Artículo completo - Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes

Anuncio
(SLWDÀRGHO5pJLPHQ+XHUWLVWD
HQ$JXDVFDOLHQWHV
/XFLDQR5DPtUH]+XUWDGR
,1752'8&&,Ð1
(Q HVWH WUDEDMR VH DERUGD HO WHPD GH OD
FDtGD GHO UpJLPHQ KXHUWLVWD HQ $JXDVFDOLHQWHV
6H DQDOL]DQ ODV FDXVDV LQPHGLDWDV H LQWHUPHGLDV
GH VX GHUUXPEH HO DYDQFH LQFRQWHQLEOH GH ODV
IXHU]DV UHYROXFLRQDULDV OD FULVLV LQWHUQDFLRQDO \
GHVFRPSRVLFLyQLQWHUQDHQHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQFRQ
XQ FRQÁLFWR VXVFLWDGR HQWUH HO JREHUQDGRU GHO
HVWDGR\HOD\XQWDPLHQWRGHODFDSLWDOWRGRHOOR
SUHYLRDODHQWUDGDWULXQIDOGHORVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV
HQHOYHUDQRGH
0$7(5,$/(6<0e72'26
3DUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRIXHURQ
FRQVXOWDGRV GLVWLQWRV WH[WRV VREUH OD 5HYROXFLyQ
0H[LFDQD $GHPiV OD PDWHULD SULPD GH OD FXDO
VH QXWUH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SURYLHQH GH GLYHUVRV
JUXSRV GRFXPHQWDOHV ORFDOL]DGRV HQ DUFKLYRV GH
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH+LVWRULD&HQWURGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV
\+XPDQLGDGHV7HO)D[
HPDLOOUDPLUH]#FRUUHRXDDP[
/DV LPiJHQHV TXH LOXVWUDQ HVWH DUWtFXOR SURYLHQHQ
GHO $UFKLYR 3DUWLFXODU $OHMDQGUR 7RSHWH GHO 9DOOH
$JUDGH]FRD$QD/XLVD\%HUWKD7RSHWH&HEDOORVODV
IDFLOLGDGHVSDUDVXFRQVXOWD5HSURGXFFLyQIRWRJUiÀFD
DFDUJRGH-XDQ$OHMDQGUR+HUQiQGH]/DUD
&&KDUOHV&XPEHUODQG/D5HYROXFLyQ0H[LFDQD/RV
DxRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDVSS
$JXDVFDOLHQWHV DVt FRPR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH XQ
SHULyGLFR GH OD ORFDOLGDG 'HVSXpV GH UHFRSLODU
XQD VHULH GH GDWRV HPStULFRV OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
IXH SURFHVDGD VRPHWLGD DO DQiOLVLV KLVWyULFR \
UHGDFWDGDSDUDVXSXEOLFDFLyQ
5(68/7$'26
/DVFDXVDVSULQFLSDOHVGHODFDtGDGHOUpJLPHQ
KXHUWLVWD IXHURQ D VX LQFDSDFLGDG GH KDFHUVH
GHEDVHVSRSXODUHVGHSRGHUEVXLQFDSDFLGDG
GH QHJRFLDFLyQ SROtWLFD FRQ ODV IDFFLRQHV
UHYROXFLRQDULDVFHOIUDFDVRGHOPRGHORSROtWLFR
PLOLWDUGHJRELHUQR\GHOKDEHUSHUGLGRHODSR\R
GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV (Q HO SODQR GH ODV UD]RQHV
PiV GH WLSR LQWHUPHGLR OD GHUURWD GHO (MpUFLWR
)HGHUDODPDQRVGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVIXHURQD
ODLQHSWLWXG\IDOWDGHFDSDFLGDGRIHQVLYDGHVXV
GLULJHQWHVEHOWHPRUGHVDOLUDFRPEDWLUDOHQHPLJR
HQ FDPSR DELHUWR HVWR HV SUHIHULU TXHGDUVH
DWULQFKHUDGRV HQ ODV FLXGDGHV IRUWLÀFDGDV SDUD
QRFRUUHUHOULHVJRGHTXHGDUDLVODGRVDOSHUGHUODV
EDVHVGHDSURYLVLRQDPLHQWRUHVSHFWRDOWUDQVSRUWH
IHUURFDUULOHURFHOVLVWHPDGHUHFOXWDPLHQWRIRU]RVR
OD OHYD WUDMR FRQVLJR UHVXOWDGRV GHVDVWURVRV
GHELGRDTXHORVFRPEDWLHQWHVQRSHOHDEDQSRU
LGHDOHV\GHVHUWDEDQHQFXDQWRVHOHVSUHVHQWDED
ODRSRUWXQLGDGORVUHFOXWDVHUDQSRUORWDQWRIiFLO
SUHVDGHODGHVPRUDOL]DFLyQ
1R REVWDQWH ORV SUREOHPDV TXH VH KDEtDQ
VXVFLWDGR HQWUH )UDQFLVFR 9LOOD \ 9HQXVWLDQR
&DUUDQ]D HQ OD SULPDYHUD GH OD FDtGD GHO
UpJLPHQKXHUWLVWDHUDLQPLQHQWH(O3ULPHUMHIHSODQHy
ODFDPSDxDÀQDOFRQWUD+XHUWD/RVFRQWLQJHQWHV
FRPDQGDGRVSRU9LOODWRPDURQ=DFDWHFDVHOGH
MXQLR FLXGDG GH JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD HVWUDWpJLFD \
SRUORWDQWRIXHUWHPHQWHGHIHQGLGDSRUODVWURSDV
IHGHUDOHV &RQ HVD YLFWRULD TXH UHVXOWy GHFLVLYD
SDUD HO WULXQIR PLOLWDU GH OD UHYROXFLyQ TXHGy
SUiFWLFDPHQWH GHVWUR]DGD OD FROXPQD YHUWHEUDO
GHO (MpUFLWR )HGHUDO KX\HQGR DWHUURUL]DGRV KDFLD
$JXDVFDOLHQWHVORVSRFRVVROGDGRV\RÀFLDOHVTXH
ORJUDURQHVFDSDUGHODHVSHFWDFXODUPDWDQ]D
0LHQWUDV WDQWR HO JHQHUDO $OYDUR 2EUHJyQ
GHVDUUROODEDVXFDPSDxDPLOLWDUHQHOQRURFFLGHQWH
GHO SDtV \ OD 'LYLVLyQ GHO 1RUHVWH DO PDQGR GH
3DEOR*RQ]iOH]HPSH]DEDXQGREOHPRYLPLHQWR
HQYROYHQWH VREUH 6DQ /XLV 3RWRVt 'HVGH MXQLR HO
3ULPHU MHIH KDEtD GLVSXHVWR TXH ORV FRQWLQJHQWHV
GHOJHQHUDO*RQ]iOH]VHPRYLHUDQKDFLDODFDSLWDO
SRWRVLQD HQ GRQGH VH KDEtDQ UHFRQFHQWUDGR
XQIXHUWHQ~FOHRGHIHGHUDOHV+DFLDHOGHMXOLR
HO JHQHUDO -HV~V &DUUDQ]D VH KDEtD PRYLOL]DGR
GH 7DPSLFR KDFLD &HUULWRV D XQRV NLOyPHWURV
DO QRUHVWH GH 6DQ /XLV 3RWRVt \ HO SURSLR 3DEOR
*RQ]iOH]KDEtDRFXSDGR&KDUFDVDXQDGLVWDQFLD
HTXLYDOHQWH GH OD PLVPD FLXGDG VREUH OD YtD
IpUUHDTXHFRUUtDGH6DOWLOORKDFLD6DQ/XLV'HO
DO GH MXOLR VDOLHURQ GH 6DOWLOOR FXDUHQWD WUHQHV
FRQGXFLHQGR ODV LQIDQWHUtDV ]DSDGRUHV DUWLOOHUtD
JUXHVDVHUYLFLRWHOHJUiÀFRVDQLWDULRGHH[SORVLYRV
HLPSHGLPHQWD7DQWR3DEOR*RQ]iOH]FRPR-HV~V
&DUUDQ]D ³pVWH FRPDQGDED OD OODPDGD 'LYLVLyQ
GHO &HQWUR³ ´KDEtDQ LGR LQFRUSRUDQGR JUXSRV
VHPLLQGHSHQGLHQWHVTXHKDEtDQHVWDGRRSHUDQGR
HQ ODV VHFFLRQHV QRUWH \ RULHQWDO GHO HVWDGRµ
7DO HV HO FDVR SRU HMHPSOR GH ORV JUXSRV TXH
FRPDQGDEDHOJHQHUDO$OEHUWR&DUUHUD7RUUHVTXH
RSHUDEDHQODVFHUFDQtDVGHODFDSLWDOSRWRVLQD
1R SRGHPRV GHMDU GH ODGR SRU VXSXHVWR OD
FRQWULEXFLyQ TXH HO (MpUFLWR /LEHUWDGRU GHO 6XU
SUHVWyDOWULXQIRPLOLWDUGHOD5HYROXFLyQ$SHVDUGH
VHU XQ HMpUFLWR FRQ PXFKDV OLPLWDFLRQHV PLOLWDUHV
TXHQRFRQWDEDFRQXQDEDVHHFRQyPLFDVyOLGD
&XPEHUODQG SS -XDQ %DUUDJiQ
5RGUtJXH] +LVWRULD GHO (MpUFLWR \ GH OD 5HYROXFLyQ
&RQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWD 7RPR , 33 7REOHU +DQV
:HUQHU /D 5HYROXFLyQ 0H[LFDQD 7UDQVIRUPDFLyQ
6RFLDO\FDPELRSROtWLFRSS
&XPEHUODQGS
%DUUDJiQ,SS
7REOHUSS
%DUUDJiQ,SS
7REOHUS
GH DSURYLVLRQDPLHQWR GH DUPDV \ SHUWUHFKRV GH
JXHUUD\RSHUDEDHQIRUPDGHJXHUULOODSDUWLGDV
GHKDVWDKRPEUHVDWDFDEDQVRUSUHVLYDPHQWH
DO HQHPLJR \ OH DUUHEDWDEDQ OD LPSHGLPHQWD
DGHPiVGHTXHORVVROGDGRVQRUHFLEtDQVXSDJD
FRQUHJXODULGDG\GHSHQGtDGHODSR\RGLUHFWRGH
ODSREODFLyQORFDOSDUDVXVXVWHQWRHVWHHMpUFLWR
FRQIRUPDGRPD\RULWDULDPHQWHSRUFDPSHVLQRVD
ÀQDOHVGHPDU]RGHFRQVLJXLyFRQODWRPDGH
&KLOSDQFLQJR*URVXSULPHUJUDQWULXQIR$SDUWLU
GH HVH PRPHQWR ORV UHYROXFLRQDULRV DO PDQGR
GHOJHQHUDO(PLOLDQR=DSDWDVLHPSUHFRQVFLHQWHV
GH ORV REMHWLYRV VRFLDOHV GH VX OXFKD FDPELR
SURIXQGRGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVDJUDULDVREWXYLHURQ
YLFWRULDV LPSRUWDQWHV VREUH ODV WURSDV IHGHUDOHV
WDQWRHQHOHVWDGRGH*XHUUHURFRPRHQ0RUHORV
KDVWDOOHJDUDODVLQPHGLDFLRQHVGHODFDSLWDOGH
OD5HS~EOLFD
3DUDOHOR D OR DQWHULRU HO DYDQFH GH ORV
UHYROXFLRQDULRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDVKDFLDHOVXUHUD
LQFRQWHQLEOH(OSDVRKDFLDODFLXGDGGH0p[LFRQR
UHSUHVHQWDED\DGHPDVLDGRVREVWiFXORVPLOLWDUHV\
HOÀQDOGHOJRELHUQRKXHUWLVWDHUDLQPLQHQWH&RPR
FRQVHFXHQFLDGHODYDQFHFRPELQDGRGHO&XHUSR
GHO(MpUFLWRGHO1RUHVWH\GHOD'LYLVLyQGHO&HQWUR
HOGHMXOLRODVIXHU]DVGHOJHQHUDO-HV~V&DUUDQ]D
HQWUDURQVLQFRPEDWLUDODFLXGDGGH6DQ/XLV3RWRVt
HQ YLUWXG GH KDEHU VLGR SUHYLDPHQWH HYDFXDGD
SRU ODV WURSDV IHGHUDOHV OD SOD]D $O GtD VLJXLHQWH
KLFLHURQVXDUULERODVFROXPQDVGHO1RUHVWH\ODVTXH
FRPDQGDEDQ ORV JHQHUDOHV )UDQFLVFR 0XUJXtD
/XLV\(XODOLR*XWLpUUH]6HUHXQLHURQFRQSURQWLWXG
FHUFD GH YHLQWH PLO VROGDGRV FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV
SDUDFRRSHUDUHQODVRSHUDFLRQHVVREUHODFDSLWDO
GHO SDtV (O GHO PLVPR PHV HO JHQHUDO (XODOLR
*XWLpUUH]SRURUGHQGHOSULPHUMHIHIXHQRPEUDGR
JREHUQDGRU\FRPDQGDQWHPLOLWDUGHOHVWDGRGH
6DQ/XLV3RWRVtGLVWLQJXLpQGRVHVHPDQDVPiVWDUGH
SRUH[SHGLUGHFUHWRVUHYROXFLRQDULRVUDGLFDOHV
'XUDQWH ORV ~OWLPRV VHLV PHVHV GHO UpJLPHQ
KXHUWLVWD HO HVWDGR GH $JXDVFDOLHQWHV IXH
JREHUQDGR SRU 0LJXHO 5XHODV PLOLWDU GH FDUUHUD
GHVLJQDGR GLUHFWDPHQWH SRU HO SUHVLGHQWH GH
OD 5HS~EOLFD 9LFWRULDQR +XHUWD 5XHODV VH KL]R
FDUJR GHO SRGHU HMHFXWLYR GHVGH PHGLDGRV GH
HQHUR KDVWD PHGLDGRV GH MXQLR GH \ VX
JRELHUQR IXH VLQ GXGD DOJXQD XQD UpSOLFD HQ
SHTXHxRGHOOODPDGRUpJLPHQ´XVXUSDGRUµFX\DV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHDPSOLDFRUUXSFLyQDUELWUDULHGDG
SROtWLFD \ WHUURULVPR GH (VWDGR LPLWy ÀHOPHQWH
0LJXHO5XHODV
DEULOHQIRUPDGHXQDDJUHVLyQDO
FRQVXODGR HVWDGRXQLGHQVH TXH
H[LVWtDHQODFLXGDGKLGURFiOLGD
KDFLHQGR XVR GH VX SRGHU HMHUFLy \ FRQVLQWLy OD
FRUUXSFLyQ HQ ORV DVXQWRV S~EOLFRV GHO HVWDGR
\ PHGUy FRQ ORV UHODWLYRV D OD HVIHUD PLOLWDU 'LFWy
PHGLGDVGHVSyWLFDV\DUELWUDULDVFRPRODGLVROXFLyQ
GHOD\XQWDPLHQWRGHODFDSLWDOHOHQFDUFHODPLHQWR
GHXQSHULRGLVWD\HODVHVLQDWRGHXQH[IXQFLRQDULR
IXHQWLVWD (PSUHQGLy REUDV S~EOLFDV LQQHFHVDULDV
UHSDUWLy FDUJRV \ FDQRQMtDV HQWUH VXV DOOHJDGRV \
VHDSRGHUyGHODVSHUWHQHQFLDVGHORVDPHULFDQRV
TXHVDOLHURQKX\HQGRGHOHVWDGRFXDQGRODLQYDVLyQ
D9HUDFUX]
$ SURSyVLWR GH OD RFXSDFLyQ GHO SXHUWR GH
9HUDFUX]SRUORVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHOJRELHUQRGH
+XHUWDTXLVRFDSLWDOL]DUSROtWLFDPHQWHODFR\XQWXUD
SDUD DSURYHFKDQGR HO IHUYRU SDWULyWLFR KDFHU
XQOODPDGRDWRGDODSREODFLyQFRQHOREMHWRGH
GHIHQGHU HO SDtV VH GLMR HQ FDVR GH JXHUUD FRQ
ORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV/DUHVSXHVWDGHORVKDELWDQWHV
GH $JXDVFDOLHQWHV IXH HQWXVLDVWD HO ODWHQWH
VHQWLPLHQWR DQWLQRUWHDPHULFDQR HVWDOOy HO GH
(QULTXH5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD´/D5HYROXFLyQµHQ*yPH]
6HUUDQR -HV~V $JXDVFDOLHQWHV HQ OD +LVWRULD 9ROXPHQ,S
$UFKLYR+LVWyULFRGHO(VWDGRGH$JXDVFDOLHQWHVIRQGR
6HFUHWDUtD*HQHUDOGH*RELHUQRFDMDH[S(Q
DGHODQWHFLWDGR$+($6**
<RODQGD 3DGLOOD 5DQJHO ´$JXDVFDOLHQWHV YLVWR SRU ORV
FyQVXOHV QRUWHDPHULFDQRV µ GRFXPHQWR
PHFDQRVFULWRS
$UFKLYR*HQHUDO0XQLFLSDO)RQGR+LVWyULFRFDMD
H[S(QDGHODQWHFLWDGR$*0)+
9pDVHODFDUWDTXHHVFULELyXQWDO/XLV0DUWtQH]'tD]D
9LFWRULDQR+XHUWDHQODTXHGHVFULEHODVDUELWUDULHGDGHV
GHOJREHUQDGRU0LJXHO5XHODVUHSURGXFLGDHQ(QULTXH
5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD´/D5HYROXFLyQµHQ,GHP,SS
'XUDQWH HVWH DWDTXH PiV GH
SHUVRQDV TXLWDURQ HO HVFXGR
GH DUPDV GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV
LQVXOWDURQDOJRELHUQRQRUWHDPHULFDQR
\ DPHQD]DURQ GH PXHUWH D
WRGRV ORV FLXGDGDQRV GH VX SDtV
/XHJR H[LJLHURQ DO FyQVXO \ D ORV
QRUWHDPHULFDQRV UHIXJLDGRV HQ HO
FRQVXODGR TXH L]DUDQ OD EDQGHUD GH
0p[LFR VREUH HO FRQVXODGR D OR FXDO
HOFyQVXOUHVSRQGLyTXHORVYHUtDHQHO
LQÀHUQRDQWHVGHDFHSWDUVXSURSXHVWD
\ SRU XQRV PLQXWRV ´SDUHFtD TXH QR
TXHGDUtD FyQVXO QL FRQVXODGRµ 'HVSXpV GH HVWR
WRGRV ORV QRUWHDPHULFDQRV VDOLHURQ UXPER D OD
FLXGDGGH0p[LFRSXHVODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHVFRQOD
IURQWHUDHVWDEDQLQWHUUXPSLGDV
/RV DJXDVFDOHQWHQVHV VROLFLWDURQ DUPDV \ VH
GLVSXVLHURQDUHFLELULQVWUXFFLyQPLOLWDU3RURWURODGR
GLFKDLQVWUXFFLyQVHJ~QXQGHFUHWRTXHVHH[SLGLy
SDUDWDOHIHFWRIXHGHFDUiFWHUREOLJDWRULRUD]yQ
SRUODFXDOKDEtDTXHLQVFULELUVH´YROXQWDULDPHQWHµ
HQ ODV ´*XDUGLDV GH 6HJXULGDG &RPSOHPHQWDULD
GHO (VWDGRµ 'H PRGR TXH HO JREHUQDGRU
GLVSXVR TXH WRGR LQGLYLGXR TXH GHVREHGHFLHUD
ODRUGHQ\VHHQFRQWUDUDHQODFDOOHDODKRUDGH
OD LQVWUXFFLyQ PLOLWDU GHEtD VHU SULPHUR DUUHVWDGR
SDUDOXHJRVHUFRQVLJQDGRDOVHUYLFLRGHODVDUPDV
'HVGH OXHJR TXH QR SDUD LU D SHOHDU FRQWUD ORV
QRUWHDPHULFDQRVVLQRSDUDLQFRUSRUDUORVDO(MpUFLWR
)HGHUDO\XWLOL]DUORVFRPR´FDUQHGHFDxyQµFRQWUD
ORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV3HUVRQDVTXHQRHVWXYLHURQGH
DFXHUGRFRQWDOGLVSRVLFLyQIXHURQGHQXQFLDGDV
DSUHKHQGLGDV\DOJXQDGHHOODVIXVLODGD&RQHVDV
´GLVSRVLFLRQHV GLVSDUDWDGDV H LQHÀFDFHVµ HO
JREHUQDGRUKXHUWLVWD0LJXHO5XHODVGHELyJDQDUVH
OD DQLPDGYHUVtRQ SROtWLFD \ VRFLDO GH DPSOLRV
VHFWRUHVGHODSREODFLyQDGHPiVGHTXHWUDMRD
PXFKRVGHORVKDELWDQWHVDODUPDHLQWUDQTXLOLGDG
(OPRPHQWRFXOPLQDQWHGHODSROtWLFDDXWRULWDULD
GH0LJXHO5XHODVIXHFXDQGRWRPyODGHFLVLyQGH
GLVROYHUODFRUSRUDFLyQPXQLFLSDOGHOSDUWLGRGHOD
FDSLWDOHQDEULOGHHVHDxR(OKHFKRGHELyKDEHU
FDXVDGR XQ IXHUWH LPSDFWR HQ OD SREODFLyQ
SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQWUH TXLHQHV FRQIRUPDEDQ ORV
GHPiV SRGHUHV FRQVWLWXLGRV /D PHGLGD WHQtD
FRPR DQWHFHGHQWH GH JUDQ UHVRQDQFLD TXH HQ
RFWXEUHGHODxRDQWHULRU9LFWRULDQR+XHUWDPDQGy
GLVROYHUYLROHQWDPHQWHHO&RQJUHVRGHOD8QLyQ\
HQFDUFHOyDPXFKRVGLSXWDGRVGHODRSRVLFLyQ
/D GLVROXFLyQ GHO $\XQWDPLHQWR UHYLVWLy SDUWLFXODU
LPSRUWDQFLD GHELGR D TXH VHUtD SUHFLVDPHQWH
HVWD LQVWDQFLD GH JRELHUQR HULJLpQGRVH FRPR
OD ´YR] GHO SXHEORµ OD DXWRULGDG HQFDUJDGD GH
WUDWDUGHQHJRFLDUODHQWUHJDGHODFLXGDGFDSLWDO
DORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVWUHVPHVHVPiVWDUGH
/DV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH HO (MHFXWLYR GHO HVWDGR \
ORVPLHPEURVTXHFRQIRUPDEDQHOFXHUSRHGLOLFLR
VH SXVLHURQ DO GHVFXELHUWR 'HVGH TXH 0LJXHO
5XHODVVHKL]RFDUJRGHODJXEHUQDWXUDHQHQHUR
GH ODV GLVFUHSDQFLDV VH KDEtDQ FRQYHUWLGR
HQSXQWRVGHIULFFLyQDWDOJUDGRTXHODDXWRULGDG
PiV IXHUWH HOLPLQy D OD PiV GpELO /RV SRVLEOHV
PRWLYRV GHO FRQÁLFWR IXHURQ GH tQGROH SROtWLFD \
HFRQyPLFD\TXL]iKDVWDSHUVRQDOHV(QHOiPELWR
SROtWLFRSRUTXH0LJXHO5XHODVFRORFyHQGLVWLQWRV
SXHVWRV S~EOLFRV D VXV SURWHJLGRV ´GRQGH KDFHQ
\GHVKDFHQDVXDQWRMRFRQJUDQGHWULPHQWRGH
QXHVWURV LQWHUHVHV \ GH QXHVWUD WUDQTXLOLGDGµ
VLHQGR DOJXQRV GH HVRV QRPEUDPLHQWRV HQ HVH
HQWRQFHV SUHUURJDWLYD GHO $\XQWDPLHQWR 3RU
HMHPSORFRQ0LJXHO5XHODVKDEtDOOHJDGRXQRGH
VXVDPLJRVHOLQJHQLHUR)RUWXxR$UJHOOHVDTXLHQ
5XHODVOHRIUHFLyHOSXHVWRGH,QJHQLHURGH&LXGDG
³HO HTXLYDOHQWH DFWXDO D XQ GLUHFWRU GH 2EUDV
3~EOLFDV³\FRQHOTXHVHFRQIDEXOySDUDKDFHU
DOJXQDVFRUUXSWHODV
(Q HO WHUUHQR HFRQyPLFR HO $\XQWDPLHQWR
KDEtDGHVHFKDGRDÀQDOHVGHIHEUHURGHSRU
LQFRVWHDEOH H LPSURFHGHQWH XQD SURSXHVWD GH
FRQWUDWRSDUDODLQVWDODFLyQGHXQQXHYRVHUYLFLR
GHDJXDSRWDEOH\DOXPEUDGRS~EOLFRUHPLWLGRSRU
HO JREHUQDGRU D SHWLFLyQ GH XQ SDUWLFXODU (QWUH
ODVEDVHVGHOFRQWUDWRVHGHFtD´3RUFRQYHQLUDVtD
ODVHJXULGDGS~EOLFDFRQYLHQHTXHHODOXPEUDGR
S~EOLFR HQ ODV SREODFLRQHV GH LPSRUWDQFLD OR
HMHU]DHO(MHFXWLYRHQYH]GHO0XQLFLSLRSRUFX\D
UD]yQ FRQYHQGUtD TXH OD $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH ORV
VHUYLFLRVGH$JXD\$OXPEUDGRTXHGDUDQDFDUJR
GHO *RELHUQR >HVWDWDO@µ $GHPiV HO SUR\HFWR
LQFOXtDHODSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHODVLQVWDODFLRQHV\
7REOHUS
&LWDGRHQ(QULTXH5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD2S&LWS
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
(QULTXH 5RGUtJXH] 9DUHOD ´/D 5HYROXFLyQµ 2S &LW
S
,GHP$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
(QULTXH5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD2S&LWSS
HTXLSRGHORVWDOOHUHVGHOIHUURFDUULOSXHVVHJ~QVH
DUJXPHQWDED ´/D &RPSDxtD GH ORV )HUURFDUULOHV
QHFHVLWDDFWXDOPHQWHXQDXPHQWRHQVXVLQJUHVRV
SDUD FRPSHQVDU VXV SpUGLGDV GHELGDV D OD
SDUDOL]DFLyQGHOWUiÀFRHQPXFKDVGHVXVOtQHDVµ
(QVXDQiOLVLVHO$\XQWDPLHQWRHQFRQWUy´PXFKDV
IDOODVµ HQ HO SUR\HFWR DGHPiV GH TXH ´VL DOJ~Q
GtDKD\GLÀFXOWDGHVFRQHO)HUURFDUULOFRPRHOORV
WLHQHQ FRQFHVLRQHV IHGHUDOHV \ VX DSR\R HV GH
HVD DXWRULGDG SXGLHUD VHU TXH HO $\XQWDPLHQWR
WXYLHVHTXHVXIULUDOJXQDVFRQWUDULHGDGHVDOGLVFXWLU
FRQORVSRGHUHVGHOFHQWURµ&RQHVDGHFLVLyQHO
$\XQWDPLHQWR GHIHQGLy VXV SUHUURJDWLYDV FRPR
FRUSRUDFLyQ HQFDUJDGD GH FHOHEUDU HVH WLSR GH
FRQWUDWRV VH HYLWy JDVWRV LQQHFHVDULRV SRVLEOHV
SUREOHPDV D IXWXUR FRQ HO JRELHUQR IHGHUDO \
ODV HPSUHVDV FRQFHVLRQDULDV SHUR VH JDQy OD
DQLPDGYHUVtRQ GHO JREHUQDGRU KXHUWLVWD TXLHQ
DQWHODQHJDWLYDVHJXUDPHQWHVHYLRSULYDGRGH
DOJXQDPDQLREUDTXHOHKXELHUDUHGLWXDGREXHQRV
GLYLGHQGRV
7DPELpQRFXUULyTXHHO$\XQWDPLHQWRWXYRTXH
FHGHU DQWH DOJXQRV FDSULFKRV GHO JREHUQDGRU
3RU HMHPSOR OD FRUSRUDFLyQ PXQLFLSDO WXYR TXH
HURJDUSHVRVSRUGLVSRVLFLyQGHOHMHFXWLYRSDUD
UHPRGHODU OD FDO]DGD $UHOODQR LPSRUWDQWH YtD
LQDXJXUDGDHQ\TXHVHHQFRQWUDEDVHGLMR
HQ EXHQ HVWDGR HQ HVH HQWRQFHV D~Q FXDQGR
HUDQ RWUDV VXV SULRULGDGHV 7DPELpQ HO 0XQLFLSLR
GH OD FDSLWDO WXYR TXH IDFLOLWDU GLDULDPHQWH DO
JREHUQDGRU D ORV ´SUHVRV FRUUHFFLRQDOHVµ HQ
FDOLGDGGHPDQRGHREUDJUDWXLWDVyORSRUTXH´HO
JHQHUDO5XHODVYLYHSRUHVHUXPER\HVQHFHVDULR
TXH HVRV OXJDUHV SUHVHQWHQ XQ DVSHFWR PiV
KDODJHQRTXHHOTXHDQWHVWHQtDQ3RUVXSXHVWR
TXH HQ HVDV REUDV S~EOLFDV HVWDED LPSOLFDGR
$UJHOOHV HO ,QJHQLHUR GH &LXGDG TXLHQ KDEtD
SHGLGR DO $\XQWDPLHQWR PDQGDVH XQ RÀFLR D
OD &RPSDxtD GH (OHFWULFLGDG \ 7UDQYtDV SDUD
TXH ´SURFHGD D DUUHJODU VXV SDYLPHQWRV TXH OH
FRUUHVSRQGHQSDUWLFXODUPHQWHORVFUXFHURV\DTXH
HOWUiÀFRGHFDUUXDMHVVHKDFHOHQWR\SHOLJURVRFRQ
HODJXDDFXPXODGDDOQRKDEHUDOFDQWDULOODVTXH
GHVDJHQµ $VLPLVPR OD SUR[LPLGDG GH OD )HULD
GH 6DQ 0DUFRV IXH RWUR SXQWR GH FRQÁLFWR HQWUH
DPEDVDXWRULGDGHVSXHVWDQWROD7HVRUHUtDHVWDWDO
FRPRODPXQLFLSDOEXVFDEDQLQJUHVDUDVXVDUFDV
ORVGLQHURVUHFDXGDGRVSRUODYHQWDGHSHUPLVRV
HVSDFLRV \ FREUR GH LPSXHVWRV (O *REHUQDGRU
KDEtDHQFDUJDGRDO-HIHSROtWLFRTXLHQWDPELpQ
VHSUHVWyDKDFHUDFWRVGHFRUUXSFLyQFRQ5XHODV
ODUHFDXGDFLyQGHORVFXDQWLRVRVLPSXHVWRVSHUR
HO GLQHUR QR IXH D SDUDU D QLQJXQD GH ODV GRV
WHVRUHUtDVVLQRDORVEROVLOORVGHDPERVSHUVRQDMHV
0LHPEURVGHODFRUSRUDFLyQPXQLFLSDOSURWHVWDURQ
ORFXDOOOHJyDRtGRVGHOJREHUQDGRU3RURWURODGR
HO$\XQWDPLHQWRVHQHJyDUHFRQRFHUXQVXSXHVWR
FRQWUDWRYHUEDOTXHKDEtDUHDOL]DGRHOJREHUQDGRU
SRUÀULVWD$OHMDQGUR9iVTXH]GHO0HUFDGRHQDEULO
GHHQHOTXHVHKDEtDFRPSURPHWLGRDSDJDU
D OD &RPSDxtD GH /X] \ 7UDQYtDV HO ERPEHR GH
DJXDGHO2MRFDOLHQWHDODFLXGDG(QUHVXPLGDV
FXHQWDVHO$\XQWDPLHQWRDOSDUHFHUIXHGLVXHOWR
SRUTXH HVWRUEDED DO JREHUQDGRU SDUD UHDOL]DU
FLHUWRV´QHJRFLWRVµHQSHUVSHFWLYD
0HGLDQWHGHFUHWRHOJREHUQDGRUKXHUWLVWDFUHy
ODV ´*XDUGLDV GH 6HJXULGDG &RPSOHPHQWDULDµ
7RGRVORVDJXDVFDOHQWHQVHVLQFOX\HQGRODEXURFUD
FLDREOLJDWRULDPHQWHWHQtDQTXHLQVFULELUVH\SRUWDU
XQDFUHGHQFLDOTXHVHOHVKDEtDH[SHGLGRSDUDWDO
HIHFWR/RVPLHPEURVGHODFRUSRUDFLyQPXQLFLSDO
UHFODPDQGR SUHUURJDWLYDV SRU ORV FDUJRV TXH
RFXSDEDQ VROLFLWDURQ TXH HO JREHUQDGRU OHV
FRQFHGLHVH HO SULYLOHJLR GH QR WHQHU TXH IRUPDU
SDUWH GH GLFKDV JXDUGLDV DGHPiV GH TXH VH OHV
H[SLGLHVHDOJ~QWLSRGHGRFXPHQWRTXHORKLFLHUD
FRQVWDU\QRYHUVHHQSHOLJURGHVHUGHWHQLGRVSRU
´YLJLODQWHVWRUSHVµTXHORVDFXVDVHQGHGHVDFDWR
0LJXHO 5XHODV KL]R FDVR RPLVR GH VX SHWLFLyQ
4XL]iVFRQHODIiQGHPROHVWDURGHKDFHUVHQWLU
VX SRGHU HO JREHUQDGRU KXHUWLVWD RUGHQy TXH
ORV HPSOHDGRV GHSHQGLHQWHV GHO PXQLFLSLR
GH OD FDSLWDO LQFOX\HQGR VtQGLFRV \ UHJLGRUHV
IXHVHQ LQVFULWRV HQ ODV ´*XDUGLDV GH 6HJXULGDG
&RPSOHPHQWDULDµ\DFDWDVHQODREOLJDWRULHGDGGH
ODVGLVSRVLFLRQHV6yORTXHGyOLEUHGHGLFKDRUGHQ
HO3UHVLGHQWHPXQLFLSDO&RQHOORVHREOLJDEDDORV
PLHPEURVGHO$\XQWDPLHQWRDDVLVWLUDORVHMHUFLFLRV
PLOLWDUHVVLQRTXHUtDQDUULHVJDUVHDVHUDUUHVWDGRV
H LQFRUSRUDGRV DO HMpUFLWR (VWR VLQ GXGD DOJXQD
DJUDYy OD FULVLV GHO UpJLPHQ PLOLWDU GH 9LFWRULDQR
+XHUWDHQODHQWLGDG\FRQWULEX\yDVXFDtGD
/D FRUSRUDFLyQ PXQLFLSDO GHO SDUWLGR GH OD
FDSLWDOIXHGLVXHOWDSRUHOJREHUQDGRUHOGHDEULO
GHHQSOHQDIHULDGHSULPDYHUD(ODUJXPHQWR
TXH 0LJXHO 5XHODV SUHVHQWy DO &RQJUHVR GHO
HVWDGRSDUDVXVWHQWDUVXGHFLVLyQHQUHDOLGDGIXH
PX\GpELO6XMXVWLÀFDFLyQIXHXQPHURSUHWH[WRDO
VHxDODUHQWpUPLQRVDPELJXRVTXHODV´SRGHURVDVµ
UD]RQHV
$*0)+FDMDH[S
(QULTXH5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD2S&LWS
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S\
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
HQ TXH VH IXQGy HVWD UHVROXFLyQ VRQ ODV TXH HO
DOWR &XHUSR TXH KD TXHGDGR GLVXHOWR QR VH
KDOODED HQ SRVLELOLGDG GH GLVSHQVDU OD DWHQFLyQ
GHELGD D DVXQWRV WUDVFHQGHQWDOtVLPRV TXH HUDQ
VX~QLFRUHVRUWHSHUMXGLFDQGRHQDOWRJUDGRFRQ
WDO SURFHGHU OD JHVWLyQ \ DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ TXH HVWH
PLVPRJRELHUQRVHKDUHVXHOWROOHYDUDFDER
)XHOD-HIDWXUD3ROtWLFDODLQVWDQFLDHQFDUJDGD
GH UHVROYHU ORV DVXQWRV SHQGLHQWHV GXUDQWH HO
ODSVRGHWLHPSRHQTXHHOFXHUSRHGLOLFLRHVWXYR
GLVXHOWR )XH KDVWD HO GH MXQLR HQ HO SUHFLVR
PRPHQWRHQTXHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVWRPDEDQ´D
VDQJUH\IXHJRµODFLXGDGGH=DFDWHFDVFXDQGR
HO SURSLR 0LJXHO 5XHODV DFRUGy FRQMXQWDPHQWH
FRQ HO 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLFLD UHLQWHJUDU
QXHYDPHQWH OD FRUSRUDFLyQ PXQLFLSDO FRQIRU
PDGDSRUODVPLVPDVSHUVRQDVTXHODLQWHJUDEDQ
FXDQGR VX GLVROXFLyQ (VWD GLVSXWD GH SRGHU
HQWUHODVHOLWHVSROtWLFDVORFDOHVTXHFRQIRUPDEDQ
ODV GLVWLQWDV LQVWDQFLDV GH JRELHUQR VLQ GXGD
DOJXQDFRQWULEX\yDDJUDYDUODFULVLVGHOUpJLPHQ
GH9LFWRULDQR+XHUWDDQLYHOHVWDWDO
&21&/86,21(6
/RV PHVHV \ VHPDQDV SUHYLRV D OD HQWUDGD GH
ORV UHYROXFLRQDULRV IXHURQ GH ]R]REUD \ DJLWDFLyQ
FUHFLHQWHWDQWRSDUDODVDXWRULGDGHVFRQVWLWXLGDV
FRPR SDUD ORV KDELWDQWHV GH OD FDSLWDO /D
VLWXDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD PLOLWDU \ SROtWLFD VH YROYLy
LQVRVWHQLEOH \ GHVHVSHUDGD /RV FRPHUFLDQWHV
FX\RV LQVXPRV \ YHQWD GH SURGXFWRV GHSHQGtDQ
GH VX UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV HVWDGRV QRUWHxRV VH
YLHURQ VHULDPHQWH DIHFWDGRV SRU OD UHYROXFLyQ
\ SRU ODV SURSLDV DXWRULGDGHV PXQLFLSDOHV TXH
DXPHQWDURQ GUiVWLFDPHQWH OD FDQWLGDG GH
LPSXHVWRV TXH GHEtDQ SDJDU /DV YHQWDV
GLVPLQX\HURQORVFRPHUFLDQWHVSDUDFRPSHQVDU
HOHYDURQ LQPRGHUDGDPHQWH ORV SUHFLRV GH ORV
DUWtFXORV GH SULPHUD QHFHVLGDG ´SHUMXGLFDQGR
FRQWDOSURFHGLPLHQWRDWRGDVODVFODVHVVRFLDOHV
\ SULQFLSDOPHQWH D OD SUROHWDULD FX\D VLWXDFLyQ
VH DJUDYDUtD GDGDV ODV DFWXDOHV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV
SRUTXHDWUDYLHVDHOSDtVµ/RDQWHULRUREOLJyDO-HIH
SROtWLFRFX\DDXWRULGDGYHODED´SRU HO ELHQHVWDU
GH ORV KDELWDQWHV GH OD FLXGDGµ D SXEOLFDU XQ
DYLVRHQHOTXHVHSHGtDDOS~EOLFRGHQXQFLDUORV
DEXVRVGHORVFRPHUFLDQWHV´DÀQGHLPSRQHUDORV
LQIUDFWRUHVHOFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHFRUUHFWLYRµ
(QHOWHUUHQRPLOLWDUODVFRVDVQRPDUFKDEDQPHMRU
/DVFRQVWDQWHVLQFXUVLRQHVGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVHQ
ODHQWLGDGFXPSOtDQFRQHOFRPHWLGRGHKRVWLOL]DU
DODVWURSDV\DXWRULGDGHVKXHUWLVWDVPDQWHQHUODV
GLVWUDtGRV \ HYLWDU HO HQYtR GH PiV HIHFWLYRV \
SHUWUHFKRVDORVSULQFLSDOHVIRFRVGHDFFLyQPLOLWDU
HQHOQRUWH/RVUHYROXFLRQDULRVWDPELpQLQWHQWDEDQ
FRUWDU OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ IHUURFDUULOHUD FRQ 6DQ
/XLV 3RWRVt \ =DFDWHFDV PHGLDQWH HO LQFHQGLR GH
SXHQWHV\ODGHVWUXFFLyQGHYtDVIpUUHDV
(O *REHUQDGRU VLJXLHQGR yUGHQHV VXSHULRUHV
H[LJLyGHODVGLVWLQWDVPXQLFLSDOLGDGHVGHOHVWDGR
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
(QULTXH5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD2S&LW
SS
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[SFDMDH[S\FDMD
H[S
$*0)+FDMDH[SFDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$OHMDQGUR 7RSHWH GHO 9DOOH ´(IHPpULGHV $JXDVFDOHQ
WHQVHVµHQ(O6ROGHO&HQWUR$JXDVFDOLHQWHV$JV
GHPD\RGH$*0)+FDMDH[S
PiV FRQWLQJHQWHV GH KRPEUHV SDUD TXH IXHVHQ
LQFRUSRUDGRV DO VHUYLFLR GH ODV DUPDV $OJXQDV
SHUVRQDV JR]DEDQ GH SURWHFFLyQ \D TXH VXV
QRPEUHV HUDQ GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH VDFDGRV GHO
SDGUyQ SUHYLR DFXHUGR GH ODV DXWRULGDGHV
PXQLFLSDOHV \ HO -HIH SROtWLFR GH IRUPD TXH
SDUWLFLSDEDQ HQ HO VRUWHR TXH VH UHDOL]DED SDUD
UHFOXWDU PLHPEURV SDUD HO (MpUFLWR )HGHUDO VyOR
DTXHOORV LQGLYLGXRV TXH LQWHQFLRQDGDPHQWH
VH OHV KDFtD DSDUHFHU $GHPiV GH HVWD
SUiFWLFD VH HFKy PDQR GH RWUDV HVWUDWHJLDV GH
UHFOXWDPLHQWR IRU]RVR \D TXH HEULRV KRPLFLGDV \
RWURWLSRGHGHWHQLGRVUHFLELHURQFRPRFDVWLJRVX
LQFRUSRUDFLyQDOHMpUFLWR'HULYDGRGHORDQWHULRU
ODV IXJDV GH OD FiUFHO HUDQ FRPXQHV DOJXQDV
GHHOODVEDMRODVRVSHFKDGHTXHORVJHQGDUPHV
HVWDEDQHQFRPSOLFLGDGFRQORVUHRV
3RU RWUR ODGR DO JREHUQDGRU PLOLWDU KXHUWLVWD
OOHJDURQQRWLFLDVGHTXHDOJXQRVVROGDGRVKDFtDQ
SURSDJDQGD HQ ORV FXDUWHOHV HQ IDYRU GH ORV
UHYROXFLRQDULRV SRU OR TXH IXHURQ DFXVDGRV GHO
GHOLWR GH VHGLFLyQ ,QFOXVLYH VH VRVSHFKDED TXH
ODVHVSRVDVGHORVVROGDGRVVLUYLHURQFRPRHVStDV
HQIDYRUGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV\OHVKDFtDQOOHJDU
DUPDV\PXQLFLRQHV/DVGHVHUFLRQHVGHO(MpUFLWR
)HGHUDO VH PXOWLSOLFDURQ SDViQGRVH PXFKRV
VROGDGRV DO EDQGR HQHPLJR /DV DSUHKHQVLRQHV
GHVRVSHFKRVRVIXHURQHQDXPHQWRORVGHWHQLGRV
VRPHWLGRV D LQWHUURJDWRULRV \ DOJXQRV GH HOORV
LQFOXVR IXHURQ HMHFXWDGRV 7DO HV HO FDVR GH
'HOÀQR $UDXMR H[MHIH SROtWLFR GHO 3DUWLGR GH
5LQFyQ GH 5RPRV GXUDQWH HO JRELHUQR PDGHULVWD
GH $OEHUWR )XHQWHV 'iYLOD TXLHQ IXHUD OOHYDGR
SUHVR D $JXDVFDOLHQWHV HQ PD\R GH SDUD
VHU ´GHVSXpV YLOPHQWH DVHVLQDGR SRU yUGHQHV GHO
*REHUQDGRU5XHODVµ
UpJLPHQPDQGyHQWUHQHVSHFLDODVXIDPLOLDDOD
FLXGDGGH0p[LFRHOGHPD\R\FRQHOODVHIXH
HO ,QJHQLHUR GH &LXGDG VHxRU )RUWXxR $UJHOOHV
TXLHQKDEtDUHQXQFLDGRDVXFDUJR´FRQFDUiFWHU
GHLUUHYRFDEOHµFXDWURGtDVDQWHV
2WUR VtQWRPD LQHTXtYRFR GH OD FULVLV IXH OD
SDUDOL]DFLyQGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVGHORVSULQFLSDOHV
EDQFRVHVWDEOHFLGRVHQ$JXDVFDOLHQWHVORVFXDOHV
UHSOHJDURQVXPDWUL]\WUDVODGDURQVXVOLEURV\YDORUHV
D FLXGDGHV PiV VHJXUDV FRPR *XDGDODMDUD \
0p[LFR
/DV UHTXLVLFLRQHV GH DUPDV FDEDOORV \
KHUUDPLHQWDVYDULDVSURSLHGDGGHSDUWLFXODUHV³
LQFOX\HQGRORVHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVFRPHUFLDOHV³HQ
IDYRU GHO (MpUFLWR )HGHUDO HUDQ FODUD PXHVWUD GHO
PLHGRTXHVHQWtDQODVDXWRULGDGHVPLOLWDUHV(O-HIH
SROtWLFRGHODFDSLWDODGYLUWLyHOGHPD\RGH
TXH VHUtDQ FDVWLJDGRV TXLHQHV QR HQWUHJDVHQ ODV
DUPDV´\VHWHQJDQQRWLFLDVGHTXHODVRFXOWDQµ
7DOHV PHGLGDV HQ JHQHUDO IXHURQ FRQVLGHUDGDV
FRPR DEXVLYDV \ DUELWUDULDV FRDG\XYDQGR D
JHQHUDUXQFOLPDGHGHVFRQÀDQ]D\PROHVWLDFRQWUD
HO JRELHUQR $OJXQRV FLXGDGDQRV PDQLIHVWDURQ
DELHUWDPHQWH VX LQFRQIRUPLGDG FRPR 5REHUWR
%UDYRTXLHQDOSDVDUMXQWRDXQPLOLWDUORLQVXOWyDVt
FRPRDOSUHVLGHQWH\DOHMpUFLWRPRWLYRSRUHOFXDO
IXHUHPLWLGRDODVDXWRULGDGHV7DPELpQHQORVRWURV
PXQLFLSLRV KXER PXHVWUDV GH UHSXGLR DO UpJLPHQ
PLOLWDUWDOHVHOFDVRGH-&UX]GHOD&UX]TXLHQ
SRU KDEHU KHFKR DODUGH GH ÀOLDFLyQ PDGHULVWD
IXH DSUHKHQGLGR SRU HO SUHVLGHQWH PXQLFLSDO GHO
SXHEORGH-HV~V0DUtDDGHPiVGHTXHHQHVWDGR
GH HEULHGDG HVFDQGDOL]y \ ´SURÀULy LQVXOWRV HQ
S~EOLFRDOVXSUHPRJRELHUQRµ
0LHQWUDV WDQWR ODV LQFXUVLRQHV GH ORV UHEHOGHV
HQ OD UHJLyQ VH PXOWLSOLFDURQ HQWUH ORV PHVHV GH
HQHUR\PD\R(O*REHUQDGRUSUHYLHQGRHOÀQGHO
$*0)+FDMDH[S\FDMDH[SFDMD
H[S
$*0)+FDMDH[SFDMDH[S
$*0)+FDMD
$*0)+FDMDH[S
$OHMDQGUR7RSHWHGHO9DOOHHQ(O6ROGHO&HQWUR
GHPD\RGH
$*0)+FDMDH[S\FDMDH[S\
FDMDH[S\FDMDH[SFDMD
H[S\
$*0)+FDMDH[S
(QULTXH5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD2S&LWSS
3RU RWUR ODGR OD VROLFLWXG GH D\XGD PLOLWDU IXH
HQ DXPHQWR \ HO WUiÀFR GH WUHQHV FRQ WURSDV \
PXQLFLRQHVQRFHVyHQHVRVPHVHV/RVPRYLPLHQWRV
GH WURSDV HQ ODV SUR[LPLGDGHV GH OD FDSLWDO GH
$JXDVFDOLHQWHV D UDt] GH OD WRPD GH =DFDWHFDV
HOGHMXQLRSXVRHQHVWDGRGHDOHUWDDWRGDOD
SREODFLyQ (O SiQLFR FXQGLy 8QD VHPDQD DQWHV
9LFWRULDQR +XHUWD KDEtD FHVDGR D 0LJXHO 5XHODV
FRPR JREHUQDGRU H KL]R UHJUHVDU D HVH SXHVWR
DO JHQHUDO &DUORV *DUFtD +LGDOJR RWUR PLOLWDU GH
FDUUHUD TXLHQ QDGD SXGR KDFHU SDUD UHPHGLDU
OD VLWXDFLyQ 0XFKRV IXQFLRQDULRV S~EOLFRV VREUH
WRGR DTXHOORV TXH VH VHQWtDQ R HVWDEDQ PiV
FRPSURPHWLGRVFRQHOUpJLPHQKXHUWLVWDGLPLWLHURQ
HQ VXV FDUJRV R VROLFLWDURQ OLFHQFLDV GH WUDEDMR
FRQ FDUiFWHU GH UHQXQFLDEOH DUJXPHQWDQGR
PRWLYRVGHVDOXGRSRUWHQHUTXHVDOLUGHODFLXGDG
SDUD DWHQGHU VHJ~Q GLMHURQ DVXQWRV GH tQGROH
SHUVRQDO 5HQXQFLDURQ PLHPEURV GHO SRGHU
MXGLFLDO \ GH OD FRUSRUDFLyQ PXQLFLSDO 0XFKRV
VDOLHURQ GH LPSURYLVR FRPR HO MHIH SROtWLFR R HO
WHVRUHURPXQLFLSDOHOGHMXOLRGHTXLHQHV
VLPSOHPHQWH VH DXVHQWDURQ DQWH ´OD DODUPD TXH
KDKDELGRHVWRVGtDVHQODFLXGDGµ/RVGLSXWDGRV
GHOFRQJUHVRORFDOWDPELpQVHIXHURQ
'HVSXpV GH TXH IXH WRPDGD OD FLXGDG GH
=DFDWHFDVSRUOD'LYLVLyQGHO1RUWHODVDXWRULGDGHV
KXHUWLVWDV GH $JXDVFDOLHQWHV VH GLVSXVLHURQ D
HYDFXDUODFLXGDG/DVIXHU]DVIHGHUDOHVGH6DQ/XLV
3RWRVt\$JXDVFDOLHQWHVVHUHSOHJDURQHQ,UDSXDWR
UXPERD0p[LFR(OGtDGHMXOLRGHMDURQDOIUHQWH
GHO JRELHUQR GHO HVWDGR GH $JXDVFDOLHQWHV HQ
FDOLGDGGHLQWHULQRDOOLFHQFLDGR$QLFHWR/RPHOt
H[QRWDULR SHULRGLVWD FDWyOLFR \ GLSXWDGR HQ HO
FRQJUHVRORFDOSRUHO3DUWLGR&DWyOLFR1DFLRQDO
(OJREHUQDGRULQWHULQRQRPEUyQXHYRMHIHSROtWLFR
GHODFDSLWDOSXHVHODQWHULRUKDEtDDEDQGRQDGR
OD FLXGDG DQWH OD SUR[LPLGDG GH ODV IXHU]DV
UHYROXFLRQDULDV 9DULDV IDPLOLDV DFRPRGDGDV
KX\HURQD/HyQ,UDSXDWR4XHUpWDUR\ODFLXGDG
GH0p[LFRWHPHURVDVGHVXIULUSHUMXLFLRV\HOSURSLR
JREHUQDGRU LQWHULQR VH WUDVODGy D OD FLXGDG GH
/DJRVGH0RUHQRDGHVSDFKDUSHURVREUHWRGR
SDUDQRWHQHUTXHHQFDUDUDORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV\
HQIUHQWDUVXVUHSUHVDOLDV\DTXHHUDDPSOLDPHQWH
FRQRFLGR FRPR XQ SHUVRQDMH GH OD HOLWH ORFDO
GHO UpJLPHQ SRUÀULVWD 6H IXHURQ WDPELpQ FRQ
VXÀFLHQWHWLHPSRGHDQWLFLSDFLyQYDULRVUHOLJLRVRV
\HQWUHHOORVHORELVSRGH$JXDVFDOLHQWHV
'H HVD PDQHUD OOHJDED D VX ÀQ HO UpJLPHQ
KXHUWLVWD FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH OD FRQÁXHQFLD GH
IDFWRUHV WDQWR HQGyJHQRV FRPR H[yJHQRV
8QD QXHYD HWDSD VH DEUtD SDUD $JXDVFDOLHQWHV
OD UHDOLGDG SROtWLFD FDPELDUtD GUiVWLFDPHQWH
\ VH YLVOXPEUDEDQ SDUD OD SREODFLyQ QXHYRV
KRUL]RQWHVHQXQDPELHQWHFDUJDGRGH]R]REUDH
LQFHUWLGXPEUHSHURWDPELpQGHHVSHUDQ]D
%,%/,2*5$)Ì$
$UFKLYRV
‡
$UFKLYR+LVWyULFRGHO(VWDGRGH$JXDVFDOLHQWHVIRQGR
6HFUHWDUtD*HQHUDOGH*RELHUQR
‡
3$',//$ 5$1*(/ ´$JXDVFDOLHQWHV YLVWR SRU ORV
FyQVXOHV QRUWHDPHULFDQRV µ GRFXPHQWR
PHFDQRVFULWRS
‡
$UFKLYR*HQHUDO0XQLFLSDOGH$JXDVFDOLHQWHV)RQGR
+LVWyULFR
‡
‡
$UFKLYR SDUWLFXODU $OHMDQGUR 7RSHWH GHO 9DOOH
)RWRWHFD
5$0Ì5(= +857$'2 /XFLDQR 'LFFLRQDULR KLVWyULFR
\ ELRJUiÀFR GH OD 5HYROXFLyQ 0H[LFDQD HQ
$JXDVFDOLHQWHV 7HVLV GH /LFHQFLDWXUD HQ +LVWRULD
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH$JXDVFDOLHQWHV
)DFXOWDGGH)LORVRItD\/HWUDV
‡
52'5Ì*8(= 9$5(/$ (QULTXH ´/D 5HYROXFLyQµ
HQ -HV~V *yPH] 6HUUDQR $JXDVFDOLHQWHV HQ OD
KLVWRULD 0p[LFR *RELHUQR GHO (VWDGR GH
$JXDVFDOLHQWHV,QVWLWXWR -RVp 0DUtD /XLV 0RUD 9ROXPHQ,
‡
72%/(5 +DQV :HUQHU /D 5HYROXFLyQ 0H[LFDQD
7UDQVIRUPDFLyQ VRFLDO \ FDPELR SROtWLFR 0p[LFR$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
+HPHURJUDItD
‡
723(7( '(/ 9$//( $OHMDQGUR ´(IHPpULGHV
$JXDVFDOHQWHQVHVµ HQ (O 6RO GHO &HQWUR
$JXDVFDOLHQWHV$JVPD\RGH
‡
‡
%$55$*É1 5RGUtJXH] -XDQ +LVWRULD GHO (MpUFLWR \
GHOD5HYROXFLyQ&RQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWD0p[LFR,QVWLWXWR
1DFLRQDO GH (VWXGLRV +LVWyULFRV GH OD 5HYROXFLyQ
0H[LFDQD7RPR,
&80%(5/$1' & &KDUOHV /D 5HYROXFLyQ 0H[LFDQD
/RVDxRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDV0p[LFR)RQGRGH&XOWXUD
(FRQyPLFD
7RSHWHGHO9DOOHHQ(O6ROGHO&HQWURGHMXOLR
GH
/XFLDQR 5DPtUH] +XUWDGR 'LFFLRQDULR KLVWyULFR
\ ELRJUiÀFR GH OD 5HYROXFLyQ 0H[LFDQD HQ
$JXDVFDOLHQWHV 7HVLV GH /LFHQFLDWXUD HQ +LVWRULD
8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO $XWyQRPD GH $JXDVFDOLHQWHV
)DFXOWDGGH)LORVRItD\/HWUDVS
7RSHWHGHO9DOOHHQ(O6ROGHO&HQWURGHMXOLR
GH
(QULTXH5RGUtJXH]9DUHOD2S&LWS
Descargar