Concentración ideal de electrolitos en la superficie de suelos de los

Anuncio
&RQFHQWUDFLyQLGHDOGHHOHFWUROLWRVHQODVXSHUÀFLHGHVXHORVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVGH
3DOPLUD(O&HUULWR\*XDFDUtHQHO9DOOHGHO&DXFD&RORPELD
,GHDOHOHFWUROLWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQVRLOVXUIDFHIURP3DOPLUD(O&HUULWRDQG*XDFDUt9DOOHGHO
&DXFD&RORPELD
(GJDU(QULTXH0DGHUR0RUDOHV&ODXGLD,SD]&XDVWXPDO$QGUpV0DXULFLR%UDYR&ODYLMR
)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV$JURSHFXDULDV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD$$3DOPLUD9DOOHGHO&DXFD&RORPELD
$XWRUHVSDUDFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDHPDGHUR#XQDOHGXFRLSD]FODX#JPDLOFRPELJDPEUDYR#JPDLOFRP
5(&$&(37
5(680(1
7UDVDxDGLUFDQWLGDGHVYDULDEOHVGH&D&OHTXLYDOHQWHVDOD&RQFHQWUDFLyQ&UtWLFDGH&RDJXODFLyQ&&&OODPDGDFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHOHFWUROLWRV
LGHDOVHHYDOXyHOPRYLPLHQWRGHDJXDHQPXHVWUDVGHVXHORVXSHUÀFLDO\VHUHODFLRQyFRQORVFRQWHQLGRVGHFDUERQRRUJiQLFRDUFLOOD\S+HQ
PXHVWUHRVGLVWULEXLGRVHQHVTXHPDORJDUtWPLFRVREUHKDVHXWLOL]yHOSURJUDPD$UF*,6SDUDSURGXFLUPDSDVJHRHVWDGtVWLFRV/D&&&
PHMRUyVLJQLÀFDWLYDPHQWHODFRQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFDVDWXUDGDHQODPD\RUtDGHORVVXHORVDQDOL]DGRV\PRVWUyFRUUHODFLyQLQYHUVDFRQHOFRQWHQLGR
GHDUFLOOD\HOS+\GLUHFWDFRQHOSRUFHQWDMHGHFDUERQRRUJiQLFR3RULQWHUSRODFLyQVHREWXYLHURQODViUHDVPiVVXVFHSWLEOHVDVHOODUVHFRQDJXD
OOXYLD
3DODEUDVFODYH6DOLQLGDGLGHDOFRQFHQWUDFLyQFUtWLFDGHFRDJXODFLyQ
$%675$&7
$IWHUDGGLWLRQRIYDULDEOHTXDQWLWLHVRI&D&OHTXLYDOHQWWRFULWLFDOFRDJXODWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ&&&LGHDOVRLOHOHFWURO\WHFRQFHQWUDWLRQWKHZDWHU
PRYHPHQWLQVXUIDFHVRLOVDPSOHVZDVHYDOXDWHGDQGZDVDOVRUHODWHGZLWKRUJDQLFFDUERQFOD\FRQWHQWDQGVRLOS+LQVRLOVDPSOHVGLVWULEXWHG
LQDORJDULWKPLFVTXHPHRYHUKD7KH$UF*,6VRIWZDUHWRSURGXFHJHRHVWDGLVWLFDOPDSVZDVXVHG7KH&&&LPSURYHGVLJQLÀFDQWO\WKH
VDWXUDWHGVRLOK\GUDXOLFFRQGXFWLYLW\LQPDMRULW\RIVRLOVVKRZHGLQYHUVHFRUUHODWLRQZLWKFOD\FRQWHQWDQGS+DQGGLUHFWFRUUHODWLRQZLWKRUJDQLF
FDUERQSHUFHQWDJH8VLQJWKHLQWHUSRODWLRQSURFHGXUHWKHPRVWVXVFHSWLEOHDUHDVWRVRLOVHDOLQJZHUHREWDLQHG
.H\ZRUGV,GHDOVDOLQLW\FULWLFDOFRDJXODWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
,1752'8&&,Ð1
3RUGHEDMRGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQFUtWLFDGHFRDJX
ODFLyQ R QLYHO GH HOHFWUROLWRV PtQLPR UHTXHULGR SDUD
PDQWHQHUHVWDEOHODHVWUXFWXUDXQVXHOREiVLFRVHGLV
SHUVDPiVIiFLOPHQWHDQWHIXHU]DVH[WHUQDV6XPPHU\
6WHZDUW+LOOHO/RVIHQyPHQRVGHVHOOD
PLHQWR\HQFRVWUDPLHQWRRFXUUHQSRUEDMDFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
HOHFWUROtWLFD GH FRORLGHV JHQHUDQ GLVSHUVLyQ FXDQGR
HQWUDQ HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ DJXDV GH VDOLQLGDG LQIHULRU \
OD&RQFHQWUDFLyQ&UtWLFDGH&RDJXODFLyQ&&&HVXQ
SDUiPHWURTXHDIHFWDODVSURSLHGDGHVItVLFDV\TXtPLFDV
GHOVXHORHLQFLGHFRQHOORHQODUHVSXHVWDGHORVFXOWLYRV
DODJXD\DORVIHUWLOL]DQWHV
&XDQGR XQ VXHOR EiVLFR VH PRMD ODV SDUWtFXODV
DG\DFHQWHVFRPLHQ]DQDLQWHUDFWXDU\GHVDUUROODQIXHU
]DVUHSXOVLYDVODVDWPyVIHUDVVHWUDVODSDQHOSRWHQFLDO
HOpFWULFRVHLQFUHPHQWDODVDUFLOODVVDOHQGHORVDJUH
JDGRV\VHGHVSORPDODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHORVSRURVHQ
XQHVSHVRUGHWHUPLQDGRGHVXHOR(OIHQyPHQRWDPELpQ
RFXUUHFXDQGRVHUHGXFHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHLRQHVSRU
HOODYDGRSUHIHUHQFLDOGHODVEDVHVGHOVXHOR
/DVHQHUJtDVDWUDFWLYDV(DSURGXFLGDVSRUODV
EDVHVGLYDOHQWHV\HOKXPXV\ODVUHSXOVLYDV(USURGX
FLGDVSRUODKLGUDWDFLyQGHODVDUFLOODVH[SDQVLYDVRSRU
ODVRGL]DFLyQGHOVXHORVHSXHGHQVXPDUVREUHYDULDV
GLVWDQFLDVGHVHSDUDFLyQGHSDUWtFXODVSDUDREWHQHUHO
$&7$$*5213$/0,5$S
'LDJUDPDGH,QWHUDFFLyQGH(QHUJtD1HWD(Q (U(D
TXHVHxDODODGLPHQVLyQGHOD´EDUUHUDGHHQHUJtDµTXH
REVWDFXOL]DHODFHUFDPLHQWRGHODVSDUWtFXODVFRORLGDOHV
)LJXUDV\
%$-$
5HSXOVLyQHQODGREOHFDSD
SDUDWUHVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHV
HOHFWUROtWLFDVRYDOHQFLDVGH
FRQWUDLRQHV
$/7$
%2
,17(50(',$
6(3$5$&,Ï1'(3$57Ë&8/$6
%!
$75$&&,Ï1
YDQGHU:DDOV
)LJXUD'LDJUDPDGHLQWHUDFFLyQGHHQHUJtDQHWDHQXQ
VLVWHPDFRORLGDOFRPRHOVXHOR6XPPHU\6WHZDUW
(1(5*Ë$'(,17(5$&&,Ï1
%$55(5$'(
(1(5*Ë$
%2
%2
%2
%2
%2
;
%.
RELHQFRQPDQHMRDGHFXDGRGHODFDOLGDGGHODJXDGH
ULHJR/DVDOLQLGDGLGHDOHQODVXSHUÀFLHGHORVVXHORV
GH ODV WHUUD]DV PHGLDV GHO 9DOOH GHO &DXFD QR VH KD
FXDQWLÀFDGR\QRVHKDQWHQLGRHQFXHQWDHQIHQyPHQRV
GHVHOODPLHQWR\HQFRVWUDPLHQWR
6HSUHWHQGLyFRPSUREDUODVVLJXLHQWHVKLSyWHVLV
‡ $OFDQ]DU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ FUtWLFD GH FRDJXODFLyQ
&&&GHORVSULPHURVFHQWtPHWURVGHOVXHORPHMR
UDUiODFRQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFD
‡ /D&&&PRVWUDUiFRUUHODFLRQHVQHJDWLYDVFRQORV
FRQWHQLGRVGHFDUERQRRUJiQLFR&2\DUFLOOD
‡ /RVPDSDVGH&&&VHSRGUiQHVWLPDUDSDUWLUGHORV
FRQWHQLGRVGHFDUERQRRUJiQLFRDUFLOOD\&RQGXF
WLYLGDG(OpFWULFD&(
‡ /RV VXHORV HQ HVWXGLR PHMRUDUiQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH
ODYDGRSRUDFFLyQGHODVVDOHVVROXEOHVDSOLFDGDV
‡ (O DQiOLVLV HVSDFLDO SXHGH VHUYLU GH VRSRUWH D ORV
DQiOLVLVGHFRUUHODFLyQOLQHDO
0$7(5,$/(6<0e72'26
(QWHUUD]DVDOXYLDOHVPHGLDV\EDMDVGHO9DOOHGHO
&DXFDVLWXDGDVHQWUHž·ž·1RUWH\ž·ž·
2HVWHVREUHVXHORVFRQSUHGRPLQLRGHDUFLOODVFRQFDUJD
QHWDQHJDWLYDVHKL]RXQPXHVWUHRHQPDOODGHSXQ
WRVJHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRVFRQXQVLVWHPDORJDUtWPLFRD
\PSORWHDGDVREUHHOHVWXGLRGHWDOODGR
GHVXHORV,*$&)LJXUDV\(OPXHVWUHRVH
EDVyHQODPHWRGRORJtDSURSXHVWDSRU5LHH]HERV
%!
0Ë1,02
6(&81'$5,2
'LOXLGR
0Ë1,02
35,0$5,2
&RQFHQWUDGR
)LJXUD%DUUHUDGHHQHUJtDTXHRSRQHQODVSDUWtFXODV
FRORLGDOHVDODFHUFDPLHQWR\WUDVODSHHQGLIHUHQWHVHVWDGRVGH
KLGUDWDFLyQ6XPPHU\6WHZDUW
(QXQDPELHQWHFRQDOWDFRQFHQWUDFLyQHOHFWUROtWL
FDRGHFRQWUDLRQHVGHDOWDYDOHQFLDFRPRRFXUUHHQ
WHUUHQRVIpUWLOHVEiVLFRVGHUHOLHYHFyQFDYRRLQÁXHQFLD
ÁXYLDO(DH[FHGHUiD(UHQWRGRHOUDQJRGHVHSDUDFLyQ
GH SDUWtFXODV \ HQ WDOHV FRQGLFLRQHV VHUiQ H[LWRVDV
ODPD\RUtDGHODVFROLVLRQHV\VREUHYHQGUiODUiSLGD
ÁRFXODFLyQ
(QHOSUR\HFWR´,QGLFDGRUHVVHQFLOORVGHGHJUDGD
FLyQµGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELDVHGH
3DOPLUD VXUJLy OD QHFHVLGDG GH FRQWURODU HO VODNLQJ
DÁRMDPLHQWRGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHOVXHORVXSHUÀFLDO\HO
HQFRVWUDPLHQWRGHORVVXHORVPiVIpUWLOHVGHO9DOOHFRQ
PHGLGDVGHPDQHMRTXHORPDQWHQJDQÁRFXODGRWDOHV
FRPRLQFUHPHQWDUVLJQLÀFDWLYDPHQWHHOKXPXVQDWLYR
)LJXUD/RFDOL]DFLyQJHRJUiÀFDGHOiUHDGHOHVWXGLRHQ
ORVPXQLFLSLRV3DOPLUD(O&HUULWR\*XDFDUtHQHO9DOOHGHO
&DXFD
('*$5(15,48(0$'(52025$/(6&21&(175$&,Ð1,'($/'((/(&752/,726(1/$683(5),&,('(68(/26
1
5,2
62162
*,1(%5$
(/
&(55,72
5,2
&$8&$
5,2
$0$,0(
3$/0,5$
P
)LJXUD'LVWULEXFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGHPXHVWUHRHQFDPSR
(OQ~PHURGHUHSHWLFLRQHVHQHOSULPHUQLYHOIXHGH
\ORVGHPiVQLYHOHVSUHVHQWDURQGRVUpSOLFDVUHVXOWDQGR
XQIDFWRULDOGH[[[/DHFXDFLyQGHUHJUHVLyQGH
ORVVHPLYDULRJUDPDVGHFDGDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDUHVSRQGHUi
SRUODYDOLGH]GHHVWRVPXHVWUHRV&DGDPXHVWUDGHVXHOR
VHUHFROHFWyGHORVFPVXSHUÀFLDOHVSRUWULSOLFDGRHQ
XQ iUHD GH P \ VH PH]FOy KRPRJpQHDPHQWH SDUD
REWHQHUXQDPXHVWUDFRPSXHVWDOXHJRVHVHFyDODLUH\
VHWDPL]ySRUPDOOD
(QHOODERUDWRULRVHGHWHUPLQyOD&&&TXHPR
GLÀFDED OD PHWRGRORJtD GH 5HQJDVDP\ HW DO OD WH[WXUD SRU %RX\RXFRV HO SRUFHQWDMH GH FDUERQR
RUJiQLFRSRU:DONH\%ODFNODFRQGXFWLYLGDGHOpFWULFD
&(HQVXVSHQVLyQGHUHODFLyQGHELGRDODYHUVDWL
OLGDGGHOPpWRGRODFRQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFDVDWXUDGD
FRQDJXDGHVWLODGD\FRQFORUXURGHFDOFLRD&&&SRU
HOPpWRGRGHFDEH]DFRQVWDQWHHQPXHVWUDVGLVWXUEDGDV
\FRQVROLGDGDVFRQFLFORVGHKXPHGHFLPLHQWR\VHFDGR
6R\&RRN86'$$ORVSHUFRODGRVVH
OHVPLGLyS+\&(
(O PpWRGR GH 5HQJDVDP\ \ FRODERUDGRUHV VH
PRGLÀFy FRPR VH GHVFULEH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ D J
GHVXHORVHDJUHJDURQPOGHVROXFLyQGH&D&OHQ
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGH\PHJ/ñ\
VHDJLWDURQGXUDQWHXQDKRUD'HVSXpVGHVHLVKRUDV
GHUHSRVRVHOH\yHQHOHVSHFWUyPHWURODWUDQVPLWDQFLD
DQP
/DFXUYDGHUHJUHVLyQGHWUDQVPLWDQFLDYVFRQFHQ
WUDFLyQVHDMXVWySDUDWRGDVODVPXHVWUDVFRQHOÀQGH
FRQRFHUHOPi[LPRYDORUGHWUDQVPLWDQFLD)LJXUDHO
FXDOVHWRPyFRPRHOYDORUGHOD&&&\TXHFRUUHVSRQGLy
D(VWDPHWRGRORJtDVHDGRSWySDUDHYLWDUSUHSDUDU
XQDVROXFLyQVDOLQDHVSHFLDODFDGDVXHORDOPRPHQWRGH
KDFHUODSUXHEDGHFRQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFDVDWXUDGD
6H DQDOL]DURQ SRU JHRHVWDGtVWLFD ODV YDULDEOHV
DUFLOODFDUERQRRUJiQLFR\&&&PH/ñKD
FLHQGRXVRGHOSURJUDPD$UF*LV1RVHDQDOL]yOD
PLQHUDORJtDGHDUFLOODVSRUTXHVHSDUWHGHODSUHPLVDGH
TXHOD&&&RSHUDVRORHQDUFLOODVGHFDUJDQHJDWLYDQHWD
FRPRHVHOFDVRGHORVVXHORVHQHOiUHDGHHVWXGLR
$&7$$*5213$/0,5$S
LQFOX\HQGRPXHVWUDVFRQPX\DOWDVFRQGXFWLYLGDGHV
KLGUiXOLFDVTXHQRUHSRUWDURQLQFUHPHQWRVSHURVHPDQ
WXYLHURQHQHOUDQJR7DEOD(OUHVWDQWHPRVWUy
GHFUHPHQWRGHODFRQGXFWLYLGDGTXHVHSRGUtDH[SOLFDU
SRUVXEHVWLPDFLyQGHOD&&&DOGHWUDQVPLWDQFLD
HQHVWDVPXHVWUDV
6 U 7DQVPLWDQFLD
&RQFHQWUDFLyQHOHFWUROtWLFDGHODJXDGHGUHQDMH
/D FRPSRVLFLyQ R FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH OD VROXFLyQ
VDOLQDHQHODJXDSHUFRODGDIXHVXSHULRUDODDSOLFDGD
ORTXHLQGLFDTXHVRQVXHORVGHDOWDHÀFLHQFLDGHODYDGR
\FRQWHQGHQFLDDUHFXSHUDUODFRQGXFWLYLGDGHOpFWULFD
RULJLQDO )LJXUD /D VHSDUDFLyQ HQWUH OD VROXFLyQ
LQWHUQD FDSD GLIXVD \ OD VROXFLyQ H[WHUQD SODQR GH
GHVOL]DPLHQWR VH FRQVLGHUD FRPR XQD PHPEUDQD GH
'RQDQ TXH HMHUFH XQ IHQyPHQR RVPyWLFR PDQWLHQH
ODFDSDGLIXVDFRPSDFWDGDHLPSLGHODGLVSHUVLyQGHO
FRORLGH\PHMRUDODSHUPHDELOLGDGSRUHVWRODVROXFLyQ
SHUFRODQWHVHDFHUFDDODVROXFLyQVDOLQD
&ORUXURGH&DOFLRHQ6ROXFLyQP(T/
)LJXUD&XUYDGHWUDQVPLWDQFLDDQPYV
&RQFHQWUDFLyQGHFORUXURGHFDOFLRHQVROXFLyQP(T/
SDUDPXHVWUDVGHVXHOR\GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOD&&&Q~PHUR
GHUHSHWLFLRQHV
$SDUWLUGHXQDPDWUL]GHFRUUHODFLyQVHDQDOL]y
OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ODV YDULDEOHV SDUD FDGD YDULDEOH VH
LQWHUSROy OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGD \ D SDUWLU
GHRSHUDGRUHVERROHDQRVDQiOLVLVHVSDFLDOTXHSHUPLWH
HVFRJHU]RQDVGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFRPXQHVVHFUHDURQ
PDSDVGHFRQÁLFWRHQWUHODVYDULDEOHV
5(68/7$'26<',6&86,Ð1
&RPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODFRQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFD
&RQODDSOLFDFLyQGHXQDFDQWLGDGGH&D&OHTXL
YDOHQWHDOD&&&ODFRQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFDDXPHQWy
VLJQLÀFDWLYDPHQWHSHQHOGHORVSXQWRV
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD&&&
(QVXHORVVDWXUDGRVGHEDVHVFRPRORVGHOiUHD
GH HVWXGLR VH HVSHUD TXH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ VDOLQD VHD
FHUFDQDDOD&&&)LJXUD8QLQGLFLRGHHOORVHYHDO
FRPSDUDUORVPDSDVGH&&&\ORVGHS+ODGLVWULEXFLyQ
HVSDFLDOGHOS+VHLQFUHPHQWyGHRULHQWHDRFFLGHQWH
KDFLDHOUtR&DXFDTXHHVRSXHVWR\FRPSOHPHQWDULR
DO GHFUHPHQWR TXH VXIUH OD &&& ODV GLVWULEXFLRQHV
HVSDFLDOHVIXHURQRSXHVWDV\FRPSOHPHQWDULDV)LJXUDV
\'HORVPDSDVERROHDQRV)LJXUDV\VH
GHGXFHTXHORVVXHORVGRQGHKD\PiVEDVHVVRQORVGH
&&&P(T/
&(.K&&&P(T/
)LJXUDV5HJUHVLyQ
HQWUHODFDQWLGDGGHVDOHV
DSOLFDGDVSDUDDOFDQ]DU
OD&&&\ODVVDOHV
OL[LYLDGDVGHVSXpVGHOD
SUXHEDGHFRQGXFWLYLGDG
KLGUiXOLFD&(.K&&&
U 6& U Q ('*$5(15,48(0$'(52025$/(6&21&(175$&,Ð1,'($/'((/(&752/,726(1/$683(5),&,('(68(/26
7DEOD9DORUHVGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWHUPLQDGDV
,'
.KFFF
PPK
.K+2
PPK
$U
&2
S+
&LQLFLDO
P(T/ &&&
P(T/ 3UXHEDW
3
.KFFF
&LQLFLDO
&&&
&2
&RQWLQ~D
$&7$$*5213$/0,5$S
&RQWLQ~D7DEOD9DORUHVGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWHUPLQDGDV
,'
.K+2
PPK
.KFFF
PPK
$U
&2
S+
&LQLFLDO
P(T/ &&&
P(T/ .K+2&RQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFDEDMRFDEH]DFRQVWDQWHGHOVXHORFRQDJXDGHVWLODGD
.KFFF&RQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFDEDMRFDEH]DFRQVWDQWHGHOVXHORFRQFORUXURGHFDOFLRHQVROXFLyQHTXLYDOHQWHDOD&&&
&&&P(T/
&(.K&&&P(T/
)LJXUD&RUUHODFLyQHQWUHOD&&&GHWHUPLQDGD&GHQODERUDWRULRSDUDFDGD
PXHVWUDGHVXHOR&&&\ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDOGHVDOHV&(L
3UXHEDW
('*$5(15,48(0$'(52025$/(6&21&(175$&,Ð1,'($/'((/(&752/,726(1/$683(5),&,('(68(/26
*8$&$5,
/(<(1'$
&&&PHT
(/&(55,72
&219(1&,21(6
0XQLFLSLRV
&XUYDVGHQLYHO
&DUUHWHUDV
3$/0,5$
.LOyPHWURV
)LJXUD0DSDGHOD&&&
*8$&$5,
'LYLVLyQ3ROtWLFD9DOOHGHO&DXFD
/(<(1'$
(/&(55,72
S+
&219(1&,21(6
0XQLFLSLRV
&DUUHWHUDV
&XUYDVGHQLYHO
3$/0,5$
.LOyPHWURV
'LYLVLyQ3ROtWLFD9DOOHGHO&DXFD
)LJXUD0DSDGHOS+GHOVXHOR
$&7$$*5213$/0,5$S
)LJXUD0DSDFRQVWUXLGR
PHGLDQWHRSHUDGRUHVERROHDQRV
GHS+! \&&& P(T/
)LJXUD0DSDFRQVWUXLGR
PHGLDQWHRSHUDGRUHVERROHDQRV
GHS+ \&&&! P(T/
('*$5(15,48(0$'(52025$/(6&21&(175$&,Ð1,'($/'((/(&752/,726(1/$683(5),&,('(68(/26
*8$&$5,
/(<(1'$
$UFLOOD
(/&(55,72
&219(1&,21(6
0XQLFLSLRV
&DUUHWHUDV
&XUYDVGHQLYHO
'LYLVLyQ3ROtWLFD9DOOHGHO&DXFD
3$/0,5$
.LOyPHWURV
*8$&$5,
)LJ0DSDGHORVFRQWHQLGRVGHDUFLOOD
/(<(1'$
&DUERQR2UJiQLFR[
(/&(55,72
&219(1&,21(6
0XQLFLSLRV
&DUUHWHUDV
&XUYDVGHQLYHO
'LYLVLyQ3ROtWLFD9DOOHGHO&DXFD
3$/0,5$
.LOyPHWURV
)LJXUD0DSDGHORV
FRQWHQLGRVGHFDUERQRRUJiQLFR
$&7$$*5213$/0,5$S
)LJXUD0DSDFRQVWUXLGRPHGLDQWHRSHUDGRUHVERROHDQRVGH$U\&&&PHTO
PHQRU&&&GHELGRDORVIHQyPHQRVGHSpUGLGDHQODV
SRVLFLRQHVPiVDOWDV\GHJDQDQFLDHQODVSRVLFLRQHV
PiV EDMDV GH PRGR TXH GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUD PD\RU
DFXPXODFLyQGHEDVHV\VDOHVOD&&&VHUiPHQRUVLQ
HPEDUJR HQ OD VXSHUÀFLH GH ORV VXHORV QR VH KDOOy
FRUUHODFLyQHQWUHOD&&&REWHQLGDHQHOODERUDWRULR\
ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQLQLFLDOGHVDOHVHQXQDVXVSHQVLyQGH
VXHORSRVLEOHPHQWHGHELGRDTXHODFDQWLGDGGHVDOHV
REWHQLGDVGHXQDVXVSHQVLyQQRHVFRPSDUDEOHDOD
REWHQLGDSRUHOPpWRGRHVWiQGDUGHSDVWDGHVDWXUDFLyQ
SDUDSUHGHFLUOD&(
/D&&&WXYRDGHPiVGHSHQGHQFLDLPSRUWDQWHGH
ORVFRQWHQLGRVGHDUFLOOD$U\FDUERQRRUJiQLFR&2
GHDFXHUGRFRQODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQPDWHPiWLFD
&&&H ² [ $U [
&2 U U 3”3”
$U3RUFHQWDMHGHDUFLOOD
&23RUFHQWDMHGH&DUERQR2UJiQLFR
&&&H&RQFHQWUDFLyQFUtWLFDGHFRDJXODFLyQHV
WLPDGDP(T/
/DV )LJXUDV \ DSRUWDQ HYLGHQFLD HQ HVWH
VHQWLGR\DTXHODFDUWRJUDItDGHOD&&&GHRULHQWHD
RFFLGHQWH IXH LQYHUVD D OD GHO FRQWHQLGR GH DUFLOOD \
DOJRGLUHFWDDODGHOFDUERQRRUJiQLFR/D)LJXUD
REWHQLGD PHGLDQWH RSHUDGRUHV EROpDQRV GHÀQLy TXH
HOiUHDGHPD\RUDFXPXODFLyQGH$UWDPELpQIXHODGH
PHQRU&&&
3RGUtD HVSHUDUVH HQWRQFHV TXH ORV WHUUHQRV FRQ
VXHORVGHPiVEDMD&&&VHDQPiVVXVFHSWLEOHVDVHOODUVH
FRQHOPRMDPLHQWRSRUOOXYLDVRSRUDJXDVGHULHJRGH
EDMDFRQGXFWLYLGDGHOpFWULFDGHELGRDTXHODVSDUWtFXODV
GHDUFLOODFRQPiVFDUJDVQHJDWLYDVOLEUHVVXIUHQPD\RU
UHSXOVLyQ GH ODV IXHU]DV HVWUXFWXUDOHV GLVSHUVLYDV GHO
DJXD+D\TXHUHFRUGDUTXHHOVHOODGRGHORVVXHORVQR
HVH[FOXVLYRGHOVDOSLTXHGHODVJRWDVVREUHVXHORGHVQX
GR'HRWUDSDUWHSXHGHDÀUPDUVHTXHOD&&&GHHVWRV
VXHORVHVWLPDGDDSDUWLUGHORVIDFWRUHV$U\&2HVXQD
DSUR[LPDFLyQDFHSWDEOHDOPRPHQWRGHHOHJLUODGRVLV
GHODHQPLHQGDSRUDSOLFDU
&RQFHQWUDFLyQVDOLQDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOD&&&
(OUDQJRGHYDORUHVGH&&&SDUDODPD\RUtDGH
VXHORVRVFLOyHQWUH\P(T/HTXLYDOHQWHDDSOLFDU
HQWUH\WKDGHVDOHVGHFDOFLRROOHYDUOD&(
GHODJXDGHULHJRD\G6PUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
('*$5(15,48(0$'(52025$/(6&21&(175$&,Ð1,'($/'((/(&752/,726(1/$683(5),&,('(68(/26
SDUDJDUDQWL]DUTXHHODJXDLQÀOWUHDGHFXDGDPHQWHHQ
HVWRVVXHORV7DEOD/DUHODFLyQVHREWXYRDSDUWLUGH
ODFXUYDGHFDOLEUDFLyQGHFRQGXFWLYLGDGHOpFWULFDYV
FRQFHQWUDFLyQHOHFWUROtWLFD&GHFORUXURGHFDOFLRHQ
VROXFLyQ>&(G6P &P(T/
U @
/DUHFRPHQGDFLyQDQWHULRUSXHGHFRQYHUWLUVHHQ
HVWUDWHJLD ~WLO \ HFRQyPLFD SDUD ORV FDxLFXOWRUHV GHO
9DOOHFRPRDQWHVDODDPHWRGRORJtDVPiVVRÀVWLFDGDV
SDUDPHMRUDUODHÀFLHQFLDGHOULHJR\DSDUWLUGHHVWH
HVWXGLRODSUiFWLFDGHDMXVWDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQVDOLQDGHO
VXHORSDUDSUHYHQLUHOVHOODPLHQWRHQFRVWUDPLHQWRSXHGH
SODQLÀFDUVHFRQEDVHHQODYDULDELOLGDGHVSDFLDOGHOD
&&&\ODVGHPiVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFDUWRJUDÀDGDV
'HSHQGHQFLDHVSDFLDO
/DVHFXDFLRQHVGHUHJUHVLyQGHORVVHPLYDULRJUD
PDVLQGLFDURQTXHHVSRVLEOHSUHGHFLUFRQVHJXULGDGOD
GLVWULEXFLyQGHODVYDULDEOHVDQDOL]DGDV\DTXHHQORV
FXDWURFDVRVKXERDOWDGHSHQGHQFLDHVSDFLDOFRQFRHÀ
FLHQWHVGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQFHUFDQRVRVXSHULRUHVD
)LJXUD/DVFXDWURYDULDEOHVHVWXGLDGDVVHSXHGHQ
DJUXSDUHQIXQFLyQGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODVVHPLYD
ULDQ]DV$UHQXQJUXSR\&&&&2\S+HQRWUR
(QHOGH$UODGHSHQGHQFLDHVSDFLDODOOHHUODSHQ
GLHQWHGHOVHPLYDULRJUDPDIXHPDUFDGDHQORVUDQJRV
GHGLVWDQFLDPHGLDQR\FRUWRFRPRVHSXHGHGHGXFLU
SRUORVIXHUWHVLQFUHPHQWRVGHODVHPLYDULDQ]DHQP
P\PTXHOOHYDQDOSXQWRGHPi[LPDVHPL
7DEOD(VWDGtVWLFDGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVLPSRUWDQWHV
&DUDFWHUtVWLFD
.K+2
PPK
.KFFF
PPK
0i[LPR
0tQLPR
3URPHGLR
'HVY3URP
&RQFHQWUDFLyQ
LQLFLDO
P(T/ &&&
P(T/ &2
$U
3UXHEDSDUHDGDSDUD
.K+2YV.K&&&
3
6HPLYDULRJUDPDGH$UFLOOD
6HPLYDULRJUDPD&&&
6HPLYDULDQ]D
6HPLYDULDQ]D
/DJ
([SRQHQWLDOPRGHO&R &R& $R U 566 GLVWDQFLDHIHFWLYD P
6SKHULFDOPRGHO&R &R& $R U 566 'LVWDQFLDHIHFWLYD P
6HPLYDULRJUDPDS+
6HPLYDULRJUDPD&DUERQR2UJiQLFR
6HPLYDULDQ]D
6HPLYDULDQ]D
/DJ
'LVWDQFLD6HSDUDFLyQ
([SRQHQWLDOPRGHO&R &R& $R U 566 (GLVWDQFLDHIHFWLYD P
/DJ
6SKHULFDOPRGHO&R &R& $R U 566 ('LVWDQFLDHIHFWLYD P
)LJXUD6HPLYDULRJUDPDVGHDUFLOOD&&&&DUERQRRUJiQLFR\S+
$&7$$*5213$/0,5$S
YDULDQ]DHQORVPFRQLQLFLRRQXJJHWLQWHUFHSWR
RYDULDFLyQHQXQPLVPRSXQWRUHODWLYDPHQWHEDMR
(Q HO JUXSR GH &&& &2 \ S+ OD GHSHQGHQFLD
HVSDFLDOIXHPDUFDGDHQODVGLVWDQFLDVGHODUJRUDQJR
FRQVHPLYDULDQ]DVTXHSDUWHQGHQXJJHWVPX\EDMRV
\EDMRV\FUHFHQSDXODWLQDPHQWHPiVDOOiGHORV
PORTXHVHUHÁHMyHQFXUYDVPiVWHQGLGDV\GLVWDQFLDV
HIHFWLYDVUHODWLYDPHQWHPX\JUDQGHVP
P\PUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH)LJXUD
/D LQWHQVD YDULDELOLGDG HVSDFLDO GH OD DUFLOOD HQ
ORVSULPHURVFLQFRFHQWtPHWURVYDGHDFXHUGRFRQXQD
IRUPD PiV FRPSOHMD GH DSDULFLyQ GH ORV VHGLPHQWRV
ÀQRVHQHOSDLVDMHDOXYLDO\DTXHSURYLHQHQWDQWRGHOD
GLQiPLFDÀVLRJUiÀFDGHORVDSRUWHVHVWHDRHVWHGHORV
UtRVTXHGHVHPERFDQHQHO&DXFDFRPRGHORVGHVERUGHV
WUDQVYHUVDOHVGHORVPLVPRVHQODVpSRFDVLQYHUQDOHV
%RWHUR7KRPSVRQ\7XUN(QFDPELRHO
GHVDUUROORGHODVYDULDEOHVTXtPLFDVTXHHYROXFLRQD
URQDSDUWLUGHXQPDWHULDOSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHtJQHR
EiVLFRHQXQFOLPDVHPLiULGRHVWDUtDPiVHQIXQFLyQ
GHOGUHQDMHQDWXUDO\GHOPDQHMRGHOVXHORLPSHUDQWHV
6XPPHU\6WHZDUW
‡
‡
‡
‡
&21&/86,21(6
/D&&&GHORVSULPHURVFHQWtPHWURVGHOVXHORPH
MRUyVLJQLÀFDWLYDPHQWHODFRQGXFWLYLGDGKLGUiXOLFD
HQODPD\RUtDGHORVSXQWRVDQDOL]DGRV
/D&&&PRVWUyFRUUHODFLyQQHJDWLYDFRQHOSRUFHQ
WDMHGHDUFLOOD\SRVLWLYDFRQHOGHFDUERQRRUJiQL
FR
6H REWXYR XQD HFXDFLyQ GH UHJUHVLyQ DOWDPHQWH
VLJQLÀFDWLYDSDUDHVWLPDUOD&&&FRQEDVHHQORV
IDFWRUHV$U\&2
6HFRPSUREyTXHORVVXHORVHVWXGLDGRVPHMRUDURQ
ODFDSDFLGDGGHODYDGR
‡ /DVFRUUHODFLRQHVPDWHPiWLFDVHQWUH&&&\RWURV
IDFWRUHV GHO VXHOR VH SXGLHURQ VRSRUWDU PHGLDQWH
DQiOLVLVHVSDFLDO
$*5$'(&,0,(1726
$ORVLQJHQLRV3LFKLFKt3URYLGHQFLD0DQXHOLWD
\&HQWUDO7XPDFRTXHRSRUWXQDPHQWHFRODERUDURQHQ
ODHWDSDGHPXHVWUHRDOLQYHVWLJDGRU-HV~V*DOYLVGHO
&,$7SRUODDVHVRUtDHQHOPRQWDMHGHOH[SHULPHQWR
\ D OD 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO SRU IDFLOLWDU UHFXUVRV
HFRQyPLFRV\WDOHQWRKXPDQRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHOD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
%,%/,2*5$)Ì$
%RWHUR3)LVLRJUDItD\VXHORV%RJRWi&,$)S
+LOOHO ' ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR (QYLURQPHQWDO 6RLO 3K\VLFV
(XURS-6RLO6FL
,QVWLWXWR*HRJUiÀFR$JXVWtQ&RGD]]L0DSDVGHO(VWXGLR
'HWDOODGR GH 6XHORV \$SWLWXG$JURSHFXDULD GHO iUHD SODQD
GHORVPXQLFLSLRVGH3DOPLUD*XDFDUt*LQHEUD\(O&HUULWR
GHSDUWDPHQWRGHO9DOOH
5LH]HERV+7K$SSOLFDWLRQRIQHVWHGDQDO\VLVRIYDUL
DQFHLQPDSSLQJSURFHGXUHVIRUODQGHYDOXDWLRQ6RLO8VH0DQDJ
5HQJDVDP\3*UHHQH*0HKDQQL$+,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ
RIGLVSHUVLYHEHKDYLRXUDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIUHGEURZQHDUWKV
$XVW-6RLO5HV
6R+%&RRN*'7KHHIIHFWRIVODNLQJDQGGLVSHUVVLRQ
RQWKHK\GUDXOLFFRQGXFWLYLW\RIFOD\VRLOV&DWHQD6XSSOHPHQW
6XPPHU0(6WHZDUW%$6RLO&UXVWLQJFKHPLFDO
DQGSK\VLFDOSURFHVVHV%RFD5DWyQ)ORULGD/HZLV3XES
$GYDQFHVLQ6RLO6FLHQFH
7KRPSVRQ*7XUN-3K\VLFDOJHRORJ\2UODQGR)$
6DXQGHUV&ROOHJH3XEOLVKLQJS
86'$6RLO6XUYH\0DQXDOS+DQGERRN
Descargar