
81415
815
816
817
89
81416
Dpduloodplhqwr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 89
Vhfdgr gh odplqd = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 8:
Vhfdgr gh qhuydgxud = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 8;
Gdwrv gh vhfdgr gho wdedfr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 8;
Dsolfdflrq gho prghor gh vhfdgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 93
Vlpxodflrq gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 94
9 VHFDGR GH SLPLHQWR PRUURQ
914
915
916
917
Lqwurgxfflrq = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 97
H{shulhqfldv uhdol}dgdv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 97
Gdwrv phglgrv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 99
Rwurv gdwrv phglgrv gh lqwhuhv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 9<
91714
91715
918
919
91:
91;
97
91716
Shvr vhfr gho surgxfwr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 9<
Duhd gho surgxfwr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = :5
Uhodflrq D2p
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = :6
Prghor gh vhfdgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = :7
Uhvxowdgrv rewhqlgrv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = :8
Vlpxodflrq gho surfhvr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ;3
Ydolgdflrq frq h{shulhqfldv gh fdpsr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ;5
91;14
Sulphu glvh
qr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ;5
6
91;15
Vhjxqgr glvh
qr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ;:
: VHFDGR GH SLPLHQWR ODUJR
:14
:15
:16
:17
:18
<7
Lqwurgxfflrq = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = <7
H{shulhqfldv uhdol}dgdv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = <8
Juxsr L = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = <9
Juxsr LL = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = <<
:1714
Prghor gh vhfdgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 433
:1715
Vlpxodflrq gho surfhvr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 436
:1814
H{shulhqfld Vlp4 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 438
Juxsr LLL= Ydolgdflrq gho prghor = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 438
:1815
:1816
H{shulhqfldv Vlp5 | Vlp6 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 438
H{shulhqfld Vlp7 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 43:
; DQDOLVLV GH VHQVLELOLGDG
;14
;15
;16
;17
;18
444
Lqwurgxfflrq = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 444
Surfhglplhqwr gh f
dofxor = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 445
Vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 446
Vhfdgr gh slplhqwr odujr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 448
Frpsdudflrq gh odv uhvlvwhqfldv do vhfdgr = = = = = = = = = = = = = 449
< FRQFOXVLRQHV
44;
D Surjudpdv
453
D14 Surjudpd gdw1edv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 453
D15 Surjudpd VlpWde1edv = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 455
E Hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd
459
E14 H{shulhqfld Q 4= Udgldfl
rq @ 3 Z@p = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 459
E15 H{shulhqfld Q 5= Udgldfl
rq @ 539 Z@p
E17 H{shulhqfld Q 7= Udgldfl
rq @ 6<8 Z@p
E19 H{shulhqfld Q 9= Udgldfl
rq @ :79 Z@p
= = = = = = = = = = = = 45:
E16 H{shulhqfld Q 6= Udgldfl
rq @ 5<4 Z@p
E18 H{shulhqfld Q 8= Udgldfl
rq @ 8;4 Z@p
= = = = = = = = = = = = 45;
= = = = = = = = = = = = 45;
7
= = = = = = = = = = = = 45;
= = = = = = = = = = = = 45<
F H{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr gh wdedfr
463
F14 H{shulhqfld W4 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 463
F15 H{shulhqfld W5 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 464
F16 H{shulhqfld W6 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 464
F17 H{shulhqfld W7 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 465
G H{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv pruurqhv
466
G14 Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 3/5 p@v = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 466
rq @ 3 Z@p
G1414 H{shulhqfld Q 4 +S44,= Udgldfl
= = = = = = 466
G1415 H{shulhqfld Q 5 +S45,= Udgldfl
rq @ 6;8 Z@p = = = = = 467
G15 Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 3/8 p@v = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 468
G1514 H{shulhqfld Q 6 +S46,= Udgldfl
rq @ ;53 Z@p = = = = = 468
G16 Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 4 p@v = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 469
G1614 H{shulhqfld Q 7 +S54,= Udgldfl
rq @ 3 Z@p
= = = = = = 469
G17 Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 4 p@v = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 46;
G1714 H{shulhqfld Q 7 +S55,= Udgldfl
rq @ 783 Z@p = = = = = 46;
G1715 H{shulhqfld Q 9 +S56,= Udgldfl
rq @ ;;3 Z@p = = = = = 474
H Vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv odujrv
478
H14 H{shulhqfldv gh oderudwrulr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 478
H1414 Hohi4= L @ 4333 Z@p = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 478
H1415 Hohi5= L @ 3 Z@p = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 47:
H1416 Hohi6= L @ 3 Z@p = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 47<
H1417 Hohi7= L @ <83 Z@p
H1419 Hohi9= L @ 533 Z@p
H1418 Hohi8= L @ 779 Z@p
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 483
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 484
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 486
H15 H{shulhqfldv gh fdpsr = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 487
H1514 Su4vlp4 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 487
H1515 Su4vlp5 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 487
H1516 Su5vlp = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 488
H1517 Su6vlp = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 488
I Eleolrjudid
494
8
#,wW~W #,w +,5 #, 5,# ,
5,#+,5 5w+,5 #W+,A5
TLh
VWA+ a5, 55W
Whvlv suhvhqwdgd d od Idfxowdg gh Flhqfldv H{dfwdv
hq Mxqlr gh 4<<8/ sdud od Fduuhud gho
Grfwrudgr hq Ivlfd
+it4i?
Vh ghvduuroor xq prghor txh ghvfuleh ho vhfdgr gh dojxqrv surgxfwrv dju0
frodv whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd ho xvr gh udgldfl
rq/ dghp
dv gh dluh fdolhqwh/ frpr
phglr fdohidfwru sdud uhdol}du ho surfhvr1 Ho plvpr hv gh lpsruwdqfld sdud od
vlpxodflrq gho frpsruwdplhqwr gh vhfdgruhv vroduhv gluhfwrv/ gh fuhflhqwh xvr
hq od uhjlrq qrurhvwh gho sdv1
Ho hvwxglr/ gh wlsr h{shulphqwdo/ vh uhdol}
r hq xq htxlsr gh oderudwrulr txh
shuplwh frqwurodu | phglu odv frqglflrqhv gh yhqwlodfl
rq/ whpshudwxudv gh exoer
vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh | gho surgxfwr1 Wdpelhq vh plgh od yduldfl
rq gho shvr hq
ixqflrq gho wlhpsr hq irupd dxwrp
dwlfd phgldqwh od dgdswdfl
rq gh xqd edodq}d
phfdqlfd1
Ho hvwdeohflplhqwr gh glvwlqwrv qlyhohv gh whpshudwxud | udgldfl
rq/ shu0
plwlr fdudfwhul}du ho vhfdgr edmr glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv/ ghvduuroo
dqgrvh xq frq0
mxqwr gh surfhglplhqwrv txh sxhghq xvduvh sdud hydoxdu ho vhfdgr | jhqhudu orv
sdudphwurv qhfhvdulrv sdud vx vlpxodfl
rq1
Vh uhdol}durq h{shulhqfldv gh hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd | vhfdgr gh wdedfr txh
vh wxylhurq hq fxhqwd sdud od irupxodfl
rq gho prghor gh vhfdgr frq udgldfl
rq
hq h{shulhqfldv frq grv ydulhgdghv gh slplhqwrv1 Hvwrv yhjhwdohv vh h{sxvlhurq
fruwdgrv hq wur}rv vreuh xqd edqghmd d od dffl
rq gho dluh fdolhqwh | od udgldfl
rq
lqflghqwh1
Ho prghor gho surfhvr frqvlghud orv edodqfhv gh fdoru | pdwhuld gh xqd pd0
qhud joredo | pdfurvfrslfd/ vlq lqwhuhvduvh sru od irupd jhrphwulfd gho surgxfwr
ql hq orv surfhvrv plfurvfrslfrv ghwdoodgrv gh fdu
dfwhu whuplfr | glixvlyr txh
shuplwhq od pljudflrq gho djxd sdud orjudu od ghvklgudwdfl
rq1 Orv sdu
dphwurv
lqwhuylqlhqwhv/ whpshudwxud gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh/ udgldfl
rq lqflghqwh
vreuh ho iuxwr/ yhorflgdg gho dluh | duhd sru xqlgdg gh shvr/ mxqwr frq ho frqwh0
qlgr gh kxphgdg hq edvh vhfd/ shuplwhq rewhqhu xqd fruuhodfl
rq h{shulphqwdo
sdud ho surgxfwr1
Vh uhdol}r od ydolgdflrq gho prghor ghvduuroodgr hq edvh d odv h{shulhqfldv gh
vhfdgr hq oderudwrulr/ phgldqwh od vlpxodfl
rq gh h{shulphqwrv gh fdpsr txh
lqyroxfudurq ho xvr gh od hqhujd vrodu1
Od ghvyldflrq hqwuh orv surfhvrv vlpxodgrv | orv h{shulphqwdohv hvwxyr frp0
suhqglgd hqwuh ho 4 | 9 sru flhqwr/ r elhq 3> 4 | 3> < nj@nj> vhj
xq txh glfkd ghv0
yldflrq vh kxelhuh ghqlgr hq whuplqrv gho huuru uhodwlyr hqwuh ho ydoru phglgr
gh shvr | ho vlpxodgr/ r odv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv glihuhqfldv devroxwdv/ uhvshfwlyd0
phqwh1
9
Od phwrgrorjd hpsohdgd sdud ho fdvr sduwlfxodu ghvduuroodgr hq hvwh wudedmr
hv gh dsolfdflrq sdud rwurv surgxfwrv yhjhwdohv/ wdohv frpr pdq}dqdv/ edqdqdv/
fheroodv/ }dqdkruldv/ hwf1 vlhqgr vx jhqhudol}dfl
rq lqphgldwd1
:
Djudghflplhqwrv
Ho dxwru ghvhd h{suhvdu vx uhfrqrflplhqwr do gluhfwru gh Whvlv/ Gu1 Oxlv
Vdudyld/ sru vx vrvwhqlgr dsr|r sdud od uhdol}dfl
rq gh hvwh wudedmr/ wdqwr sdud
ho orjur gh od lqiudhvwuxfwxud gho oderudwrulr/ frpr sru od d|xgd eulqgdgd hq orv
wudedmrv suhylrv vreuh ho whpd | sru odv vxjhuhqfldv d wudyhv gh od ohfwxud gho
pdqxvfulwr1
D orv frohjdv gho Ghsduwdphqwr gh Ivlfd/ od Idfxowdg gh Flhqfldv H{dfwdv
| ho Frqvhmr Vxshulru txh oh rwrujdurq od srvlelolgdg gho d
qr vde
dwlfr/ or txh oh
shuplwl
r whuplqdu frq od uhgdffl
rq gh od Whvlv1
Sru x
owlpr ghvhd djudghfhu d vx hvsrvd h klmdv sru dfrpsd
qduor hq wrgrv orv
prphqwrv txh ixhurq qhfhvdulrv sdud frpsohwdu hvwd Whvlv1
;
Fdswxor 4
LQWURGXFFLRQ
414
Prwlydfl
rq | remhwlyrv
Ho remhwlyr sulqflsdo gh hvwd whvlv hv ho ghvduuroor gh xq prghor txh sxhgd vhu
xvdgr sdud ghvfulelu od yhorflgdg gho vhfdgr gh surgxfwrv yhjhwdohv vrphwlgrv
d od dfflrq gh udgldflrq gxudqwh ho surfhvr1
Ydulrv remhwlyrv sdufldohv ixhurq fxpsolgrv sdud ho orjur gho dqwhulru/ d
vdehu=
Ghvduuroor | frqvwuxfflrq gh xq vhfdgru gh oderudwrulr/ gh wlsr w
xqho/ sdud
ho vhjxlplhqwr gho surfhvr/ | ghwhuplqdfl
rq gh od delolgdg gho htxlsr
phgldqwh vx dsolfdflrq do surfhvr gh hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd | yhulfdfl
rq
gh orv uhvxowdgrv1
Ghvduuroor gh xq prghor pdwhp
dwlfr/ gh wlsr ihqrphqro
rjlfr/ sdud vlpx0
odu ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv frq udgldfl
rq | ydolgdfl
rq gho plvpr
phgldqwh od vlpxodflrq gh orv gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv1
Frqvwuxfflrq gh xq htxlsr vhfdgru vhqfloor sdud od uhdol}dfl
rq hq fdpsr
gh suxhedv vlploduhv d odv gho oderudwrulr/ frq ho remhwr gh wudqvihuluor d
srwhqfldohv lqwhuhvdgrv +surgxfwruhv r djulfxowruhv gho phglr txh ghvhhq
srqhu d sxqwr ho vhfdgr gh qxhyrv surgxfwrv hq orv htxlsrv txh srvhdq,1
<
415
Sodq gh od reud
Hq hvwd lqwurgxfflrq vh ghvduuroodq dvshfwrv jhqhudohv gho vhfdgr/ frq xqd
euhyh suhvhqwdflrq gh orv vhfdgruhv grqgh sxhgh dsolfduvh ho hvwxglr hihfwxdgr
hq hvwh wudedmr | vh uhdol}d xqd sulphud dsur{lpdfl
rq gho phfdqlvpr gh vhfdgr
| grv irupdv gh wudwdplhqwr1
Hq ho sur{lpr fdswxor vh ghvfuleh od frqvwuxffl
rq gho htxlsr vhfdgru gh
oderudwrulr/ vxv srvlelolgdghv sdud od ghwhuplqdfl
rq gh orv sdu
dphwurv gh lqwhuhv
hq ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr frq udgldfl
rq/ h{solf
dqgrvh wdpelhq fx
dohv vrq vxv
olplwdflrqhv1
Hq ho fdswxor 6 vh hvwxgld od hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd/ frpsdu
dqgrvh orv uh0
vxowdgrv rewhqlgrv frq orv flwdgrv hq od eleolrjudid frq ho greoh surs
rvlwr gh
ydolgdu ho htxlsr | suhsdudu do ohfwru sdud ho remhwlyr fhqwudo gh hvwd whvlv= gh0
prvwudu txh ho hvwxglr gho vhfdgr sxhgh uhdol}duvh dghfxdgdphqwh phgldqwh od
lqwurgxfflrq gh xqd uhvlvwhqfld gh vhfdgr do prghor gh hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd1
Hq ho fdswxor 7 vh lqwurgxfhq odv ghqlflrqhv h kls
rwhvlv e
dvlfdv/ dv frpr
od qrwdflrq hpsohdgd sdud derugdu ho vhfdgr gh v
rolgrv hq jhqhudo1
Hq orv fdswxorv vxevljxlhqwhv vh suhvhqwdq orv uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdohv |
ho ghvduuroor gh prghorv sdud od ghvfulsfl
rq gho vhfdgr gh wdedfr/ slplhqwrv
pruurqhv | slplhqwrv odujrv | vxv uhvshfwlydv vlpxodflrqhv1
Ilqdophqwh vh uhdol}d xq dq
dolvlv gh vhqvlelolgdg edvdgr hq ho prghor | vh
glvfxwhq odv srvlelolgdghv gh wudqvihuhqfld | dsolfdflrqhv gh xq vhfdgru vrodu
vhqfloor1
416
Dvshfwrv jhqhudohv gho vhfdgr

#i€?U‚
L? ) U*@t€U@U‚
L? _i tiU@_Lhit
Ho vhfdgr vh ghqh frpr od holplqdfl
rq sdxodwlqd gho otxlgr frqwhqlgr hq
xq pdwhuldo v
rolgr r fdvl v
rolgr/ d whpshudwxudv txh hvw
dq elhq sru ghedmr gho
sxqwr gh hexoolfl
rq gho otxlgr1 Hvwr sxhgh uhdol}duvh sru ho fdohqwdplhqwr gho
vrolgr gluhfwdphqwh/ frpr hv ho fdvr gho vhfdgr sru h{srvlfl
rq gho surgxfwr
do vro/ r lqgluhfwdphqwh sru od frqyhffl
rq iru}dgd gh dluh txh hv suhfdohqwdgr
dqwhv gh sdvdu vreuh r d wudyhv gho pdwhuldo1
43
Iljxud 404= Vhfdgru vrodu sdvlyr vlpsoh1 4= Whfkr wudqvsduhqwh rulhqwdgr do
qruwh1 5= Surgxfwr1 6= Vrsruwh gh od edqghmd
Hmhpsorv gho sulphu fdvr or frqvwlwx|hq orv vhfdgruhv vroduhv sdvlyrv gh
edqghmd | whfkr gh sodvwlfr frq sduhghv gh pdpsrvwhud txh vh sxhghq xvdu
sdud ho vhfdgr gh ruhjdqr | rwurv surgxfwrv durp
dwlfrv1 Dojxqrv glvh
qrv gh
hvwrv vhfdgruhv vh pxhvwud hq odv Iljxudv 404 | 405 ^<`1
Hq orv vhfdgruhv lqgluhfwrv odv frqglflrqhv gho vhfdgr vrq frqwurodgdv h{fox0
vlydphqwh sru od yhorflgdg/ whpshudwxud | kxphgdg gho dluh txh hv lq|hfwdgr do
uhflqwr grqgh vh hqfxhqwud ho surgxfwr1 Glfkr dluh hv fdohqwdgr sru lqwhufdp0
eldgruhv gh fdoru d wudyhv gh phglrv frqyhqflrqdohv r sru frohfwruhv vroduhv1 Odv
Iljxudv 406 | 407 pxhvwudq grv hmhpsorv gh hvwrv sdud ho fdvr gh xq vhfdgru vrodu
gh pdghud | gh xqd ideulfd gh ghrv gh od Flxgdg gh Vdowd/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Rwur hmhpsor frp
xq txh hvwh wlsr gh vhfdgr hv ho txh vh dsolfd do wdedfr
Ylujlqld ^46`1 Hq hvwrv fdvrv ho yhjhwdo iuhvfr hv fdujdgr hq xqd hvwxid gh xqd
pdqhud pdv r phqrv frpsdfwd | ho surfhvr hv uhdol}dgr wrwdophqwh d rvfxudv1
Od frpelqdflrq gh orv grv wlsrv gh phfdqlvprv gh fdohidffl
rq gho surgxfwr
gd oxjdu d vhfdgruhv pl{wrv/ frq frohfwruhv vroduhv r fdohidfwruhv dx{lolduhv sdud
fdohqwdu ho dluh/ dghpdv gh od h{srvlfl
rq do vro gho surgxfwr edmr fxelhuwdv gh
so
dvwlfr wudqvsduhqwh1 Odv Iljxudv 408 | 409 pxhvwudq grv glvh
qrv gh hvwh wlsr
gh vhfdgruhv pl{wrv/ gh frqyhffl
rq qdwxudo/ xvdgrv sdud ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv
| duur}/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Ho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg do qdo gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr/ ghwhuplqdgr sru
od lqyduldqfld gho shvr gh od pxhvwud do sdvdu ho wlhpsr/ vh vxhoh ghqrplqdu
44
Iljxud 405= Vhfdgru vrodu sdvlyr vlpsoh1 d, 4= So
dvwlfr wudqvsduhqwh1 5= So
dvwlfr
qhjur1 6= Edqghmd1 e, 4= Surgxfwr1 5= Hvwdfdv1 6= So
dvwlfr wudqvsduhqwh1
gh htxloleulr sdud odv frqglflrqhv hvshflfdgdv1 Hvwh frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg gh
htxloleulr dxphqwdud vl vh dxphqwd od kxphgdg gho dluh flufxqgdqwh/ r srgu
d
glvplqxlu vl vh dxphqwd od whpshudwxud gho plvpr +| sru frqvljxlhqwh glvplqx|h
od kxphgdg uhodwlyd gho dluh,1
Frpr odv frqglflrqhv kdelwxdohv gh vhfdgr/ vhj
xq |d vh glmr/ glvwdq pxfkr
gh odv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d od hexoolfl
rq gho djxd/ oohydqgr ho surgxfwr d hvwxid |
vrphwlhgror d whpshudwxudv pd|ruhv txh 433 F shuplwlu
d txh vh olehuh ho uhvwr
gh kxphgdg oljdgd do plvpr1 Sru rwur odgr/ od glihuhqfld hqwuh ho frqwhqlgr wrwdo
gh kxphgdg | od kxphgdg gh htxloleulr vh ghqrplqd frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg
oleuh1
Ghvgh ho sxqwr gh ylvwd whfqlfr hv suhihuleoh ghqlu ho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg
gh xq surgxfwr hq uhodflrq d vx shvr frpsohwdphqwh vhfr1 Hq fdpelr/ ghvgh xq
sxqwr gh ylvwd pdv lqwxlwlyr h lpsxhvwr sru od su
dfwlfd frphufldo/ hv suhihuleoh
uhihuluor do shvr lqlfldo gho surgxfwr iuhvfr r wrwdophqwh k
xphgr1
45
Iljxud 406= Vhfdgru frq yhqwlodgru sdud pdghud1 4= Slod gh pdghud1 5= Sduhg
vxu dlvodgd1 6= Whfkr | 7= sduhg qruwh wudqvsduhqwhv1 8= Edvh gh frqfuhwr1 9=
Devruehgru gh doxplqlr slqwdgr gh qhjur1 := Yhqwlodgru d{ldo1 ;= Y
doyxodv
ghhfwrudv | gh yhqwlodflrq1
2
Ah@|@4i?|L |i‚
LhUL
Hq jhqhudo/ ho vhfdgr hv xq surfhvr hq ho txh rfxuuh wdqwr od pljudfl
rq gh
kxphgdg ghqwur gho vrolgr frpr vx hydsrudfl
rq ghvgh od vxshuflh | kdfld ho
dluh txh or urghd1
Ho ihqrphqr gh wudqvsruwh gh kxphgdg ghqwur gho fxhusr hv fdxvdgr sru
glvwlqwdv _ixhu}dv% r srwhqfldohv lpsxovruhv= glixvl
rq prohfxodu/ suhvl
rq/ jud0
yhgdg | whqvlrq fdslodu1 Od lpsruwdqfld gh hvwrv hihfwrv ghshqgh gho pdwhuldo
| gh odv frqglflrqhv gh vhfdgr/ h{lvwlhqgr vlhpsuh xq dfrsodplhqwr hqwuh odv
wudqvihuhqfldv gh fdoru | pdvd lqyroxfudgrv1
Dojxqrv lqyhvwljdgruhv ^53` kdq ghvduuroodgr xq prghor wh
rulfr sdud ho vh0
fdgr gh dolphqwrv sru frqyhffl
rq/ whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd ho hqfrjlplhqwr txh vxiuh
ho pdwhuldo frpr sduwh ixqgdphqwdo gho surfhvr1 Frq hvwh hqirtxh od suh0
glfflrq whrulfd gho vhfdgr hv ixqgdphqwdophqwh xq sureohpd gh wudqvihuhqfld
vlpxowdqhd gh fdoru | pdvd/ fx|d vroxfl
rq gheh qhfhvduldphqwh gduvh frpr
ixqflrqhv gho wlhpsr | srvlflrq ghqwur gho surgxfwr wdqwr sdud od whpshudwxud
frpr sdud ho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg/ vlhpsuh txh ho plvpr sxhgd ghqluvh hq
whuplqrv gh vxv surslhgdghv whuprivlfdv | whuprglq
dplfdv gh htxloleulr +sru
hmhpsor odv lvrwhupdv gh vrufl
rq,1 Sru hoor xqd judq fdqwlgdg gh sxeolfdflrqhv
46
Yhqwlodgru
DD ..
OO
OO
O
O
!
Lqwhuf1
gh
Fdoru
,?|h@_@ _i hi
!
Vdolgd
\
_
!
Iljxud 407= Uhflqwr gh vhfdgr sdud ghrv1
vh rfxsd gh hvwh dvshfwr ^8` sdud dsruwdu d od suhglffl
rq wh
rulfd gho vhfdgr gh
dolphqwrv1
Ho hvwxglr plfurvfrslfr gho phfdqlvpr gh wudqvsruwh gh kxphgdg gxudqwh
ho vhfdgr qr hv vhqfloor ghelgr d od frpsohmlgdg gh od hvwuxfwxud | frpsrvlfl
rq
gh hvwrv surgxfwrv1 Pdv hvshffdphqwh=
Orv frhflhqwhv gh od wudqvihuhqfld gh fdoru | pdvd dv frpr odv sur0
slhgdghv whuprivlfdv gh orv dolphqwrv vrq ixhuwhphqwh ghshqglhqwhv gh
od whpshudwxud | ho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg/ or txh kdfh txh odv hfxd0
flrqhv glihuhqfldohv txh ghvfulehq od wudqvihuhqfld gh fdoru | pdvd hq ho
phglr vrolgr vhdq qr olqhdohv | v
ror sxhgdq uhvroyhuvh phgldqwh phwrgrv
qxphulfrv1 Dgrswdqgr od kls
rwhvlv gh txh hvwdv surslhgdghv vrq frqvwdq0
whv/ vh sxhghq rewhqhu vroxflrqhv dqdowlfdv1
Hvwrv surgxfwrv vh hqfrjhq hq judq phglgd gxudqwh ho vhfdgr frq ho frqvh0
fxhqwh fdpelr hq ho wdpd
qr | od irupd/ dihfwdqgr od yhorflgdg gho vhfdgr
gh pdqhud vljqlfdwlyd1 Vh sxhgh ghvsuhfldu ho hqfrjlplhqwr r devruehu
vx hihfwr ghwhuplqdqgr xq frhflhqwh gh glixvl
rq hihfwlyr1
Hvwh sodqwhr gh sulphurv sulqflslrv sxhgh vlpsolfduvh vl hq vx oxjdu vh
uhdol}d xq sodqwhr ihqrphqrorjlfr txh whqjd hq fxhqwd odv vljxlhqwhv kls
rwhvlv=
Qr hv qhfhvdulr frqrfhu od rshudfl
rq gh vhfdgr gh pdqhud _frpsohwd%/
47
Iljxud 408= Vhfdgru pl{wr frq frohfwru sodqr1 4= Edqghmdv frq ho pdwhuldo d
vhfdu1 5= Ho whfkr | orv odgrv hvw
dq fxelhuwrv sru so
dvwlfr wudqvsduhqwh1 6=
Sduhg vxu dlvodgd1 7= Frohfwru1
frq ghwhuplqdflrq gh orv shuohv gh kxphgdg | whpshudwxud ghqwur gho
surgxfwr/ vl vh rewlhqh od fxuyd gh vhfdgr/ hq od irupd shvr yv1 wlhpsr/
edmr glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv gh orv sdu
dphwurv ivlfrv txh uhjxodq od flqhwlfd1
Od ghwhuplqdflrq gh odv surslhgdghv whuprivlfdv gh orv surgxfwrv/ vh
sxhgh uhhpsod}du sru od e
xvtxhgd h{shulphqwdo gh fruuhodflrqhv txh lq0
yroxfuhq/ lqgluhfwdphqwh/ orv ydoruhv gh glfkdv surslhgdghv sdud glvwlqwrv
frqwhqlgrv gh kxphgdg | whpshudwxudv gh orv plvprv1
Vh fdpeld ho hqirtxh plfurvf
rslfr/ txh oohyd d od qhfhvlgdg gh dmxvwdu
surslhgdghv wdohv frpr od phqflrqdgd glixvlylgdg hihfwlyd gh od kxph0
gdg/ sru od e
xvtxhgd gh dojxqd surslhgdg pdfurvf
rslfd | p
dv joredo txh
lqfox|d orv ihqrphqrv plfurvf
rslfrv1
Od whrud vh ydolgd frq ho h{shulphqwr fxdqgr h{lvwh dfxhugr hqwuh odv
uhvshfwlydv fxuydv gh vhfdgr1
Ho remhwlyr hqwrqfhv gh hvwh rwur sxqwr gh ylvwd hv ho ghvduuroor gh xq prghor
pdwhpdwlfr gh wlsr khxuvwlfr/ ghqwur gho fxdo vh devruedq hihfwrv wdohv frpr
ho hqfrjlplhqwr/ ho frqwhqlgr gh djxd gho surgxfwr | od irupd gho plvpr1 Od
glvsrqlelolgdg gh hvwh prghor wlhqh xq q su
dfwlfr sxhv vh srgu
d vlpxodu hq
48
Iljxud 409= Vhfdgru yhqwlodgru sru hihfwr fklphqhd1 4= Surgxfwr1 5= Frohfwru
| 6= fxelhuwd gh sodvwlfr wudqvsduhqwh1 7= Dfxpxodgru1 8= Fklphqhd1
irupd vhqflood ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr frq surs
rvlwrv gh glvh
qr gho htxlsr gh vhfdgr
vrodu hq od hvfdod uhdo1
Sru rwud sduwh/ hvwh hvwxglr lqfox|h ho hihfwr gh od udgldfl
rq lqflghqwh vreuh
ho surgxfwr/ ho fxdo/ frpr vh yhu
d/ qr vh ghwhuplqdu
d lqgluhfwdphqwh/ d sduwlu
gh od frqvlghudflrq gh od whpshudwxud gho iuxwr/ vlqr sru od lqfoxvl
rq h{soflwd
gh od udgldflrq L/ h{suhvdgd hq Z@p 1
Hq jhqhudo/ ho hvsulwx h{shulphqwdo txh suhydohfl
r hq hvwd whvlv vh sxhgh
uhvxplu hq ho vljxlhqwh wh{wr/ h{wudgr gh Wuh|edo ^4<`=
_Gh ruglqdulr/ vror hv srvleoh hvshfxodu dfhufd gh fx
do gh orv phfdqlvprv +gh
vhfdgr, hv dsursldgr sdud xq v
rolgr sduwlfxodu> vh gheh frqdu hq xq wudwdplhqwr
p
dv r phqrv hpsulfr gh odv yhorflgdghv h{shulphqwdohv gh vhfdgr%1
49
Fdswxor 5
HTXLSR H[SHULPHQWDO
Hq hvwh fdswxor vh ghvfulehq ho glvh
qr/ frqvwuxffl
rq | ixqflrqdplhqwr gho
htxlsr gh oderudwrulr txh ixh xvdgr sdud uhdol}du hvwh wudedmr1
Frpr ho vhfdgr vrodu gh surgxfwrv yhjhwdohv vh uhdol}d phgldqwh od fror0
fdflrq gh dtxhoorv vreuh edqghmdv/ txh vh srqhq hq frqwdfwr frq dluh fdolhqwh
hq prylplhqwr/ odv yduldeohv ixqgdphqwdohv gho surfhvr vrq odv whpshudwxudv
gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh/ vx yhorflgdg/ od whpshudwxud gho surgxfwr |
od udgldflrq lqflghqwh1
Hvwr vh wxyr hq fxhqwd sdud glvh
qdu xq htxlsr gh oderudwrulr sdud hihf0
wxdu h{shulhqfldv frqwurodgdv gh vhfdgr frq udgldfl
rq/ plhqwudv vh pdqwlhqhq
frqvwdqwhv odv yduldeohv phqflrqdgdv1
514
Glvh
qr gho vhfdghur
Sdud txh ho glvsrvlwlyr h{shulphqwdo shuplwd dsuhfldu od dffl
rq gh od ud0
gldflrq vreuh ho surgxfwr d vhfdu/ dghp
dv gh odv rwudv yduldeohv frqyhqflrqdohv/
vrq qhfhvdulrv orv vljxlhqwhv hohphqwrv= xqd f
dpdud gh vhfdgr/ xqd o
dpsdud sdud
vlpxodu od udgldfl
rq/ xq yhqwlodgru/ xq fdohidfwru gho dluh/ xq dfrqglflrqdgru gh
kxphgdg | xq frqghqvdgru sdud holplqdu od kxphgdg hq h{fhvr +Iljxud 504,1
Ho frqghqvdgru/ frqvlvwhqwh hq xq udgldgru gh dxwrp
rylo/ vh hqfdujd gh od
h{wudfflrq gho djxd frqwhqlgd hq ho dluh sru hqflpd gho ydoru gh vdwxudfl
rq/ r
gh oohydu od kxphgdg uhodwlyd gho dluh d xq qlyho ghvhdgr1 Sdud kdfhu hihfwlyr
vx ixqflrqdplhqwr vh gheh kdfhu flufxodu djxd hqiuldgd phgldqwh xq htxlsr
4:
UL?_UL?@_Lh _i 4i_@_
K
!
F
dpdud
ZZZZ
Z
@*iu@U|Lh
?
J?
JJJ
J
L?_i?t@_Lh Eh@_@_Lh
"
Vi?|*@_Lh
99DDI
I
II
Iljxud 504= Glvh
qr gho w
xqho gh vhfdgr1
gh khodghud/ xqd erped sdud lpsxovdu ho djxd | xq vlvwhpd gh frqwuro gh
whpshudwxud1
Vlq hpedujr/ h{shulhqfldv dqwhulruhv ^46/ 47`/ pxhvwudq txh hq odv frqgl0
flrqhv folpdwlfdv gh od pd|ru sduwh gho QRD/ frq xqd uhodwlyd vhtxhgdg gho
dpelhqwh/ ho w
xqho gh vhfdgr gh flufxlwr fhuudgr frq shtxh
qdv shuglgdv hv vx0
flhqwh sdud orjudu od uhqrydfl
rq gho dluh | od holplqdfl
rq gh od kxphgdg/ |
idflolwd ho frqwuro gh od whpshudwxud | kxphgdg gho dluh1 Vh rsw
r sru xq glvh
qr
ghqlwlyr frpr ho txh vh pxhvwud hq od Iljxud 505/ grqgh orv sxqwrv +4, | +5,
vrq orv oxjduhv grqgh vh surgxfh od sxujd gh dluh | kxphgdg1
515
Htxlsr frqvwuxgr
Od irwrjudid gh od Iljxud 506 shuplwh dsuhfldu dojxqrv frpsrqhqwhv gho
htxlsr= od fxelhuwd gh ylgulr gh od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr ~vreuh od txh vh frorfdq
so
dvwlfrv wudqvsduhqwhv sdud dwhqxdu od udgldfl
rq~/ xqd edodq}d _Phwwohu% txh vh
xvd sdud odv phglflrqhv gho shvr gh od pxhvwud/ xqd o
dpsdud gh 4 nZ gh srwhqfld
qrplqdo frq od txh vh vlpxod od udgldfl
rq vreuh ho surgxfwr/ whuprfxsodv txh
plghq odv whpshudwxudv gho dluh | gho surgxfwr | od dlvodfl
rq whuplfd gh odqd
gh ylgulr1
Hq od irwrjudid gh od Iljxud 507 vh revhuyd ho prwru gho yhqwlodgru fhqwuixjr/
4;
D
8
D w‚@4T@h@ 8
+4,
Edodq}d
"
Edqghmd
!
Ydsrul}dgru
6*|hLt T*‚
@t|ULt
B
B
G/ B
/
B
B
6A
00
!
Yhqwlodgruhv
+5, !
Fdohidfwru
Iljxud 505= Glvh
qr ghqlwlyr1
od sduwh vxshulru gho w
xqho gh vhfdgr/ ho vlvwhpd gh whuprvwdwr sdud ho frqwuro
gh od whpshudwxud | xqd fdpdud rsflrqdo sdud frorfdu ho ydsrul}dgru1 Wdpelhq
vh sxhgh yhu ho srolhvwluhqr h{sdqglgr xvdgr sdud dlvodu odv sduhghv gho w
xqho1
22
i__@ ) UL?|hL* _i |i4Tih@|h@t ) 4i_@_
Grv whuprfxsodv gh freuh~frqvwdqw
dq shuplwhq phglu odv whpshudwxudv gh
exoer vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh1 Hvwdv ydq frorfdgdv hq od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr/
kdelhqgrvh wrpdgr odv suhfdxflrqhv dfrqvhmdgdv sru od eleolrjudid sdud wudwdu
gh rewhqhu gdwrv ghgljqrv ^4;`1 Ixqgdphqwdophqwh vh kd sxhvwr fxlgdgr hq
dupdu xq exoer k
xphgr txh hvwh surwhjlgr gh od udgldfl
rq/ vh pdqwhqjd prmdgr
frq djxd ghvwlodgd | uhfled xqd exhqd yhqwlodfl
rq1
Vh frqvwdwr od ljxdogdg gh dpedv whpshudwxudv fxdqgr vh vhfd ho exoer
k
xphgr/ vlhqgr od dsuhfldflrq gh od phglgd gh whpshudwxud gho rughq gho phglr
judgr1
Ho fdofxor gh odv kxphgdghv devroxwdv | uhodwlydv vh uhdol}d phgldqwh xq
surjudpd gh frpsxwdgrud txh lqfox|h odv fruuhodflrqhv gh Ihuuho | Dqwrlqh/
frpr vh lqglfd hq ho Dshqglfh D +surjudpd _gdw1edv%, r hq ho Fdswxor 61
Vl elhq hq sulqflslr vh xvr xq vhqvru gh kxphgdg edvdgr hq od yduldfl
rq gh
fdsdflgdg hohfwulfd frq od kxphgdg/ gho wlsr _Ydlvdod%/ odv suxhedv uhdol}dgdv
4<
Iljxud 506= Ylvwd sdufldo gh od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr1
sdud fdoleuduor | od lqhvwdelolgdg gh odv ohfwxudv phgldqwh ho plvpr/ reoljdurq
d ghvdfrqvhmdu vx xvr1
Sdud fdohidfflrqdu ho dluh vh xvdurq grv yhodv gh fxdu}r frqhfwdgdv d xq
Yduldf1 Xqd yh} dupdgr ho htxlsr/ vh hqfhqglhurq orv vlvwhpdv gh fdohidffl
rq |
yhqwlodflrq/ frq r vlq udgldflrq/ frq ho remhwr gh revhuydu odv xfwxdflrqhv txh
vxiuhq odv whpshudwxudv gh dfxhugr frq ho frqwuro hmhuflgr sru xq vlvwhpd gh
whuprvwdwr frqyhqflrqdo +Iljxud 508,1
Vh revhuyr xqd exhqd hvwdelolgdg sdud odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer k
xphgr/
dpelhqwh | od kxphgdg srufhqwxdo1 Hq fdpelr od whpshudwxud gh exoer vhfr
dsduhfd frq xqd glvshuvlrq gh kdvwd ; F1 Sdud vxevdqdu hq dojr hvwh hihfwr/
vh frorfr ho vhqvru gho whuprvwdwr p
dv fhufd gho fdohidfwru ~hq oxjdu gh od
53
Iljxud 507= Irwrjudid gho w
xqho gh vhfdgr1
fdpdud gh vhfdgr grqgh hvwded~/ frq or fxdo vh kl}r p
dv u
dslgd vx uhvsxhvwd/
frpr vh lqglfd hq od Iljxud 509/ fruuhvsrqglhqwh d wuhv hwdsdv gho frqwuro=
duudqtxh | oohjdgd kdvwd xqrv 7; F/ pdqwhqlplhqwr hq hvwd whpshudwxud |
srvwhulru dxphqwr kdvwd douhghgru gh 9; F1 Vh frqvlghud txh xqd glvshuvl
rq
gh od whpshudwxud gh 8 F/ hq wlhpsrv gh 6 plqxwrv/ hv dfhswdeoh sdud odv
h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr d uhdol}du/ qr dfxvdqgr odv fxuydv gh hyroxfl
rq gho shvr
hq ixqflrq gho wlhpsr glfkdv yduldflrqhv/ ghelgr d od lqhufld plvpd gho vlvwhpd1
Vlq hpedujr/ phgldqwh od mdfl
rq gh orv qlyhohv gh whpshudwxud hq irupd
lqgluhfwd sru phglr gho Yduldf/ txh ghwhuplqd od whqvl
rq vreuh orv hohphqwrv
fdohidfwruhv/ vh rewlhqhq uhvxowdgrv pxfkr phmruhv1 Hihfwlydphqwh/ do dofdq}du
od whpshudwxud ghvhdgd do fder gh douhghgru gh grv krudv gh ixqflrqdplhqwr gho
htxlsr +hvwdgr hvwdflrqdulr,/ txhgdq mdgrv orv glvwlqwrv qlyhohv gh whpshudwxud
qhfhvdulrv sdud fdgd h{shulhqfld/ frpr sxhgh yhuvh hq orv ju
dfrv uhvshfwlyrv
sdud orv fdvrv gh vhfdgr gh slplhqwr hq ho fdswxor 91
Ho surfhglplhqwr sdud dxphqwdu od kxphgdg uhodwlyd gho dluh hv od ydsrul0
}dflrq gh djxd gluhfwdphqwh d od fruulhqwh gh dluh1 Hvwr vh orjud phgldqwh xq
sdu gh hohfwurgrv frqhfwdgrv d od uhg hohfwulfd d wudyhv gh rwur Yduldf/ ho txh
54
Iljxud 508= Frpsruwdplhqwr gho frqwuro gh whpshudwxud1
shuplwh uhjxodu od lqfrusrudfl
rq gho ydsru jhqhudgr hq xq uhflslhqwh so
dvwlfr
txh frqwlhqh djxd | ghqwur gh od fxdo vh vxphujhq orv hohfwurgrv1 Frq whqvlr0
qhv gh dolphqwdflrq hqwuh 433 | 483 Y/ ho htxlsr shuplwh oohjdu d xqd kxphgdg
uhodwlyd gho dluh hqwuh ho :3 ( | od vdwxudfl
rq1
222
Vi*LU_@_ _i* @hi
Gh dfxhugr frq od Iljxud 505/ ho vlvwhpd frqvwd gh grv yhqwlodgruhv dolphq0
wdgrv sru xqd whqvlrq gh 553 Y sdud srqhu ho dluh hq prylplhqwr1 Ho txh
vh hqfxhqwud hqwuh od edqghmd | ho fdohidfwru hv gh xmr d{ldo/ gho wlsr xvdgr
sdud frpsxwdgrudv/ | wlhqh xqd srwhqfld p
d{lpd gh douhghgru gh 53 Z / txh
vh uhjxod phgldqwh xq Yduldf1 Ho rwur wlhqh xq prwru gh 6@7 KS | hv gh wlsr
fhqwuixjr1
Od yhorflgdg gho dluh vh plgh d od dowxud gh od edqghmd grqgh yd frorfdgr ho
surgxfwr/ xvdqgrvh xq dqhp
rphwur WD 733W/ _Dlurz%/ fx|d dsuhfldfl
rq hv
gh dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3> 4 p@v | ho udqjr gh kdvwd 7 p@v1
55
Iljxud 509= Frpsruwdplhqwr phmrudgr gho whuprvwdwr1
22
it@_@ _i *@ 4it|h@
Hq sulqflslr odv phglflrqhv vh uhdol}durq sru ohfwxud gluhfwd phgldqwh xqd
edodq}d phfdqlfd Phwwohu S4543 gxudqwh judq sduwh gho wudedmr/ kdvwd txh vh
orjur od dxwrpdwl}dflrq gh od wrpd gh shvr1
Od Iljxud 50: pxhvwud ho vlvwhpd ghqlwlyr txh vh frqvwux|
r sdud dgdswdu od
edodq}d phfdqlfd | srghu shvdu ho surgxfwr/ phgldqwh od vxmhfl
rq gh od edqghmd
hq od txh vh ghsrvlwd/ sru phglr gh xq jdqfkr txh vh hqfxhqwud hq od edvh gh
od edodq}d1 Ho shvr vh ohh phgldqwh xq vlvwhpd hohfwu
rqlfr/ txh shuplwh fdswdu
ho gdwr dxwrpdwlfdphqwh sru frpsxwdgrud1
Sdud ghwhuplqdu od suhflvl
rq gh od edodq}d/ vh uhdol}durq suxhedv gh shvdgd
frpsdudqgr ho shvr phglgr hq ho sodwloor gh od plvpd frq ho rewhqlgr hq od
edqghmd sdud surgxfwrv1
Orv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdohv vh pxhvwudq hq od Wdeod 514/ frq orv shvrv h{0
suhvdgrv hq judprv1 Od uhodfl
rq surphglr hqwuh ho ydoru phglgr hq ho sodwloor |
ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh gh edqghmd hv 5/68;1
Sru rwur odgr/ uhdol}dqgr phglflrqhv gho plvpr shvr hq edqghmd/ glvwulex0
|hqgr flqfr shvdv vhj
xq glvwlqwdv srvlflrqhv/ vh rewxylhurq uhvxowdgrv glihuhqwhv=
56
UU Z
Z
22 Edodq}d
*
*
* F
dpdud gh vhfdgr
Edqghmd
" Dluh
Iljxud 50:= Vlvwhpd gh shvdgd1
Shvr hq
sodwloor +4,
<5/33
48;/<8
4;7/94
:<4/94
;3</5<
;:8/8<
<69/5<
<95/94
Shvr hq
edqghmd +5,
6</33
99/<6
::/:6
667/<3
677/4<
6:7/47
6<</<5
73;/84
Uhodfl
rq
+4,2+5,
5/68<
5/6:8
5/6:8
5/697
5/684
5/673
5/674
5/689
Gdwr +5,
dsur{lpdgr
6<
9:
:;
668
677
6:7
733
73<
Uhodfl
rq
dsur{lpdgd
5/73
5/73
5/73
5/69
5/68
5/67
5/67
5/68
Wdeod 514= Uhodflrq hqwuh orv shvrv ohgrv hq edqghmd +sxhvwrv hq ho fhqwur, |
hq sodwloor +gdwrv hq judprv,1
Xqd shvd hq ho fhqwur | 7 hq orv erughv= ::/;9 j1
Wrgdv hq ho fhqwur= :;/66 j1
Dolqhdgdv hq ho fhqwur= ::/<; j1
Dolqhdgdv hq vhqwlgr shushqglfxodu= :;/3< j1
Xqd hq ho fhqwur | 7 hq orv erughv= :;/85 j1
Kdfld xq frvwdgr= :</:7 j1
Hq iuhqwh= :;/76 j1
Hq rwur frvwdgr= :;/;: j1
Hq iuhqwh gh hvwh= ::/<< j1
Ydoru surphglr= :;/7 j1 Huuru fxdgu
dwlfr phglr= 3/51
Sru or wdqwr/ odv xqlgdghv gh judpr vrq vhjxudv/ qr dv odv ghflpdv1 Gh doo
hq pdv vh ghflglr ohhu vror kdvwd od fliud gh od xqlgdg/ wrp
dqgrvh od suhfdxfl
rq
gh frorfdu orv shvrv vlhpsuh douhghgru gho fhqwur | sxhvwrv hq irupd vlphwulfd1
57
Ghwdoohv vreuh od edodq}d
Hq hvwd vhfflrq vh uhdol}d xq uhvxphq gho wudedmr sxeolfdgr hq odv phpruldv
gh od Dvrfldflrq Ivlfd gh od Dujhqwlqd +DID,/ fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d od uhxql
rq
uhdol}dgd hq Wxfxpdq hq 4<<4 ^43`1 Hvwh wudedmr ixh uhdol}dgr frq od froder0
udflrq gh Gdqlho Kr|rv1
HO VHQVRU GH FDPSR PDJQHWLFR _NP]43%
Ho NP]43 hv xq vhqvru gh fdpsr pdjqhwlfr gh judq suhflvl
rq txh kdfh xvr
gho hihfwr pdjqhwr~uhvlvwlyr/ sru ho fxdo xq frqgxfwru fdpeld vx uhvlvwlylgdg
hq suhvhqfld gh xq fdpsr pdjqhwlfr h{whuqr1 Hvwh fdpelr hv ghelgr d txh orv
sruwdgruhv gh fdujd h{shulphqwdq od ixhu}d gh Oruhqw} sru od suhvhqfld gh glfkr
fdpsr do dwudyhvdu ho pdwhuldo hvshfldo gho txh vh hqfxhqwud khfkr ho frqgxfwru1
Hq ho fdvr gho NP]43/ ho pdwhuldo hv xqd shofxod ghojdgd gh _shupd0
oor|%/ frqvlvwhqwh hq xqd dohdfl
rq ihuurpdjqhwlfd txh frqwlhqh 53 ( gh klhuur
| ;3 ( gh qtxho/ | wlhqh od surslhgdg gh vhu xqd pdjqhwruhvlvwhqfld +shupd0
oor|@_dohdflrq pdjqhwlfd shupdqhqwh%,/ sru or fxdo h{lvwh xq yhfwru pdjqhwl0
}dflrq qr qxor1 H{whulruphqwh/ sru od dffl
rq gh xq fdpsr pdjqhwlfr/ vh sxhgh
surgxflu xqd urwdflrq gho yhfwru pdjqhwl}dfl
rq/ uhodwlyd d od gluhffl
rq gh xmr
gh od fruulhqwh/ or txh rfdvlrqd fdpelrv hq vx uhvlvwlylgdg1
Ho vhqvru hv xq fkls txh frqvwd gh fxdwur wludv gh shupdoor|/ ghsrvlwdgdv
hq }lj}dj vreuh xq vxvwudwr gh vlolflr1 Odv uhvlvwhqfldv dv irupdgdv vh frqhfwdq
frpr orv fxdwur eud}rv gh xq sxhqwh gh Zkhdwvwrqh1 Ho judgr gh ghvedodqfh
gho sxhqwh vh xvd sdud lqglfdu od lqwhqvlgdg gho fdpsr pdjqhwlfr h{whuqr r
od yduldflrq gh glfkr fdpsr hq ho sodqr gh odv wludv gh shupdoor| | shushqgl0
fxoduphqwh do vhqwlgr gh od fruulhqwh1 Odv glphqvlrqhv joredohv gho hohphqwr
frphufldo vrq gh 8/5 pp 7/; pp1
Od vh
qdo gh dolphqwdflrq gho sxhqwh hv surylvwd sru xqd ixhqwh yduldeoh gh
whqvlrq frqwlqxd mdgd hq 8 Y | od gh vdolgd hv hq plolyrowlrv1 Hv qhfhvdulr frqwdu
frq xq fdpsr pdjqhwlfr dx{loldu sdud hylwdu fdpelrv hq od fxuyd fdudfwhuvwlfd
gho vhqvru +gdgd sru Y yv1 K ,1
Hq or txh d hvwh wudedmr frqflhuqh/ K | K +odv frpsrqhqwhv txh lqwhuhvdq
gho fdpsr pdjqhwlfr h{whuqr, ixhurq surgxflgdv sru lpdqhv shupdqhqwhv/ gh
orv txh vh xvdq sdud pdqwhqhu dylvdgruhv shjdgrv hq vxshuflhv phw
dolfdv1 Odv
58
glvwdqfldv hqwuh orv lpdqhv | ho vhqvru ixhurq ghwhuplqdgdv h{shulphqwdophqwh
gh prgr txh od vh
qdo hq Yrowlrv gh od vdolgd ixhud dsur{lpdgdphqwh olqhdo frq
ho ghvsod}dplhqwr hq od gluhffl
rq gh K 1
PRGR GH RSHUDFLRQ FRPR EDODQ]D
Gdgr txh ho glvsrvlwlyr dupdgr frpr vh lqglf
r dqwhv hv vhqvleoh d orv ghv0
sod}dplhqwrv uhodwlyrv hqwuh ho lp
dq txh suryhh od frpsrqhqwh K gho fdpsr
| xqr gh orv odgrv gho vhqvru/ vh uhdol}durq suxhedv sdud yhulfdu vx uhvsxhvwd
dqwh wdohv fdpelrv1 Ho udqjr gh yduldfl
rq sdud od glvwdqfld | ixh ghwhuplqdgr
hq : pp/ hq ud}rq gh vhu hvwh ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh do ghvsod}dplhqwr gho sodwr
gh od edodq}d phfdqlfd/ sdud lqglfdu xq udqjr gh 433 j hq shvr1
Phgldqwh xq plfursrvlflrqdgru vh uhdol}durq phglflrqhv suholplqduhv gh od
whqvlrq gh vdolgd phglgd hq pY hq ixqfl
rq gho ghvsod}dplhqwr hq pp +glvwdqfld
uhfruulgd sru ho sodwr,1 Dpsolfdqgr od vh
qdo frqyhqlhqwhphqwh/ | oxhjr gh
rswlpl}du od glvwdqfld pqlpd hqwuh ho vhqvru | ho lp
dq jhqhudgru gho fdpsr
K / sxgr revhuyduvh xqd vhqvleoh phmrud hq od olqhdolgdg gh od uhvsxhvwd1
Vh lqvwdor ho glvsrvlwlyr vreuh od edodq}d phf
dqlfd gh prgr txh dfxvdud
ho ghvsod}dplhqwr gho sodwr frpr vh h{solf
r dqwhv1 Od fdoleudfl
rq lqglfd xqd
fxuyd fxdgudwlfd frq xq frhflhqwh gh fruuhodfl
rq fhufdqr d 41 Vh yhulf
r od
hvwdelolgdg gh od fdoleudflrq/ uhdol}dqgr phglflrqhv gxudqwh ydulrv gdv1
Od Iljxud 50; pxhvwud dojxqrv ghwdoohv gho hohphqwr vhqvru | ho sodwr gh od
edodq}d do txh vh mr xqr gh orv lpdqhv1
GLVSRVLWLYR GH DPSOLILFDFLRQ
Ghelgr d txh ho vlvwhpd gh fdswdfl
rq gh orv gdwrv +_Nhlwkoh|/ V|vwhp 8:3%,
uhtxhud xqd vh
qdo gho rughq gh orv 8 Y/ vh ghel
r glvh
qdu | frqvwuxlu xq glvsrvl0
wlyr gh dpsolfdflrq1 Sdud hoor vh oohj
r d xq glvh
qr txh vdwlvflhud od frqglfl
rq
gh hvwdelolgdg dqwh yduldflrqhv whuplfdv |2r gh vh
qdohv gh udglriuhfxhqfldv1
Orv ghwdoohv gho flufxlwr hohfwu
rqlfr hvw
dq h{solflwdgrv hq ho wudedmr ^43` |
hq ho oleur gh Frxjkolq | Glvfrol ^6`1
59
Lpdq
K
!
NP]43
K
Lp
dq
: pp
Sodwr gh od edodq}d
Iljxud 50;= Ghwdooh gho wudqvgxfwru gh shvr +ixhud gh hvfdod,1
516
Vlvwhpd gh udgldfl
rq
Vl elhq hq od hvfdod uhdo gh surgxffl
rq hv ho vro od ixhqwh gh udgldfl
rq/ sdud ho
hvwxglr h{shulphqwdo gho vhfdgr frq udgldfl
rq hv qhfhvdulr srghu h{dplqdu orv
hihfwrv gh od luudgldqfld lqflghqwh vreuh ho surgxfwr gh od plvpd pdqhud txh
vh kdfh frq orv rwurv sdudphwurv txh dihfwdq ho surfhvr1 Hoor vh orjud fxdqgr
h{lvwh od srvlelolgdg gh pdqwhqhu dtxhood frqvwdqwh gxudqwh wrgr ho surfhvr gh
vhfdgr/ sru or txh hv hv qhfhvdulr ho hpsohr gh xqd o
dpsdud txh vlpxoh od dffl
rq
vrodu gh pdqhud hvwdflrqduld1
Vl/ dghpdv/ ho hvshfwur gh od o
dpsdud xwlol}dgd hv ljxdo r px| sduhflgr do
gho vro/ hvwh _vlpxodgru vrodu% shuplwlu
d phglu odv fdudfwhuvwlfdv gh surfhvrv
gh vhfdgr gh xqd pdqhud duwlfldo | uhshwleoh d yroxqwdg/ lqghshqglhqwhphqwh
gh odv yduldflrqhv gh odv frqglflrqhv phwhruro
rjlfdv1
Ho hvshfwur gh od udgldflrq vrodu/ phglgr hq Vdowd sdud xq gd fodur gho phv
gh vhwlhpeuh gh 4<;</ vh pxhvwud hq od Iljxud 50<1 Wdqwr hvwh/ frpr orv ghp
dv
hvshfwurv txh vh pxhvwudq/ ixhurq phglgrv frq xq hvshfwuruudgl
rphwur pdufd
_OL~FRU%txh shuplwh ghwhuplqdu od luudgldqfld hvshfwudo hqwuh orqjlwxghv gh
rqgd txh ydq ghvgh orv 633 qp | kdvwd 4433 qp/ frq xq lqwhuydor pqlpr
gh 5 qp1 Od hvfdod gh odv rughqdgdv/ hvwdeohflgd hq Z@+p qp,/ hv mdgd
5:
dxwrpdwlfdphqwh sru ho dsdudwr1 Ho duhd vxewhqglgd edmr od fxuyd fruuhvsrqgh
d od udgldflrq frpsuhqglgd hqwuh glfkdv orqjlwxghv gh rqgd | vh sxhgh frpsdudu
frq ho ydoru wrwdo gdgr sru xq vroduphwur1 Hq hvwh wudedmr vh hpsoh
r xq Nlss
) ]rqqhq FP8/ fx|r huuru hq od ohfwxud gh od udgldfl
rq vh hvwlpd hqwuh ho 8 |
43 ( hq uhodflrq d sludqrphwurv gh suhflvl
rq1
Iljxud 50<= Hvshfwur vrodu sdud xq gd fodur +Vdowd/ 4<2<2;<,1
2
‚
t^i_@ _i ?@ *‚
@4T@h@ @_iU@_@
Oxhjr gh dojxqrv hqvd|rv suholplqduhv vh ghflgl
r suredu xqd o
dpsdud lq0
fdqghvfhqwh gh wxqjvwhqr/ sru ud}rqhv gh frvwr | idflolgdg gh rewhqfl
rq1 Hvwd
wlhqh 4333 Z gh srwhqfld | hv gho wlsr xvdgr hq loxplqdfl
rq duwlfldo sdud
hvwdglrv1 Frq hood vh sxgr rewhqhu xqd glvwulexfl
rq xqliruph gh od udgldfl
rq
vreuh xq duhd gh 63 fp 63 fp/ frq lqwhqvlgdghv i
dflophqwh uhjxodeohv ph0
gldqwh od lqwhusrvlflrq gh odplqdv gh so
dvwlfr/ ghvgh 3 Z@p | kdvwd douhghgru
gh 4333 Z@p 1
Ho lqfrqyhqlhqwh txh suhvhqwd hvwd o
dpsdud hv txh vx hvshfwur/ prvwudgr
hq od Iljxud 5043/ hv px| glihuhqwh gho vrodu/ d
xq fxdqgr od udgldfl
rq wrwdo L/
phglgd frq vroduphwur/ wlhqh ydoruhv ljxdohv1
Glfkd udgldflrq wrwdo vh plgl
r sdud xq gd fodur/ frorfdqgr ho sodqr gho
5;
Iljxud 5043= Hvshfwurv gh udgldfl
rq lqflghqwh gh ljxdo udgldfl
rq wrwdo1
vroduphwur shushqglfxoduphqwh do kd} lqflghqwh1 Frqrflgr hvwh ydoru/ vh dmxvw
r
od srwhqfld gh xq Yduldf vreuh od o
dpsdud/ gh prgr txh hq hvwh fdvr od udgldfl
rq
wrwdo ixhud od plvpd txh od vrodu1
Frq ho gdwr gh udgldflrq wrwdo L/ ljxdo d <33 Z@p / vh uhodflrq
r frq ho
fdofxor txh uhvxowd gh od lqwhjudfl
rq qxphulfd gh od luudgldqfld hvshfwudo/ L /
sdud hqwuh 633 qp | 4433 qp/ rewhqlhqgrvh orv uhvxowdgrv h{suhvdgrv hq od
Iljxud 5043=
]
]
L +vro,g @ 3> :6 L
L +odps,g @ 3> 78 L=
D shvdu gh txh hvwrv gdwrv sxhghq whqhu txh dmxvwduvh phmrudqgr od ph0
glflrq/ ghelgr d orv huuruhv txh sxhghq kdehuvh frphwlgr/ vh sxhgh frqfoxlu
~frpr hud gh hvshudu~ txh od o
dpsdud hplwh pd|ru fdqwlgdg gh udgldfl
rq hq od
}rqd gh lqiuduurmr txh ho vro1
Sru hvwd ud}rq vh uhdol}r od e
xvtxhgd gh doj
xq wlsr gh owur sdud txh ho
hvshfwur uhvxowdqwh/ od srwhqfld uhflelgd | od xqliruplgdg vh dvhphmdudq or p
dv
srvleoh d odv surgxflgdv sru ho vro hq frqglflrqhv hvw
dqgdu vreuh od vxshuflh
whuuhvwuh1
5<
22
, Tihi?U@t UL? €*|hLt _i ?uh@hhLL
Vh uhdol}durq suxhedv frq od lqwhusrvlfl
rq gh ylgulrv gh glvwlqwrv hvshvruhv
hqwuh od odpsdud | ho vhqvru/ frq od rewhqfl
rq gh uhvxowdgrv qr px| dohqwdgruhv
sru fxdqwr od dwhqxdflrq gh od lqwhqvlgdg hq od }rqd gh lqiuduurmr/ txh ohh
ho htxlsr gh phglflrq xvdgr/ qr ixh wdq lpsruwdqwh frpr vh hvshuded1 Hvwr
vh pxhvwud hq od Iljxud 5044/ sdud orv fdvrv hq txh vh uhdol}d od phglfl
rq
vlq lqwhusrqhu fxelhuwd gh ylgulr +_Vlq ylgulr%,/ oxhjr gh lqwhusrqhu xq o
dplqd
ylgulr gh 5> 8 pp +_Ylgulr 4%, h lqwhusrqlhqgr xqd o
dplqd gh ylgulr gh 6> 8 pp
+_Ylgulr 5%,1
Iljxud 5044= Hvshfwurv gh udgldfl
rq frq o
dpsdud1
Frpsdudwlydphqwh/ hv pdv hihfwlyd od dwhqxdfl
rq orjudgd frq od lqwhusr0
vlflrq gh xq sodvwlfr gh 483 plfurqhv/ dqwl~XY | whuplfr/ gho wlsr txh vh xvd
hq orv lqyhuqdghurv~vhfdgruhv/ dghp
dv gh od fxelhuwd gh ylgulr gh od f
dpdud gh
vhfdgr/ frpr |d vh prvwur hq od Iljxud 50431
Gdgr txh xq juxsr gh lqyhvwljdgruhv vrylhwlfrv/ phqflrqdgrv hq ^4`/ xwlol}
r
xqd odpsdud kdorjhqd gh wxqjvwhqr frq xq owur sdud od udgldfl
rq frqvlvwhqwh hq
xqd vroxflrq dfxrvd gh vxoidwr gh freuh/ od fxdo shuplwh uhgxflu vhqvleohphqwh
od sduwh lqiuduurmr gh glfkd udgldfl
rq/ vh uhdol}durq hqvd|rv gh oderudwrulr sdud
phglu orv hvshfwurv txh vh rewlhqhq hq wdo fdvr1
63
Ho glvsrvlwlyr frqvlvwh hq xqd edqghmd gh ylgulr/ ghqwur gh od fxdo vh ylhuwh
dpsdud | ho hvshfwur0
od vroxflrq gh FxVR hq djxd/ lqwhusxhvwd hqwuh od o
uudglrphwur1
Sulphudphqwh vh plglr od udgldfl
rq wrwdo fxdqgr qr vh lqwhusrqhq owurv
hqwuh od odpsdud | ho vroduphwur/ rewhqlhqgrvh ho ydoru gh <63 Z@p 1 D frqwl0
qxdflrq vh lqwhusxvr od edqghmd ydfd/ frq or fxdo od udgldfl
rq wrwdo vh uhgxmr d
:<3 Z@p ghelgr x
qlfdphqwh d od suhvhqfld gho ylgulr1 Djuhjdqgr xqd ghojdgd
fdsd gh vroxflrq vdwxudgd/ txh kded vlgr suhsdudgd dqwhulruphqwh/ vh uhgxmr
od udgldflrq d vror 73 Z@p 1 Sdud suhsdudu hvwd vroxfl
rq pdguh vh glvroylh0
urq 583 j gh FxVR =8K R hq ;63 po gh djxd ghvwlodgd +dsur{lpdgdphqwh
63 j@433 ff K R,1
Od fdsd gh otxlgr txh vh irup
r hud xq srfr pd|ru txh od qhfhvduld sdud
prmdu wrgd od vxshuflh gh ylgulr gh od edqghmd/ sru or txh vh uhgxmr do p
d{lpr
| vh yroylr d phglu od udgldfl
rq wrwdo1 Ho ydoru dxphqw
r d vrodphqwh 93 Z@p 1
Hq ylvwd d hvwh uhvxowdgr/ vh uhdol}durq phglflrqhv hq vhqwlgr frqwudulr/ hv
ghflu frphq}dqgr frq xqd fdsd gh djxd ghvwlodgd | vroxflrqhv gh vxoidwr gh
freuh vxfhvlydphqwh hqultxhflgdv frq od vroxfl
rq pdguh1
Iljxud 5045= Hvshfwurv gh udgldfl
rq sdud o
dpsdud gh wxqjvwhqr frq owurv gh
FxVR glvxhowr hq djxd1
Ho djxd sxud uhgxmr od udgldfl
rq wrwdo d 6;3 Z@p | vroxflrqhv gh 3> 45>
64
3> 57> 4> 53> 5> 6 | 6> 93 j@433 ff K R or klflhurq d
xq p
dv/ rewhqlhqgrvh orv
ydoruhv gh 693/ 683/ 643/ 5;8 | 563 Z@p / uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Orv hvshfwurv
uhvshfwlyrv vh pxhvwudq hq ho ju
dfr gh od Iljxud 50451
Hq hvwh judfr vh dsuhfld od devrufl
rq uhvshfwr gho djxd ghvwlodgd/ hvshfldo0
phqwh hq od }rqd hqwuh 933 | 4333 qp1 Vlq hpedujr/ dghp
dv gh od dwhqxdfl
rq
gho ydoru wrwdo/ hvwrv hvshfwurv d
xq wlhqhq glihuhqfldv qrwruldv frq ho hvshfwur
vrodu gho judfr 50<1
2
w‚
@4T@h@t _UhLU@t
Ghvgh kdfh uhodwlydphqwh srfr wlhpsr vh hqfxhqwudq hq ho phufdgr o
dpsdudv
fx|r hvshfwur hv vlplodu do vrodu/ | vx xvr vh hvw
d h{whqglhqgr ghelgr d hvwd
surslhgdg1 Hvwdv odpsdudv/ ljxdophqwh lqfdqghvfhqwhv | dghp
dv kdorjhqdgdv/
fxhqwdq frq xq uhhfwru gh kd} iur/ hv ghflu hvw
dq lqfrusrudgdv d xq uhhfwru
gldwhuplfr txh ohv kdfh shughu od fdvl wrwdolgdg gh vx frpsrqhqwh lqiuduurmr/
txhgdqgr vror od udgldflrq ylvleoh od txh vh gluljh kdfld ho remhwr d loxplqdu1
Vrq ghqrplqdgdv odpsdudv glfurlfdv sru od fdsd txh fxeuh ho uhhfwru |
txh dfw
xd gh owur rswlfr1 Hvwh hvw
d irupdgr sru yduldv fdsdv ghojdgdv vxshu0
sxhvwdv/ gh glihuhqwhv qglfhv gh uhiudffl
rq/ gh prgr wdo txh od fdsd uhhfwrud
uhhmd ho <3 ( gh od ox} ylvleoh/ plhqwudv txh ho ;3 ( gh od udgldfl
rq lqiud0
uurmd hv devruelgd udslgdphqwh sru odv fdsdv gho uhhfwru/ hqiuldqgr dv ho kd}
uhhmdgr ^4`1
H{lvwh xqd dpsold jdpd gh srwhqfldv txh eulqgdq hvwdv o
dpsdudv/ dxqtxh
odv whqvlrqhv gh dolphqwdflrq vxhohq vhu edmdv +hqwuh 45 | ;5 Y sdud odv p
dv
frpxqhv | px| srfdv gh 453 Y ,1 Sdud odv suxhedv txh vh kdfh phqfl
rq hq hvwh
wudedmr vh frqwr frq odpsdudv gh 57 Y gh whqvl
rq gh dolphqwdfl
rq | 583 Z gh
srwhqfld1
Vh uhdol}r ho prqwdmh gh xq glvsrvlwlyr vhqfloor frq grv gh hvwdv o
dpsdudv/
gh prgr txh shuplwlhudq rewhqhu xqd glvwulexfl
rq sduhmd vreuh xqd vxshuflh
ljxdo d od edqghmd gho vhfdgru1 Od Iljxud 5046 pxhvwud ho hvshfwur rewhqlgr/
mxqwr do vrodu/ fxdqgr od udgldfl
rq wrwdo gh odv o
dpsdudv/ phglgd d qlyho gh od
edqghmd/ ixh gh :93 Z@p 1
Frpr vh sxhgh dsuhfldu/ ho hvshfwur gh odv o
dpsdudv glfurlfdv hv ho p
dv
65
Iljxud 5046= Hvshfwurv gh udgldfl
rq gh xqd o
dpsdud glfurlfd | vrodu1
dghfxdgr sdud vlpxodu od udgldfl
rq vrodu1
Vx xvr vh kd ylvwr glfxowdgr sru sureohpdv uhfxuuhqwhv gh urwxudv ghelgr
d odv dowdv whpshudwxudv gh wudedmr1 Sru rwur odgr/ odv h{shulhqfldv uhdol}dgdv
frq slplhqwrv/ txh frqvwlwx|hq od sduwh fhqwudo gh hvwh wudedmr/ kdq prvwudgr
txh odv glihuhqfldv ghwhfwdgdv hq odv fxuydv gh vhfdgr fxdqgr vh xvdq odv grv
ixhqwhv vrq pqlpdv1
Od Iljxud 5047 loxvwud hvwh hihfwr1 Vh slhqvd txh hvwh uhvxowdgr hv surgxflgr
sru ho froru gho iuxwr txh devrueh exhqd sduwh gh od udgldfl
rq vlq glvwlqfl
rq gh
orqjlwxg gh rqgd hq od vxshuflh gho plvpr1
Sru wdo ud}rq vh kd xwlol}dgr od o
dpsdud gh wxqjvwhqr hq od pd|ru sduwh gh odv
h{shulhqfldv1 Vl ixhud qhfhvdulr frq rwurv iuxwrv/ vh sxhghq xwlol}du gluhfwdphqwh
odv odpsdudv glfurlfdv wrpdqgr suhfdxflrqhv hvshfldohv frq vx fdohqwdplhqwr1
517
Htxlsr sdud fdswdu orv gdwrv
Orv gdwrv gh odv h{shulhqfldv ixhurq wrpdgrv phgldqwh ho vlvwhpd gh fds0
wdflrq _8:3% gh Nhlwkoh| / frpdqgdgr sru ho surjudpd GDW1EDV/ fx|r olvwdgr
ki|*i)c 5)t|i4 D.f #@|@ U^t|L? `Lh!t|@|L?
66
Iljxud 5047= Hyroxflrq gho shvr gh djxd/ hq nj sru nj gh shvr vhfr/ sdud ho
vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv pruurqhv edmr od udgldfl
rq gh xqd o
dpsdud glfurlfd | rwud
lqfdqghvfhqwh/ hq ljxdogdg gh whpshudwxudv | yhorflgdg gho dluh1
vh hqfxhqwud hq ho Dshqglfh D1
Hvwh surjudpd shuplwh ho lqjuhvr d glvfr | od suhvhqwdfl
rq sru sdqwdood x
rsflrqdophqwh sru lpsuhvrud gh orv gdwrv gh wlhpsr +phglgr hq krudv,/ shvr
+phglgr hq judprv, | odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr/ exoer k
xphgr | gh
surgxfwr +phglgdv hq F,1 Od udgldfl
rq r od yhorflgdg gho dluh vh ghwhuplqdq
plglhqgr dqwhv gh fdgd h{shulhqfld/ wrgd yh} txh vhd qhfhvdulr1
Odv hvshflfdflrqhv jhqhudohv gho vlvwhpd 8:3 gh Nhlwkoh| frpsuhqghq orv
vljxlhqwhv whpv=
0 Vriwzduh= surjudpd Vriw8331h{h1 Suryhh h{whqvlrqhv gh EDVLFD sdud ho
pdqhmr gh lqwhuuxsflrqhv hq wlhpsr uhdo sdud ho frqwuro | dgtxlvlfl
rq gh orv
gdwrv1
0 Lqwhuidvh= exv gh frpxqlfdfl
rq hq sdudohor hqwuh od SF | ho htxlsr gh fds0
wdflrq gh gdwrv _V|vwhp 8:3 DGLR% d wudyhv gh xq fdeoh | wdumhwd gh lqwhuidvh
txh vh frorfd hq od FSX gh od frpsxwdgrud1
0 Frqjxudflrq gh od frpsxwdgrud= SF/ [W r DW LEP frpsdwleoh frq do
phqrv 589 NE gh UDP/ xqd glvtxhwhud/ vlvwhpd GRV 614 r vxshulru1 Hq hvwh
fdvr vh wudedmr frq xqd pdtxlqd WDYD gh 973 NE gh UDP | grv glvtxhwhudv gh
67
edmd ghqvlgdg1 Od glvtxhwhud D= frqwlhqh ho surjudpd Vriw833 | orv dx{lolduhv
gh frqjxudflrq/ plhqwudv txh hq od E= vh dopdfhqdq orv gdwrv | ho surjudpd
gdw1edv1 Ho surjudpd EDVLFD hv oodpdgr d wudyhv gho surjudpd dxwrh{hf1edw
fdgd yh} txh vh hqflhqgh od frpsxwdgrud1
Hv srvleoh uhdol}du od fdujd gho surjudpd gdw1edv hq irupd dxwrp
dwlfd/ vlq
dx{lolr gho rshudgru/ sdud od frqwlqxdfl
rq gh od wrpd gh gdwrv oxhjr gh xq fruwh
gh ox}1
0 Fdeoh gh lqwhuidvh= douhghgru gh 7 p gh fdeoh eolqgdgr1
0 FSX= ;35;9 gh frpsdwleoh LEP SF [W1
0 Fdsdflgdg gh orv fdqdohv hvw
dqgdu= d, Hqwudgd dqdo
rjlfd gh 49 fdqdohv
glihuhqfldohv r 65 gluhfwrv/ e, Vdolgd dqdo
rjlfd gh 5 fdqdohv/ f, 49 hqwudgdv
gljlwdohv/ g, 49 vdolgdv dqdorjlfdv | h, 49 frqwurohv sru uhodlv1
0 Uhtxhulplhqwr gh hqhujd= 8 Y d 5 D p
d{lprv gh fruulhqwh/ suryhqlhqwhv
gh od frpsxwdgrud1
0 Frqh{lrqdgr gh vh
qdohv= vh uhdol}d d wudyhv gh whuplqdohv frqhfwdgdv ph0
gldqwh wruqloorv | hqfkxihv udslgrv gh suhvl
rq1
0 Hqwudgd dqdorjlfd= grfh udqjrv gh p
d{lpd hvfdod/ hqwuh 5/8 pY d 43 Y1
Vhohfflrq gh jdqdqfldv gh dpsolfdfl
rq 4/ 43/ 4331 Sru surjudpd vh sxhgh
prglfdu hvwd jdqdqfld d 4/ 5/ 8 r 431 Od uhvroxfl
rq hv gh 45 elwv +xqd
sduwh hq 73<9,1
Vl elhq ho ideulfdqwh hvshflfd od srvlelolgdg gh uhdol}du wrpdv gh gdwrv d xqd
yhorflgdg gh 64/7n pxhvwudv sru vhjxqgr/ hq hvwh fdvr vh uhdol}dq fdswxudv gh 53
yhfhv fdgd gdwr sdud oxhjr surphgldu/ or txh oohyd douhghgru gh 9 vhjxqgrv uhdohv
sdud ho dopdfhqdplhqwr hq glvfr gh fdgd vhulh1 Qr revwdqwh/ frpr sxhgh yhuvh
hq odv wdeodv gh gdwrv gh orv dshqglfhv uhvshfwlyrv/ orv lqwhuydorv gh fdswxud gh
gdwrv vh dmxvwdurq hqwuh 43 | 53 plqxwrv/ or fxdo ixh vxflhqwh sdud orv surfhvrv
h{shulphqwdgrv fx|d gxudfl
rq rvflo
r hqwuh 5 krudv | 57 krudv1
Fruulgd gh surjudpdv gh fdswdfl
rq gh gdwrv
Ho ideulfdqwh suryhh gh surjudpdv ghprvwudwlyrv txh shuplwhq uhdol}du do0
jxqdv suxhedv gh fdswxud gh gdwrv d wudyhv gh hmhpsorv ghvduuroodgrv hq ho
pdqxdo1
68
Ho surjudpd GDW1EDV gho Dshqglfh D vh uhdol}
r sru phglr gh vxfhvlydv
suxhedv txh shuplwlhurq qdophqwh frqwdu frq xq vriwzduh txh shuplwh uhdol}du
odv vljxlhqwhv rshudflrqhv=
0 Ohfwxud shvr | whpshudwxudv hq ixqfl
rq gho wlhpsr1
Vh sxhgh hvwdeohfhu xq qrpeuh hvshfldo sdud fdgd h{shulhqfld r elhq/ uhhp0
sod}dqgr od oqhd gh surjudpd uhvshfwlyd/ vh frorfd xq qrpeuh frp
xq sdud
wrgdv odv vhfxhqfldv gh fdswxud gh gdwrv1 Hq ho fdvr gh hvwh wudedmr ho dufklyr
jhqhulfr vh ghqrplqr _gdwl% | vh dopdfhqd hq ho glvfr D=1
D frqwlqxdflrq vh hvwdeohfh od suhvl
rq gho oxjdu/ hq KSd1 Sdud ho fdvr
gh Vdowd | ghelgr d od hvwdelolgdg gho gdwr/ vh ghflgl
r wudedmdu frq xq ydoru
_qrupdo% gh ;;3 KS d1
Vh surgxfh od dshuwxud gho dufklyr | vh hvwdeohfh ho lqwhuydor gh fdswxud
gh gdwrv hq plqxwrv1 Sru ghihfwr vh m
r hq 43 plqxwrv sdud od pd|rud gh odv
suxhedv uhdol}dgdv1
Vhjxlgdphqwh hv qhfhvdulr lqlfldol}du ho ydoru gh dojxqrv gdwrv srutxh gh rwur
prgr qr ixqflrqd ho surjudpd1 Hvwd hv xqd h{ljhqfld gh od yhuvl
rq gh vriwzduh
frq txh vh fxhqwd/ d
xq fxdqgr ho frpdqgr UXQ gh EDVLFD suhvxsrqh xq
ydoru lqlfldo gh 3 sdud wrgdv odv yduldeohv1
Od vdolgd sru sdqwdood vh uhdol}d gh dfxhugr d od vljxlhqwh vhfxhqfld=
%w+plq,
Shvr+j,
Wevhfr
Wekxp
Wiuxwr
KU+(,
Z%
grqgh w vh uhhuh do wlhpsr gho surfhvr/ d frqwdu ghvgh ho duudqtxh gho surjudpd/
Shvr hv od pdvd gho surgxfwr d phglgd txh vh vhfd/ Wevhfr od whpshudwxud gh
exoer vhfr/ Wekxp od gh exoer k
xphgr | Wiuxwr od txh vh plgh hq xqd pxhvwud
gh surgxfwr grqgh vh frorf
r xqd gh odv whuprfxsodv1 KU+(, hv od kxphgdg
uhodwlyd | Z od devroxwd txh vh rewlhqhq phgldqwh od vhfxhqfld gh f
dofxorv txh
vljxhq hq ho uhvwr gho surjudpd1
518
Htxlsr vhqfloor sdud uhdol}du h{shulhqfldv
Gh dfxhugr frq xqr gh orv remhwlyrv hvwdeohflgrv sdud hvwh wudedmr/ vh sxgr
frpsuredu ho ixqflrqdplhqwr gh grv htxlsrv vhqfloorv sdud uhdol}du h{shulhqfldv
gh vhfdgr frq udgldflrq1
69
Xqr gh hoorv/ sdud vhu xvdgr hq ho oderudwrulr/ frqvwd gh xqd o
dpsdud lqfdq0
ghvfhqwh gh 4333 Z gh srwhqfld/ fx|d dowxud uhvshfwr gho slvr gheh uhjxoduvh
sdud rewhqhu ho qlyho ghvhdgr gh udgldfl
rq> xqd edqghmd fxdgudgd gh wuhlqwd
fhqwphwurv gh odgr txh vh dsr|d vreuh grv vrsruwhv txh od vhsduhq gho vxhor
douhghgru gh 43 fp> xq yhqwlodgru vlplodu d orv xvdgrv hq frpsxwdgrudv shu0
vrqdohv> | xq vhfdgru gh fdehoorv r xq sdu gh uhvlvwhqfldv gh sodqfkdv sdud
fdohidfflrqdu ho dluh1
Xqd edodq}d sdud phglu od glvplqxfl
rq gho shvr/ fx|r dofdqfh vhd gh xq
nlorjudpr | vx dsuhfldflrq gh xq judpr> xq whup
rphwur gh exoer vhfr | rwur
gh exoer k
xphgr> | xq phglgru gh yhorflgdg gho dluh/ txh hv ho p
dv vrvwlfdgr
gh hvwrv htxlsrv/ frpsohwd xq oderudwrulr gh vhfdgr frq udgldfl
rq duwlfldo |
frqwurodgd sdud ho vhjxlplhqwr gho surfhvr/ frq fdvl fxdotxlhu surgxfwr yhjhwdo1
Ho rwur vhfdgru vhqfloor/ fx|d irwrjudid vh pxhvwud hq od Iljxud 904</ vh
glvfxwh hq ho Fdswxor </ mxqwr frq vxv srvlelolgdghv gh wudqvihuhqfld | dsolfdfl
rq
sdud ho vhfdgr hq fdpsr1
6:
Fdswxor 6
HYDSRUDFLRQ GH DJXD
Ho surfhvr gh hydsrudflrq gh djxd hq vxshuflhv oleuhv gho otxlgr lpsruwd
frq ho vhfdgr dojxqrv gh orv phfdqlvprv gh wudqvihuhqfld gh fdoru | pdwhuld
txh suryrfdq ho sdvdmh gh ydsru gh djxd ghvgh ho surgxfwr r vxshuflh oleuh do
dluh1
Hq hvwh fdswxor vh glvfxwhq dojxqrv dvshfwrv gh glfkr surfhvr frq orv vl0
jxlhqwhv remhwlyrv=
d, Lqwurgxflu odv ghqlflrqhv e
dvlfdv gh odv sulqflsdohv yduldeohv ivlfdv uhod0
flrqdgdv frq orv whpdv d ghvduuroodu hq orv su
r{lprv fdswxorv/
e, xwlol}du ho ihqrphqr gh hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd hq edqghmdv frpr uhihuhqfld
sdud od yhulfdflrq gho htxlsr gh oderudwrulr dupdgr/
f, lqwurgxflu xq prghor pdwhp
dwlfr gh ghshqghqfld gh od hydsrudfl
rq frq
orv sdudphwurv ivlfrv h{whuqrv= whpshudwxud gho dluh/ kxphgdg gho dluh | ud0
gldflrq lqflghqwh/ txh d srvwhulrul vhuylu
d gh edvh sdud ghvduuroodu xq prghor
sdud ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr phgldqwh od lqwurgxffl
rq gh od lghd gh xqd uhvlvwhq0
fld lqwhuqd txh gh fxhqwd gh orv phfdqlvprv gh wudqvihuhqfld gho djxd hq ho
surgxfwr d vhfdu1
Od yhulfdflrq gho htxlsr vh kd uhdol}dgr plglhqgr od hydsrudfl
rq hq edq0
ghmd frq glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv gh odv yduldeohv lqyroxfudgdv | frpsdudqgr orv
uhvxowdgrv frq orv gdwrv glvsrqleohv hq od eleolrjudid1 D od yh} vh kdq dsuryh0
fkdgr odv phglgdv sdud yhulfdu ho prghor sursxhvwr1
6;
614
Ghqlflrqhv e
dvlfdv
Odv vljxlhqwhv ghqlflrqhv/ gh xwlolgdg sdud ho ghvduuroor gh odv vhfflrqhv
txh ylhqhq/ ixhurq wrpdgdv gh orv oleurv gh Prqwhlwk ^;`/ Lqfurshud ^:` | Glww0
pdq ^56` sru or txh vh lqfox|hq dtx hq irupd uhvxplgd1

Li€Ui?|it _i |h@?tTLh|i
Frqvlghudqgr ho xmr gh dluh fdolhqwh vreuh xqd vxshuflh oleuh gh djxd/
gdgdv odv whpshudwxudv W gho dluh | W gh od vxshuflh/ ho xmr gh fdoru T +Z ,
ghvgh ho dluh d od vxshuflh gh djxd ylhqh gdgr sru
T @ kD+W W ,
grqgh k ^Z@+p N,` hv xq frhflhqwh frqyhfwlyr joredo1
Hq irupd vlplodu/ vl hv od ghqvlgdg gho ydsru gh djxd hq ho dluh | od
fruuhvsrqglhqwh d od lqwhuidvh vxshufldo/ od yhorflgdg gh wudqvihuhqfld gh pdvd
ghvgh od vxshuflh gh djxd do dluh/ Q +nj@v,/ vhu
d=
Q @ k D+
,>
grqgh k +p@v, ghqh xq frhflhqwh frqyhfwlyr joredo gh wudqvihuhqfld gh pdvd1
2
, Thit‚
L? @ThL 4@_@ _i *@ _i?t_@_ _i @TLh
Vxsrqlhqgr txh vh wlhqh xqd pdvd p gh dluh k
xphgr/ frpsxhvwd sru dluh
vhfr hq xqd fdqwlgdg p | ydsru gh djxd gdgr sru p / ydoh od uhodfl
rq
p @ p . p =
Vl ho dluh k
xphgr rfxsd xq yroxphq Y / vx ghqvlgdg hvwdu
d gdgd sru=
@
p
>
Y
6<
plhqwudv txh od ghqvlgdg gho ydsru gh djxd vhu
d
@
p
=
Y
Gh odv grv/ vh sxhgh lqihulu txh
@
p p
p
@
=
p Y
p
+6=4,
Gh dfxhugr frq od oh| gh Gdowrq sdud xqd ph}fod gh jdvhv/ od suhvl
rq wrwdo
S gh dluh k
xphgr hv ljxdo d od vxpd gh odv suhvlrqhv sdufldohv S | S gho
ydsru | gho dluh vhfr uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Sru rwur odgr/ ydoh od hfxdfl
rq gh orv
jdvhv lghdohv sdud ho ydsru/ gh prgr txh od suhvl
rq sdufldo gho ydsru gho dluh vh
sxhgh h{suhvdu gh od vljxlhqwh pdqhud=
S @
p UW
>
P Y
grqgh P @ 4; j@pro | W hv od whpshudwxud gho dluh1 Uhodflrqdqgr frq od
ghqlflrq gh =
@
S P
=
UW
Wdpelhq vh wlhqh sdud od frpsrqhqwh gh dluh vhfr txh
S @
gh grqgh
@
p UW
P Y
+S S ,P
UW
hv od ghqvlgdg gho dluh vhfr/ frq P @ 5< j@pro1 Frpr do ljxdo txh / hvwd
ghqvlgdg hvwd uhihulgd do yroxphq gh dluh wrwdo | sru or wdqwr od vxpd gh hoodv hv
od pdvd wrwdo gh dluh glylgd sru ho yroxphq/ r vhd od ghqvlgdg gho dluh k
xphgr=
@ . @
P S . P +S S ,
=
UW
73
Sru or wdqwr od uhodflrq p @p hq od hfxdfl
rq 614 hvw
d gdgd sru=
S P
p
3> 955S
3> 955S
@ @ @
@
>
p
P S . P +S S ,
3> 955S . +S S ,
S
gh grqgh=
3> 955S
=
S
Do dsur{lpdu/ vh wlhqh hq fxhqwd txh S hv grv rughqhv gh pdjqlwxg phqru
txh S 1
615
Edodqfh hvwdflrqdulr gh hqhujd vreuh xqd pdvd
gh djxd
Yroylhqgr d frqvlghudu xqd pdvd gh djxd hq frqwdfwr frq dluh/ od hydsr0
udflrq rfxuuh fxdqgr odv prohfxodv gh djxd fhufd gh od vxshuflh h{shulphqwdq
fkrtxhv txh dxphqwdq vx hqhujd sru hqflpd gh od txh hv qhfhvduld sdud pdq0
whqhuodv oljdgdv d od vxshuflh1 Od hqhujd txh pdqwlhqh hvwd hydsrudfl
rq gheh
yhqlu gh od hqhujd lqwhuqd gho otxlgr/ ho txh ghehu
d h{shulphqwdu xqd uhgxffl
rq
gh vx whpshudwxud +hqiuldplhqwr hydsrudwlyr,1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl vh pdqwlhqhq
frqglflrqhv gh hvwdgr hvwdflrqdulr/ od hqhujd odwhqwh shuglgd sru ho djxd do hyd0
srudu vhud uhsxhvwd sru od wudqvihuhqfld kdfld ho otxlgr ghvgh vxv douhghgruhv1
Frqvlghudqgr txh od vxshuflh oleuh gh djxd uhfleh xqd udgldfl
rq L +Z@p ,/
dghpdv gho dsruwh vhqvleoh sru frqyhffl
rq gho fdoru ghvgh ho dluh/ xq edodqfh
gh frqvhuydflrq gh od hqhujd dsolfdgr d xq yroxphq gh frqwuro txh lqyroxfuh
od xqlgdg gh vxshuflh gho otxlgr lpsolfdu
d txh
L . t @ q>
+6=5,
grqgh L/ hv od udgldflrq qhwd txh uhfleh od vxshuflh/ t @ k+W W , hv ho
dsruwh frqyhfwlyr sru xqlgdg gh vxshuflh ghvgh ho dluh/ ho fdoru odwhqwh gh
ydsrul}dflrq | q @ Q@D od ghqvlgdg vxshufldo gh xmr gh pdvd hydsrudwlyr1
Vl od fruulhqwh gh dluh wlhqh xqd whpshudwxud W | xqd suhvl
rq gh ydsru S |
orv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv ydoruhv hq od lqwhuidvh djxd~dluh vrq W | S +W ,/ uhhp0
74
sod}dqgr hq 615 q @ k + , +3> 955k @S ,^S +W , S `/ uhvxowdu
d=
^S +W , S `
=
S
L . k+W W , @ 3> 955k
+6=6,
Lqwurgxflhqgr hq hvwd od h{suhvl
rq=
S +W , S +W , gS
m +W W ,>
gW
txh hv od olqhdol}dflrq gh S +W , douhghgru gh W / vhu
d srvleoh holplqdu W |
hydoxdu q frpr ixqflrq gh od whpshudwxud | od suhvl
rq gh ydsru gh od fruulhqwh
gh dluh | gh odv grv uhvlvwhqfldv/ rewhqlhqgrvh=
q@
k^S +W , S `@
@
.
L>
.
.
+6=7,
grqgh @ gS @gW m | @ S k@+3> 955k ,=
Od hfxdflrq +617, ixh ghgxflgd ruljlqdophqwh sru K1 O1 Shqpdq hq 4<7; |
vh hpsohd sdud hvwlpdu ho srwhqfldo gh hydsrwudqvsludfl
rq gh odv sodqwdv1
Frpr vh dsuhfld/ vh orjud h{suhvdu ho xmr frpr h{suhvl
rq olqhdo hq od glih0
uhqfld gh suhvlrq S +W , S | hq od udgldfl
rq L1 Hq orv su
r{lprv fdswxorv vh
wudwdud gh ghwhuplqdu vl ho xvr gh hvwd uhodfl
rq sxhgh jhqhudol}duvh sdud hvwlpdu
ho surfhvr gh hydsrudflrq gxudqwh ho vhfdgr1
616
H{shulhqfldv gh hydsrudfl
rq frq udgldfl
rq
Vh uhdol}durq h{shulhqfldv gh oderudwrulr gh hydsrudfl
rq sru dffl
rq gh xqd
fruulhqwh gh dluh vreuh xqd vxshuflh gh djxd txh vh h{srqh d od plvpd/ fxdqgr
dghpdv vh frqvlghud od dfflrq gh od udgldfl
rq1
Hvwdv h{shulhqfldv/ fx|dv phglflrqhv hvw
dq suhvhqwdgdv hq wdeodv hq ho D0
shqglfh E/ vh uhdol}durq frq orv vljxlhqwhv sdu
dphwurv=
0 Udgldflrq lqflghqwh wrwdo= hqwuh 3 Z@p | ;;3 Z@p 1
0 Udgldflrq uhhmdgd= 48 ( gho wrwdo1
0 Vxshuflh oleuh gho djxd= 54> 6 fp 43> ; fp @ 563> 3 fp 1
0 Hvshvru lqlfldo gho djxd= 9 pp1
0 Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 3> 9 p@v1
75
0 Whpshudwxud gho dluh= douhghgru gh 73 F1
0 Whpshudwxud gh exoer k
xphgr= hqwuh 5; | 64 F1
0 Suhvlrq dwprvihulfd surphglr hq Vdowd= S @ ;;3 KS d1
Vh plglhurq/ hq ixqflrq gho wlhpsr/ ho shvr | od whpshudwxud vxshufldo
gh od pxhvwud gh djxd/ odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh | vh
fdofxor od kxphgdg uhodwlyd1 Orv ydoruhv lqglfdgrv hq od Wdeod 614 fruuhvsrqghq
d surphglrv wrpdgrv d or odujr gho wlhpsr wrwdo gho surfhvr | plhqwudv od
yhorflgdg gh hydsrudflrq hud frqvwdqwh1 Od sulphu froxpqd lqglfd ho qrpeuh
dvljqdgr d od h{shulhqfld1
H{s1
Q
d4
d5
d6
d7
d8
d9
q j@+v fp ,
45/3
47/7
4;/9
4;/<
5:/<
64/5
Udg Z@p
3
539
5<4
6<8
8;4
:79
W
F
75
6:
73
6;
76
75
W
F
5<
5;
5<
5;
64
63
W
F
66
67
6:
6:
73
6<
K
(
6<
84
79
83
78
77
Wdeod 614= Gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv sdud flqfr h{shulhqfldv gh ydsrul}dfl
rq gh
djxd1
Ho ydoru gh q vh ghwhuplq
r d sduwlu gh od shqglhqwh gh odv uhfwdv gh shvr hq
ixqflrq gho wlhpsr gh dfxhugr frq od i
rupxod=
q@
4 gp
>
D gw
dsolfdgd d od fruuhodflrq olqhdo gh p frq w/ rewhqlhqgrvh hq wrgrv orv fdvrv xq
frhflhqwh gh fruuhodflrq qr phqru txh 3/<<1
Do judfdu sdud fdgd ydoru gh od udgldfl
rq lqflghqwh +phqrv od uhhmdgd,/ vh
rewxyr od Iljxud 604 txh pxhvwud xqd ghshqghqfld olqhdo hqwuh dpedv yduldeohv/
wdo frpr or hvwdeohfh od hfxdfl
rq gh Shqpdq1 Sdud xvdu xqd frpelqdfl
rq dgh0
fxdgd gh xqlgdghv gh prgr txh orv ydoruhv qxphulfrv qr whqjdq txh hvfuleluvh
dfduuhdqgr srwhqfldv gh glh}/ q vh h{suhv
r hq j@+v fp ,1
Wdqwr od Iljxud 604 frpr od hfxdfl
rq +617, shuplwhq h{suhvdu q hq irupd
76
Iljxud 604= Lqxhqfld gh od udgldfl
rq hq od hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd1
vlpsolfdgd phgldqwh od vljxlhqwh uhodfl
rq=
q @ n +S S , . n L=
+6=8,
Uhvroylhqgr sdud od fruuhodfl
rq hqwuh odv yduldeohv lqghshqglhqwhv +S S ,
h L frq q/ vhj
xq or hvwdeohfh od hfxdfl
rq +618,/ uhvxowdq orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv
qxphulfrv gh orv frhflhqwhv n | n / rewhqlgrv frq xq 9 ( gh glvshuvl
rq sdud
odv frqglflrqhv gh odv h{shulhqfldv gh hydsrudfl
rq=
n @ 5> 88 43 
v
p
n @ 5> :4 43 +
|
v , =
p
V@*_@U‚
L? UL? _@|Lt MM*L}h‚
@€ULt
Wrpdqgr gho oleur gh Lqfurshud ^:` od uhodfl
rq hqwuh k | k / gdgd sru k@k @
f Oh
/ grqgh Oh @ @G hv ho q
xphur gh Ohzlv/ h lqwurgxflhqgr od glixvlylgdg
whuplfd d od whpshudwxud gh 73 F/ @ 5> 77 43 p @v/ od glixvlylgdg gho
ydsru gh djxd hq dluh/ G @ 6> 55 43 p @v/ @ 5739> ; nM@nj/ od ghqvlgdg
77
gho dluh @ 4> 45 nj@p | f @ 4> 33; nM@+njN,> uhvxowd=
nM
k
@ 3> <7 >
k
p N
@ 7<
Sd
=
N
Sru rwur odgr/ gh od h{suhvl
rq gh Dqwrlqh ^57`/ vh sxhgh fdofxodu
@
7365S
>
+W . 568,
uhvxowdqgr . @ 47; S d@N1
Gh od frpsdudflrq hqwuh od hfxdfl
rq gh Shqpdq | od hfxdfl
rq +618,/
n @
k
=
+ . ,
Sdud ghwhuplqdu k sxhgh xvduvh od dqdorjd gh Fklowrq | Froexuq hqwuh odv
wudqvihuhqfldv frqyhfwlydv gh fdoru | pdvd1 Vh ghwhuplqd ho q
xphur gh Uh|0
qrogv/ Uh @ yO@/ frq @ 4> :5 43 p @v | O @ 3> 43; p/ uhvxowdqgr
Uh @ 6:9;1 Gdgr txh hvwh ydoru fruuhvsrqgh do uhjlphq odplqdu/ ydoh od vl0
jxlhqwh fruuhodflrq hqwuh orv q
xphurv gh Vkhuzrrg/ Vk @ k O@G/ Uh|qrogv |
gh Vfkplgw/ Vf @ @G @ 3> 86=
Vk @ 3> 997Uh
Vf
@ 3> 997+6:9;,
+3> 86,
@ 66> 39>
gh grqgh sxhgh rewhqhuvh ho frhflhqwh frqyhfwlyr gh wudqvihuhqfld gh pdvd=
k @ VkG@O @ 3> 33<;: p@v=
D sduwlu gh hvwh/ vh oohjd do frhflhqwh k @ k f +@G,
qhfhvdulr sdud ho fdofxor gh n =
n @ 5> 93 43 v
=
p
Sru vx sduwh/ ho frhflhqwh n uhvxowd vhu=
n @
v @ 5> :: 43 + , =
+ . ,
p
78
@ <> 57 Z@+p N,/
Dperv ydoruhv frqfxhugdq frq orv ghwhuplqdgrv h{shulphqwdophqwh/ ghqwur gh
xq huuru gho 5 (1
2
W?i?U@ _i *@ i*LU_@_ _i* @hi
Od yhorflgdg gh hydsrudfl
rq hq od hfxdfl
rq gh Shqpdq ghshqgh olqhdophqwh
gh od udgldflrq lqflghqwh | gh od glihuhqfld S S 1 Od lqxhqfld gho ylhqwr/ hq
ho prghor gh Gdowrq ^54`/ vh srqh gh pdqlhvwr hq +618, d wudyhv gh xqd ghshq0
ghqfld olqhdo gh n frq od yhorflgdg gho dluh/ n @ n y/ sru or txh od vljxlhqwh
hfxdflrq gh _Gdowrq~Shqpdq% vh sxhgh dsolfdu do ihq
rphqr gh hydsrudfl
rq gh
djxd edmr udgldflrq/ whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd od dffl
rq gho ylhqwr=
q @ n +S S ,y . n L=
+6=9,
Sru vx sduwh/ Wkuhonhog ^4;` ghpxhvwud txh glfkd yduldfl
rq dihfwd d od yh0
orflgdg gho dluh d wudyhv gh xq h{srqhqwh glvwlqwr gh xqr/ sru or txh/ sru vx
sduwh/ ydogud rwud hfxdflrq txh srgud ghqrplqduvh gh _Wkuhonhog~Shqpdq%/
gh od vljxlhqwh irupd=
q @ n +S S ,y . n L>
grqgh hv xq frhflhqwh txh sxhgh ghwhuplqduvh h{shulphqwdophqwh1
79
+6=:,
Fdswxor 7
HO SURFHVR GH VHFDGR
Hq hvwh fdswxor vh uhdol}d xqd dpsoldfl
rq gho hvwxglr gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr
sdud dedufdu dvshfwrv qr frqwhpsodgrv hq od lqwurgxffl
rq fruuhvsrqglhqwh do
Fdswxor L1
714
Ghqlflrqhv e
dvlfdv
Odv vljxlhqwhv vrq dojxqdv ghqlflrqhv rshudwlydv txh shuplwhq wudedmdu
h{shulphqwdophqwh hq ho whpd gho vhfdgr/ gh prgr txh revhuydgruhv gh glvwlqwrv
oderudwrulrv sxhgdq rewhqhu uhvxowdgrv frwhmdeohv=
Shvr gh od pxhvwud= vh vxhoh lqglfdu frq od ohwud p | uhvxowd frqyhqlhqwh/
d hvfdod gh oderudwrulr/ phgluor hq judprv=
^p` @ j=
Shvr lqlfldo= hv od pdvd gho surgxfwr phglgd hq ho lqvwdqwh lqlfldo gho
surfhvr=
p+3, @ p =
Shvr vhfr= p / fruuhvsrqgh d od pdvd txh uhvwd gho surgxfwr fxdqgr hvwh
qr frqwlqh djxd1 Vh or ghqh frpr ho shvr txh vh rewlhqh oxhjr gh vhfdu
wrwdophqwh ho pdwhuldo hq hvwxid d 438 F gxudqwh rfkr krudv1 Hq lqjohv
vh vxhoh ghqrplqdu _erqh0gulhg zhljkw%1
7:
Frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg hq edvh vhfd= vh uhhuh d od pdvd gh kxphgdg sru
xqlgdg gh shvr vhfr=
[@
pp
=
p
Frqwhqlgr lqlfldo gh kxphgdg=
p p
=
p
[ @ [+3, @
Frqwhqlgr qdo gh kxphgdg r gh htxloleulr=
[ @ [+w ! , @
p p
>
p
fruuhvsrqgh do ydoru gh shvr frqvwdqwh edmr odv frqglflrqhv hvwdflrqd0
uldv gh vhfdgr | sxhgh dvrflduvh frq ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh d od lvrwhupd gh
vruflrq1
Yhorflgdg surphglr gh vhfdgr1 Vxsrqlhqgr txh od pxhvwud wlhqh xq frq0
whqlgr gh kxphgdg [ do wlhpsr w | txh glvplqx|h d [ do wlhpsr w / od
yhorflgdg surphglr gh vhfdgr hqwuh orv wlhpsrv w | w vh ghqh sru=
@ p [ [ =
Q
w w
hv srvlwlyr/ ghelgr d txh [ glv0
Ho vljqr phqrv shuplwh dvhjxudu txh Q
plqx|h frq ho wlhpsr1
Yhorflgdg +lqvwdqwdqhd, gh vhfdgr +do wlhpsr w,=
g[
b
Q @ "$olp
@ p [=
#%"'& Q @ p
gw
Hq ixqflrq gh od ghqlfl
rq gh [/ ydoh txh
g[
g
Q @ p
@ p
gw
gw
frpr Q vh h{suhvdq hq j@v1
Wdqwr Q
7;
pp
p
@
gp
=
gw
Yhorflgdg gh hydsrudfl
rq= do kdfhu uhihuhqfld d h{shulhqfldv gh hydsr0
udflrq gh djxd sxud vh yl
r txh ho shvr vhfr gho surgxfwr/ reyldphqwh/ hv
fhur1 Sru or wdqwr qr wlhqh vhqwlgr ghqlu [ sdud hvwrv fdvrv |/ vl vh ghvhd
frpsdudu ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr frq od hydsrudfl
rq/ vhu
d qhfhvdulr wudedmdu
b Hq wdo fdvr od yhorflgdg gh _shuglgdg gh djxd% r
frq p
b hq oxjdu gh [1
gh hydsrudflrq +r gh vhfdgr, vhu
d=
Q @
gp
=
gw
Sdud wudedmrv hq oderudwrulr/ frq pxhvwudv shtxh
qdv gh surgxfwrv/ frq0
ylhqh h{suhvdu Q hq pj@v=
^Q` @
pj
=
v
Duhd +lqlfldo, gh vhfdgr= hv od vxshuflh gho surgxfwr iuhvfr txh vh hq0
fxhqwud h{sxhvwd d od fruulhqwh gh dluh vhfr | uhvxowd vhu ho greoh gho duhd
frohfwrud gh od udgldflrq sdud ho fdvr gh slplhqwrv1 Vh sxhgh lqglfdu frq
D / sdud glihuhqflduod gho duhd qdo D / | vh plgh hq fp 1 Frpr vh plgh
h{foxvlydphqwh od vxshuflh lqlfldo/ sru vhu gliflo ghwhuplqdu od vxshuflh
qdo srutxh ho surgxfwr vh hquurood r vh rqgxod/ vh xvdu
d od ohwud D sdud
lqglfdu D 1
Ghqvlgdg vxshufldo gh vhfdgr=
q@
Q
p g[
@
=
D
D gw
Sdud od hydsrudflrq gh djxd vh lqwurgxmr od ghqvlgdg vxshufldo gh hyd0
srudflrq gdgd sru
q@
Q
4 gp
j
>
@
> ^q` @
D
D gw
v fp
h{suhvlrq hvwd txh/ dsolfdgd do fdvr gho vhfdgr/ shuplwh uhdol}du frpsdud0
flrqhv gluhfwdv frq od hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd1 Hq fdvr gh wudwduvh ho vhfdgr
gh surgxfwrv vrolgrv | fxdqgr qr vh ylqfxoh frq od hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd
7<
sxud/ srgud ghvljqduvh d q frq ho qrpeuh gh _ghqvlgdg vxshufldo gh
vhfdgr%1
715
Kls
rwhvlv gh wudedmr
Sdud vlpsolfdu orv lqfrqyhqlhqwhv txh suhvhqwd od irupxodfl
rq plfurvf
rsl0
fd ghwdoodgd | frq ho q gh srghu uhdol}du xqd vlpxodfl
rq d qlyho pdfurvf
rslfr
gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr/ vlq od qhfhvlgdg gh whqhu txh uhdol}du h{shulhqfldv txh
uhtxlhudq gh htxlsr ghpdvldgr vrvwlfdgr/ vh srvwxod ho xvr gh xq prghor
ihqrphqrorjlfr txh frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv yduldeohv= whpshudwxud | kxphgdg
gho dluh/ udgldflrq/ yhorflgdg gho dluh | yduldfl
rq frq ho frqwhqlgr gh djxd/ [1
Whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd txh ho prghor gh Wkuhonhog0Shqpdq +61:, gh od hydsr0
udflrq lqfox|h odv sulphudv yduldeohv/ vh djuhjd sdud ho vhfdgr od lghd gh txh
odv uhvlvwhqfldv u | u( / ljxdohv d odv uhfsurfdv gh orv frhflhqwhv n | n / vrq
ixqflrqhv gh [ txh vh ghwhuplqdq h{shulphqwdophqwh1
Ho prghor vh edvd hqwrqfhv hq odv vljxlhqwhv kls
rwhvlv gh wudedmr=
Ho shvr vhfr p gho surgxfwr qr fdpeld gxudqwh ho surfhvr1
Ho srwhqfldo sdud od wudqvihuhqfld gh djxd ghvgh ho lqwhulru gho pdwhuldo do
dluh hvwd gdgr sru ho surgxfwr gho srghu gh vhfdgr gho dluh/ S S / frq
xqd srwhqfld gh od yhorflgdg/ y 1
Vl h{lvwh udgldflrq/ vh djuhjd xq whuplqr gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d od
luudgldqfld wrwdo qhwd uhflelgd sru od vxshuflh gho surgxfwr1
Od uhfsurfd gho frhflhqwh gho srwhqfldo gh vhfdgr ghqh xqd uhvlvwhqfld
joredo d od wudqvihuhqfld gh pdvd1
Od uhvlvwhqfld joredo hv ixqfl
rq vrodphqwh gho frqwhqlgr gh djxd gho sur0
gxfwr1
Ho duhd gh surgxfwr txh vh h{srqh do phglr dpelhqwh vh frqvlghud frqv0
wdqwh h ljxdo d od lqlfldo1
Ho hihfwr gho hqfrjlplhqwr gho pdwhuldo txhgd devruelgr sru od irupd gh
od ixqflrq gh uhvlvwhqfld joredo1
83
Od uhfsurfd gho frhflhqwh gh od udgldfl
rq hv ixqfl
rq gho frqwhqlgr gh
djxd1
716
Prghor gh vhfdgr
Od hfxdflrq ihqrphqrorjlfd txh shuplwh ghwhuplqdu od yhorflgdg gh shuglgd
gh djxd gh xq surgxfwr yhjhwdo vh sxhgh hvfulelu gh od vljxlhqwh irupd=
q@
p g[
+S S ,y 4
@
.
L=
D gw
u +[,
u( +[,
+7=4,
Od ghshqghqfld frq [ x
qlfdphqwh | qr frq odv whpshudwxudv r frq dojxqd
rwud yduldeoh gho frqwhqlgr gh djxd/ frpr [@[ sru hmhpsor/ hv iuxwr gh od
e
xvtxhgd h{shulphqwdo gh od fruuhodfl
rq1 Hvwd ghshqghqfld ixqflrqdo lpsolfd
txh od uhodflrq frq od whpshudwxud vh yh vdwlvihfkd wrwdophqwh d wudyhv gho ghflw
gh suhvlrq gh ydsru/ S S / hvwdqgr sru or wdqwr vhsdudgdv odv yduldeohv gh
hvwd pdqhud1
Ho hihfwr gh od udgldflrq vh lqfrusrud sru dsduwh hq ho vhjxqgr whuplqr d
wudyhv gh od uhvlvwhqfld u( / ghelhqgrvh uhvdowdu txh od vxshuflh h{sxhvwd d od
udgldflrq hv pxfkr phqru txh od gh hydsrudfl
rq/ gho rughq gh od plwdg1
717
Prghor vhqfloor gh fruuhodfl
rq
Edmr frqglflrqhv frqvwdqwhv vh kd hqfrqwudgr sdud dojxqrv yhjhwdohv txh od
yhorflgdg gh vhfdgr do wlhpsr w/ g[@gw/ hv sursruflrqdo d od fdqwlgdg wrwdo gh
djxd hydsrudeoh/ gdgd sru [ [ =
g[
@ n+[ [ ,>
gw
+7=5,
grqgh [ hv ho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg gh htxloleulr sdud hvdv frqglflrqhv frqv0
wdqwhv lpshudqwhv1
Sru or wdqwr orv gdwrv rewhqlgrv gxudqwh hvwdv h{shulhqfldv fruuhodflrqdq
rswlpdphqwh frq od h{suhvlrq txh uhvxowd gh rewhqhu od vroxfl
rq gh od hfxdfl
rq
+715,=
[ @ +[ [ ,h 84
) "
.[ =
Hvwr shuplwh dvhjxudu txh h{lvwh xq [ sdud ho fxdo oq+[ [ , | w dmxvwdq ph0
gldqwh fxdgudgrv pqlprv1 Glfkr ydoru vh rewlhqh phgldqwh wdqwhr lpsrqlhqgr
od frqglflrq gh pqlpr huuru uhodwlyr joredo1 Sdud hvwh vh ghqh od h{suhvl
rq
m [* [
[ grqgh [* hv ho ydoru fdofxodgr | [
+
+
m
>
ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh ydoru h{shulphqwdo1 Ho
huuru joredo vhud ho surphglr gh wrgrv hvwrv1
Xq exhq wdqwhr lqlfldo vh rewlhqh vlpsohphqwh gh pludu od fxuyd h{shul0
phqwdo [ w/ h{wudsrodqgr ud}rqdeohphqwh kdfld ho ydoru [ txh vh hvwlph
frqyhqlhqwh1 Uhdol}dgd hvwd hohffl
rq/ ho fulwhulr gh pqlpr huuru shuplwh oxhjr
gh srfrv fdpelrv oohjdu d od rswlpd1
Xqd dowhuqdwlyd frqvlvwh hq wudedmdu gluhfwdphqwh frq od pdvd hq oxjdu gh
[/ frq or txh hq oxjdu gh od hfxdfl
rq +715, vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh
gp
@ n+p p ,>
gw
+7=6,
sdud fruuhodflrqdu oq+p p , | w | fdofxodu oxhjr p phgldqwh od h{suhvl
rq=
p @ +p p ,h ) "
.p =
Fxdotxlhud gh hvwrv surfhglplhqwrv vh sxhghq xvdu hqwrqfhv sdud ghwhupl0
qdu od fruuhodflrq qxphulfd g[@gw+[, sdud fdgd h{shulhqfld/ qhfhvduld sdud od
hydoxdflrq gh odv ixqflrqhv ihqrphqro
rjlfdv txh shuplwhq hqfrqwudu ho prghor1
Fdeh dfodudu txh sdud ho fdvr gho wdedfr qr vh sxgr yhulfdu hvwd ghshq0
ghqfld vhqflood/ sru fxdqwr hvwh surgxfwr qr vh sxhgh vhfdu hq frqglflrqhv frqv0
wdqwhv/ vlqr sru hwdsdv txh lqyroxfudq qhfhvduldphqwh ho dxphqwr sdxodwlqr gh
whpshudwxud1
718
Ydorudfl
rq gho prghor
Xq exhq prghor txh uhsuhvhqwh od flqhwlfd gho vhfdgr vhu
d dtxho sdud ho fxdo
od glvfuhsdqfld r ghvyldfl
rq hqwuh orv ydoruhv gho frqwhqlgr gh djxd fdofxodgrv
phgldqwh xqd vlpxodflrq | orv h{shulphqwdohv vhd or phqru srvleoh1 Frpr hvwd
85
hv xqd h{suhvlrq fxdolwdwlyd/ uhvxowd frqyhqlhqwh fxdqwlfduod | sdud hoor vh
dgrswdudq odv vljxlhqwhv ghqlflrqhv=
Glvfuhsdqfld r ghvyldfl
rq= glihuhqfld [( hqwuh ho frqwhqlgr gh djxd uhdo/
[($,
+
/ | ho vlpxodgr/ [($,
(
=
[( @ [($,
(
[($,
+
=
Huuru uhodwlyr srufhqwxdo=
( ( @
m [( m
433=
[($, +
Huuru uhodwlyr srufhqwxdo surphglr sdud Q gdwrv [(-,
yrv ydoruhv fdofxodgrv=
. ( @
+
+w, | vxv uhvshfwl0
4
('/ 0 ( =
Q
Ghelgr d txh ho fdofxor gh ( ( ghshqgh gho ydoru h{shulphqwdo [($,
+
lqyhuvdphqwh sursruflrqdo/ fxdqwr phqru vhd hvwh pd|ru vhu
d ( (1
hq irupd
Iljxud 704= Sursruflrqdolgdg gho huuru srufhqwxdo frq od uhfsurfd gho ydoru
h{shulphqwdo hq ixqflrq gho wlhpsr1
Hvwr vh revhuyd hq od Iljxud 704 grqgh vh kd judfdgr/ sdud xq fdvr sduwl0
fxodu wslfr/ od h{suhvlrq [ @ +[ [ ,h 86
) "
.[ | xq shtxh
qr ghvsod}dplhqwr
yhuwlfdo gh od plvpd +gdgr sru 3> 78,/ mxqwr frq ho huuru srufhqwxdo fdofxodgr
hqwuh odv grv/ hq ixqflrq gho wlhpsr1 Od fxuyd frqwlqxd gho huuru +( (, fuhfh
d sduwlu gho 7 ( | whuplqd douhghgru gho 54 (1 Do fdofxodu ho surphglr/ (/
prvwudgr hq oqhd gh sxqwrv/ uhvxowd xq ydoru gho 43 (1 Vl elhq gh hvwrv wuhv
ydoruhv sduhfh ud}rqdeoh dgrswdu ho x
owlpr sdud fdudfwhul}du r ydorudu ho pr0
ghor/ vh sxhghq xvdu rwurv surfhglplhqwrv sdud whqhu hq fxhqwd ho khfkr txh hv
ho huuru devroxwr ho txh lqwhuhvd | qr vx srvlfl
rq uhodwlyd hq ho wlhpsr1
Xqr gh hoorv frqvlvwh hq surphgldu orv huuruhv devroxwrv | glylglu ho uhvxowdgr
sru ho [ lqlfldo/ [ =
Huuru ( @ ( @
m [( m
433=
[ Q
Sru or wdqwr/ vl ho huuru devroxwr hv frqvwdqwh/ ho huuru srufhqwxdo surphglr
frlqflglud frq ho lqlfldo1 Sdud ho hmhpsor gh od Iljxud 704/ ho huuru hv gho 7(1
Rwur/ pdv h{ljhqwh/ frqvlvwh hq surphgldu orv huuruhv uhodwlyrv sxqwr d
sxqwr/ sru or txh vh srgud kdeodu gh xq huuru phglr=
Huuru phglr ( @ m [( m
433=
[( Q
Wdpelhq/ shqvdqgr hq ho lqwhuhv txh sxhgh whqhu ho uhvxowdgr gh xqd fruuhfwd
vlpxodflrq gh xq surfhvr frpr ho vhfdgr/ ghvgh ho sxqwr gh ylvwd lqgxvwuldo/
srgud ghwhuplqduvh frpr huuru gh od plvpd d od frpsdudfl
rq uhodwlyd gh orv
wlhpsrv txh oohyd ho surfhvr sdud qdol}du/ hvwdeohflhqgrvh doj
xq fulwhulr gh
whuplqdflrq1 Sru hmhpsor/ vl vh hvwdeohfh frpr ud}rqdeoh txh ho surfhvr gh
vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv sxhgh gduvh sru whuplqdgr fxdqgr ho surgxfwr dofdq}d ho
53 ( gh vx shvr lqlfldo/ vh ghqlu
d od glvfuhsdqfld w frpr od glihuhqfld hqwuh
ho wlhpsr uhdo w
vhud=
+
| ho vlpxodgr/ w
/ frq or txh ho huuru uhodwlyr srufhqwxdo
(
" ( @
w
433=
w +
Vlq hpedujr/ vh sxhgh fulwlfdu hvwh fulwhulr srutxh od vlpxodfl
rq srgud lqfr0
uuhfwdphqwh oohjdu do wlhpsr dghfxdgr d wudyhv gh xqd fxuyd gh vhfdgr px|
dsduwdgd gh orv gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv/ vdoyr ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh do 53 ( gh shvr1
87
Sru rwur odgr/ ho fulwhulr gh mdu ho frqwhqlgr qdo gh djxd frpr uhihuhqfld
qr uhvxowd dghfxdgr/ hvshfldophqwh vl vh wlhqh hq fxhqwd ho fdvr h{wuhpr hq txh
srgud vhu ljxdo d fhur1
Sru or wdqwr/ frpr vh yhud hq odv dsolfdflrqhv/ frqylhqh dfrpsd
qdu do ydoru
fdofxodgr gho huuru srufhqwxdo/ (/ frq xqd ju
dfd gh [ yv1 w txh pxhvwuh orv
ydoruhv h{shulphqwdohv vxshusxhvwrv frq orv fdofxodgrv1
88
Fdswxor 8
VHFDGR GH WDEDFR
Ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr gho wdedfr vh uhdol}d d rvfxudv/ sru or txh vx hvwxglr
vhuylud frpr dqwhfhghqwh sdud prvwudu od dsolfdfl
rq gh od phwrgrorjd ghvduur0
oodgd hq od e
xvtxhgd gh od uhvlvwhqfld u +[,1
Hvwh fdswxor vh kd uhdol}dgr hq edvh d xq wudedmr sxeolfdgr hq 4<;7 sru ho
dxwru ^55`/ sru or txh od phwrgrorjd ghvduuroodgd hq orv fdswxorv dqwhulruhv vh
kd dgdswdgr d or uhdol}dgr hq hvd rsruwxqlgdg1
814
Lqwurgxffl
rq
Od ideulfdflrq gho wdedfr frplhq}d frq ho fxudgr | vhfdgr gh od krmd yhugh |
iuhvfd/ phgldqwh ho fxdo vh od vrphwh d frqglflrqhv ghwhuplqdgdv gh whpshudwxud
| kxphgdg sdud orjudu xq surgxfwr dghfxdgr sdud vx lqwurgxffl
rq hq od i
deulfd
gh fljduuloorv1
Glfkr surfhvr wlhqh wuhv hwdsdv/ ghqrplqdgdv fruulhqwhphqwh dpduloodplhq0
wr/ vhfdgr gh o
dplqd | vhfdgr gh qhuydgxud1
D
4@h**@4i?|L
Ho dpduloodplhqwr hv od p
dv lpsruwdqwh gh odv wuhv sxhv gxudqwh od plvpd
vh ghwhuplqd od fdolgdg gho surgxfwr qdo1 Odv krmdv frorfdgdv hq hvwxid vh
srqhq d vhfdu edmr od dfflrq gh dluh fx|d whpshudwxud hv uhodwlydphqwh edmd
shur frq dowr frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg1 Gh hvwd pdqhud od forurod/ txh oh gd
ho froru yhugh d od krmd/ vh wudqvirupd hq frpsxhvwrv lqfrorurv txh ghmdq yhu
89
orv sljphqwrv dpduloorv gh orv fdurwhqrv | od {dqw
rod txh wdpelhq hvw
dq hq od
krmd1 Od whpshudwxud rswlpd sdud hvwd uhdffl
rq gh od forurod hv gh 68 F/ or
txh h{solfd ho edmr qlyho gh whpshudwxud qhfhvdulr gxudqwh hvwh shurgr1 Frpr
od dfflrq gh odv hq}lpdv txh srwhqfldq hvwh surfhvr vh gheh uhdol}du hq phglr
xgr/ hv frqyhqlhqwh od dwp
rvihud su
dfwlfdphqwh vdwxudgd gh kxphgdg1
Qr revwdqwh/ ho surfhvr hv gh vhfdgr sru fxdqwr h{lvwh shuglgd gh shvr gh od
krmd gxudqwh orv grv gdv txh gxud ho dpduloodplhqwr1 Ho udqjr gh whpshudwxud
dedufd xqrv yhlqwh judgrv/ hqwuh 5: | 78 F/ plhqwudv txh od kxphgdg uhodwlyd
srufhqwxdo ghfuhfh ghvgh pdv gho <3 ( | kdvwd xq :8 (/ shuglhqgr od fdujd gh
krmdv gh wdedfr xq 63 ( gh vx shvr wrwdo1 Od yhorflgdg gho dluh sxhgh vhu px|
edmd/ frpr hq odv hvwxidv wudglflrqdohv txh vhfdq sru wxerv fdolhqwhv r douhghgru
gh 3> 8 p@v sdud odv pdv prghuqdv txh vh dsolfdq do vhfdgr hq exowr +_exon
fxulqj%,1 Ho dsruwh gh hqhujd gxudqwh hvwd sduwh gho vhfdgr hv pqlpd iuhqwh
do wrwdo/ sru or txh vh uhdol}durq h{shulhqfldv gh dsolfdfl
rq gh od hqhujd vrodu
hqwuh 4<:: | 4<;7 sdud od fdohidffl
rq gho dluh1
D2
5iU@_L _i *‚
@4?@
Xqd yh} orjudgr ho froru dpduloor ghvhdgr sdud odv krmdv/ vh ghehq fdpeldu
odv frqglflrqhv gh whpshudwxud | kxphgdg gho dluh sdud ghwhqhu orv surfhvrv
elrtxplfrv txh rfxuuhq gxudqwh ho fxudgr1 Od whpshudwxud vh dxphqwd kdvwd
fhufd gh 88 F/ frq or txh od kxphgdg ghvflhqgh kdvwd ho 73 (1 Od qdol}dfl
rq
gh hvwh qxhyr shurgr vh ghwhuplqd sru od ghvdsdulfl
rq gh wrgr udvwur gh froru
yhugh hq odv krmdv1 Gxudqwh ho plvpr ho durpd gho wdedfr vh sxhgh shuflelu frq
pd|ru lqwhqvlgdg1
Vh ghqrplqd gh _vhfdgr gh o
dplqd% srutxh hv xq shurgr gh yhugdghur
vhfdgr sxhv od whpshudwxud hv dowd | od kxphgdg edmd | do qdol}du od o
dplqd
gh odv krmdv vh kd vhfdgr su
dfwlfdphqwh/ plhqwudv txh odv qhuydgxudv juxhvdv
dxq uhwlhqhq exhqd sduwh gh vx frqwhqlgr lqlfldo gh djxd1
Od gxudflrq gh hvwd sduwh gho surfhvr hv gh rwurv grv gdv p
dv/ sru or txh
hq wrwdo ho vhfdgr wdugd douhghgru gh vhlv gdv +dsur{lpdgdphqwh 478 krudv,1
8:
D
5iU@_L _i ?ih@_h@
Sdud ho vhfdgr wrwdo gh od qhuydgxud od whpshudwxud vh oohyd kdvwd fdvl ;3 F/
hq irupd judgxdo1 Vh kdq uhdol}dgr h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr d pd|ruhv whpsh0
udwxudv/ shur gdgr txh dxphqwd wdpelhq ho sholjur gh lqfhqglrv | d txh vh
ghvsuhqghq vxvwdqfldv yrodwlohv txh glvplqx|hq od fdolgdg gho wdedfr/ hoor qr hv
uhfrphqgdeoh1
Od kxphgdg uhodwlyd vh pdqwlhqh px| edmd/ rvflodqgr douhghgru gho 58 (1 Ho
wlhpsr uhtxhulgr sdud hvwh shurgr vxhoh ghshqghu gh od hflhqfld gho vlvwhpd
gh fdohqwdplhqwr | odv frqglflrqhv dpelhqwdohv h{whuqdv do kruqr gh vhfdgr1
Xq vhfdgru elhq glvh
qdgr/ edmr frqglflrqhv dwprvihulfdv idyrudeohv uhtxhulud
xqrv grv gdv/ plhqwudv txh vl od kxphgdg uhodwlyd gho dpelhqwh ixhud dowd/ vrq
qhfhvduldv xqdv fxdqwdv krudv p
dv sdud orjudu ho plvpr uhvxowdgr1
Ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr whuplqd fxdqgr odv krmdv vh wruqdq iu
djlohv | ho froru
dpduloor vh kd rvfxuhflgr xq srfr1
815
Gdwrv gh vhfdgr gho wdedfr
Orv gdwrv/ fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d fxdwur h{shulhqfldv/ vh hqfxhqwudq wdexodgrv
hq ho Dshqglfh F1 Hvwrv ixhurq wrpdgrv kdfh srfr p
dv gh glh} d
qrv/ fxdqgr ho
dxwru vh hqfrqwuded uhdol}dqgr xq hvwxglr gho vhfdgr gh wdedfr hq xq glvsrvlwlyr
gh oderudwrulr/ frq ho sursrvlwr gh orjudu vx lqwurgxffl
rq hq od vlpxodfl
rq gho
surfhvr gh fxudgr | vhfdgr phgldqwh ho xvr gh od hqhujd vrodu/ sur|hfwr gh
frrshudflrq dujhqwlqr~jhupdqd ^46`1
Od Iljxud 804 pxhvwud od yduldfl
rq whpsrudo gh odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer
vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh | od shuglgd gho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg gh wdedfr wlsr
Ylujlqld vrphwlgr do surfhvr gh fxudgr~vhfdgr1
Frpr hvwdv h{shulhqfldv qr ixhurq uhdol}dgdv edmr frqglflrqhv frqvwdqwhv/
vluyhq sdud prvwudu od lqghshqghqfld gh od uhvlvwhqfld lqwhuqd frq odv whpsh0
udwxudv | v frq [/ ho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg1
8;
Iljxud 804= H{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr gh wdedfr edmr glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv1
8<
816
Dsolfdfl
rq gho prghor gh vhfdgr
Frpr ho whuplqr gh udgldfl
rq hv fhur hq od hfxdfl
rq gh od flqhwlfd gh vhfdgr
sdud ho wdedfr/ od plvpd uhvxowd=
S S
4 g[
y @ =
u +[,
d gw
q@
Gdgr txh od yhorflgdg gho dluh ixh frqvwdqwh | sdud d @ D@p / ho duhd sru
xqlgdg gh shvr/ vh dgrswr xq ydoru phglr gh 53 p sru nj gh wdedfr vhfr/
dpedv vh sxhghq lqfoxlu hq od xqd qxhyd ixqfl
rq u+[, gdgd sru
u+[, @
u +[,
=
dy Frq hoor/ od dgdswdflrq gho prghor gh vhfdgr sdud ho wdedfr lpsolfd vlpsohphqwh
od vljxlhqwh hfxdflrq=
S S
g[
@
>
gw
u+[,
+8=4,
frq od frqglflrq lqlfldo [+w @ 3, @ [ 1
D sduwlu gh hvwd hfxdflrq/ | gh orv gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv/ ho f
dofxor gh u vh
uhdol}r phgldqwh od hfxdflrq
u+[, @
S S
>
g[@gw
or txh lpsolfr ghwhuplqdu sxqwr d sxqwr g[@gw phgldqwh ho f
dofxor gh odv gl0
ihuhqfldv [@w1 Hvwr vh kl}r frq ho surjudpd Txdwwur Sur 613/ judf
dqgrvh
u+[, sdud odv fxdwur h{shulhqfldv | rewhqlhqgrvh od Iljxud 805/ mxqwr frq od
ixqflrq ghwhuplqdgd sdud fruuhodflrqduodv=
u+[, @
4> <6[
43
, 1
nj
=
. 9> 8: pv
Ghqwur gh od glvshuvlrq txh vh revhuyd/ suryhqlhqwh gho khfkr txh orv gdwrv
ixhurq fdswdgrv d lqwhuydorv gh flqfr krudv gxudqwh vhlv gdv | sru or wdqwr qr
sxglhurq _dolvduvh% sdud vxdyl}du ho f
dofxor gh odv ghulydgdv/ od ghshqghqfld
ixqflrqdo gh u hv frq [1
93
Iljxud 805= Uhvlvwhqfld joredo sdud od wudqvihuhqfld gh pdvd hq ho fdvr gh wdedfr
Ylujlqld1
817
Vlpxodfl
rq gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr
Dsolfdqgr u+[, hq od hfxdfl
rq +814, h lqwurgxflhqgr od yduldfl
rq whpsrudo
gh odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh vh sxhgh fdofxodu od shuglgd
gh shvr | frpsduduvh frq orv ydoruhv h{shulphqwdohv1
Hvwr vh uhdol}r ^46` frq xq surjudpd hq od yhuvl
rq 718 gh Txlfn Edvlf ph0
gldqwh ho surfhglplhqwr gh lqwhjudfl
rq qxphulfd ghqrplqdgr suhglfwru~fruuhf0
wru/ gh dfxhugr frq ho vljxlhqwh hvtxhpd=
0 Hqwudgd gh gdwrv uhohydqwhv sdud fdgd h{shulhqfld= frqwhqlgrv lqlfldo |
qdo gh kxphgdg gh od fdujd gh wdedfr +[ | [ sdud ho duudqtxh | qdol}dfl
rq
gh od vlpxodflrq, | whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr hq ixqfl
rq gho wlhpsr
+W +l,/ W +l,/ lpsxhvwdv sru ho shuo gh surfhvr txh vh uhdol}
r,1
94
Odv whpshudwxudv vh dvljqdurq d yduldeohv yhfwruldohv gh wlsr duud| srutxh
orv gdwrv ixhurq fdswdgrv hq lqwhuydorv ljxdohv gh wlhpsr1 Qr vh fruuhodflrqdurq
hq ixqflrq gho wlhpsr ghelgr d txh od yduldfl
rq txh vh lqwurgxfh sdud hvwh wlsr
gh surfhvr gh vhfdgr hv hvfdorqdgd1
0 Ghwhuplqdflrq gho sdvr gh lqwhjudfl
rq sru dfklfdplhqwr vxfhvlyr kdvwd
frqvwdqfld gh orv uhvxowdgrv rewhqlgrv1 Hvwr vh uhdol}
r fruulhqgr ho surjudpd
wrgdv odv yhfhv txh ixhud qhfhvdulr1 Hq fdgd xqd ho sdvr hohjlgr fruuhvsrqgd
d od plwdg gho dqwhulru1
0 Fdofxor gho frqwhqlgr gh djxd hq ixqfl
rq gho wlhpsr/ [+w,/ sru dsolfdfl
rq
gho phwrgr suhglfwru~fruuhfwru1
0 Yhulfdflrq gho fxpsolplhqwr gh xqd frqglfl
rq gh frqyhujhqfld dqwhv gh
lqfuhphqwdu ho sdvr gho wlhpsr1
0 Vl od frqglflrq vh fxpsoh vh lqfuhphqwd ho wlhpsr gh lqwhjudfl
rq | vh
suhjxqwd vl ho plvpr fruuhvsrqgh d xq qxhyr lqwhuydor gh fdswdfl
rq gh gdwrv
+ho sdvr gh lqwhjudflrq dghfxdgr ixh gh 9 plqxwrv,1
0 Vl ho wlhpsr qr kd oohjdgr do ydoru gh xq qxhyr lqwhuydor gh fdswdfl
rq
gh gdwrv/ vh uhdol}d od lwhudfl
rq gh f
dofxor suhvfulswd sru ho phwrgr1 Hq fdvr
frqwudulr vh lqwurgxfhq orv qxhyrv ydoruhv gh whpshudwxudv/ vlhpsuh txh qr vh
kd|d vreuhsdvdgr ho qdo gho surfhvr sxhv vlqr vh g
d sru qdol}dgr ho f
dofxor1
Vh lpsulph ho wlhpsr w hq krudv | ho frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg fdofxodgr/ [+w,/
yhulfdqgrvh txh qr vhd phqru txh ho gh htxloleulr/ [ / hq fx|r fdvr vh whuplqd
od hmhfxflrq1
Ho olvwdgr gho surjudpd/ ghqrplqdgr _VlpWde%/ vh hqfxhqwud hq ho Dshqglfh
D | orv uhvxowdgrv gh od vlpxodfl
rq vh pxhvwudq hq od Iljxud 8061
Sdud fdolfdu od vlpxodfl
rq vh ghwhuplq
r ho huuru uhodwlyr srufhqwxdo surph0
glr/ rewhqlhqgrvh xq surphglr gho 9 ( sdud W4/ W5/ W6 | W71 Od vlpxodfl
rq/
vhj
xq vh revhuyd/ hv vdwlvidfwruld wdqwr ghvgh xq sxqwr gh ylvwd fxdolwdwlyr frpr
fxdqwlwdwlyr1
95
Iljxud 806= Frpsdudflrq gh fruulgdv wh
rulfdv | sxqwrv h{shulphqwdohv sdud ho
vhfdgr gh wdedfr Ylujlqld1
96
Fdswxor 9
VHFDGR GH SLPLHQWR
PRUURQ
914
Lqwurgxffl
rq
Frpr vh phqflrqr hq orv fdswxorv dqwhulruhv/ ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr sxhgh
frqvlghuduvh uhjlgr sru xqd h{suhvl
rq dq
dorjd d od gh od hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd/
hq od txh vh kdq lqwurgxflgr uhvlvwhqfldv joredohv txh whqjdq hq fxhqwd odv
glihuhqfldv gho vhfdgr1
Ho remhwr gh hvwh fdswxor hv ho hvwxglr gh odv h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr frq
udgldflrq txh ydolgdq hvwdv vxsrvlflrqhv1
Vh kd hohjlgr ho slplhqwr frpr surgxfwr djufrod uhsuhvhqwdwlyr sru vhu gh
judq surgxfflrq orfdo/ vx vhfdgr vh uhdol}d sru yd vrodu | vh hvw
dq uhdol}dqgr
lqyhvwljdflrqhv sdud lqwurgxflu vhfdghurv0lqyhuqdghurv txh uhtxlhuhq gh xq pr0
ghor gho vhfdgr1 Od phwrgrorjd txh dtx vh ghvduurood sdud ho slplhqwr vh sxhgh
dsolfdu d orv uhvxowdgrv gh h{shulhqfldv frq rwurv iuxwrv gh irupd lqphgldwd1
915
H{shulhqfldv uhdol}dgdv
Ho frqmxqwr gh h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr txh vh dsolfdurq d od ydulhgdg pruu
rq
gho slplhqwr frorudgr frp
xq/ fx|r qrpeuh flhqwfr hv Fdsvlfxp dqqxxp/ wxyr
od vljxlhqwh phwrgrorjd= hq wrgrv orv fdvrv vh fruw
r fdgd iuxwr/ vh ohv holplq
r
ho wdoor yhugh txh orv vxmhwd d od sodqwd | vh orv frorf
r dsr|dgrv vreuh od slho/
97
fxeulhqgr wrgd od edqghmd gh od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr1
Od irwrjudid gh od Iljxud 904 pxhvwud ho surgxfwr iuhvfr | od gh od Iljxud 905
xqd edqghmd fdujdgd frq ho plvpr surgxfwr shur sduwlgr hq grv1 Od Iljxud 906
hv xqd irwrjudid gh or txh uhvwd gho plvpr do fder gh rfkr krudv gh vhfdgr do
vro/ revhuydqgrvh ho hihfwr gho hqfrjlplhqwr1
Iljxud 904= Irwrjudid gh slplhqwrv iuhvfrv gh wlsr pruu
rq1
Odv frqglflrqhv gho vhfdgr hq oderudwrulr ixhurq wdohv txh vh rewxyr vlhpsuh
xq surgxfwr rswlpr sdud ho frqvxpr/ kdelhqgrvh hylwdgr dtxhoodv txh frqgxmh0
udq d od dsdulflrq gh krqjrv/ edfwhuldv x rwurv plfurrujdqlvprv r elhq txhpdudq
ho surgxfwr1
Od Iljxud 907 pxhvwud vhlv gh hvwdv fruulgdv h{shulphqwdohv/ frq lqglfdfl
rq
gh od hyroxflrq whpsrudo gho shvr hq edvh lqlfldo flhq/ odv whpshudwxudv gh
exoer vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh | od whpshudwxud gho iuxwr/ mxqwr frq fduwhohv txh
hvwdeohfhq ho qlyho gh udgldfl
rq lqflghqwh d txh ixh vrphwlgr ho surgxfwr | od
yhorflgdg gho dluh1 Sdud srqhu xqd edvh gh frpsdudfl
rq hq odv devflvdv/ frpr
vh kl}r frq odv rughqdgdv/ vh suhvhqwdq orv gdwrv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d xq wlhpsr
98
Iljxud 905= Irwrjudid gh pruurqhv sduwlgrv1
gh glh} krudv frpr pd{lpr1 Vreuh hvwh frqmxqwr gh h{shulhqfldv vh wudedmdu
d
sdud ho ghvduuroor gh xq prghor txh sxhgd xvduvh hq od vlpxodfl
rq gho vhfdgr
gh slplhqwr pruurq frq udgldfl
rq1
916
Gdwrv phglgrv
Ho Dshqglfh G pxhvwud odv wdeodv gh hvwdv h{shulhqfldv/ d odv txh vh kdu
d
uhihuhqfld frq od qrwdflrq S lm/ frq l> m @ 4> 5> 6 +Iljxud 907,1 Ho sulphu
vxeqglfh vh fruuhvsrqgh frq yhorflgdghv gho dluh +edmdv | dowd, | ho vhjxqgr
glvwlqjxh ho qlyho gh udgldflrq1
Pludqgr orv judfrv gh xqd plvpd froxpqd vh wlhqhq orv uhvxowdgrv fruuhv0
srqglhqwhv d fdgd xqd gh grv vhulhv gh h{shulhqfldv/ ylqfxodgdv sru od yhor0
flgdg gho dluh |/ dsur{lpdgdphqwh/ odv plvpdv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr |
k
xphgr1 Od udgldflrq vh ixh dxphqwdqgr ghvgh 3 Z@p / sdvdqgr sru douhghgru
gh 733 Z@p | kdvwd pdv gh ;33 Z@p 1
99
Iljxud 906= Dvshfwr txh suhvhqwd ho surgxfwr oxhjr gh xq gd gh vhfdgr vrodu1
Od whpshudwxud gh exoer vhfr vh pdqwxyr douhghgru gh orv 73 F | od gh
exoer k
xphgr hvwxyr frpsuhqglgd hqwuh 53 F | 68 F1
Ho qlyho gh whpshudwxud gh exoer vhfr txh vh holjl
r hv fhufdqr d orv 73 F sru
wuhv ud}rqhv edvlfdv= vh wudwd gh xqd whpshudwxud i
dflo gh rewhqhu hq surfhvrv gh
vhfdgr vrodu/ qr vh ghwhulrud ho surgxfwr | vh vdeh txh hq ljxdogdg gh frqglflrqhv
gh udgldflrq od yhorflgdg gho surfhvr qr fdpeld qrwdeohphqwh vl vh dxphqwd r
glvplqx|h od whpshudwxud gh exoer vhfr ghqwur gho udqjr txh hv wrohudgr sru ho
slplhqwr1 Dv/ sru hmhpsor/ sru od suhflvl
rq gh odv phglgdv/ qr vh qrwdq judqghv
fdpelrv hq odv fxuydv gh vhfdgr sdud surfhvrv oohydgrv d fder d 73 F r 78 F1
Sru rwud sduwh hv ghflvlyr ho sdsho txh mxhjd od udgldfl
rq1 Hvwdv dsuhfldflrqhv
vh revhuydq fodudphqwh hq od Iljxud 9081
Wdpelhq vh uhdol}r xq hqvd|r sdud xqd whpshudwxud gh 88 F/ frq ho remhwr
gh ydolgdu orv uhvxowdgrv gho prghor | ho plvpr vh suhvhqwd hq ho fdswxor gh
hvwxglr gh vhqvlelolgdg1
Od whpshudwxud gho iuxwr frphq}
r vlhqgr phqru txh od gh exoer vhfr hq
9:
Iljxud 907= H{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq edmr glvwlqwdv frqgl0
flrqhv1
wrgdv odv h{shulhqfldv |/ gxudqwh ho surfhvr/ vxel
r kdvwd ljxdodu dtxhood h lqfoxvr
oohjdu d vxshuduod hq dojxqr gh orv fdvrv revhuydgrv1 Hvwr wdpelhq vh revhuyd
hq od Iljxud 9071
Od gxudflrq gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr vh pdqwxyr hqwuh glh} | p
dv gh yhlqwl0
flqfr krudv/ ghshqglhqgr gho judgr gh ghvklgudwdfl
rq txh vh led orjudqgr hq
fdgd h{shulhqfld1 Hvwr vh revhuyd hq od Iljxud 909 txh suhvhqwd rwud pdqhud
gh prvwudu ho gdwr gh shuglgd gh djxd d wudyhv gh od hyroxfl
rq whpsrudo gho
frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg +shvr gh djxd, hq edvh vhfd1
9;
917
Rwurv gdwrv phglgrv gh lqwhu
hv
Se
itL tiUL _i* ThL_U|L
Oxhjr gh qdol}du ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr vh ghwhuplq
r ho shvr gho surgxfwr
frpsohwdphqwh vhfr phgldqwh xq surfhglplhqwr txh frqvlvwl
r hq frorfduor hq
xqd hvwxid d 438 F gxudqwh ; krudv | ghwhuplqdu vx shvr lqphgldwdphqwh/
sdud hylwdu vx uhklgudwdflrq1
Iljxud 908= Frpsdudflrq gh fxuydv gh vhfdgr sdud d, ljxdo udgldfl
rq | glv0
wlqwdv whpshudwxudv +froxpqd l}txlhugd, | e, ljxdohv whpshudwxudv | glvwlqwdv
udgldflrqhv +froxpqd ghuhfkd,1
Wdpelhq vh uhdol}durq phglflrqhv gho shvr vhfr fxdqgr vh frorf
r hq hvwxid
| kdvwd shvr frqvwdqwh d glvwlqwdv whpshudwxudv= 83 F/ 99 F | 438 F1 Ho
9<
Iljxud 909= Judprv gh djxd sru judpr gh shvr vhfr +[, yhuvxv wlhpsr gh
vhfdgr hq krudv sdud odv h{shulhqfldv S44 d S561
uhvxowdgr ixh txh orv shvrv phglgrv ixhurq glihuhqwhv/ or plvpr txh ho hihfwr gh
od dfflrq whuplfd vreuh ho surgxfwr= d 83 F orv slplhqwrv vhjxdq urmrv/ d 99 F
ho surgxfwr vh rvfxuhfd/ plhqwudv txh d 438 F oohjded d fduerql}duvh1 Od Wdeod
914 pxhvwud odv phglflrqhv uhdol}dgdv sdud dojxqdv h{shulhqfldv suholplqduhv/
frq lqglfdflrq gho srufhqwdmh gh shvr vhfr uhodwlyr do phglgr d 83 F1 Wrpdqgr
hvwrv gdwrv gh srufhqwdmh/ hv idfwleoh fdofxodu ho shvr vhfr d 438 F d sduwlu gho
rewhqlgr d 83 F/ ghqwur gh xqd glvshuvl
rq gho 6 ( sxhv/ hq edvh d hvwrv fdvrv/
ho shvr vhfr d 438 F hv +;8 6, ( gho fruuhvsrqglhqwh d 83 F1
Vh lqyhvwljr wdpelhq vl h{lvwh xqd uhodfl
rq hqwuh ho shvr gho surgxfwr iuhvfr
:3
H{s1
Q
4
(
5
(
6
(
7
(
8
(
9
(
:
(
83 F
+j (,
43/5
433
</7
433
44/4
433
43/6
433
43/:
433
;/7
433
:/3
433
99 F
+j (,
</7
<5/4
;/9
<4/8
43/5
<4/9
</8
<5/5
</<
<5/;
:/;
<6/:
9/8
<6/3
438 F
+j (,
;/<
;:/9
;/3
;7/<
</7
;7/:
;/:
;7/4
;/;
;5/7
:/5
;8/<
8/<
;7/:
Wdeod 914= Gdwrv gh shvr vhfr d glvwlqwdv whpshudwxudv gh hvwxid1
| ho gho surgxfwr frpsohwdphqwh vhfr1 Od Wdeod 915 pxhvwud ho frflhqwh hqwuh
ho shvr gh slplhqwr iuhvfr +dqwhv gh lqlfldu ho vhfdgr, | ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh do
gho slplhqwr frpsohwdphqwh vhfr1 Ho ydoru surphglr gh hvwd uhodfl
rq uhvxow
r
H{s1
Q
4
5
6
8
9
;
<
p
+j,
4<5
437
458
539
46<
568
4;4
p
+j,
46
;
43
54
<
4:
4:
H{s1
Q
43
44
45
46
47
48
4:
32
54
48
46
46
</;
48
47
44
p
+j,
53<
4:3
548
546
54:
544
488
p
+j,
4:
46
49
4<
53
56
47
52
54
45
46
46
44
44
</5
44
Wdeod 915= Uhodfl
rq hqwuh ho shvr iuhvfr | ho shvr vhfr1
vhu 45> 5 | ho huuru fxdgudwlfr phglr 3> 8/ sru or txh sxhgh hvfuleluvh=
p
@ 45> 5 3> 8
p
frq xq huuru srufhqwxdo gho 7 (1
Gh wrgrv hvwrv gdwrv/ vh frqfox|h txh ho shvr gho djxd hydsrudgd sru fdgd
:4
433 j gh slplhqwr iuhvfr hv gh dsur{lpdgdphqwh <5 j |/ h{suhvdgr hq uhodfl
rq
do shvr vhfr/ ho frqwhqlgr lqlfldo gh djxd hv gh douhghgru gh 44 j sru fdgd judpr
gh surgxfwr frpsohwdphqwh vhfr1
Se2
hi@ _i* ThL_U|L
Ho duhd wrwdo gho surgxfwr iuhvfr ixh phglgd dqwhv gh lqlfldu ho surfhvr gh
vhfdgr1 Frpr ho surgxfwr vh sduwl
r hq grv sruflrqhv/ vh wrpdurq hvwdv | vh
ghwhuplqdurq vxv frqwruqrv hq xqd krmd gh sdsho1 Sru shvdgd vh hqfrqwu
r ho
duhd/ frpsdudqgrvh ho shvr gh xqd vxshuflh frqrflgd gho sdsho frq od hqfhuudgd
sru orv frqwruqrv wud}dgrv1 Ho duhd wrwdo hv ljxdo d grv yhfhv hvwh duhd1
Od Wdeod 916 pxhvwud ho hihfwr gh hqfrjlplhqwr txh vxiuh ho surgxfwr gxudqwh
ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr1 Ho plvpr vh ghwhuplq
r sru od uhodfl
rq srufhqwxdo gh orv
shvrv gh odv duhdv gh sdsho wud}dgdv phgldqwh surgxfwr vhfr | iuhvfr1
H{s1
Q
8
<
65
66
67
67e
68
69
6:
D
+j,
6/6;
6/46
4/83
4/46
4/69
4/59
4/69
4/3;
3/<9
D!
+j,
4/:4
4/78
4/33
3/98
3/:4
3/:9
3/9<
3/89
3/78
D ! @D 433
+(,
83/9
79/8
99/6
8:/8
84/<
93/5
83/6
85/3
7:/6
Wdeod 916= Hqfrjlplhqwr gho slplhqwr pruu
rq oxhjr gho vhfdgr1
Ho srufhqwdmh surphglr gh hqfrjlplhqwr/ hq edvh d orv gdwrv gh od wdeod/ hv=
D!
433 @ +87 5,(>
D
ghqwur gh xq 7 ( gh huuru uhodwlyr1 Ho khfkr txh v
ror h{lvwd hvwd shtxh
qd
glvshuvlrq hqwuh ho ydoru lqlfldo gho duhd | ho qdo gh od plvpd/ dxqtxh odv
glihuhqfldv hqwuh hoodv vhdq pd|ruhv txh ho 83 (/ hv or txh lqgxmr d dgrswdu
frpr uhihuhqfld ho duhd lqlfldo hq orv prghorv gh vhfdgr ghmdqgr gh odgr ho
lqwhqwr ~ljxdophqwh ydolgr~ gh exvfdu od yduldfl
rq whpsrudo r frq ho frqwhqlgr
:5
gh djxd gh glfkd duhd1 Hvwrv hihfwrv vrq devruelgrv sru od uhvlvwhqfld lqwhuqd
do vhfdgr1
Wdpelhq vh hqfrqwur xqd uhodfl
rq hqwuh ho duhd lqlfldo | ho shvr gho surgxfwr
iuhvfr/ vhj
xq od Wdeod 9171
H{s1
Q
4
5
8
9
;
<
4:
D
+fp ,
935/4
856/5
;59/:
9:</9
8<9/3
:86/9
9<8/;
p
+j,
4<5
437
539
46<
568
4;4
488
H{s1
Q
43
44
45
46
47
48
D@p
+fp @j,
6/47
8/36
7/34
7/;<
5/87
7/49
7/7<
D
+fp ,
9;8/9
:36/7
::</4
;64/4
;85/4
<4;/7
p
+j,
53<
4:3
546
546
54:
544
D@p
+fp @j,
6/5;
7/47
6/95
6/<3
6/<6
7/68
Wdeod 917= Uhodfl
rq hqwuh ho duhd lqlfldo | ho shvr iuhvfr1
Fdofxodqgr ho ydoru surphglr | ho huuru fxdgu
dwlfr phglr/ uhvxowd=
D
fp
>
@ +7> 3 3> 5,
p
j
frq xq huuru srufhqwxdo gho 8 (1
Se
+i*@U‚
L? %4
Gh odv wdeodv dqwhulruhv vh sxhgh rewhqhu/ sru lghqwlfr surfhglplhqwr/ od
uhodflrq hqwuh ho duhd wrwdo lqlfldo gho surgxfwr iuhvfr | ho shvr wrwdophqwh vhfr
gho plvpr1 Frpr uhvxowd gh od vqwhvlv suhvhqwdgd hq od Wdeod 918/ od glvshuvl
rq
hq hvwh fdvr hv pd|ru=
D
@ +77 8, fp @j
p
frq xq 45 ( gh huuru srufhqwxdo1
Xqd fruuhodflrq lqwhuhvdqwh uhvxowd gh ylqfxodu D@p frq D@p / sxhv vh
rewlhqh xqd exhqd dsur{lpdfl
rq frq od uhodfl
rq p @p dqwhulru=
D@p
@ 44 45> 5=
D@p
Wrgrv hvwrv gdwrv vh wxylhurq hq fxhqwd sdud od uhdol}dfl
rq gh odv h{sh0
:6
H{s1
Q
4
5
8
9
;
H{s1
Q
<
43
44
45
D@p
+fp @j,
79/6
98/7
6</7
:8/8
68/4
D@p
+fp @j,
77/6
54/;
87/4
7;/:
H{s1
Q
46
47
48
4:
D@p
+fp @j,
76/:
46/6
6</<
7</:
Wdeod 918= Uhodfl
rq hqwuh ho duhd lqlfldo | shvr vhfr1
ulhqfldv sxhv vluylhurq sdud frqwurodu od frplvl
rq gh huuruhv hq odv phglflrqhv r
sdud fdudfwhul}du ho judgr hq txh vrq frpsdudeohv orv surgxfwrv +sxhghq h{lvwlu
glihuhqfldv vhj
xq odv frvhfkdv,1
918
Prghor gh vhfdgr
Dsolfdqgr od hfxdflrq 714 sdud ghwhuplqdu od yhorflgdg gh shuglgd gh djxd
gho slplhqwr/ txh vh hvfuled gh od vljxlhqwh irupd=
q@
p g[
+S S ,y L
@
.
D gw
u +[,
u(
+9=4,
vh revhuyd txh h{lvwh frlqflghqfld frq od hfxdfl
rq gh Wkuhonhog~Shqpdq +61:,
vlhpsuh txh
|
n @
4
@ n +[,
u +[,
n@
4
@ n+[,=
u( +[,
Od ghshqghqfld frq [ x
qlfdphqwh | qr frq odv whpshudwxudv r frq dojxqd
rwud yduldeoh gho frqwhqlgr gh djxd/ frpr [@[ sru hmhpsor/ hv iuxwr gh od
e
xvtxhgd h{shulphqwdo gh od fruuhodfl
rq1 Hvwd ghshqghqfld ixqflrqdo lpsolfd
txh od uhodflrq frq od whpshudwxud vh yh vdwlvihfkd wrwdophqwh d wudyhv gho ghflw
gh suhvlrq gh ydsru/ S S / hvwdqgr sru or wdqwr vhsdudgdv odv yduldeohv gh
hvwd pdqhud1
Ho hihfwr gh od udgldflrq vh lqfrusrud sru dsduwh hq ho vhjxqgr whuplqr d
wudyhv gh od uhvlvwhqfld u( 1
:7
Sru vx sduwh/ |d vh ylr txh od frpsdudfl
rq frq od h{suhvl
rq gho vhfdgr gh
wdedfr/ ylvwd hq od hfxdflrq +814,/ shuplwh uhodflrqdu u +[, frq u+[, gh prgr
txh
u+[, @
p
u +[,=
Dy Sru or wdqwr u +[, h{suhvd fdudfwhuvwlfdv lqwuqvhfdv gho surgxfwr/ d glih0
uhqfld gh u+[, txh oohyd lpsoflwd od yhorflgdg gho dluh1
919
Uhvxowdgrv rewhqlgrv
Ho surfhglplhqwr gh hydoxdfl
rq gh orv gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv/ dopdfhqdgrv
hq dufklyrv DVFLL txh ixhurq fuhdgrv d sduwlu gh od fdswdfl
rq phgldqwh ho
surjudpd _gdw1edv%/ ixh ho vljxlhqwh=
Vh fuhdurq dufklyrv Slm1zt4 frq ho surjudpd Txdwwur Sur oxhjr gh lpsru0
wdu glfkrv gdwrv hq flqfr froxpqdv= od sulphud frqwlhqh orv wlhpsrv/ od
vhjxqgd odv phglflrqhv gh shvr | odv uhvwdqwhv odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer
vhfr/ k
xphgr | gh iuxwr/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Sdud hvwd irupxodfl
rq qr hv
qhfhvduld od whpshudwxud gh iuxwr/ ql hoor hv ghvhdeoh/ sru fxdqwr hv xqd
yduldeoh lqwhuqd gho surfhvr1 Hv od udgldfl
rq od txh eulqgd/ lqgluhfwd0
phqwh/ wrgd od lqirupdfl
rq qhfhvduld sdud od vlpxodfl
rq/ dfwxdqgr frpr
yduldeoh lpsxhvwd h{whulruphqwh do vlvwhpd1
Phgldqwh rshudflrqhv sru froxpqdv vh fuhdurq orv ju
dfrv |d ylvwrv gh
odv Iljxudv 907 | vljxlhqwhv/ lqfrusrudqgr ho gdwr gh shvr vhfr sdud orv
fdofxorv gh [1
Vh exvfr [ sdud fdgd h{shulhqfld/ dsolfdqgr od hfxdfl
rq +715, | vljxlhqgr
ho vljxlhqwh surfhglplhqwr=
d, Vh fdofxor oq+[ [ ,/ frq [ hvwlpdgr lqlfldophqwh d sduwlu gho ju
dfr
[ yv1 w1 Frqylhqh ghvwlqdu xqd fhogd hvshfldo sdud [ / ho fxdo vhu
d
fdpeldgr vxfhvlydphqwh kdvwd kdoodu ho ghqlwlyr/ uhlwhudqgr hvwh sdvr |
orv vljxlhqwhv1
e, Vh fruuhodflrqr olqhdophqwh od froxpqd grqgh vh fdofxo
r oq+[ [ , frq
od fruuhvsrqglhqwh do wlhpsr h{suhvdgr hq krudv1 Hvwr shuplwl
r rewhqhu
:8
od frqvwdqwh | ho frhflhqwh gh od uhfwd oq+[ [ , @ p w . q/ grqgh p
hv ljxdo d n hq od hfxdfl
rq +715,1
rupxod
f, Vh fdofxor/ hq rwud froxpqd/ [* +w, phgldqwh od i
h
"
h6 . [ @ [ * =
g, Hq xqd whufhu froxpqd vh fdofxo
r ho huuru sdud fdgd hvwlpdfl
rq ph0
gldqwh od irupxod
dev+[* [( ,@[( =433 @ ( (=
h, Vh ghvwlqr xqd fhogd sdud ho f
dofxor gho huuru surphglr/ uhdol}dgr ph0
gldqwh od irupxod=
phgld+ == , @ " (>
/
grqgh Q vh uhhuh do q
xphur wrwdo gh gdwrv1
i, Vh fdpelr [ hq od fhogd txh frqwlhqh vx ydoru lqlfldo/ uhslwlhqgrvh d
frqwlqxdflrq orv sdvrv d, d h, kdvwd txh " ( wxyr vx pqlpr ydoru1
Od Iljxud 90: pxhvwud xqd sduwh gh od sodqlood gh f
dofxor S441ZT4/ lq0
glfdqgrvh odv froxpqdv phqflrqdgdv | orv f
dofxorv sdud hvh fdvr1
Rewhqlgr [ vh sxgr fdofxodu g[@gw @ p +[ [ , sdud fdgd xqd gh odv
h{shulhqfldv/ lqwurgxflhqgrvh oxhjr hq od hfxdfl
rq +714, sdud kdoodu u +[,
| u( +[,1
Oxhjr vh wrpdurq odv h{shulhqfldv S | S txh fruuhvsrqghq d udgldfl
rq
fhur/ vh fdofxodurq orv surphglrv gh odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr |
k
xphgr/ vh lqwurgxmhurq odv yhorflgdghv gh dluh uhvshfwlydv | vh uhdol}durq
orv fdofxorv gh S | S 1 Frq hvwr vh ghwhuplq
r u +[, d sduwlu gh od
vljxlhqwh h{suhvlrq=
4
p g[ 4
n+[ [ ,
@
@
>
u +[,
D gw S y
dS y6933
grqgh d @ D@p vh wrp
r ljxdo d 7> 7 p @nj1 Revhuyhvh txh sulphudphqwh
vh lqwurgxmr od sulphud srwhqfld hq y sdud suredu od ydolgh} gh od i
rupxod
:9
gh Gdowrq1
Iljxud 90:= Ylvwd sdufldo gh od sodqlood gh f
dofxor S441ZT4 sdud od hydoxdfl
rq
gh od h{shulhqfld S441
Gh od h{shulhqfld S uhvxow
r txh 4@u +[, @ 6> ;4=43 7 +[ 4> 6,/ hq xql0
gdghv PNV1 Hq fdpelr/ gh S
4> 6,1
Frpr u
vh rewxyr txh 4@u +[, @ 4> 98=43 7 +[ 9@ u / d frqwlqxdfl
rq vh lqwurgxmr od yduldfl
rq srwhqfldo frq od
yhorflgdg/ h{ljlhqgrvh ho fxpsolplhqwr gh od uhodfl
rq u
d od ljxdogdg=
4@
Gh hvwd vh rewxyr=
+
@ u / txh oohyd
n S y
=
n S y y
n S ,
@
y
n S sdud ghvshmdu qdophqwh / fx|r ydoru uhvxow
r vhu ljxdo d 3> 7;6 |/ sru or
wdqwr=
frq 4> 6 ? [ ? 451
u +[, @
437
p + ,
4> 98+[ 4> 6, v
, >
+9=5,
Uhdol}dgr hvwr/ vh rewxyr od ju
dfd uhsuhvhqwdgd hq od Iljxud 90; sdud
rq sdud S |
4@u yv1 [/ grqgh od fxuyd frqwlqxd pxhvwud od fruuhodfl
S
| orv sxqwrv shuwhqhfhq d orv uhdophqwh fdofxodgrv1
::
Iljxud 90;= Uhfsurfd gh od uhvlvwhqfld joredo lqwhuqd sdud ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr
pruurq1
Lqwurgxflhqgr u +[, vh sxgr fdofxodu u( +[, hq edvh d orv gdwrv gh S /
S / S | S
/ phgldqwh od h{suhvl
rq=
, 4
4 4 g[ S y
@ +
,@
u( +[,
L d gw
u +[,
4 n+[ [ ,
@ ^
S y
L d 6933
, +4> 98 43 7 +[ 4> 6,,`>
+9=6,
hq od txh orv gdwrv gh whpshudwxud ixhurq dolvdgrv phgldqwh ho f
dofxor gh
orv surphglrv1
Frpr do judfdu vh revhuy
r txh qr h{lvwh fruuhodfl
rq hqwuh 4@u( | [/ vdoyr
sdud odv h{shulhqfldv fx|d yhorflgdg gho dluh hud gh 4 p@v +Iljxud 90<,/ vh
wxyr hq fxhqwd txh hq ho prghor sxhgh lqwurgxfluvh xqd ixqfl
rq srwhqfldo
gh od yhorflgdg txh dihfwh ho whuplqr gh od udgldfl
rq1
Hihfwlydphqwh/ frpr ho surgxfwr suhvhqwd xq duhd sdud od udgldfl
rq txh
qr frlqflgh frq ho duhd glvsrqleoh sdud od shuglgd gh pdvd ql frq od
fruuhvsrqglhqwh do lqwhufdpelr frqyhfwlyr gh fdoru/ sru hvwdu hvwd x
owlpd
lqxhqfldgd sru od pdood gh od edqghmd grqgh vh dsr|d/ sxhgh kdfhuvh od
:;
Iljxud 90<= Fruuhodflrq sdud od ixqfl
rq 4@u( +[, hq ho fdvr y @ 4 p@v | glv0
shuvlrq fxdqgr odv yhorflgdghv gho dluh vrq glvwlqwdv1
klsrwhvlv txh h{lvwh xq frhflhqwh gh L txh hv ixqfl
rq gh od yhorflgdg/ gho
wlsr y8 / prglfdqgrvh ho prghor gdgr sru od hfxdfl
rq +914, vhj
xq hvwd
rwud=
q@
+S S ,y y8 L
p g[
@
.
=
D gw
u +[,
u(
+9=7,
Gh odv h{shulhqfldv S | S
vh rewxyr od vljxlhqwh fruuhodfl
rq sdud u( +[,/
ydolgd sdud wrgr sxhv y @ 4 p@v/ dsolfdqgr od uhodfl
rq 916=
u( +[, @
437
p
+ ,8:9 >
;> 5<[ . 6> ;6 v
+9=8,
frq ho plvpr udqjr gh ydolgh} sdud [ txh ho dqwhulru1
Yroylhqgr d od h{shulhqfld S / fx|d yhorflgdg gho dluh hud gh 3> 5 p@v/ vh
exvfr gh prgr txh 4@u( +[, fdofxodgr d sduwlu gh orv gdwrv ixhud px|
sduhflgr do gdgr sru +918,1 Frq hvwh surfhglplhqwr vh rewxyr @ 3> 51
Frq ho fdofxor gh 4@u( +[, d sduwlu gh orv gdwrv gh od h{shulhqfld S |
@ 3> 5 hq +917,/ vh frqup
r od kls
rwhvlv uhdol}dgd1 Hvwr vh revhuyd
hq od Iljxud 9043/ txh pxhvwud vxshusxhvwdv odv uhodflrqhv kdoodgdv sdud
:<
4@u( +[, d sduwlu gh orv gdwrv/ mxqwr frq od h{suhvl
rq
v ,
4
@ 4 43 7 +;> 5<[ . 6> ;6,+ , =
u( +[,
p
Iljxud 9043= Fruuhodflrq 4@u( +[, sdud ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq frq ud0
gldflrq/ phgldqwh ho djuhjdgr gho frhflhqwh y8 1
91:
Vlpxodfl
rq gho surfhvr
Orv dufklyrv _VhfSlplm1zt4%/ lqfoxgrv hq ho glvtxhwh txh dfrpsd
qd hvwh
wudedmr sdud vhu ohgrv phgldqwh TSUR 614 r vxshulru/ pxhvwudq od vlpxodfl
rq
gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq phgldqwh od uhvroxfl
rq gh od hfxdfl
rq
glihuhqfldo ruglqduld=
g[
+S +W , S +W> W > S ,,y
@ d^
gw
u +[,
, , y L
.
`>
u( +[,
[+w @ 3, @ [
hq od txh vh lqwurgxmr od yduldfl
rq whpsrudo gh odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr
| k
xphgr gho dluh/ frq u +[, | u( +[, gdgdv sru odv ljxdogdghv +915, | +918,/
uhvshfwlydphqwh1
;3
Iljxud 9044= Frpsdudflrq gh fruulgdv gh vlpxodfl
rq | gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv
sdud ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq frq udgldfl
rq1
;4
Vh holjlr ho phwrgr gh Uxqjh~Nxwwd gh fxduwr rughq sdud oohydu d fder od
uhvroxflrq/ orjudqgrvh xq dmxvwh hqwuh odv fxuydv wh
rulfdv | h{shulphqwdohv frq
xq huuru frpsuhqglgr hqwuh ho 4 ( | 6 (1 Od Iljxud 9044 pxhvwud/ vxshusxhvwdv/
odv fxuydv gh od vlpxodflrq | h{shulphqwdohv1
Ho remhwr gh od vlpxodflrq hv shuplwlu od yhulfdfl
rq gh od dsolfdelolgdg gho
prghor d orv plvprv hqvd|rv txh shuplwlhurq vx irupxodfl
rq1 Hq od su
r{lpd
vhfflrq vh yhud od ydolgdflrq gho plvpr frq h{shulhqfldv gh fdpsr/ frq udgldfl
rq
| whpshudwxudv yduldeohv/ or txh frpsohwd vx frqdelolgdg1
91;
Ydolgdfl
rq frq h{shulhqfldv gh fdpsr
Sdud uhdol}du od ydolgdfl
rq gho prghor gh oderudwrulr/ vh uhdol}durq grv
glvh
qrv gh h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr do dluh oleuh/ edmr od dffl
rq gh od udgldfl
rq
vrodu1 Hq dperv fdvrv vh frqvwux|
r xq frohfwru gh dluh vhqfloor sdud fdohqwdu
ho dluh dpelhqwh h lqwurgxfluor d od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr1 Hvwd shuplwd ho lqjuhvr
gh hqhujd vrodu vreuh od edqghmd gh surgxfwr/ uhhpsod}
dqgrvh dv d od o
dpsdud
xvdgd hq ho oderudwrulr1
SH
h4ih _ti
?L
Sulphudphqwh vh wudvodgr ho plvpr htxlsr gh oderudwrulr/ gho txh vh vhsdu
r
od fdpdud gh vhfdgr | vh oh dqwhsxvr xqd pdqjd gh so
dvwlfr frq xqd fkdsd
rqgxodgd hq vx lqwhulru/ sdud frqvwuxlu xq htxlsr frohfwru~vhfdgru frpr vh
pxhvwud hq odv irwrjudidv gh odv Iljxudv 9045/ 9046 | 90471
Hq ho w
xqho gh dluh vh frorf
r rwur yhqwlodgru sdud vrsodu gluhfwdphqwh vreuh
od edqghmd gh vhfdgr/ orjudqgrvh xqd yhorflgdg gho dluh gh 4 p@v1
Frpr vh revhuyd hq od Iljxud 9046/ vh fxeul
r od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr phgldqwh
xq sodvwlfr gh 483 plfurqhv gh hvshvru | wudwdplhqwr dqwl~XY | whuplfr/ gho
plvpr wlsr txh vh hpsohd hq orv vhfdgruhv~lqyhuqdghurv gho LQWD Vdowd1 Od
udgldflrq vrodu vh plglr ghedmr gh hvwh so
dvwlfr | d od dowxud gh od edqghmd gh
vhfdgr1
Frq hvwh htxlsr vh uhdol}durq wrpdv gh gdwrv gh shvr hq irupd pdqxdo | d
lqwhuydorv uhjxoduhv/ ghelgr d txh ho ylhqwr dihfwded odv ohfwxudv gho vlvwhpd
;5
Iljxud 9045= Frohfwru dgdswdgr do vlvwhpd gh vhfdgr gh oderudwrulr1
;6
Iljxud 9046= Fdpdud gh vhfdgr gh oderudwrulr dgdswdgd sdud ixqflrqdu do dluh
oleuh1
;7
dxwrpdwlfr gh phglflrq1
Odv h{shulhqfldv ghqrplqdgdv _D%/ _E% | _F% vh uhdol}durq hq hvwh htxlsr
| od frpsdudflrq hqwuh orv uhvxowdgrv h{shulphqwdohv | vlpxodgrv vh ghvduuroodq
d frqwlqxdflrq1
Iljxud 9047= Ylvwd vxshulru gho vlvwhpd frohfwru~f
dpdud gh vhfdgr1
H{shulhqfld D
Sdud hvwd h{shulhqfld orv gdwrv gh whpshudwxud | udgldfl
rq vh pxhvwudq
hq od Iljxud 9048 | ixhurq wrpdgrv hqwuh odv 43=63 | 53=33 krudv gh xq gd gh
;8
qrylhpeuh hq Vdowd1 Vh revhuyd txh ho flhor hvwxyr ghvshmdgr gxudqwh od pd
qdqd
| qxeodgr sru od wdugh1
Iljxud 9048= Udgldflrq vrodu | whpshudwxudv gxudqwh od h{shulhqfld D1
Orv gdwrv gh shvr/ h{suhvdgrv hq edvh vhfd/ mxqwr frq vx vlpxodfl
rq sdud
hvwh sulphu gd gh od h{shulhqfld/ vh pxhvwudq hq od Iljxud 9049/ txh uhyhod xq
pd|ru dsduwdplhqwr gh od fxuyd vlpxodgd uhvshfwr gh orv gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv
hq ho vhjxqgr whuflr gho wlhpsr wrwdo gho surfhvr1 Qr revwdqwh/ od phgld gho
huuru srufhqwxdo fdofxodgr sxqwr d sxqwr uhvxow
r vhu gho 7 (1
H{shulhqfld E
Hvwd vhjxqgd h{shulhqfld vh uhdol}
r do gd vljxlhqwh gh D/ frqwlqx
dqgrvh ho
surfhvr frq ho plvpr surgxfwr1 Od Iljxud 904: pxhvwud odv frqglflrqhv gh
udgldflrq | whpshudwxudv/ mxqwr frq od fxuyd gh vhfdgr | vx vlpxodfl
rq1
Vh revhuyd txh ho gd wdpelhq ixh fodur gxudqwh od wdugh |/ dxqtxh od fxuyd
gh vlpxodflrq vh dsduwd pdv sduhmr gh orv gdwrv h{shulphqwdohv txh hq ho fdvr
dqwhulru/ ho huuru surphglr ixh gho 9 (1 Dghp
dv fdeh dfrwdu txh hq hvwh fdvr
od vlpxodflrq vh pdqwlhqh sru hqflpd gh orv gdwrv1
;9
Iljxud 9049= Gdwrv gh od h{shulhqfld D | vx vlpxodfl
rq1
H{shulhqfld F
Hvwd vh uhdol}r gxudqwh xq vror gd |/ do ljxdo txh D/ od udgldfl
rq ixh exhqd
gxudqwh od pd
qdqd | ghvphmru
r sru od wdugh/ frpr sxhgh yhuvh hq od Iljxud 90
4;1 Od pxhvwud gh slplhqwr whqd hq hvwd rfdvl
rq xq frqwhqlgr lqlfldo gh djxd
phqru txh ho xvdgr sdud D1 Hq hvwh fdvr ho huuru surphglr gh od vlpxodfl
rq ixh
gho 8 (1 Vh revhuyd/ do ljxdo txh hq odv Iljxudv 9049 | 904:/ txh od fxuyd gh
vlpxodflrq sdvd gh hvwdu sru ghedmr gh orv gdwrv d vxshudu orv plvprv fxdqgr
[ glvplqx|h1
SH2
5i}?_L _ti
?L
Frq ho remhwr gh frqwdu frq xq htxlsr glihuhqwh do xvdgr hq ho oderudwrulr/
hvshfldophqwh hq or txh vh uhhuh d od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr/ vh frqvwux|
r xq frohfwru
xq srfr pdv dqfkr txh ho dqwhulru | p
dv odujr/ hq ho txh vh frorf
r xqd pdood
gh dodpeuh whmlgr frpr hohphqwr devruehgru1 Od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr frqvlvwl
r
hq xqd fdmd gh pdghud gh 93 fp gh odujr sru 83 fp gh dqfkr/ frq sduhghv
odwhudohv gh 45 fp gh dowr | vrsruwhv gh 7 fp gh dowr sdud od edqghmd1
Od Iljxud 904< pxhvwud xq hvtxhpd gh hvwh vlvwhpd frohfwru~vhfdgru vrodu/
mxqwr frq xqd irwrjudid/ grqgh vh revhuydq orv grv yhqwlodgruhv xvdgrv1 Od
;:
yhorflgdg gho dluh d od dowxud gho surgxfwr hq od edqghmd vh pdqwxyr hq 3> 8 p@v1
Sxhgh revhuyduvh ho vroduphwur/ xelfdgr sru ghedmr gho so
dvwlfr txh fxeuh
od edqghmd1 Od odplqd gh doxplqlr fxeuh odv whuprfxsodv gh od udgldfl
rq vrodu
gluhfwd1
Frq hvwh htxlsr vh uhdol}
r xqd h{shulhqfld gh vhfdgr gxudqwh grv gdv frq0
vhfxwlyrv/ kdelhqgrvh fdswdgr orv gdwrv fdgd flqfr plqxwrv1
H{shulhqfld G
Od Iljxud 9053 pxhvwud odv yduldeohv phglgdv gxudqwh ho sulphu gd gho
vhfdgr/ sdud ho txh od vlpxodfl
rq wxyr xq huuru phglr gho ; (1 Sru vx sduwh/ od
Iljxud 9054 suhvhqwd/ dghpdv/ odv phglflrqhv rewhqlgdv gxudqwh od qrfkh | ho
gd vljxlhqwh/ mxqwr frq od vlpxodfl
rq gh wrgr ho surfhvr1 Hq hvwh fdvr ho huuru
surphglr wrwdo hv gho < (1
;;
Iljxud 904:= Frqglflrqhv gh od h{shulhqfld E | frpsdudfl
rq gh orv gdwrv gh
shvr frq vx vlpxodflrq1
;<
Iljxud 904;= Frqglflrqhv gh od h{shulhqfld F | fxuyd gh vhfdgr1
<3
93 fp
6> 63 p
Iljxud 904<= Vhjxqgr glvh
qr gh frohfwru~vhfdgru vrodu1
<4
Iljxud 9053= Sulphu gd gh vhfdgr vrodu hq ho vhjxqgr glvh
qr gh frohfwru~vhfdgru
vrodu= h{shulhqfld G1
<5
Iljxud 9054= Vhfdgr gxudqwh grv gdv | xqd qrfkh hq ho vhjxqgr glvh
qr gh
frohfwru~vhfdgru vrodu +h{shulhqfld G,1
<6
Fdswxor :
VHFDGR GH SLPLHQWR
ODUJR
:14
Lqwurgxffl
rq
Do slplhqwr vh or frqrfh wdpelhq frq ho qrpeuh gh dm | kd vlgr xwlol}dgr
hq Dphulfd ghvgh wlhpsrv suhklvw
rulfrv/ frpr or dwhvwljxd ho kdood}jr gh iuxwrv
vhfrv hq wxpedv lqgldv gh od frvwd gho Shu
x1
Hq Vdowd/ xqd gh odv ydulhgdghv qr qhfhvduldphqwh slfdqwh txh vh srqh d
vhfdu hv ghqrplqdgd frp
xqphqwh _Wurpsd gh Hohidqwh%/ sru vx irupd dodujdgd
wslfd1 Od jxud :04 pxhvwud xqd irwrjudid gh hvwh dm/ do fxdo vh kdu
d uhihuhqfld
frq od ghqrplqdflrq _slplhqwr odujr%1
Orv iuxwrv vh srqhq d vhfdu | vh hpsohdq ghvsxhv sdud vx prolhqgd d qlyho
lqgxvwuldo1 Ho h{shqglr vh uhdol}d/ hq ho phufdgr frqvxplgru plqrulvwd/ hq suh0
vhqwdflrqhv txh d yhfhv frqwlhqhq glvwlqwdv ph}fodv | ydq hqydvdgdv hq erovlwdv
gh sdsho wudqvsduhqwh1
H{lvwh od srvlelolgdg gh rewhqhu orv dfhlwhv hvhqfldohv sru h{wudffl
rq ph0
gldqwh duudvwuh frq ydsru/ shur hvwh surfhglplhqwr qr hvw
d glixqglgr hq ho sdv1
Orv slplhqwrv vxdyhv/ d yhfhv oodpdgrv slplhqwrv gxofhv/ vxhohq vhu iuxwrv
judqghv/ gh 45 d 48 fp gh orqjlwxg |/ frq suhihuhqfld/ vh frphq fxdqgr d
xq
hvwdq yhughv1 Wdpelhq vh frqvxphq frflgrv/ dvdgrv r fuxgrv hq hqvdodgdv1
Orv slplhqwrv slfdqwhv vrq surgxflgrv sru ho Fdsvlfxp iuxwhvfhqv/ judfldv
do sulqflslr slfdqwh txh vh hqfxhqwud hq od slho | vhploodv1
<7
Iljxud :04= Irwrjudid gh slplhqwrv odujrv1
:15
H{shulhqfldv uhdol}dgdv
Hq hvwh wudedmr vh ghflglr uhdol}du od e
xvtxhgd gho prghor gh vhfdgr sdud
od ydulhgdg gh slplhqwr odujr sru fxdqwr xqd h{shulhqfld gh oderudwrulr prvwu
r
txh vx vhfdgr vh uhdol}d frq xqd flqhwlfd glihuhqwh d od gho slplhqwr pruu
rq1
Hoor vh gheh d txh dperv glhuhq hq vx hvshvru/ sru or txh ho slplhqwr odujr vh
vhfd hq phqru wlhpsr edmr frqglflrqhv vlploduhv1 Glfkd h{shulhqfld vh uhdol}
r
edmr xqd udgldflrq gh 4333 Z@p | xqd yhorflgdg gho dluh gh 3> : p@v | vh
ghqrplqr _Hohi4%1 Od Iljxud :05 pxhvwud od fxuyd gh vhfdgr txh vh rewxyr/
hylghqfldqgr odv glihuhqfldv doxglgdv dqwhv1
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv gdwrv gh odv h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr uhdol}dgdv frq sl0
plhqwr odujr vh hqfxhqwud hq ho Dshqglfh H | dedufd orv wuhv juxsrv vljxlhqwhv=
Juxsr L= H{shulhqfldv suholplqduhv sdud od revhuydfl
rq frpsdudwlyd gho
surfhvr gh vhfdgr vrodu hq fdpsr/ sdud vxjhulu od hohffl
rq gh od prgdolgdg
edmr fxelhuwd | sduwlgr frpr irupd gh vhfdgr p
dv frqyhqlhqwh1
<8
Iljxud :05= Glihuhqfldv hq ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq | odujr1
Juxsr LL= H{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr hq oderudwrulr1
Juxsr LLL= H{shulhqfldv gh ydolgdfl
rq uhdol}dgdv do dluh oleuh sru phglr
gh od hqhujd vrodu1
D frqwlqxdflrq vh suhvhqwdq orv uhvxowdgrv gh hvwdv h{shulhqfldv/ mxqwr frq orv
gdwrv/ judfrv | frqfoxvlrqhv rewhqlgdv/ ho ghvduuroor gho prghor | vx ydolgdfl
rq1
:16
Juxsr L
Vh uhdol}r ho vhfdgr vrodu gh slplhqwr odujr gh wuhv pdqhudv glihuhqwhv= d,
vreuh slvr gh fhphqwr/ sdud vlpxodu ho vhfdgr wudglflrqdo hq fdqfkdv> e, vreuh
edqghmd dohmdgd gho slvr frorfdgd vreuh xqd sduulood> | f, edmr fxelhuwd so
dvwlfd1
Odv irwrjudidv gh odv Iljxudv :06/ :07 | :08 pxhvwudq odv wuhv srvlelolgdghv
gh vhfdgr h{shulphqwdgdv1 Ho frohfwru~vhfdgru h{shulphqwdo frqvlvwh hq xqd
fdmd gh pdghud/ frq vrsruwhv gh pdghud sdud dsr|du od edqghmd | xqd fxelhuwd
gh sodvwlfr frorfdgd d grv djxdv/ frq rulhqwdfl
rq Qruwh~Vxu/ | srvlelolgdg gh
xmr gh dluh sru flufxodflrq qdwxudo gh ylhqwrv hq hvd gluhffl
rq1
Hq odv Iljxudv :06 | :07 vh revhuydq grv juxsrv gh iuxwrv= xqrv hvw
dq hqwhurv
| rwurv slqfkdgrv r frq fruwhv hq vx slho1 Hq od Iljxud :08 vh hqfxhqwud xq
<9
Iljxud :06= Irwrjudid gh slplhqwrv odujrv sxhvwrv d vhfdu hq ho slvr1
whufhu juxsr gh slplhqwrv sduwlgrv sru od plwdg/ frq xq vror fruwh orqjlwxglqdo1
Hvwdv h{shulhqfldv ixhurq uhdol}dgdv vlpxow
dqhdphqwh gxudqwh xq gd fodur
gh glflhpeuh/ hq Vdowd/ | odv frqglflrqhv gh udgldfl
rq | whpshudwxudv gh exoer
vhfr | k
xphgr vh pxhvwudq hq od Iljxud :091
Od udgldflrq ixh wrpdgd vreuh vxshuflh krul}rqwdo/ vlq fxelhuwd so
dvwlfd/ |
odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr fruuhvsrqgdq do phglr dpelhqwh1 Ho
ylhqwr wxyr yhorflgdghv edmdv/ fhufdqdv d orv 3> 5 p@v1
Sdud srghu uhdol}du xqd revhuydfl
rq frpsdudwlyd gho surjuhvr gh orv shvrv
uhvshfwlyrv/ vh suhvhqwdq orv ju
dfrv gh od hyroxfl
rq srufhqwxdo gho shvr gh fdgd
pxhvwud uhihulgr do shvr lqlfldo uhvshfwlyr1 Hvwr vh revhuyd hq od Iljxud :0:/
grqgh vh hqfxhqwudq odv wuhv ju
dfdv txh vh fruuhvsrqghq frq odv uhvshfwlydv
Irwrjudidv gh odv Iljxudv :06/ :07 | :081
Frpsdudwlydphqwh/ od irupd p
dv u
dslgd gh vhfdu ho slplhqwr odujr fruuhv0
srqgh d od uhdol}dgd edmr fxelhuwd | sduwlgr1
Od Iljxud :0; pxhvwud od hyroxfl
rq frpsdudwlyd gho shvr srufhqwxdo sdud ho
<:
Iljxud :07= Irwrjudid gh slplhqwrv sxhvwrv d vhfdu hq xqd sduulood/ dohmdgrv
gho slvr1
vhfdgr vrodu gh slplhqwr odujr hqwhur r slqfkdgr/ hq orv wuhv wlsrv gh vhfdghurv
vhqfloorv txh vh suredurq1
Frpr frqfoxvlrq/ hv dfrqvhmdeoh ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr odujr sduwlgr | fror0
fdgr edmr fxelhuwd1 Gxudqwh odv sulphudv krudv gho surfhvr vh revhuy
r txh/ hq
jhqhudo/ ho slplhqwr hqwhur vh wudqvirupd hq xqd _erovd lpshuphdeoh% oohqd gh
otxlgr | vx shvr qr fdpeld ghpdvldgr1 Hvwr qr vxfhgh frq odv rwudv grv sr0
vlelolgdghv1 Dghpdv/ od dffl
rq gh lqvhfwrv +prvfdv/ sru hmhpsor, hv lqphgldwd
| qr wlhqh lpshglphqwr dojxqr fxdqgr qr vh surwhjh ho surgxfwr1 Or plvpr
rfxuuh frq ho sroyr dwprvihulfr txh vh ghsrvlwd frq idflolgdg1
Vh holjlr od irupd sduwlgd hq hvwh hvwxglr ~do ljxdo txh hq ho fdvr gho sl0
plhqwr pruurq~/ srutxh od fdswdfl
rq gh orv gdwrv gh vhfdgr hq ho oderudwrulr
vh uhdol}d hq douhghgru gh grfh krudv/ idflolwdqgr od wduhd h{shulphqwdo edmr
frqwuro gho rshudgru1 Hvwr vh pxhvwud gh pdqhud horfxhqwh hq od Iljxud :0</
fruuhvsrqglhqwh do vhfdgr gh slplhqwr odujr ~sduwlgr | hqwhur~ uhdol}dgr hq ho
<;
Iljxud :08= Irwrjudid gho frohfwru vhqfloor frq slplhqwrv odujrv sxhvwrv d vhfdu1
oderudwrulr/ edmr lghqwlfdv frqglflrqhv gh udgldfl
rq | xqd whpshudwxud gh
exoer vhfr pd|ru sdud ho slplhqwr hqwhur1
:17
Juxsr LL
Odv h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr hq oderudwrulr ixhurq uhdol}dgdv/ do ljxdo txh
sdud ho fdvr gho slplhqwr pruu
rq/ edmr frqglflrqhv frqvwdqwhv gh udgldfl
rq/
whpshudwxudv | yhorflgdg gho dluh1
<<
Iljxud :09= Udgldflrq vrodu | whpshudwxudv gxudqwh od h{shulhqfld gh vhfdgr
gh slplhqwr odujr hq glvwlqwdv prgdolgdghv1
Ho phwrgr h{shulphqwdo ixh ho vljxlhqwh= vh rewxyr xqd sduwlgd gh slplhqwrv
odujrv gh od Hvwdflrq H{shulphqwdo gho LQWD +Lqvwlwxwr Qdflrqdo gh Whfqrorjd
Djurshfxduld, gh Vdowd/ hq xqd fdqwlgdg dsur{lpdgd gh 5 nj/ d sduwlu gh od
fxdo vh uhdol}durq wrgdv odv h{shulhqfldv hq irupd vhfxhqfldo1 Odv pxhvwudv d
vhfdu vh wrpdurq hq fdqwlgdghv txh rvflodurq hqwuh flqfr | rfkr hmhpsoduhv/ frq
shvrv hq iuhvfr gh douhghgru gh 633 j1 Oxhjr gh sduwluorv orqjlwxglqdophqwh/ vh
ohv holplqr ho wdoor yhugh txh orv xqh d od sodqwd | vh orv frorf
r dsr|dgrv vreuh
od slho/ fxeulhqgr wrgd od edqghmd gh od f
dpdud gh vhfdgr1
.e
L_i*L _i tiU@_L
Hq irupd vlplodu d or uhdol}dgr sdud hq ho fdswxor dqwhulru sdud ho slplhqwr
pruurq/ ho prghor gh vhfdgr vh ghvduuroo
r d wudyhv gh od e
xvtxhgd gh odv ixq0
flrqhv u +[, | u( +[, gh od hfxdfl
rq +917,=
p g[
+S S ,y
@
q@
D gw
u +[,
, , y L
.
=
u( +[,
+:=4,
Wrgdv odv h{shulhqfldv frq slplhqwr odujr vh uhdol}durq pdqwhqlhqgr od yhorfl0
gdg gho dluh hq 3> : p@v1
433
Iljxud :0:= Vhfdgr vrodu gh slplhqwr odujr edmr glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv1
434
Sdud hqfrqwudu u vh uhdol}durq odv h{shulhqfldv ghqrplqdgdv _Hohi5% |
_Hohi6%/ vlq udgldflrq/ d odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr gh 74 | 85 F/ uhv0
shfwlydphqwh1 Hq fdpelr/ sdud kdoodu u( vh surfhvdurq orv gdwrv gh grv h{0
shulhqfldv edmr udgldflrq= _Hohi7% +frq L @ <83 Z@p | xqd whpshudwxud gh
exoer vhfr W @ 88 F, | _Hohi8% +L @ 779 Z@p / W @ 7: F,1 Hq fdgd fdvr
vh plglr | fdofxor od uhodflrq D@p / txh hvwxyr frpsuhqglgd hqwuh :> 5 p @nj
| ;> 4 p @nj 1
Iljxud :0;= Judfdv frpsdudwlydv sdud slplhqwrv hqwhurv r slqfkdgrv1
Orv uhvxowdgrv rewhqlgrv ixhurq=
u
; !
+[, @
437
p + ,
4> 77[ . 3> 4; v
, >
+iU‚ih_iti ^i T@h@ i* U@tL _i* T4i?|L 4Lhh‚
L? i* ThL4i_L ih@ _i ec e 6 < *&}
435
+:=5,
Iljxud :0<= Frpsdudflrq gho vhfdgr sdud slplhqwr sduwlgr | hqwhur1
|
u( ;
!
43
p ,
+[, @
+ , >
4> 46[ 3> 77 v
+:=6,
frq 3> 49 ? [ ? 431 Reyldphqwh/ od ghqrplqdfl
rq _hohi% kdfh uhihuhqfld do
fdvr gh slplhqwrv odujrv1
.e2
54*@U‚
L? _i* ThLUitL
Od vlpxodflrq gho vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv odujrv uhdol}dgr hq ho oderudwrulr/ frq
ho remhwr gh ydorudu ho prghor/ vh hihfwx
r qr vrodphqwh sdud orv surfhvrv txh
shuplwlhurq fdofxodu u | u( / vlqr sdud rwudv grv txh vh ghqrplqdurq _Hohi4% |
_Hohi9%/ txh qr lqwhuylqlhurq hq glfkrv f
dofxorv1
Od Iljxud :043 pxhvwud orv gdwrv gh od h{shulhqfldv _Hohi4% d _Hohi9% | odv
fruuhvsrqglhqwhv fxuydv gh vhfdgr vlpxodgdv1
436
Iljxud :043= Vlpxodflrq gho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr odujr edmr glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv1
437
:18
Juxsr LLL= Ydolgdfl
rq gho prghor
Vh uhdol}durq fxdwur h{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr hq fdpsr/ frq ho remhwr gh
ydolgdu ho prghor ghvduuroodgr sdud ho slplhqwr odujr d wudyhv gh od yhulfdfl
rq
gho plvpr frq od vlpxodflrq gh surfhvrv do dluh oleuh | edmr udgldfl
rq vrodu1
Glfkrv surfhvrv uhflelhurq orv qrpeuhv _Vlpl%/ frq l @ 4 d 7/ | orv wuhv
sulphurv ixhurq uhdol}dgrv hq ho vhjxqgr glvh
qr gh frohfwru~vhfdgru ghvfulswr
hq od vhfflrq 91;15/ plhqwudv txh _Vlp7% vh uhdol}
r edmr fxelhuwd/ vlq ho frohfwru/
frq phglflrq gh udgldflrq | whpshudwxudv ghedmr gho so
dvwlfr1
.D
, Tihi?U@ 54
Od fdudfwhuvwlfd sduwlfxodu sdud hvwh surfhvr ixh txh od fdswdfl
rq gh orv
gdwrv gh udgldflrq | whpshudwxudv vh uhdol}
r d lqwhuydorv gh xq plqxwr1 Od
phglflrq gh shvrv vh uhdol}r d lqwhuydorv uhjxoduhv gh xqd krud1
Od Iljxud :044 pxhvwud hq grv ju
dfrv orv gdwrv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv
yduldeohv udgldflrq | whpshudwxudv | od vlpxodfl
rq1 Ho gd ixh fodur/ sru or
txh vh revhuyd txh od udgldfl
rq fd|
r hq px| srfdv rsruwxqlgdghv1 H{lvwh xq
wudpr uhfwr hq odv fxuydv ghelgr d txh vh lqwhusrodurq orv gdwrv sru kdehuvh
lqwhuuxpslgr od wrpd gh gdwrv1
Gdgr txh ho frqwhqlgr gh djxd hq edvh vhfd dofdq}
r ydoruhv px| shtxh
qrv/
qr vh fdofxor ho huuru uhodwlyr1 Hq vx oxjdu vh ghwhuplq
r ho huuru devroxwr/
oohjdqgrvh do ydoru gh 3> 4 nj@nj hq surphglr1
.D2
, Tihi?U@t 542 ) 54
Hvwdv h{shulhqfldv vh uhdol}durq vlpxow
dqhdphqwh/ vhsdudqgr hq od plvpd
edqghmd xqd sduwh gh slplhqwr txh uhflel
r udgldfl
rq edmr fxelhuwd hq irupd
gluhfwd +Vlp5,/ gh rwud txh vror uhflel
r udgldfl
rq glixvd +Vlp6,/ ghelgr d txh vh
fxeulr vx sduwh rfxsdgd gho vhfdghur frq xqd o
dplqd gh fduw
rq vlq orjuduvh ho
rvfxuhflplhqwr wrwdo1 Ho lqwhuydor gh fdswdfl
rq gh odv whpshudwxudv | udgldfl
rq
ixh gh 8 plq/ plhqwudv txh orv shvrv vh plglhurq gh pdqhud p
dv luuhjxodu hq
lqwhuydorv gh kdvwd grv krudv1 Odv fxuydv gh hvwrv gdwrv vh judfdurq hq od
sulphu judfd gh od Iljxud :0451 Vh revhuyd txh ho gd hvwxyr qxeodgr sru
438
Iljxud :044= Judfdv gho vhfdgr hq fdpsr sdud od h{shulhqfld Vlp41
fxdqwr odv yduldflrqhv gh whpshudwxud dfrpsd
qdq d odv gh udgldfl
rq1
Gdgr txh vror vh plglr od udgldfl
rq wrwdo/ od vlpxodfl
rq vh sxgr uhdol}du hq
sulqflslr sdud od h{shulhqfld Vlp5/ frpr vh pxhvwud hq od vhjxqgd ju
dfd gh od
Iljxud :045/ frq xq dsduwdplhqwr surphglr gh odv fxuydv gh 3> 4 nj@nj/ vlplodu
do gh Vlp41 Od Iljxud :046 pxhvwud hq irupd frqmxqwd od hyroxfl
rq whpsrudo gh
orv frqwhqlgrv gh djxd uhodwlyrv srufhqwxdohv gh orv slplhqwrv vrphwlgr d xqd
frqglflrq | rwud gh udgldflrq/ frq lqglfdfl
rq gh xqd glihuhqfld gh kdvwd fxdwur
krudv sdud oohjdu do 43 ( gho ydoru lqlfldo1 Wdpelhq lqwhuhvd phqflrqdu dtx od
glihuhqfld h{lvwhqwh hqwuh orv frqwhqlgrv lqlfldohv gh djxd sdud orv slplhqwrv gh
xqd | rwud pxhvwud +3> 8 nj@nj,/ or txh vljqlfd xqd glvfuhsdqfld uhodwlyd gh
439
Iljxud :045= Judfdv gho vhfdgr hq fdpsr sdud od h{shulhqfld Vlp51
douhghgru gho 46 ( dxq fxdqgr odv grv suryhqdq gh od plvpd sduwlgd1
Do uhdol}du od vlpxodflrq gh Vlp6 frq ho gdwr gh udgldfl
rq ljxdo d fhur/ ho
uhvxowdgr ixh txh od fxuyd gh vhfdgr fdofxodgd hvwded px| sru duuled gh od
uhdo1 Vh orjur xq dfhufdplhqwr ud}rqdeoh hqwuh dpedv do uhdol}du od vlpxodfl
rq
uhhpsod}dqgr ho gdwr gh udgldfl
rq sru ho 73 ( gho fruuhvsrqglhqwh do ydoru
phglgr sdud Vlp51 Hvwr vh pxhvwud hq od Iljxud :0471
.D
, Tihi?U@ 54e
Ho remhwlyr gh hvwd h{shulhqfld ixh od gh revhuydu od uhvsxhvwd gho surfhvr
fxdqgr ho dluh qr hv suhfdohqwdgr phgldqwh xq frohfwru | hv ixqgdphqwdophqwh
43:
Iljxud :046= Glihuhqfldv hq ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr edmr udgldfl
rq vrodu | d od
vrpeud1
od udgldflrq vrodu od yduldeoh uhvsrqvdeoh gh orv pd|ruhv fdpelrv hq ho shvr gho
surgxfwr1
Odv yduldeohv phglgdv | odv fxuydv gh vhfdgr vh pxhvwudq hq od Iljxud :048/
frq xqd glvfuhsdqfld gh 3> 5 nj@nj hqwuh od fxuyd vlpxodgd | od phglgd1
43;
Iljxud :047= Judfdv gho vhfdgr hq fdpsr sdud od h{shulhqfld Vlp61
43<
Iljxud :048= Judfdv gho vhfdgr hq fdpsr sdud od h{shulhqfld Vlp71
443
Fdswxor ;
DQDOLVLV GH
VHQVLELOLGDG
;14
Lqwurgxffl
rq
Vh uhdol}d od vlpxodflrq sru frpsxwdgrud gho surfhvr gh vhfdgr frq ud0
gldflrq gh odv grv ydulhgdghv gh slplhqwr fx|rv prghorv ixhurq ghvduuroodgrv
hq hvwh wudedmr1 Vh rewlhqh ju
dfdphqwh ho frpsruwdplhqwr txh vh hvshud gh
orv surgxfwrv/ fxdqgr vrq vrphwlgrv d vhfdgr edmr glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv gh
whpshudwxud/ yhorflgdg gho dluh | udgldfl
rq1 Glfkr frpsruwdplhqwr vh revhuyd
d wudyhv gh odv fxuydv gh vhfdgr | od frpsdudfl
rq gh orv wlhpsrv gh surfhvr
hq fdgd fdvr1 Hvwr shuplwh h{wudhu frqfoxvlrqhv vlq qhfhvlgdg gh uhdol}du odv
h{shulhqfldv1
Vh frpsdudq wdpelhq orv surfhvrv edmr grv frqglflrqhv h{wuhpdv= xqd vlq
udgldflrq | edmd whpshudwxud +L @ 3 Z@p / W @ 68 F,> | od rwud frq dowd
udgldflrq | dowd whpshudwxud +L @ 4333 Z@p / W @ 88 F,1 Hq orv grv fdvrv vh
pdqwlhqh od yhorflgdg gho dluh hq xq ydoru phglr +y @ 3> 8~3> : p@v,1
Od frpsdudflrq gh odv uhvlvwhqfldv joredohv shuplwh revhuydu ho glvwlqwr
judgr gh glfxowdg txh riuhfhq glfkrv yhjhwdohv sdud od ghvklgudwdfl
rq1
Orv judfrv fruuhvsrqghq d od hyroxfl
rq srufhqwxdo gh shvr gho surgxfwr hq
ixqflrq gho wlhpsr +433 S@S yv1 w,/ sdud xq p
d{lpr gh 63 krudv gh surfhvr1
Vh wrpd od uhgxfflrq gho shvr kdvwd ho 53 ( gho lqlfldo frpr uhihuhqfld sdud od
frpsdudflrq gh orv wlhpsrv uhvshfwlyrv1
444
;15
Surfhglplhqwr gh f
dofxor
Ho surfhglplhqwr frpsxwdflrqdo txh vh hpsoh
r sdud vlpxodu ho surfhvr/
ydolgr sdud ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv pruurqhv | odujrv/ ixh uhdol}dgr hq TSUR
6141 Hq xqd krmd gh f
dofxor vh dvljqdq fhogdv d odv yduldeohv yhorflgdg gho dluh
+y,/ whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr +W , | k
xphgr +W ,/ udgldfl
rq +L,/ frqwhqlgr
lqlfldo gh djxd gho surgxfwr +[ ,/ uhodflrqhv duhd~shvr +d @ D@p , | shvr
lqlfldo~vhfr +p @p , h lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr +w,1 Hq wrgrv orv fdvrv vh wrp
r
sdud hvwh x
owlpr ho ydoru gh flqfr plqxwrv1
Od froxpqd D frqwlhqh ho wlhpsr gh f
dofxor d sduwlu gh 3 | kdvwd odv 63
krudv1 Oxhjr/ hq E/ vh fdofxod ho shvr d sduwlu gh 433/ phgldqwh od uhodfl
rq frq
[ txh vh hvshud sdud ho yhjhwdo/ hv ghflu=
p ( @ 433@+p @p ,+[ . 4,=
Od froxpqd F frqwlhqh ho fdofxor gh od suhvl
rq gh ydsru gh vdwxudfl
rq S / gdgd
sru od hfxdflrq gh Dqwrlqh ^57`/ | hq od G vh fdofxod od suhvl
rq gh ydsru gho
xq Ihuuho ^9`1 Dpedv shuplwhq fdofxodu od glihuhqfld gh suhvl
rq gh
dluh S / vhj
ydsru S hq od vljxlhqwh froxpqd1
Vh ghwhuplqdq orv frhflhqwhv n / n / n
| n gh od i
rupxod gh Uxqjh~Nxwwd
sdud uhvroyhu od hfxdflrq glihuhqfldo gho surfhvr +grqgh vh hqfxhqwudq u +[,/
u( +[,/ L/ y/ d | S ,> | vh h{suhvd ho ydoru uhvxowdqwh gh [/ sdud fdgd wlhpsr
w/ d sduwlu gh [ txh duudqfd hq w @ 31 Hvwh ydoru gh [ vh xvd hqwrqfhv sdud ho
fdofxor gh p (1
Fdpeldqgr orv sdudphwurv L/ W | W | y vh rewlhqhq glvwlqwrv uhvxowdgrv hq
od froxpqd E | vh frsldq hq rwudv wdqwdv froxpqdv frpr hqvd|rv glihuhqwhv vh
vlpxodq1 Hq hvwh fdvr vrq qxhyh odv frpelqdflrqhv gh sdu
dphwurv ghvduuroodgdv/
txh oxhjr vh yxhofdq hq frqmxqwrv gh fxdwur ju
dfrv/ sdud fdgd yhjhwdo hq
sduwlfxodu1
Glfkdv jxudv ixhurq uhdol}dgdv sdud orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv=
Udgldflrq yduldeoh +3/ 833 | 4333 Z@p , | yhorflgdg gho dluh | whpshud0
wxudv frqvwdqwhv1
445
Whpshudwxudv yduldeohv +68/ 78 | 88 F sdud ho exoer vhfr | 53/ 66 |
63 F/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ sdud ho exoer k
xphgr,/ frq ho uhvwr gh frqglflrqhv
frqvwdqwhv
Yhorflgdghv gho dluh yduldeohv +3> 5/ 3> 8 | 4 p@v, frq whpshudwxudv |
udgldflrq frqvwdqwhv
Frqglflrqhv h{wuhpdv gh udgldfl
rq/ whpshudwxudv | yhorflgdghv/ txh frq0
gxfhq d grv fxuydv hqwuh odv fxdohv hvw
dq frpsuhqglgdv wrgdv odv srvlel0
olgdghv dqwhulruhv1
;16
Vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq
Od vlpxodflrq gho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq vh uhdol}
r frq orv vljxlhqwhv
gdwrv sduwlfxoduhv= p @p @ 45> 5/ [ @ 44> 5 nj@nj | d @ 7> 7 p @nj1
Od Iljxud ;04 pxhvwud orv fxdwur ju
dfrv txh shuplwhq frqfoxlu or vljxlhqwh=
d, Ho wlhpsr gh vhfdgr glvplqx|h hq p
dv gh 53 krudv vl od udgldfl
rq vh
lqfuhphqwd gh 3 d 833 Z@p 1 Vlq hpedujr/ vh dkruudq v
ror vhlv krudv gh
surfhvr do sdvdu gh 833 d 4333 Z@p 1 Hv ghflu txh xq shtxh
qr dsruwh gh
udgldflrq hv pdv hflhqwh sdud surgxflu od glvplqxfl
rq gho wlhpsr gh vhfdgr/
hq uhodflrq do surfhvr vlq udgldfl
rq/ txh ho plvpr dsruwh fxdqgr ho surfhvr vh
uhdol}d frq xq ydoru phglr gh udgldfl
rq1
Glfkr gh rwud irupd/ | hq whuplqrv fxdqwlwdwlyrv/ dxqtxh hq sulqflslr sru
fdgd lqfuhphqwr gh 73 Z@p hv srvleoh jdqdu xqd krud hq ho surfhvr/ d sduwlu
gh orv 833 Z@p hv qhfhvdulr gxsolfdu od lqwhqvlgdg gh udgldfl
rq +kdvwd p
dv gh
;3 Z@p hq surphglr, sru fdgd krud txh vh dkruud hq od gxudfl
rq gho vhfdgr1
e, Hq whpshudwxud/ ho hihfwr hv frqwudulr= shtxh
qrv dxphqwrv d sduwlu gh
xqd whpshudwxud gh 68 F surgxfhq xqd edmd uhgxffl
rq hq ho wlhpsr gh vhfdgr/
plhqwudv txh orv plvprv dxphqwrv d sduwlu gh xqd whpshudwxud pd|ru +78 F,
vrq pdv hflhqwhv sdud uhgxflu ho wlhpsr gh gxudfl
rq gho surfhvr1
Hvwr vh h{solfd revhuydqgr od lqxhqfld h{srqhqfldo txh wlhqh od whpshud0
wxud d wudyhv gho ghflw gh suhvl
rq gh ydsru S 1
f, Lqfuhphqwdqgr od yhorflgdg gho dluh/ odv fxuydv pxhvwudq txh ho surfhvr
gh vhfdgr wlhqgh d vhu fdgd yh} phqrv hflhqwh sdud orjudu od glvplqxfl
rq gho
446
Iljxud ;04= Vlpxodflrq gho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq edmr glvwlqwdv frqglflr0
qhv1
wlhpsr gh gxudflrq1 Sdvdqgr gh 3> 5 d 3> 8 p@v +y @ 3> 6 p@v, od qdol}dfl
rq
gho surfhvr vh dqwlflsd hq fxdwur krudv1 Hq fdpelr/ gh 3> 8 d 4 p@v +y @
3> 8 p@v, od glvplqxflrq gho wlhpsr hv gh vror wuhv krudv1
g, Hq whuplqrv jhqhudohv/ vl vh vhfd slplhqwr pruu
rq edmr xqd udgldfl
rq
gh 4333 Z@p / xqd whpshudwxud gh exoer vhfr gh 88 F +W @ 63 F, | xqd
yhorflgdg gho dluh gh 4 p@v> ho surfhvr qdol}d hq v
ror vlhwh krudv1
Hvwd suhglfflrq vh yhulf
r hihfwlydphqwh hq ho oderudwrulr/ frq xq pdujhq gh
huuru gh xqd krud | phgld/ frpr or pxhvwud od Iljxud ;051 Hq hvwd/ dghp
dv/ vh
fdofxodurq od glihuhqfld srufhqwxdo hqwuh odv duhdv edmr odv fxuydv h{shulphqwdo
| vlpxodgd +gdgd sru ho 9 (, | hqwuh ho srufhqwdmh 53 | ho uhpdqhqwh gh djxd
do fder gh odv rfkr krudv gh surfhvr +8> 6 (,1
447
Iljxud ;05= Vlpxodflrq | fxuyd h{shulphqwdo gho vhfdgr gh slplhqwr pruu
rq
edmr frqglflrqhv gh dowd udgldfl
rq/ whpshudwxud | yhorflgdg gho dluh1
;17
Vhfdgr gh slplhqwr odujr
Ho hvwxglr gh vhqvlelolgdg sdud hvwh fdvr vh hihfwx
r frq orv vljxlhqwhv gdwrv
sduwlfxoduhv= p @p @ 44/ [ @ 43 nj@nj/ d @ : p @nj | y @ 3> : p@v1
Od Iljxud ;06 pxhvwud orv ju
dfrv gh odv fruulgdv gh vlpxodfl
rq txh shuplwhq
frqfoxlu or vljxlhqwh=
d, Ho wlhpsr gh vhfdgr vlq udgldfl
rq sdud orjudu xqd shuglgd gh shvr gho
;3 ( hv gh douhghgru gh grfh krudv/ fxdqgr vh vrphwh do surgxfwr d 78 F gh
whpshudwxud gh exoer vhfr/ 66 F gh exoer k
xphgr | xqd yhorflgdg gho dluh
gh 3/: p2v1 Od glvplqxflrq gh hvwh wlhpsr hv gh fxdwur krudv do lqflglu xqd
udgldflrq frqvwdqwh gh 833 Z@p 1 Ho wlhpsr wrwdo gh surfhvr vh uhgxfh d vhlv
krudv do sdvdu gh 833 d 4333 Z@p 1 Fxdolwdwlydphqwh ho hihfwr hv vlplodu d or
h{suhvdgr sdud ho fdvr gh slplhqwrv pruurqhv1
Hq whuplqrv fxdqwlwdwlyrv/ sdud ho slplhqwr odujr vrq qhfhvdulrv lqfuhphqwrv
gh pdv gh 433 Z@p hq od udgldfl
rq sdud jdqdu xqd krud hq ho surfhvr frq
udgldflrq frqvwdqwh/ fxdqgr vh or frpsdud frq ho vhfdgr d rvfxudv1 D sduwlu gh
orv 833 Z@p glfkr dxphqwr gh udgldfl
rq wlhqh txh vhu gh 583 Z@p sru fdgd
krud gh glvplqxflrq gh od gxudfl
rq gho vhfdgr1
Frpsdudwlydphqwh/ qr revwdqwh/ ho vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv odujrv uhtxlhuh gh
448
Iljxud ;06= Fxuydv gh vhfdgr gh slplhqwr odujr/ rewhqlgdv sru vlpxodfl
rq hq
frpsxwdgrud/ sdud glvwlqwdv frqglflrqhv1
phqrv hqhujd txh ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh d pruurqhv/ ghelgr do phqru hvshvru gho
surgxfwr/ frpr vh dfrwr dqwhv1
e, Hq whpshudwxud/ ho hihfwr wdpelhq hv fxdolwdwlydphqwh vlplodu do revhu0
ydgr sdud pruurqhv/ frq xqd dsuhfldeoh glvplqxfl
rq hq od gxudfl
rq gho surfhvr1
f, Ho judfr gh vhqvlelolgdg gh orv wlhpsrv gh vhfdgr frq od yhorflgdg gh
dluh hv dqdorjr d or revhuydgr sdud pruurqhv1
g, Vh revhuyd txh ho slplhqwr odujr srgud oohjdu d vhfduvh hq srfdv krudv
edmr xqd udgldflrq frqvwdqwh gh 4333 Z@p 1
;18
Frpsdudfl
rq gh odv uhvlvwhqfldv do vhfdgr
Revhuydqgr od h{suhvlrq jhqhudo gho prghor gh od flqhwlfd gh vhfdgr frq
udgldflrq/
q@
p g[
4 g[
y
y8 L
@
@
+S S , .
>
D gw
d gw
u
u(
449
ho frpsruwdplhqwr gho vhfdgr gh orv glvwlqwrv yhjhwdohv/ hq ljxdogdg gh frqgl0
flrqhv gh whpshudwxudv | udgldfl
rq/ sxhgh frpsduduvh d wudyhv gh orv whuplqrv
txh lqx|hq hq g[@gw/ hv ghflu odv vljxlhqwhv uhvlvwhqfldv joredohv txh lqfox|hq
odv uhvlvwhqfldv u | u( =
U +[, @
u +[,
dy |
U( +[, @
u( +[,
=
dy8
Iljxud ;07= Ju
dfrv U +[, | U( +[,1
Hvwr vh pxhvwud judfdphqwh hq od Iljxud ;07/ txh shuplwh h{wudhu odv
vljxlhqwhv frqfoxvlrqhv=
d, Ghvgh ho sxqwr gh ylvwd gho vhfdgr vlq udgldfl
rq/ ho slplhqwr gh wlsr
pruurq wlhqh xqd uhvlvwhqfld joredo U +[, pd|ru txh od fruuhvsrqglhqwh do
slplhqwr odujr1
e, Ho slplhqwr odujr wlhqh od phqru uhvlvwhqfld joredo sdud od udgldfl
rq |
sru hoor vh vhfd frqyhqlhqwhphqwh frq udgldfl
rq1
44:
Fdswxor <
FRQFOXVLRQHV
Vh frqvwux|r xq oderudwrulr sdud ho vhfdgr frq lqfoxvl
rq gh udgldfl
rq sur0
yhqlhqwh gh xqd odpsdud | xq vlvwhpd dxwrp
dwlfr gh shvdgd | phglfl
rq gh odv
yduldeohv qhfhvduldv1 Od delolgdg gho vlvwhpd vh sxhgh ghwhuplqdu phgldqwh
od yhulfdflrq gh orv sdudphwurv gho surfhvr gh hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd frq orv
suhvhqwdgrv hq od eleolrjudid1
Odv suxhedv gh vhfdgr hq glfkr oderudwrulr shuplwhq whqhu hq fxhqwd ho xvr
gh od hqhujd vrodu d wudyhv gh vhqfloodv h{shulhqfldv txh uhvxowdurq vhu y
dolgdv
sdud grv ydulhgdghv gh slplhqwr1
Orv frqfhswrv | yduldeohv e
dvlfdv ghqlgdv sdud ho surfhvr gh vhfdgr/ dv
frpr od irupxodflrq gho prghor gh wlsr khxuvwlfr sdud ghvfulelu od flqhwlfd
gho plvpr/ kdfhq suhvxplu vx dsolfdelolgdg d glvwlqwrv surgxfwrv yhjhwdohv d
xq
fxdqgr ixhurq dsolfdgrv vrodphqwh do slplhqwr1
Ho prghor ghvduuroodgr shuplwh od vlpxodfl
rq gho vhfdgr frq udgldfl
rq fxdq0
gr vh frqrfhq odv yduldeohv h{whuqdv do surgxfwr +suhvl
rq wrwdo gho oxjdu/ yhor0
flgdg gho dluh/ whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr gho dluh | udgldfl
rq,1
Hq ho oderudwrulr hv srvleoh od uhdol}dfl
rq gh grv r wuhv h{shulhqfldv gh vh0
fdgr/ ghqwur gho udqjr gh ydoruhv gh whpshudwxudv/ yhorflgdg gho dluh | udgldfl
rq
txh vh hvshud whqhu hq od hvfdod uhdo/ sdud rewhqhu xq prghor pdwhp
dwlfr deoh
frq ho remhwr gh uhdol}du vlpxodflrqhv sru frpsxwdgrud1
Dxqtxh ho lqwhuhv lqgxvwuldo hv txh ho surgxfwr frqwhqjd phqrv gh xq flhuwr
srufhqwdmh gh kxphgdg hq xq ghwhuplqdgr wlhpsr/ vh frqvlghud txh vh ghvd0
uuroor xq fulwhulr remhwlyr | fxdqwlwdwlyr gh ydorudfl
rq gh orv surfhvrv gh vlpx0
44;
odflrq gho vhfdgr txh hv dsolfdeoh d rwurv surfhvrv dq
dorjrv1 Wudedmrv ixwxurv
srgudq phmrudu ho plvpr frq ho remhwr gh eulqgdu gdwrv p
dv dmxvwdgrv frq ho
surfhvr d hvfdod uhdo1
Orv surjudpdv ghvduuroodgrv pxhvwudq f
rpr suhghflu glvwlqwrv surfhvrv gh
vhfdgr sdud ho fdvr hq txh odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr | k
xphgr yduhq frq
ho wlhpsr/ do ljxdo txh od yhorflgdg gho dluh | od udgldfl
rq lqflghqwh1
Xqd euhyh uhylvlrq gh od h{shulhqfld orfdo hq od wudqvihuhqfld gh whfqrorjd
sdud vhfdgr vrodu ^49/ 4:/ 7/ 45/ 48/ 44/ 5` vxjlhuh srvleohv dsolfdflrqhv gho htxlsr
vhqfloor txh vh kd glvh
qdgr hq hvwh wudedmr1
Ho vhfdgru h{shulphqwdo pl{wr/ prvwudgr hq od irwrjudid gh od Iljxud 904</
sxhgh vhu xvdgr sdud od uhdol}dfl
rq hq ho plvpr vlwlr gh h{shulhqfldv ghprvwud0
wlydv gh vhfdgr vrodu1
Vh slhqvd txh do surgxfwru orfdo sxhgh lqwhuhvduoh revhuydu uhvxowdgrv lqph0
gldwrv hq vx surslr fdpsr gho vhfdgr gh orv surgxfwrv txh frvhfkd/ ud}
rq sru
od fxdo ho htxlsr vhqfloor srgu
d vdwlvidfhu vxv hvshfwdwlydv1
Od phwrgrorjd d hpsohdu frqvlvwlu
d hq frqvwuxlu ho htxlsr | hqwuhjduor
frq orv dffhvrulrv qhfhvdulrv +yhqwlodgru | ixhqwh gh dolphqwdfl
rq d edwhudv/
edodq}d gh sodwr/ vhqvruhv gh whpshudwxudv | htxlsr sruw
dwlo gh fdswdfl
rq gh
gdwrv, frq ho remhwr gh fxdqwlfdu dghfxdgdphqwh odv sulphudv h{shulhqfldv txh
vh uhdolfhq1 Odv phglflrqhv hvwdudq d fdujr gh shuvrqdo fdolfdgr r hqwuhqdgr
sdud wdohv qhv1
Vh sxhgh sodqwhdu od srvlelolgdg gh xvdu ho frohfwru0vhfdgru vhqfloor txh
shuplwd hqfrqwudu uhvxowdgrv gh i
dflo surfhvdplhqwr pdwhp
dwlfr frq ho remhwr
gh orjudu xq dvhvrudplhqwr dghfxdgr do oxjdu | odv hvshflhv yhjhwdohv frq txh
vh fxhqwh1
44<
Ds
hqglfh D
Surjudpdv
D14
Surjudpd gdw1edv
43 *Qrpeuh= gdw1edv1 Oxjdu= Vriw833 Zrunlqj1 57252<4
53 *
Ohh shvr | whpshudwxudv hq i+w,
63 *0000Holplqdflrq gh huuru sru wlhpsr surorqjdgr00
73 QURHUU@3=PD[HUU@433
83 RQ HUURU JRWR :73
93 *000000000000000Rshudflrqhv lqlfldohv000000000000
:3 LQSXW %Qrpeuh gh od h{shulhqfld= %/Q'
;3 LQSXW %Suhvlrq= %/SUHV * ;;3 KSd +r pEd,
<3
RSHQ %R%/&4/%gdwl%
443
FORVH
433
SULQW &4/Q'
453 LQSXW %Lqwhuydor +plq1,= %/GW
463 NH\ RII = VFUHHQ 3 = ZLGWK ;3 = FOV
473 YD@3=HXI(@46=VWDW(@3=WV@3=WEK@3=WEV@3
483 ORFDWH 58/4=SULQW
493
%w+plq, Shvr+j, Wevhfr Wekxp Wiuxwr KU+(, Z%
WLPH'@%33=33=33% = WLHPSR@WLPHU
4:3 *00000Ohfwxud gh od whqvlrq txh plgh shvr000000
4;3 FDOO LQLW
4<3 FDOO LRQDPH*+%Yr%/9/3/45/4,
453
533 SURP@3
543 IRU M@4 WR 53
553
563
573
FDOO DQUHDG*+%Yr%/yd/3,
583 QH[W
593
5:3
5;3
IRU L@4 WR 43=QH[W
SURP@SURP.YD
YD@SURP253
YD@LQW+08<1:9578.87175938-YD.91:<8:7:-YDa5.18,
YD@LQW+0515:97;.413;:;68-YD.18,
5<3 *0000Ohfwxud gh odv whpshudwxudv0000000000000000
633 FDOO LRQDPH*+%F65%/;/65/45,
643 FDOO LRQDPH*+%F3%/;/3/45,
653 FDOO LRQDPH*+%F4%/;/4/45,
663 FDOO LRQDPH*+%F5%/;/5/45,
673 FDOO LQWRQ*+43/%plo%,
683 FDOO DQLQ*+%whps(%/431/%F65/F3/F4/F5%/4/%wdvn4%,
693 FDOO VWDWXV*+%wdvn4%/vwdw(,
6:3 LI VWDW(?A3 WKHQ 693
6;3 FDOO LQWRII
6<3 SURP3@3 = SURP4@3 = SURP5@3
733
743
753
763
IRU L@4 WR 43
FDOO DUJHWYDO*+%whps(%/l/%F3%/wv/hxi(,
FDOO DUJHWYDO*+%whps(%/l/%F4%/wek/hxi(,
FDOO DUJHWYDO*+%whps(%/l/%F5%/wev/hxi(,
773 SURP3@SURP3.WV
783 SURP4@SURP4.WEK
793 SURP5@SURP5.WEV
7:3
QH[W
7;3 SURP3@LQW+SURP3.18,243
7<3 SURP4@LQW+SURP4.18,243
833 SURP5@LQW+SURP5.18,243
843 *Fdofxor gh odv kxphgdghv uhodwlyd | devroxwd
454
853 GHOWDS@+SURP50SURP4,-SUHV-133399-+4.SURP4-133448,
863 SV@9144-43a+:18-SURP42+SURP4.56:16,,
873 SK@SV0GHOWDS
883 SVG@9144-43a+:18-SURP52+SURP5.56:16,,
893 KU@433-SK2SVG
8:3 Z@1955-SK2+SUHV0SK,
8;3 KU@LQW+18.KU,
8<3 *0000000000Phglflrq gho wlhpsr wudqvfxuulgr00000
933 WLHPS@LQW+WLPHU293-43.18,243
943 *0000000Lpsuhvlrq gh gdwrv000000000000000000000
953 ORFDWH 57/4
963 SULQW WLHPS>% %>YD>% %>SURP5>% %>SURP4>
% %>SURP3>% %>KU>% %>Z
973 *OSULQW WLHPS/YD/SURP5/SURP4/SURP3/KU/Z
983
RSHQ %D%/&4/%gdwl%
9:3
FORVH
993
SULQW &4/ WLHPS/YD/SURP5/SURP4/SURP3/KU/Z
9;3 *000000Sdvr gh wlhpsr00000000000000000
9<3
WLHPSR@WLHPSR.GW-93
:33 ORFDWH 4/4=SULQW LQW+WLPHU,/WLHPSR
:43
/LQW+WLPHU219.18,2433/WLHPSR293/LQW+WLHPSR26933,
LI WLPHU?WLHPSR WKHQ :33
:53 JRWR 4;3
:63 *00000000000Uhvroxflrq gho huuru000000000000000
:73 QURHUU@QURHUU.4
:83 LI QURHUUAPD[HUU WKHQ VWRS
:93 UHVXPH
D15
Surjudpd VlpWde1edv
* VLPWDE1EDV=
*
Surjudpd sdud vlpxodu ho vhfdgr gh wdedfr/ frqrflhqgr
455
*
*
*
*
od uhvlvwhqfld joredo u+[, h lqwurgxflhqgr odv whpsh0
udwxudv Wev | Wek hq ixqflrq gho wlhpsr hq od h{suh0
vlrq gh od flqhwlfd=
0g[2gw@^Sv+Wev,0Sy+Wev/Wek,`2u+[,
*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
*Qrphqfodwxud=
*
*
qrp' qrpeuh gh od h{shulhqfld
w
wlhpsr
*
l yduldeoh sdud frqwdu | hvwdeohfhu vxelqglfhv
*
Wev+l,/ Wek+l, whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr | kxphgr
*
p+l, gdwrv gh shvr hq judprv
*
Q qxphur wrwdo gh gdwrv
*
[ frqwhqlgr gh kxphgdg
*
sl sdvr sdud od lpsuhvlrq
*
*
pv/ ph shvrv vhfr | ilqdo
[r/ [h frqwhqlgrv lqlfldo | ilqdo gh kxphgdg
*
fr yduldeoh xvdgd sdud ghwhuplqdu od vdolgd gh fdofxor/
*
sw sdvr gho wlhpsr/ hq vhjxqgrv
*
vx ydoru lqlfldo hv ljxdo d sl
*
Sv/ S/ Sy suhvlrqhv gh ydsru gh vdwxudflrq/ wrwdo gho
*
Gi @ Sv 0 Sy/ glihuhqfld gh suhvlrqhv gh ydsru
*
*
*
*
*
*
oxjdu | suhvlrq gh ydsru gho dluh/ hq sdvfdohv
u @ u+[,/ uhvlvwhqfld joredo
g[gw @ 0 Gi2u+[,/ flqhwlfd gh vhfdgr
[s @ [ . g[gw sw/ ydoru suhglfkr sru glihuhqfld ilqlwd
g[gws @ 0 Gi2u+[s,/ uhlwhudflrq gho fdofxor
[f @ [ . +g[gw . g[gws,25 sw/ ydoru fruuhjlgr
*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
glp p+5333,/ Wev+5333,/ Wek+5333,
fov
*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
*Hqwudgd gh orv gdwrv=
456
lqsxw %Qrpeuh gho dufklyr gh od h{shulhqfld= %/ qrp'
rshq %L%/&4/qrp'
l@3
gr zkloh qrw hri+4,
l@l.4
lqsxw &4/ w/ p+l,/ Wev+l,/ Wek+l,
Wev+l,@Wev+l,.5:6 * | gh F d N
Wek+l,@Wek+l,.5:6
orrs
forvh &4
lqsxw %Shvr vhfr= %/pv
lqsxw %Suhvlrq gho oxjdu +Sd,= %/S
*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
*
Fdofxorv lqlfldohv
Q@l *dvljqdflrq gho qxphur wrwdo gh gdwrv
ph @ p+Q,
[r@+p+4,0pv,2pv
=
sl@8-6933 * 8 krudv
[h@+ph0pv,2pv
43 w@3 = [@[r
fr@sl
l@4
* Lqlfldol}d ho sdvr gh lpsuhvlrq
*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
* Hqwudgd gho sdvr gh wlhpsr sw sdud od lqwhjudflrq
lqsxw %Sdvr gh lqwhjudflrq +v,= %/sw
*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
*Vdolgd gh orv fdofxorv
rshq %r%/&5/Qrp'.%vlp%
*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
*Frplhq}r gho fdofxor
53 Sv@h{s+5618946073652+Wev+l,06;,,
Sy@h{s+5618946073652+Wek+l,06;,,
457
Sy@Sy0133399-+4.1334487-+Wek+l,05:6,-+Wev+l,0Wek+l,,
Gi@Sv0Sy
u@4h432+41<6-[a5179.918:,
g[gw@0Gi2u
[s@[.g[gw-sw
63 u@4h432+41<6-[sa5179.918:,
g[gws@0Gi2u
[f @ [ . +g[gw . g[gws,25-sw
li dev+5-+[f0[s,2+[f.[s,,?1334 wkhq vljd
[s@[f= jrwr 63
vljd=
w@w.sw
li w?fr wkhq qrlps
l@l.4
li l@Q.4 wkhq hqg
zulwh &5/w26933/[s/Wev+l,/Wek+l,
fr@fr.sl
li [s?[h wkhq hqg
jrwr 53
qrlps=
[@[f =
jrwr 53
458
Ds
hqglfh E
Hydsrudfl
rq gh djxd
E14
H{shulhqfld Q r 4= Udgldfl
rq @ 3 Z@p5
wlhpsr
+plq,
3
48
63
78
93
:8
<3
438
453
468
483
498
4;3
4<8
543
558
573
588
Shvr
+j,
4<:
4<8
4<4
4;<
4;;
4;7
4;4
4:;
4:9
4:6
4:3
49:
496
494
48;
487
485
47<
Wev
+F,
7318
7319
731:
7417
741;
741<
741<
75
Wek
+F,
+(,
5:19
6415
6;
5:19
5:1:
5:1:
5:1;
5:1;
5:1<
5:1<
5;15
7514
5;14
7515
7515
75
7414
7415
7415
7416
K
+F,
75
7514
Wdj
5;
5;14
5;15
5:19
6518
6518
6518
6519
6519
651:
651:
651;
651;
651<
651<
5;15
651<
5;16
66
5;15
5;16
5;17
459
66
6614
6614
6<
6;
69
69
68
69
69
6:
69
69
69
69
6:
6<
6<
6<
6<
5:3
47:
5;8
479
633
475
648
46<
663
46;
678
466
693
464
6:8
45;
6<3
45:
738
456
753
455
768
44<
783
448
798
446
7;3
443
7<8
43<
843
E15
438
3
48
63
78
93
:8
<3
438
453
5;17
7417
5;18
7417
5;18
7418
5;19
7418
5;19
7419
5;1:
7419
5;1:
7419
5;1:
7419
5;1;
7416
7417
7418
7418
7418
7419
7419
7419
6615
6<
651<
6<
6615
6<
6616
6<
6617
6<
6617
6<
6618
6<
6618
6<
6618
73
5;17
6615
5;18
6616
5;19
66
5;19
6617
5;19
6617
5;1:
6617
5;1:
6618
5;1:
6618
6<
6<
6<
6<
6<
6<
6<
6<
H{shulhqfld Q r 5= Udgldfl
rq @ 539 Z@p5
wlhpsr
+plq,
7416
Shvr
+j,
498
Wev
+F,
6;14
494
6918
487
6917
48;
484
483
479
477
474
Wek
+F,
5:18
5:18
6:
5:19
6918
5:15
691;
691<
6:14
6:15
5;
Wdj
+F,
+(,
661<
84
6719
6618
661<
661;
5:19
6716
5:19
6619
5:18
5:1;
45:
K
67
6714
79
83
87
83
84
83
83
83
E16
H{shulhqfld Q r 6= Udgldfl
rq @ 5<4 Z@p5
wlhpsr
+plq,
3
494
63
48;
78
486
93
47<
:8
478
<3
475
438
473
453
466
+plq,
3
+j,
445
63
43<
78
437
93
434
:8
<9
<3
<5
438
<3
453
;9
+F,
6<
6;19
6<1<
6<1:
6<1;
6<1<
6<17
6<1<
6<14
Wek
+F,
5;16
5;14
5<15
5;16
5;18
5;1<
5;17
5<18
5;1;
Wdj
K
+F,
+(,
6916
79
6915
6917
6917
6918
6919
6919
691:
691;
79
79
77
77
78
78
7;
7;
Wev
+F,
6916
691;
6:15
6:19
6:1<
6;14
6;18
6;18
6;18
Wek
+F,
591;
5:17
5:1;
5;15
5;17
5;1:
5;1;
5;1<
5:1<
Wdj
+F,
6916
691;
6:14
691;
691:
691<
6:14
6:15
6:17
K
+(,
7<
83
83
83
83
84
83
83
79
H{shulhqfld Q r 8= Udgldfl
rq @ 8;4 Z@p5
wlhpsr
3
Shvr
44:
48
+plq,
Wev
H{shulhqfld Q r 7= Udgldfl
rq @ 6<8 Z@p5
wlhpsr
E18
+j,
498
48
E17
Shvr
Shvr
+j,
4;4
Wev
+F,
7519
Wek
+F,
6316
45;
Wdj
+F,
6<14
K
+(,
75
48
4:9
63
4:3
78
93
<3
453
468
483
498
4;3
4<8
543
E19
3
48
63
78
93
:8
<3
438
453
631;
437
761<
6416
73
74
7314
74
631;
7314
631<
7316
78
78
78
78
74
74
74
H{shulhqfld Q r 9= Udgldfl
rq @ :79 Z@p5
wlhpsr
+plq,
761:
43<
7619
74
73
631:
447
6<1<
6319
7618
44<
7618
75
6<1<
631:
457
6<1;
641:
7617
464
78
7314
631;
7617
73
6419
7616
467
78
7316
6418
475
7319
6417
7614
7615
77
7318
486
76
7317
6415
751<
47:
438
751;
64
497
48<
:8
751:
Shvr
+j,
53<
534
4<8
4;;
4;5
4:9
Wev
+F,
6<1<
7415
+F,
5<16
Wdj
+F,
6;1:
5<18
6;1<
7419
5<1<
6<15
741;
6314
7417
741:
49:
741<
48:
7518
497
Wek
75
5<1;
63
6315
6317
6318
45<
6<
6<17
6<18
6<19
6<1:
6<1;
K
+(,
7:
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
76
Ds
hqglfh F
H{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr gh
wdedfr
Odv vljxlhqwhv wdeodv pxhvwudq orv gdwrv wrpdgrv sdud fxdwur h{shulhqfldv
gh vhfdgr gh wdedfr1 Wrgdv vh uhdol}durq vlq udgldfl
rq/ frq xqd yhorflgdg gho
dluh gh 3> 8 p@v1 Vrodphqwh vh plglhurq odv whpshudwxudv gh exoer vhfr |
k
xphgr gho dluh | qr vh plgl
r od whpshudwxud gh od krmd1
F14
H{shulhqfld W4
Shvr vhfr= 77< j
w+k, p+j,
Wev
3
8765
43
833<
5<18
53
788<
6318
8
48
58
63
68
73
78
83:9
7:68
7776
753<
7389
6;<<
69;6
5;
Wek
67
631<
5<;6
73
5;
93
6477
:3
5:64
5;1<
6416
5<14
6518
6599
66;:
6318
6515
Wek
83
5:18
65
Wev
591:
5<
6418
w+k, p+j,
5;18
5<15
5<19
5<1:
5<19
88
98
:8
;3
;8
<3
<8
463
569:
5354
4;6:
497<
485:
6515
6:
73
73
73
73
7518
7918
6314
6419
6418
6418
6418
6416
6319
65
6718
w+k,
433
438
443
p+j,
Wev
4649
83
4757
4577
448
449;
453
435<
458
;;8
F15
w+k,
3
8
43
48
53
58
63
68
73
78
F16
7;
85
Wek
671<
671<
6717
88
661:
8:
68
8:
68
w+k,
463
468
473
p+j,
Wev
:;9
8:
;69
9;:
478
993
483
935
Wek
8:
68
68
8:
6715
8;18
6715
93
6815
H{shulhqfld W5
p+j,
74;;
737:
6<88
6;<7
6;66
6:7:
Wev
631:
631:
631:
631:
6418
641;
6988
6514
6878
641:
694;
67<9
Shvr vhfr= 946/8 j
65
66
Wek
w+k,
5<19
83
5<17
88
5;1;
93
5;1;
98
5<1;
:3
6315
:8
6317
;3
5<1<
;8
6315
<3
631<
p+j,
Wev
675;
6714
6663
67
66:<
6565
6534
6485
6436
635<
5<<6
67
6716
6716
6716
6716
6716
6716
Wek
6419
6419
6419
641:
641:
6416
6417
6418
6419
H{shulhqfld W6
Shvr vhfr= :<7/8 j
w+k,
3
8
43
48
53
p+j,
Wev
8475
63
8577
8373
7<39
7;78
63
65
65
66
Wek
w+k,
5;19
5;19
6317
464
Wek
7:6<
661<
641;
68
78;8
63
5;
78
7764
65
73
6416
Wev
58
63
6317
p+j,
7999
7837
63
63
5;
5;
5<16
w+k,
83
88
93
98
:3
:8
;3
;8
<3
<8
F17
w+k,
3
8
43
p+j,
7699
75<5
754<
73
7514
67:4
7718
698;
659;
78
83
88
93
98
:3
6314
438
433
443
5<1:
448
6314
453
6816
458
6919
76
463
6917
468
6:16
78
473
6:14
478
p+j,
6463
Wev
7815
Wek
6914
5:56
7815
5894
7;15
6:16
841;
6:1;
5975
56<;
4:37
7:
7<18
4896
841;
4646
86
4756
86
6914
6919
6:
6:1;
6919
6919
4536
8815
6917
p+j,
Wev
Wek
549<
7315
H{shulhqfld W7
p+j,
Wev
64:<
5<16
665;
w+k,
5:16
;3
5<
5918
<3
4<39
76
5<1:
5917
433
49<6
76
65
5<16
5;86
5<1:
5:86
5998
593;
Shvr vhfr= 95: j
Wek
63:<
5;36
73
w+k,
5<1;
67
6:93
58
68
6518
6;95
7349
Wek
6314
651;
6516
5<;7
63
651;
7479
48
53
Wev
6414
6414
6518
5<1<
:8
5:16
;8
5918
<8
5:17
438
5:1;
443
5;15
448
58:4
6616
5778
5;
591:
463
6;15
6416
473
5835
5756
5734
5684
63
561;
6;15
5;18
453
5:14
551;
6416
536;
4:;:
4888
4744
4643
4543
73
631<
75
6519
76
631<
76
83
83
631<
681<
681<
6<
468
;;4
8815
:;7
631<
8815
8315
;67
78
681<
433<
<3<
64
83
458
478
465
5559
8815
8815
6;
6<
6<
5<18
Ds
hqglfh G
H{shulhqfldv gh vhfdgr gh
slplhqwrv pruurqhv
Sdud hvwh frqmxqwr gh h{shulhqfldv vh plgl
r od whpshudwxud gho iuxwr W!
.
frorfdqgr xqd whuprfxsod hq xqd pxhvwud gho plvpr1
G14
Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 3/5 p@v
#
, Tihi?U@  EG +@_@U‚
L? ' f `*6
wlhpsr
Shvr
Wev
+k,
+j,
+F,
3166
9;
6:1;
3133
319:
4133
4166
419:
5133
5166
519:
6133
6166
9<
9:
98
97
96
95
94
93
8<
8;
6;
Wek
631;
531<
6914
6918
6917
6916
619:
5415
541:
6917
6914
5:18
+F,
5414
6916
wlhpsr
+F,
6:1:
6919
Wiu
54
531;
641<
5319
671<
5319
5318
5318
7133
8:
8133
661<
661;
+j,
719:
651<
531:
+k,
7166
641;
8166
819:
67
9133
9166
671;
919:
671<
:133
466
Shvr
8:
88
88
87
86
86
84
83
7<
7<
Wev
+F,
6919
691<
691<
691<
691<
691;
Wek
+F,
5317
5317
5316
5315
5316
5318
691;
5314
6919
531:
691:
691:
6:
54
5414
531<
Wiu
+F,
681<
681;
681<
6914
691<
691;
691;
6919
6919
6919
6918
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
:19:
7<
:166
;133
;166
;19:
<133
<166
<19:
43133
43166
4319:
44133
44166
4419:
45133
45166
4519:
46133
7<
7;
7;
7:
Wev
+F,
6:19
6:14
6:17
6:16
6:15
76
75
75
75
74
74
74
46166
+F,
531<
6916
531<
531;
5317
6916
681;
691<
5315
691<
691;
6919
6918
6917
6917
6916
6916
6915
5318
53
5315
5314
4<1<
4<1;
4<19
4819:
49133
49166
6717
4919:
6715
4:133
6714
67
4<19
48166
6718
4<19
4<1:
73
48133
6719
6714
4619:
4719:
6719
4<1;
+j,
47166
69
4:166
4:19:
67
4;133
4;166
661<
4;19:
661<
Shvr
+k,
47133
6914
5317
691<
76
6917
+F,
6:
78
77
wlhpsr
6914
6:14
77
Wiu
5319
79
78
Wek
4<133
73
73
Wev
+F,
6:17
69
69
69
68
6:1;
4<1<
6;1<
5315
66
6;17
66
66
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
+F,
+F,
Wiu
wlhpsr
5
+F,
+k,
+j,
651;
5158
;;
6917
51:8
6;1<
6158
7317
61:8
3
43:
6:19
531<
5;14
318
436
6;1:
531<
6717
5414
6:1:
5414
7314
3158
438
31:8
434
4158
<9
4
418
41:8
<<
<7
<5
6:1<
6;1:
6;1;
6<16
6<18
7314
531;
5415
5414
5414
Shvr
518
6
618
467
<4
;:
;7
;6
;4
:<
:;
Wev
+F,
7314
7314
7314
7315
7315
7315
7315
73
67
6814
6816
6816
6817
6818
681:
681;
681<
5319
6914
531:
6<15
661;
5317
5318
6;19
, Tihi?U@ 2 E2G +@_@U‚
L? ' HD `*6
Wek
5316
6;1:
#2
Wev
53
6<
661;
6814
4<1;
6;1<
661;
4<19
4<1;
6;14
+F,
6719
4<19
6:19
Wiu
4<17
4<18
6:18
6;1:
66
4<17
6:
67
67
4<18
6914
6:
6:
4<18
6915
691<
6:
+F,
6915
6<
6;
Wek
5318
69
6914
6916
Wek
+F,
5419
5416
5418
541;
5415
5417
5415
5415
Wiu
+F,
7416
7515
7518
7518
7518
7618
7619
761:
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
7158
:8
7
718
71:8
8
8158
818
81:8
9
9158
918
91:8
:
:9
Wev
+F,
6<1<
6<16
:6
6<16
:4
6<
:5
6<
9<
6<16
98
6<
9:
97
96
94
94
93
6<
6<
6<
6<
6<
6<
Wek
+F,
5416
5415
5416
5416
5416
5416
5415
5415
5415
5415
5415
5415
5415
Wiu
wlhpsr
761:
:158
771<
:1:8
771<
;158
771;
;1:8
771;
<158
771;
<1:8
+F,
761:
771<
+j,
+F,
:18
8:
6<
;18
771;
<
771;
<18
771;
43
7818
Wev
+k,
;
771<
Shvr
8;
89
88
86
86
85
83
7<
7<
7;
7:
3
3158
43<
437
318
433
4
<5
31:8
<9
4158
<3
41:8
;7
418
5
5158
51:8
;:
;3
:;
:5
+F,
75
7414
7317
7315
7315
7315
7316
7317
+F,
5616
5618
5618
5619
6
6;1<
6;1<
6;1<
7318
57
561<
771;
771;
771;
781:
781<
781<
5414
791;
79
5414
7:14
Wek
Wiu
9:
7817
61:8
79
7158
7918
71:8
86
731;
5714
7:19
7:18
8158
7<
731<
5714
7:19
771:
618
7
718
7:17
8
7:18
81:8
468
:3
98
95
93
8:
89
84
78
+F,
771;
6158
7914
561<
Wev
7817
5414
5414
6;1<
7817
7618
561:
561;
5414
+F,
+j,
781;
561:
5414
Wiu
+k,
5619
7317
7318
6;1:
+F,
5415
6;1<
Shvr
+j,
5415
6;1<
wlhpsr
+k,
5415
6<
Shvr
5415
6<
, Tihi?U@ EG +@_@U‚
L? ' H2f `*6
wlhpsr
5415
6<
#2
Wiu
5415
6<
Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 3/8 p@v
Wek
+F,
6<
G15
Wev
Wek
7318
7319
7319
7319
7319
7415
731:
731:
7419
+F,
57
57
57
5714
5714
5714
5714
5714
5715
+F,
7:18
7:18
7:18
7:19
7:19
7:19
7:19
7:19
7:1<
wlhpsr
+k,
9
9158
918
91:8
:
:158
:18
:1:8
;
;158
;18
Shvr
Wev
Wek
Wiu
+j,
+F,
+F,
75
7418
5714
78
74
6<
6:
68
66
66
64
63
5<
731;
741;
57
741:
741;
59
57
7<18
<1:8
5715
7<1<
43158
83
431:8
7<1<
44158
5715
741<
<
<158
7417
741<
+j,
7;1;
5715
7;1;
7;1;
5714
7<1<
561;
7<1<
5715
57
<18
83
Shvr
+k,
;1:8
5715
741<
+F,
7;19
7419
731:
wlhpsr
43
5;
58
58
58
57
56
4318
55
44
54
54
54
Wev
+F,
+k,
3133
314:
3166
3183
319:
31;6
4133
414:
4166
4183
419:
+j,
+F,
+F,
+F,
463
7714
6515
6515
458
7814
466
45:
455
44<
44:
448
446
444
43;
77
78
7815
7815
7815
7816
7816
7816
7816
65
6516
6517
6517
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
wlhpsr
+k,
65
5133
514:
6516
5166
6517
6517
6518
6183
671<
619:
469
435
<9
6166
671<
436
51;6
614:
671:
438
433
6133
6619
+j,
5183
519:
6518
Shvr
<;
<7
<6
<4
;<
;;
551<
7319
5614
7319
551<
7318
551;
7318
551:
7317
5519
7317
5519
7315
Wiu
5615
7319
, Tihi?U@ e E2G +@_@U‚
L? ' f `*6
Wek
551<
731:
#
Wev
5715
731:
Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 4 p@v
Shvr
+F,
741:
G16
wlhpsr
Wek
Wiu
+F,
7<1<
7<1<
7<1<
7<1<
7<1<
7<1;
7<1;
7<1:
7<1:
7<19
5517
8319
Wek
Wiu
Wev
+F,
7817
7817
7817
7817
7815
7814
7818
7815
7817
7817
7817
+F,
6519
6519
6519
+F,
6914
6914
6914
6519
6917
651:
6:16
6519
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
6:
6:16
6:16
6:1;
6;18
6;18
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
7133
;9
61;6
714:
7166
7183
719:
71;6
8133
814:
8166
8183
819:
81;6
9133
914:
9166
9183
919:
91;6
:133
;:
;7
;6
;5
;3
:<
:;
::
:9
:8
:7
:6
:4
:3
9<
9;
9:
99
98
Wev
+F,
7818
7818
7818
7814
7814
7719
771;
771<
771<
771;
7814
7817
7817
7818
7818
7818
7819
7819
7819
7819
Wek
+F,
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651;
651;
651;
651;
8:
7718
6<1:
43133
6<1:
4314:
6<1:
43166
7317
43183
731<
4319:
731<
431;6
731<
44133
731<
4414:
731<
44166
731<
44183
7414
4419:
7514
441;6
85
7816
85
84
84
83
83
7<
7;
7;
7:
7:
79
79
78
7814
7816
7817
7816
7816
7816
7815
7816
7816
7816
7815
6519
6519
6519
6519
6519
751:
7517
7518
7614
76
6517
7614
6516
76
6518
6517
6517
6518
6518
6518
6518
76
76
76
76
76
76
751<
75
4514:
741<
45183
79
77
7815
7815
6516
6517
751<
7618
7419
4519:
76
7815
6517
761<
651:
75
46133
75
7814
6517
77
651:
;19:
<1;6
7814
75
65
7717
771:
6<1:
86
6519
76
94
8;
<19:
78
75
6516
;14:
;183
6<1:
87
6519
7815
6517
7718
<183
7814
75
77
7717
8;
6<1:
87
651:
45166
95
;166
<166
7814
75
75
:1;6
7718
6<1:
88
651:
75
651;
6519
94
<14:
7815
6519
+F,
751<
7719
;133
6<19
89
78
+F,
6518
97
7717
<133
8:
+F,
Wiu
7815
:183
96
6;19
+j,
Wek
79
651;
:19:
;1;6
+k,
Wev
45133
7819
7719
6;18
+F,
Shvr
7417
98
97
wlhpsr
651;
:14:
:166
Wiu
6516
6516
651:
75
451;6
75
4614:
75
46166
75
46183
75
4619:
46:
76
75
74
74
74
7815
7814
7814
7814
7814
6517
6517
6517
6516
6516
761<
77
77
761<
761<
wlhpsr
+k,
461;6
47133
4714:
47166
47183
4719:
471;6
48133
4814:
48166
48183
4819:
481;6
49133
4914:
49166
49183
4919:
491;6
4:133
Shvr
+j,
73
73
Wev
+F,
7814
7814
73
7814
73
78
73
6;
6;
6;
6:
6:
6:
69
69
69
68
68
68
67
67
67
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
Wek
+F,
6516
6516
6516
6516
6515
6515
6515
Wiu
wlhpsr
761<
4:14:
+F,
761<
761<
761<
6515
6515
6515
6515
6515
6515
4;183
4;19:
4;1;6
761;
4<133
7715
4<14:
761<
4<166
7716
4<183
7715
6515
7717
6515
4;166
761<
761;
6515
4;14:
77
6515
67
4;133
761<
6515
6515
4:166
4:1;6
761<
761<
+j,
4:19:
761<
6515
+k,
4:183
761<
4<19:
4<1;6
77
53133
5314:
771<
Shvr
53166
67
67
67
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
63
63
63
5<
5<
5<
5<
Wev
+F,
78
78
+k,
3133
314:
3166
3183
+j,
47:
476
473
46;
+F,
731:
731:
731:
731;
+F,
6315
6417
6417
6418
wlhpsr
6315
319:
+F,
+k,
6417
31;6
6417
4133
6418
414:
46;
Shvr
+j,
467
464
45:
457
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
6515
78
Wev
+F,
731<
731<
731<
74
78
771;
78
6515
78
78
6515
6515
78
+F,
771;
6515
78
Wiu
6515
6515
78
Wiu
6515
78
, Tihi?U@ e E22G +@_@U‚
L? ' eDf `*6
Wek
6515
78
#e
Wev
6515
78
Yhorflgdg gho dluh= 4 p@v
Shvr
+F,
78
G17
wlhpsr
Wek
6515
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
Wek
+F,
6419
6419
6419
641:
Wiu
+F,
6419
6419
651;
67
wlhpsr
+k,
4166
4183
419:
41;6
5133
514:
5166
5183
519:
Shvr
+j,
+F,
44<
7414
454
448
446
444
43;
43:
437
435
51;6
433
614:
<9
6133
6166
6183
619:
61;6
7133
714:
7166
7183
719:
71;6
8133
814:
8166
8183
819:
81;6
9133
914:
Wev
<;
<6
<4
;<
;:
;9
;6
;5
;4
:<
::
:9
:7
:5
:5
:3
9<
9;
99
74
7414
7414
7414
7414
7415
7415
7415
7415
7415
7415
Wek
+F,
+F,
641;
6815
641:
641;
641;
641;
641;
641<
641<
641<
641<
641<
641<
7415
641<
7416
65
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7417
7417
7417
7417
65
65
7417
6414
7417
65
6417
:14:
:166
:183
6918
:19:
6918
:1;6
6:14
;133
6:1:
;14:
6:1:
;166
6:1;
;183
6:1;
;19:
6:1;
;1;6
<133
6;
6<
6418
:133
6918
65
641:
91;6
6918
6;1<
6514
919:
6917
65
65
9183
681<
6;1:
65
9166
6817
65
65
+k,
6816
6:1;
65
wlhpsr
67
65
7417
7417
Wiu
<14:
<166
<183
6<
<19:
<1;6
6<
43133
6<
4314:
6<
43166
6<
43183
6<
4319:
6<
431;6
6<
44133
6<
4414:
46<
Shvr
+j,
98
97
96
95
93
93
8<
8;
8:
89
86
86
85
84
83
7<
7;
7:
7:
79
78
77
77
76
75
74
74
74
6<
6<
Wev
+F,
7417
7417
7417
Wek
+F,
64
641:
6<15
631<
7417
7416
6414
6415
631<
6414
7416
6415
7416
631<
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7416
7415
7415
7415
7415
7415
7415
7415
6<
64
7417
7417
6<
6<15
6414
7417
+F,
631<
7417
7417
Wiu
64
6417
631;
631;
631<
631;
631;
631;
631;
631;
6<
7314
7315
7314
7315
7315
7315
7314
7315
7314
7314
7314
7314
7314
7314
7314
7314
7314
631:
7314
631:
7315
631:
7315
6319
731;
631:
631:
631:
6319
73
73
73
73
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
44183
6;
44166
4419:
441;6
45133
4514:
45166
45183
4519:
451;6
46133
4614:
46166
46183
4619:
461;6
47133
4714:
47166
47183
4719:
471;6
48133
4814:
48166
48183
4819:
481;6
49133
6;
6:
6:
69
68
68
68
Wev
+F,
7415
7414
7414
7414
7414
7414
7414
7414
68
7414
66
74
68
66
65
65
65
65
64
63
63
63
5<
5<
5<
5<
74
74
74
74
74
74
731<
731<
731<
731<
731<
731<
731<
731<
5:
731<
5:
74
5:
5:
59
74
74
74
Wek
Wiu
+F,
+F,
6319
7319
6319
7414
6319
6319
6319
6319
6319
6319
6318
6317
6317
6317
4:19:
4:1;6
4;133
4;14:
4;166
6<1;
4;183
4;19:
73
4;1;6
4<133
731<
4<14:
731<
4<166
731<
4<183
731;
4<19:
731<
4<1;6
731<
6318
74
6318
4:183
6<1;
731<
6318
4:166
6<1<
631;
6319
4:14:
6<1;
731<
6317
4:133
73
6317
6317
491;6
7317
6<1<
6317
4919:
7319
6317
6317
49183
7414
73
6318
49166
7414
6318
6318
4914:
74
6<1<
6318
+k,
73
6318
6318
wlhpsr
53133
5314:
74
53166
53183
74
5319:
74
531;6
473
Shvr
+j,
59
59
59
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
57
56
57
57
57
57
Wev
+F,
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
731<
731:
7318
7317
7315
56
7316
56
73
56
73
56
7314
55
73
56
73
55
7314
55
73
55
55
55
54
54
73
7315
7316
7314
7317
Wek
+F,
6318
6318
6318
6318
6318
6318
6318
6318
6318
6318
6318
6317
6315
6314
631;
631;
631:
631:
631:
6319
6319
6319
631:
631:
Wiu
+F,
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
731<
731:
7318
7317
7316
7317
7314
7317
7319
7317
7319
731:
731;
631:
7414
631:
731:
631:
631:
631:
74
7415
7415
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
5414:
54
54133
54166
54183
5419:
541;6
55133
#e2
wlhpsr
+k,
54
54
54
54
54
54
Wev
+F,
7317
7319
7414
731:
7318
7318
7319
Wek
+F,
631:
631:
631:
631:
631;
631;
631;
Wiu
wlhpsr
+F,
+k,
7415
5514:
7415
55166
7415
55183
7415
5519:
7416
551;6
7416
56133
7416
Shvr
+j,
Wev
+F,
Wek
+F,
Wiu
wlhpsr
+F,
3166
469
7816
651;
6814
6183
4166
4183
474
463
459
453
44:
446
43<
438
7716
7819
781:
641:
651;
661;
69
651<
6917
781;
6616
691<
781<
6615
781;
781<
79
66
6615
6615
6133
731:
;<
;9
;6
;4
:;
7915
7915
7916
7916
7916
7916
6617
6617
6618
6618
6618
6618
714:
7166
7183
631;
731:
631<
Wev
+F,
631<
7417
7416
7417
7417
Wek
+F,
Wiu
+F,
:9
7916
6618
741:
:4
7917
6619
741;
9<
9:
98
95
94
8<
7917
7917
7918
7918
7918
7918
7918
6619
6619
661:
661:
661:
661;
661;
741:
741;
741;
741;
751:
751<
7614
6<14
8133
89
771:
6614
7517
85
7817
6<14
51;6
7316
631;
7416
741;
6616
519:
7318
631;
7416
661:
7914
5183
731:
631;
7816
<7
<5
Shvr
+F,
8;
5133
5166
+F,
Wiu
719:
6<14
514:
53
7318
Wek
6:1<
6616
6616
7133
6:1;
7914
7914
61;6
6:1:
434
<;
619:
6918
419:
41;6
53
:6
614:
414:
53
6166
6414
4133
53
+j,
6414
31;6
53
+k,
7614
319:
54
+F,
479
3183
+j,
Wev
L? ' HHf `*6
, Tihi?U@ S E2G +@_@U‚
3133
314:
Shvr
71;6
814:
6<1;
8166
7317
8183
7317
819:
7318
81;6
7318
9133
7415
914:
474
8:
87
84
83
83
7:
79
78
7819
7816
7815
7814
78
78
6617
651<
6519
7515
7515
75
6518
7517
6516
751;
6517
6515
6516
751;
751:
751:
wlhpsr
+k,
9166
9183
919:
91;6
:133
:14:
:166
:183
:19:
:1;6
;133
;14:
;166
;183
;19:
;1;6
<133
<14:
<166
<183
<19:
<1;6
43133
4314:
43166
43183
4319:
431;6
44133
4414:
Shvr
Wev
Wek
+j,
+F,
77
7814
651<
7818
651<
78
77
75
78
7814
74
7814
6<
7814
6;
78
73
6;
6;
69
68
68
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
5<
5<
5<
5:
78
78
78
7814
7815
7817
7818
7819
651;
66
6519
6516
651:
6515
6515
6515
6516
6518
6519
651:
651<
7817
651<
7819
6614
7818
771:
771;
771;
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
5:
771<
58
78
58
+F,
78
66
6614
6615
6615
6615
6615
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
Wiu
wlhpsr
751;
44166
+F,
7616
761;
+k,
+j,
44183
58
4419:
761;
441;6
761;
45133
761;
4514:
761;
45166
761;
45183
761;
4519:
761;
451;6
761<
46133
7714
4614:
7715
46166
7715
46183
761;
4619:
7717
461;6
7717
47133
7718
4714:
761:
47166
7619
47183
761<
4719:
761:
471;6
7715
48133
7717
4814:
7716
48166
771:
48183
771<
4819:
771<
481;6
771<
49133
771<
4914:
475
Shvr
58
58
58
58
57
57
Wev
+F,
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
781<
7819
57
771<
56
771<
57
56
56
56
56
56
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
78
771<
771<
Wek
+F,
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6616
6615
771<
6616
771<
6615
771<
771<
771;
771;
771<
66
6614
6615
6615
6615
7814
6615
771<
6614
771<
771<
771<
7815
7816
771<
7815
771<
7719
66
6614
6614
6614
6614
6614
6614
6614
66
Wiu
+F,
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771<
771;
771;
771;
771;
771;
771:
771:
771:
771:
771;
7815
771;
781:
781:
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
49183
53
49166
4919:
491;6
4:133
4:14:
4:166
4:183
4:19:
4:1;6
4;133
4;14:
4;166
4;183
4;19:
4;1;6
4<133
4<14:
4<166
4<183
4<19:
4<1;6
53133
5314:
53166
53183
5319:
531;6
54133
5414:
53
53
4<
53
4<
53
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
Wev
+F,
7719
771:
7719
771:
7718
7718
771:
7815
7819
781:
7819
7819
7819
7818
7818
7818
771;
7814
7719
771;
7717
7717
7717
7717
771:
7718
7717
7717
7716
7716
Wek
+F,
66
66
66
66
651;
651<
651;
651<
651<
651<
651;
651;
651;
651;
651;
651;
651;
651;
651;
651;
651;
651:
6517
651:
651:
651:
651:
651;
651:
6519
Wiu
wlhpsr
771<
54166
+F,
781;
781:
+k,
+j,
54183
4<
5419:
781;
541;6
781:
55133
781:
5514:
781:
55166
781:
55183
781:
5519:
781:
551;6
7819
56133
7819
5614:
7819
56166
7819
56183
7819
5619:
7819
561;6
7819
57133
7819
5714:
7819
57166
7819
57183
7819
5719:
7819
571;6
7818
58133
7818
5814:
7818
58166
7818
58183
7819
5819:
7819
581;6
7817
59133
7817
5914:
476
Shvr
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
Wev
+F,
7717
7718
7716
7716
7716
7716
7716
7716
7716
7716
7716
7718
7718
4<
771<
4<
7816
4:
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4<
4:
4<
4<
78
7817
7816
7817
7817
7818
7818
7818
7816
7817
7816
7814
7815
7716
7716
Wek
+F,
6519
6519
6519
6519
6519
6519
6519
6519
651:
6519
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
651:
6518
651:
651:
651:
651:
6514
641;
6515
6419
641;
6418
6418
Wiu
+F,
7817
7817
7817
7817
7817
7817
7817
7817
7817
7817
7819
7818
7818
7818
7818
781<
781<
7914
7918
7917
7918
7919
7918
7914
781;
7915
7918
781:
7817
7817
wlhpsr
Shvr
+k,
+j,
59183
4<
59166
5919:
591;6
5:133
5:14:
5:166
5:183
5:19:
4:
4<
4<
4<
4<
4:
4:
4:
Wev
+F,
7716
7716
7716
7716
7717
7718
7718
7718
7718
Wek
+F,
6418
6418
6418
6418
Wiu
wlhpsr
7817
5:1;6
+F,
7817
7817
6418
7818
6419
7818
6419
641;
6419
+k,
+j,
5;133
4:
5;14:
7818
5;166
5;183
79
5;19:
5;1;6
7819
5<133
7819
477
Shvr
4:
4:
4:
4:
4:
4:
4:
Wev
Wek
+F,
+F,
7719
641;
7815
7718
7718
771;
771;
7718
771:
65
641:
641:
641<
641;
641;
641;
Wiu
+F,
781:
781:
781:
781:
781:
781:
781:
781:
Ds
hqglfh H
Vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv odujrv
H14
H{shulhqfldv gh oderudwrulr
,
,*iuG U ' fff `*6
wlhpsr
+krud,
3133
313;
Shvr
+j,
454
314:
318;
319:
31:8
31;6
31<5
4133
413;
414:
4158
86
8814
8716
3166
3183
+F,
8817
3158
3175
W
8717
;<18
8818
871:
881;
881<
881;
881:
8819
881:
881:
881;
8819
Wek
wlhpsr
+F,
+krud,
6519
4175
6514
4166
6618
Shvr
+j,
419:
6519
41:8
6519
41;6
651:
41<5
651<
5133
6518
513;
6518
514:
6518
5158
6518
5166
6518
5175
6518
5183
6518
518;
478
881:
8815
418;
6518
+F,
8818
4183
6517
W
8814
831;
7418
88
88
8815
8814
88
88
8815
8317
8317
Wek
+F,
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
6518
5<19
5<1:
5<1:
841;
631<
8615
6415
841<
64
wlhpsr
+krud,
519:
51:8
51;6
51<5
Shvr
+j,
5:
6133
613;
6158
6175
53
718;
8133
813;
861:
8718
7183
71<5
881<
8617
7175
6415
65
65
6417
6417
6418
6419
641:
6319
6319
6318
6318
6317
6317
6315
6315
8718
631;
881:
6417
871:
4:
6419
6417
8618
7166
8158
8815
8619
7158
6418
6416
641<
8619
714:
+krud,
8714
881;
871:
881;
64
6317
6318
89
6319
8914
631;
8914
wlhpsr
+F,
6419
861:
713;
Wek
861;
861:
7133
71;6
861:
881:
61<5
71:8
8619
8819
618;
719:
8617
8817
6183
61;6
8616
8719
6166
61:8
+F,
861<
614:
619:
W
64
814:
Shvr
+j,
8175
81:8
81;6
881;
9175
881;
9183
881<
918;
91;6
881<
4:
91<5
:13;
6315
6314
6317
6319
631:
631:
6317
631<
6319
6319
5<1<
871;
5<1<
871;
4:
6315
5<1<
871;
:166
64
871<
871;
:158
479
871<
871;
:14:
;133
8914
871;
:133
:175
631;
881:
9166
6416
8819
8819
8819
9158
6415
6416
8819
914:
64
891:
8819
913;
91:8
6414
8814
9133
919:
8917
8819
81<5
+F,
631<
8919
4:
Wek
8915
8918
8183
819:
+F,
8916
8166
818;
W
871:
871:
63
5<19
5<17
5<1;
5<16
5<17
5<16
,2
,*iu2G U ' f `*6
wlhpsr Shvr W
+krud, +j, +F,
Wek
+F,
3133
4;8 6;19 591;
314:
6<19 5:1<
313;
3158
3166
3175
6<17
5;
6<19 5:1;
6<18 5:1;
7315 5:1;
3183
49; 7316 5:1;
319:
6<17 5:1:
318;
6<18 5:1:
31:8
6<19 5:19
31<5
7318 5:19
31;6
4133
413;
414:
73 5:19
7319 5:19
7319 5:1:
7319 5:1:
wlhpsr Shvr W
+krud, +j, +F,
5175
5183
518;
519:
51:8
51;6
614:
6158
6166
6175
6183
419:
731: 5:1;
41:8
478 731: 5:1;
41<5
7319 5:1;
41;6
5133
513;
514:
5158
5166
73 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731; 5:1;
731; 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731< 5:1;
731< 5:1;
731; 5:1;
731; 5:1;
61:8
74 5:1<
61;6
731: 5:1;
731; 5:1;
618;
731: 5:1;
418;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
4175
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
613;
6133
619:
4183
731: 5:1;
456 731: 5:1;
7319 5:1:
7319 5:1:
+F,
51<5
4158
4166
Wek
74 5:1;
7415 5:1;
61<5
43< 741: 5:1;
713;
731: 5:1;
7133
714:
7158
7166
7175
7183
718;
719:
71:8
47:
731; 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731: 5:1;
731; 5:1;
731< 5:1;
731; 5:1;
731; 5:1;
wlhpsr Shvr W
+krud, +j, +F,
71;6
Wek
+F,
731< 5:1;
wlhpsr Shvr
+krud, +j,
731; 5:1;
:18;
814:
7414 5:1<
:19:
8166
74 5:1<
:1;6
731; 5:1<
5;
7514
813;
8158
75
:183
:175
731; 5:1;
+F,
741<
<; 731< 5:1;
:1:8
Wek
+F,
:166
71<5
8133
W
7514
75
5;
5;
5;
5;
75 5:1<
75 5:1<
8175
7418 5:1<
:1<5
75
5;
818;
7419 5:1<
;13;
75
5;
81:8
;; 7419 5:1<
;158
75
5;
81<5
731; 5:1<
8183
819:
81;6
9133
7417 5:1<
7418 5:1<
731; 5:1<
74 5:1<
913;
731< 5:1<
9158
7416 5:1<
9175
7414 5:1<
914:
9166
9183
918;
919:
91:8
91;6
91<5
74 5:1<
74 5:1<
7414
731<
7419
7416
7418
7417
:133
:: 7315
:14:
741<
:13;
:158
74
7514
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
;133
;14:
;166
;175
;183
;18;
75 5:1<
75
75
7514
7514
7514
;19:
98 741;
;1;6
7514
;1:8
;1<5
<133
<13;
<14:
<158
<166
<175
<183
<18;
<19:
<1:8
47;
7514
7514
7514
7514
7514
7514
7514
7514
7514
7514
741:
8; 7514
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
5;
wlhpsr Shvr W
+krud, +j, +F,
<1;6
<1<5
43133
4313;
4314:
43158
43166
43175
43183
7514
Wek
+F,
7515 5;14
7515 5;14
431<5
741< 5;15
4414:
44158
44166
44175
44183
,
4518;
4519:
451:8
451;6
741: 5;15
451<5
7514 5;15
7514 5;15
75 5;15
,*iuG U ' f `*6
+j,
3166
W
+F,
7:15
8319
85
4;6
851<
8518
7515 5;15
75 5;15
7515 5;14
7515 5;15
7515 5;15
7515 5;15
7516 5;15
7516 5;15
7516 5;15
7516 5;15
7516 5;15
7516 5;15
741< 5;15
7514 5;15
46133
7514 5;15
4614:
75 7414 5;15
4613;
7516 5;15
55718
319:
45183
7516 5;15
3133
3183
45175
7516 5;15
Shvr
314:
45166
741; 5;15
wlhpsr
+krud,
45158
74 5;14
7515 5;15
7515 5;15
4514:
7515 5;14
+F,
441<5
4513;
7515 5;14
+F,
Wek
7516 5;15
45133
7515 5;14
W
441:8
441;6
7515 5;14
85 7417 5;14
4413;
4419:
7514 5;14
431:8
44133
4418;
7514 5;14
7515 5;14
431;6
+krud, +j,
5;
4318;
4319:
wlhpsr Shvr
75 5;15
Wek
+F,
5<19
6514
6517
6519
6617
wlhpsr Shvr
+krud, +j,
31;6
4133
414:
4166
4183
47<
W
+F,
8517
Wek
+F,
651;
8517
651;
8515
651<
8518
841:
66
66
wlhpsr
+krud,
419:
Shvr
W
+j,
+F,
514:
5166
841:
841;
51;6
6133
614:
841;
8514
851:
6183
619:
61;6
7133
714:
7166
7183
,e
8614
85
6616
8183
6617
81;6
6516
914:
851;
8514
9166
6617
919:
6518
:133
6415
:166
+F,
+F,
8514
8514
8515
7618
6;
8414
8414
8415
831:
84
Wek
+F,
8717
661;
3166
8;
68
419:
881;
6915
6918
5133
:3 8716
661;
5166
891:
671<
3183
48: 8<17
6918
31;6
8:18
691<
514:
414:
43: 8;15
6:15
5183
319:
4133
8;18
8:1:
6:
41;6
483
8;
8719
8819
8: 8718
6418
6417
6417
5<1;
5<1:
63
4166
4183
65
8316
5;18
6618
6518
5<19
545 7917
8716
6518
7<16
3133
314:
6518
6416
+krud, +j, +F,
6517
8414
85
7<1;
wlhpsr Shvr W
+F,
6517
7<15
6318
Wek
8414
7<1;
91;6
:14:
W
8514
9183
6517
Wek
+j,
9133
6616
,*iueG U ' bDf `*6
+krud, +j, +F,
819:
6517
8314
wlhpsr Shvr W
8166
6414
85
93
814:
6617
8614
:3
6616
Shvr
8133
6617
831;
6166
71;6
6616
841<
;<
6615
6616
8519
519:
719:
6615
841;
5183
+krud,
6614
841:
453
wlhpsr
+F,
8419
41;6
5133
Wek
691:
68
6716
67
63
63
6317
wlhpsr Shvr W
Wek
+krud, +j, +F,
+F,
wlhpsr Shvr W
+krud, +j, +F,
Wek
+F,
519:
8718
6719
:133
8919
6618
6133
8817
661<
:166
8:1;
6619
51;6
871;
614:
6166
881;
881<
6717
6715
:14:
8:1:
6716
:183
8:1;
6618
;133
6618
6; 8:14
6618
:1;6
8:1;
61;6
8;15
651<
;14:
8:1<
8:14
7133
8;16
714:
8;16
7166
7183
71;6
6614
8;18
814:
8;18
8166
8183
8;17
8;19
8<15
819:
5: 8:15
9133
8:18
81;6
8:18
914:
8:18
9166
8:19
9183
8:19
919:
8:15
91;6
,D
8:18
wlhpsr Shvr
+krud, +j,
W
+F,
8:1<
;1;6
8;
<133
8;
<14:
6615
6615
8;
<166
8;14
<19:
8;
<183
6615
6616
8;
<1;6
6616
43133 5818
6616
4314:
6617
43166
6617
43183
6617
6618
6618
8;
8;
8<15
8<15
8<15
4319:
8<15
44133
8;14
431;6
6618
+F,
8:1<
;19:
6614
Wek
8:1<
;183
6614
,*iuDG U ' eeS `*6
8:1;
;166
66
6614
8;17
8133
6617
8;17
8;17
719:
6618
6619
:19: 5818 8:1;
6183
619:
6619
4414:
8<
58 8;14
6619
661:
6618
661;
661:
661:
661;
6619
661<
661<
661<
661<
651;
651;
6614
651;
6614
651;
651;
651;
wlhpsr Shvr
+krud, +j,
484
W
+F,
Wek
+F,
3133
314:
3166
3183
319:
4;3
487
31;6
4133
414:
4166
463
6133
614:
:<
79
7:14
7919
7166
7183
7918
7918
7:15
7918
7918
7918
7918
719:
791:
8133
7919
71;6
814:
5<18
5<17
5<17
5<1<
5<19
5<1:
5<18
6314
7:15
714:
5;17
7:1:
791:
7:
93
63
5<19
619:
7133
5<1:
7919
7918
61;6
819:
6315
6166
6183
5<1:
5<16
7:15
791:
;<
8166
5<1<
791:
514:
5;1:
79
791;
5133
51;6
7914
791<
41;6
519:
7914
7:
419:
5183
7915
7:15
4183
5166
7814
7:
7:19
63
5;1<
5<18
5<17
5<18
5<18
5<18
5;1<
5<17
5<16
5<16
5<16
5<18
5<18
5<17
7:18
8183
81;6
9133
914:
7:17
7:1;
67
7:1;
7:1;
91;6
7:1:
:14:
7;
:19:
:1;6
;133
;14:
7;
59
58
;166
<133
<14:
<166
<183
<19:
<1;6
43133
4314:
43166
43183
485
7:
7;14
7;
7:1;
7;14
7;15
;19:
;1;6
7;
7;14
;183
7:1<
56
5<14
5;1:
7:19
:183
5<14
7:
919:
:166
5<15
5;14
791:
:133
5<17
791:
9166
9183
5<
7;15
7;16
7;16
7;16
7;16
7;17
7;17
7;17
7;17
7;18
7;18
5<
5;1<
5;1<
5<15
5<16
5<15
5;15
5;18
5;15
5;18
5;18
5;1:
5;16
5;1:
5;1:
5;17
5;17
5;19
5;18
5;18
5;1;
5;18
5;19
5;1:
5;1;
wlhpsr Shvr
+krud, +j,
4319:
431;6
,S
W
+F,
7;18
7;19
+krud, +j, +F,
314:
4:: 7515
319:
Wek
+F,
5:
761: 5<14
7716 5;1<
31;6
47< 731: 591<
414:
7714 5;1<
4133
7714 5;1<
4166
7714 5;1<
4183
7714 5;1<
419:
7714 5;1<
5133
77 5;1;
41;6
77 5;1;
514:
5166
5183
519:
51;6
6133
77 5;1;
43<
77 5;1;
77 5;1;
751< 5:19
751< 5:19
751< 5:1:
614:
<: 751< 5:19
6183
77 5;1:
6166
619:
61;6
44133
5;1:
7717 5<14
3183
+krud, +j,
5;1<
761; 5;1;
3166
wlhpsr Shvr
+F,
,*iuSG U ' 2ff `*6
wlhpsr Shvr W
3133
Wek
77 5;18
7716 5;1;
7719 5;1;
4414:
55
W
+F,
7;19
Wek
+F,
5;1:
7;19
5;1;
wlhpsr Shvr W
+krud, +j, +F,
Wek
+F,
7133
7716 5;1;
7166
7816 5;1<
714:
7183
719:
71;6
8133
814:
8166
8183
78 5;1<
7816 5;1<
7816 5;1<
7816 5;1<
7817
7817
5<
5<
7817 5;1:
7816 5;1:
819:
97 7716 5;15
9133
7717 5;1;
81;6
914:
9166
9183
7716 5;19
771< 5;1<
771: 5;1<
7718 5;1:
919:
86 7717 5;19
:133
7718 5;14
91;6
:14:
:166
7717 5;14
7718 5;14
7718 5;14
:183
771< 5;14
:1;6
7814 5;14
:19:
486
78 5;14
wlhpsr Shvr W
Wek
+krud, +j, +F,
;133
wlhpsr Shvr W
+F,
+krud, +j, +F,
771: 5;14
;14:
<19:
7719 5;15
;166
7814 5;15
;183
;19:
771: 5;16
<133
771< 5;16
;1;6
<14:
67 771; 5;17
<183
7817 5;17
<166
<1;6
7817 5;18
4314:
7914 5;18
431;6
44133
4414:
H{shulhqfldv gh fdpsr
,2
ht4
wlhpsr
Shvr
3
318
4
418
513;
518
6135
6168
61;8
+j,
598
585
569
+F,
6414
6514
7168
+F,
+Z2p5,
71;8
5618
:95
81;8
551:
:45
46<
:168
464
;168
456
446
4;;
6614
571;
6;3
4:8
65
5716
87;
<168
Wek
L
wlhpsr
4<<
4;5
6819
64
wlhpsr
Shvr
+j,
443
W
+F,
6618
59
561;
+F,
91;8
<64
:1;8
646
+Z2p5,
5715
:45
;1;8
+krud,
3183
487
48;
9168
;88
;:7
498
485
5918
5814
7915 5;1:
8168
6916
539
6816
ht42
3133
L
7915 5;19
5: 7914 5;19
;64
,22
+krud,
Wek
7914 5;19
5718
554
6714
7914 5;18
4319:
H15
+krud,
7914 5;18
43183
771; 5;17
W
79 5;18
43166
78 5;16
+F,
79 5;17
43133
7719 5;15
Wek
478
466
6615
6515
6519
6514
6318
5:14
5:16
45;
5;1;
44:
6618
434
561<
5715
5718
5;3
87
5515
5414
671<
5;3
541;
5514
571:
+F,
55;
485
5717
W
789
5616
67
Shvr
+j,
571:
57
Wek
+F,
5816
<;
4<
<
6
3
L
+Z2p5,
9<9
wlhpsr
Shvr
+krud,
+j,
4183
;<
:<
4133
<7
5133
6133
691<
5916
:55
7319
5:17
751<
,2
h2t4
wlhpsr
Shvr
+krud,
3
318
4
418
5
518
6
+j,
W
+F,
5815
Wek
L
65:
7313
648
58
7313
58
5<4
7813 5;18
574
7618 5<18
597
7514 5<15
,2e
ht4
wlhpsr
Shvr
+krud,
+j,
3133 4333
313;
314:
318;
319:
591;
581<
5<1<
3166
3183
+F,
5914
3158
3175
W
6518
<:3
5;1;
5;14
5;16
5<1;
7133
7183
8133
;95
<45
57
+krud,
;:7
5;1:
+F,
wlhpsr
<54
5;14
6:13 5518
6<13
984
5:
6:3
678
L
+Z2p5,
751;
9;
Wek
+F,
73
:5
6183
+F,
6716
;6
5183
W
7:8
8
497
;97
918
;78
;<6
Wek
L
+F,
+Z2p5,
5517
44;
5515
5518
561<
5817
5615
5617
5619
561;
44;
54:
4<:
818
4:9
488
9
47:
:
468
wlhpsr
+krud,
31:8
46<
31<5
6;6
4133
789
413;
66:
414:
488
4158
534
4166
44;
4175
488
6;16
6716
5<15
+j,
7817
+F,
6513 561:
641:
631;
6515
691;
6<1:
6:17
7315
6:;
45;
5717
6815 5815
5<1<
99:
5815
59
+F,
:55
5917
58
W
<45
591;
6:1< 5916
6:13
+Z2p5,
5:1;
6915 5615
6715
L
5:14
5<
6;14
<84
Wek
7618 5;1:
Shvr
31;6
4:6
731<
89
7
;3:
:64
6<19
8<18
881:
718
6<15
95
914:
8<;
+F,
98
8:1;
618
W
+j,
8183
9133
+Z2p5,
Shvr
99
<35
<8<
675
855
4<<
789
4;3
475
Wek
L
+F,
+Z2p5,
5919
95<
561;
5616
5619
561;
5815
591:
581;
5914
889
44;
55;
7;6
9<5
9<5
:53
9<6
wlhpsr
+krud,
418;
Shvr
+j,
419:
513;
514:
5183
518;
;5:
51:8
613;
:;7
614:
618;
::8
571;
54<
5;1<
;54
581:
579
6:1;
581:
753
7814
5:18
;6<
7:
5;15
;7;
5:19
;:9
5;15
935
5<17
<6<
5:17
66:
5<
76;
7817
7718
791:
6:18
6714
7919
7914
7614
6166
6183
5:1;
751<
791:
6158
6175
935
6<16
51;6
6133
5:16
7816
519:
51<5
9<6
7317
5166
5175
591<
731:
6818
5158
781:
:64
7;14
7;15
79
619:
761;
61;6
7817
61:8
61<5
7133
9;;
L
+Z2p5,
751<
;98
Wek
+F,
7719
41;6
5133
+F,
7515
41:8
41<5
W
5919
5:14
5:19
5;14
5915
5:1<
5617
59
5<
5:17
591:
5<17
5:16
7<
6616
8315
6416
7;14
6319
:35
:6;
:6;
889
5<5
;:9
5<5
53<
;99
;8:
534
<63
<8:
wlhpsr
+krud,
713;
+j,
714:
7183
718;
957
8:7
864
81:8
913;
731<
+F,
631<
6415
6519
6317
641<
6514
6414
6415
6517
6516
6416
6518
6417
6417
6418
651;
591:
5817
831;
6414
7<1;
831:
7;3
Wek
6<18
761<
81;6
9133
8616
8619
819:
81<5
8515
8517
8166
818;
8616
8617
8158
8183
8614
8616
814:
8175
841<
8514
71;6
813;
851:
8615
71:8
8133
8319
8618
719:
71<5
+F,
8516
7166
7175
W
831<
7158
831;
7316
7;16
63
5:18
6515
5<1;
5914
631:
L
+Z2p5,
;5<
;;7
;7;
;5<
;7;
;5<
;5<
;7;
;5<
;5<
;5<
;6<
;8:
;5<
;5<
;7;
533
588
;54
;5<
488
;44
;36
497
:;7
914:
8315
631:
:6;
9166
6:17
5819
479
<6<
9158
;99
9175
<45
Shvr
9183
489
78
787
731:
7815
5;15
5:1:
6314
4:6
953
5<5
wlhpsr
+krud,
918;
Shvr
+j,
919:
W
+F,
77
6718
91:8
7416
91<5
7817
91;6
:133
:13;
78
753
:14:
7816
:166
:183
:18;
7814
7917
:158
:175
79
7817
6;:
771;
7815
6<1;
:19:
7518
:1;6
7517
:1:8
76
:1<5
751:
;133
;13;
;14:
;158
741:
696
;166
;175
;183
;18;
68<
731;
6<16
6:1<
;1;6
5;17
96;
561;
5;19
6316
5<16
5;1:
5;1<
5:1;
5:1;
5;16
5:19
5718
5:15
5918
5:14
5915
5816
581<
5819
5919
wlhpsr
+krud,
<13;
:6
<14:
935
<166
935
<175
898
<183
889
<18;
889
<19:
898
<1:8
84<
844
44;
7:7
4314:
789
6<5
6;6
431:8
5719
5:
44133
551<
5517
541;
5:
431<5
5:
4413;
5:
4414:
5:
44158
4;
44166
5:
44175
4;
44183
48:
5;14
5;
5;19
5;17
5;
5:19
5:17
5919
4319:
66:
5;1;
43175
4318;
66:
5<1;
5:15
43183
688
541:
43158
43166
734
6315
5:1;
4313;
+F,
5517
6318
663
Wek
6318
43133
<1<5
844
+F,
5;14
431;6
58
+j,
W
<1;6
5<5
5817
Shvr
<158
571<
5618
6316
+Z2p5,
579
6716
65
L
5;1<
5814
6416
673
+F,
6:16
6915
;1:8
<133
731<
6<14
;19:
;1<5
731<
Wek
55
5417
5414
531;
541:
5418
5415
531<
531:
5319
5416
5417
5415
5:
5414
5917
531;
591:
5919
54
531:
5319
5918
5318
5916
5416
5917
5914
5914
581<
581;
5819
5818
5816
54
5319
5416
5414
531<
531;
531:
5318
L
+Z2p5,
3
5:
5:
4;
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
wlhpsr
+krud,
4418;
Shvr
+j,
4419:
4513;
4514:
45158
45166
45175
45183
4518;
4519:
5815
5916
441;6
45133
+F,
5914
441:8
441<5
W
5915
636
5915
5914
5914
59
59
59
581<
5418
3
4714:
3
47166
3
47183
3
4719:
531:
5418
5417
5417
5416
5416
5415
5718
58
5718
3
4713;
3
3
47175
3
4718;
3
48158
3
48175
531:
5319
4814:
3
48166
3
633
551:
5519
5518
48183
551;
5619
5618
5619
46183
4618;
4619:
461:8
461;6
461<5
47133
561<
561;
561:
5619
5316
5316
5315
5315
5316
5618
5414
5615
531;
5617
54
3
4913;
3
4914:
3
49166
3
49183
3
4919:
3
49158
3
49175
3
4918;
48;
3
54
531:
3
3
3
5614
561<
3
5317
481<5
46175
3
561:
3
49133
3
3
5317
3
5318
3
5316
57
5317
5319
3
5619
46158
57
5314
3
3
5619
481;6
53
3
5316
4818;
46166
5314
3
5618
5618
3
3
5315
3
3
5319
5318
5316
3
531<
5716
5714
5317
3
5618
4613;
4614:
5317
5619
4813;
531;
551;
3
48133
3
3
551;
5318
5319
53
471<4
5418
551<
+Z2p5,
5619
3
3
5616
L
+F,
471;6
471:8
3
+F,
Wek
5314
5414
54
+j,
W
5518
3
5414
Shvr
47158
5415
531<
451<5
46133
+krud,
581:
5818
wlhpsr
+Z2p5,
5414
581;
L
+F,
581<
451:8
451;6
Wek
5614
5618
5617
5614
5618
5715
5714
5714
57
53
5319
531:
531:
531:
531:
5319
5319
5318
5318
5317
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
wlhpsr
+krud,
491:8
491;6
491<5
4:133
4:13;
4:14:
Shvr
+j,
W
+F,
57
57
57
57
57
57
Wek
5317
3
4<19:
5317
3
4<1;6
5514
4<19
3
5316
3
53133
55
4<19
3
5317
5317
5316
4:175
5519
5316
4:183
4:18;
4:19:
4:1:8
4:1;6
4:1<5
4;133
4;13;
5519
5518
5314
5517
53
5517
5516
5515
5514
5514
4;183
541;
4;18;
4;19:
4;1:8
4;1;6
4;1<5
4<133
4<13;
4<14:
4<158
4<166
5314
5518
4;14:
4;158
5315
55
541;
541:
541:
5419
5419
5515
5519
53
4<1<
4<1;
4<1:
4<1<
4<19
4<19
4<1;
5314
5318
5317
5316
5315
5315
5518
5314
5517
53
5517
53
3
4<18;
3
4<1:8
3
4<1<4
3
5313;
3
5314:
3
53158
3
53166
3
53175
3
53183
3
5318;
3
5319:
3
531:8
3
531;6
3
531<5
3
54133
3
5413;
3
5414:
3
54158
3
54166
3
54175
3
54183
3
5418;
3
5419:
3
541:8
3
55158
48<
5516
5516
5515
5514
5514
55
541;
541<
541;
541;
541:
541:
541:
5419
5419
5419
541:
541:
541:
541:
541:
541:
5419
5514
551;
551;
551;
5718
+F,
L
4<183
4<175
+F,
Wek
3
3
+j,
W
5317
5317
+krud,
Shvr
+Z2p5,
561<
5618
wlhpsr
+F,
4:158
4:166
L
4<1<
4<1<
4<1;
4<1:
4<1:
4<19
4<18
4<18
4<17
4<17
4<18
4<18
5318
5317
5317
5317
5318
5318
5318
5318
5318
5318
5317
5317
5317
5317
5317
5514
+Z2p5,
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5:
69
wlhpsr
+krud,
55166
Shvr
+j,
55175
55183
W
+F,
+Z2p5,
5718
531<
5:
5719
5414
5718
5519:
571:
551;6
5814
551:8
58
551<5
581:
56133
5919
5613;
591:
5614:
5819
56175
5:15
56158
56183
5618;
5:
5;8
59
5714:
57158
57166
57175
57183
5417
5418
5419
6319
6717
6414
6314
661:
6419
6816
6818
78
:6
5717
53<
5714
5818
5717
581;
59
59183
5:133
5:13;
<4
578
56<
5;158
579
5;166
597
493
+F,
5916
5816
5818
5819
5717
5717
5718
5717
5<19
581:
5;19
5;1:
561<
561;
6419
56
6:1:
5<1:
563
L
561:
6419
5;14:
Wek
6615
651;
5;13;
5<5
6617
6514
5;133
6;6
7316
6619
5:1<5
488
8316
681;
5:1;6
469
661<
7:18
5:1:8
6<5
6:14
7:17
5:19:
479
6:1<
6814
5:166
5:18;
7318
661<
5:158
5:183
+F,
6816
5:14:
5:175
W
6915
59175
5<5
4:6
588
59166
:6
57
+j,
59158
;5
5517
Shvr
5914:
;5
433
5717
5913;
:6
5515
5914
59133
88
:6
5719
581<5
5:
5514
5517
+krud,
5:
43<
541<
wlhpsr
5:
5518
5617
6417
5713;
5416
5<
561;6
57133
54
561;
5;1;
561<5
5414
5:1;
5619:
561:8
L
+F,
5719
5518;
Wek
58
5615
561:
5616
551<
5519
+Z2p5,
66:
5<5
5;5
5:7
579
54<
579
579
;;7
65;
<9:
76;
579
534
5<5
6:6
497
579
5:7
597
53<
488
5<17
5516
488
5918
5318
;6
5:18
55
;6
Ds
hqglfh I
Eleolrjudid
494
Eleolrjudid
^4` D1 I1 Dqvdogl | Y1 H1 Ilhuur1 Ghvduuroor gh xq surwrwlsr gh vlpxodgru vrodu
hvwdflrqdulr1 Lqiruph qdo gho Wudedmr gh Oderudwrulr LL/ Ghsduwdphqwr
gh Ixhqwhv Uhqrydeohv | XUH0Glylvl
rq Hqhujd Vrodu/ Oderudwrulr Wdqgdu/
FQHD1/ 4<<51
^5` P1 Frqgru| O1 Vdudyld1 Vhfdghur lqyhuqdghur vrodu keulgr gh surgxffl
rq
frqwlqxd1 DVDGHV~DOH/ Od Sodwd/ 4<<61
^6` U1 Frxjkolq | I1 Glvfrol1 Flufxlwrv Olqhdohv | Dpsolfdgruhv Rshudflrqd0
ohv1 Suhqwlfh Kdoo/ 4<;:1
^7` U1 Hfkd}
x/ Y1 Sdvvdpdl/ | O1 Vdudyld1 Vhfdgr vrodu sdvlyr sdud slplhqwr1
DVDGHV/ V1 Oxlv/ 4<;91
^8` P1 Iruwhv | P1 U1 Rnrv1 Gu|lqj wkhrulhv= wkhlu edvhv dqg olplwdwlrqv dv
dssolhg wr irrg dqg judlqv1 Dgy1 lq Gu|lqj/ 4/ 4<;41
^9` M1 Kreelh1 Sv|fkurphwulf fdofxodwru1 Lq Fdofxodwru Surgxfwv Glylvlrq1
Wh{dv Lqvwuxphqw/ 4<:<1
^:` I1 S1 Lqfurshud | G1 S1 Gh Zlww1 Ixqgdphqwdov ri Khdw dqg Pdvv Wudqvihu1
Zloh|/ 4<<31
^;` M1 O1 Prqwhlwk | P1 Xqvzruw1 Sulqflsohv ri Hqylurqphqwdo Sk|vlfv1 Hg0
zdug Duqrog/ 4<<51
^<` D1 V1 Pxmxpgdu1 Kdqgerrn ri Lqgxvwuldo Gu|lqj1 Pdufho Ghnnhu/ Q1 \1/
4<;:1
495
^43` Y1 Sdvvdpdl | G1 Kr|rv1
Frqyhuvl
rq gh xqd edodq}d phf
dqlfd hq
hohfwurqlfd1 DID/ Yro1 6/ Wxfxp
dq/ 4<<41
^44` Y1 Sdvvdpdl | O1 Vdudyld1 Suxhedv gh vhfdgr hq xq htxlsr gh oderudwrulr1
DVDGHV/ Fdwdpdufd/ 4<<51
^45` Y1 Sdvvdpdl/ O1 Vdudyld/ F1 Dyhflood/ K1 Ghvwhidqlv/ | U1 Pdffkl1 Xqd
h{shulhqfld gh wudqvihuhqfld gh whfqrorjd sdud vhfdgr vrodu1 DVDGHV/
Vdowd/ 4<;;1
^46` Y1 M1 Sdvvdpdl1 Lqiruph gh ehfd h{whuqd +FRQLFHW,1 Whfkqlfdo uhsruw/
UXE/ Dohpdqld/ 4<;61
^47` Y1 M1 Sdvvdpdl1 Uhvlvwhqfld joredo sdud ho vhfdgr gh surgxfwrv yhjhwdohv1
DVDGHV/ V1 Oxlv/ 4<;91
^48` O1 Vdudyld | P1 Frqgru1 Vhfdgru lqyhuqdghur gh wlsr w
xqho1 DVDGHV/
Fdwdpdufd/ 4<<51
^49` O1 Vdudyld/ U1 Hfkd}
x/ I1 Jxhuuhur/ P1 F1 Judpdmr/ Jdufd/ | D1 Ideulv1
Vhfdgr gh slplhqwrv= Hqvd|rv suholplqduhv/ frqvwuxffl
rq | hqvd|r gh xqd
sodqwd slorwr1 DVDGHV/ V1 Urvd/ Od Sdpsd/ 4<;61
^4:` O1 Vdudyld/ Y1 Sdvvdpdl/ | U1 Hfkd}
x1 Vhfdgr vrodu gh slplhqwrv= Uhvxo0
wdgrv h{shulphqwdohv | vx vlpxodfl
rq1 DVDGHV/ V1 Mxdq/ 4<;71
^4;` M1 Wkuhonhog1 Lqjhqlhud gho dpelwr whuplfr1 Suhqwlfh0Kdoo/ 4<:61
^4<` U1 Wuh|edo1 Rshudflrqhv gh wudqvihuhqfld gh pdvd1 PfJudz0Kloo/ Phmlfr/
4<;31
^53` J1 N1 Ydjhqdv/ G1 Pdulqrv Nrxulv/ | J1 G1 Vdudydfrv1 Dq dqdo|vlv ri pdvv
wudqvihu lq dlu0gu|lqj ri irrgv1 Gu|lqj Whfkqrorj|/ ;/ 4<<31
^54` H1 Yhujdud1 Txplfd Jhqhudo1 Hohphqwrv gh Ivlfrtxlplfd1 Wrpr LL1 XQW/
4<:31
^55` Y1 M1 Sdvvdpdl | rwurv1 Ixqfl
rq hpsulfd sdud od wudqvihuhqfld gh pdvd
gxudqwh ho vhfdgr gh wdedfr ylujlqld1 Fkhp10Lqj1 Whfk1/ 89+43,/ 4<;71
496
^56` P1 Z1 ]hpdqvn| | U1 K1 Glwwpdq1 Khdw dqg Wkhuprg|qdplfv1 PfJudz0
Kloo/ 4<;41
^57` P1 Z1 ]hpdqvn| | K1 F1 Ydq Qhvv1 Whuprglq
dplfd Whfqlfd Ixqgdphqwdo1
Djxlodu/ 4<:51
497