8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR • 3DUDODFRUUHFWDSUHSDUDFLyQGHHVWRVSURGXFWRVHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHTXHWRGDVODV PH]FODVHVWpQELHQKHFKDVSXHVGHORFRQWUDULRSXHGHTXHQRHVSHVHQFRUUHFWDPHQWH • $OJXQRVDFHLWHVFRPRHOGHWRPLOOR\HXFDOLSWRGHEHQVHUXVDGRVFRQPRGHUDFLyQSRUVX WR[LFLGDG &21/$63/$17$63$57,&,3$026(/9,9(52'(6(0,//$$87Ð&721$ 2%-(7,926 o &RQVWUXLUXQYLYHURGHSODQWDDXWyFWRQD o 6HQVLELOL]DUVREUHHOYDORUGHQXHVWURVERVTXHVDXWyFWRQRV o 'HIHQGHUHOPHGLRQDWXUDOPHGLDQWHSUiFWLFDVGHUHSREODFLyQHQHOFDPSR o 3RWHQFLDUODFXULRVLGDGLQYHVWLJDGRUD\HOWUDEDMRHQJUXSR &212&,0,(172635(9,26 &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOERVTXHPHGLWHUUiQHR)ORUDUHSUHVHQWDWLYD 7LSRVGHIUXWRV\VHPLOODV $QH[R,, 0$7(5,$/(61(&(6$5,26 $]DGDV\SDODV (VFDUEDGRUHV 7LMHUDVGHSRGDU 0DQJXHUD 4XHUFXVS\UHQDLFD 5HJDGHUD 7HWUDEULN Fig. II.28 $OYpRORVGHVLHPEUD )ULJRUtILFR 5HFLSLHQWHVGHFULVWDO 6XVWUDWRVWLHUUDWXUEDPDQWLOORHVWLpUFRORFRPSRVWDUHQD )UXWRVRVHPLOODVGHGLIHUHQWHVSODQWDVUHFROHFWDGDV HQHOHQWRUQREHOORWDVSLxRQHVDULORVViPDUDVHWF 5HFLSLHQWHVVHPLOOHURV (WLTXHWDVDGKHVLYDV 5RWXODGRUHVLQGHOHEOHV /LEUHWDREORFGHQRWDV +RUQLOOD $FLGRV&O+62+ 3DSHOGHOLMDQRPX\JUXHVD 8QOXJDUSDUDHOFXOWLYRWHUUD]DMDUGtQSDWLRKXHUWRHO SURSLRHQWRUQRRERVTXHFXDQGRODVLHPEUDODKDFHPRV GLUHFWDPHQWH ,1752'8&&,Ð1 3RQHUHQSUiFWLFDXQYLYHUR\ODVWDUHDVTXHFRQOOHYDDVRFLDGDVHVXQDDFWLYLGDGTXH HQWURQFDSOHQDPHQWHFRQORVREMHWLYRV~OWLPRVGHOD(GXFDFLyQ$PELHQWDODGTXLULU VHQVLELOLGDGDQWHORVSUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHVDFHUFDUQRVDQXHVWURHQWRUQRGHIRUPD DIHFWLYDHQWHQGHUHOPHGLRFRPRXQWRGRRVLVWHPDHFRVLVWHPDGHVDUUROODUHOWUDEDMR 74 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR JUXSDO\SDUWLFLSDWLYRUHVROYHUSUREOHPDV\SDUWLFLSDUGHIRUPDDFWLYD$GHPiVOD H[SHULHQFLDHQODPLVPDOtQHDTXHODVSODQWHDGDVHQHVWHOLEURSUHVHQWDODYHQWDMDGH SRGHUDGDSWDUODDOPHGLRFHUFDQR\FRQFUHWRGHODVSHUVRQDVTXHSDUWLFLSHQHQVX UHDOL]DFLyQ$VtFRQHOODSRGHPRVKDFHUFRQYHUJHUWUHVREMHWLYRV 6HQVLELOL]DU(1HOPHGLR 6HQVLELOL]DU62%5(HOPHGLR (GXFDU$)$925GHOPHGLR (VLPSRUWDQWHWHQHUHQFXHQWDYDULRVIDFWRUHVSDUDODFRUUHFWDUHDOL]DFLyQGHODV DFWLYLGDGHVDTXtSODQWHDGDV D /DRUJDQL]DFLyQ\ODSODQLILFDFLyQVHFRQYLHUWHQHQDVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHXQYLYHUR E 1XHVWURYLYHURLUiFDPELDQGRDPHGLGDTXHORKDJDQODVHVWDFLRQHVGHODxR(QLQYLHUQR VHGHVDUUROODUiQWDUHDVGHWUDWDPLHQWR\UHFRJLGDGHDOJXQDVVHPLOODVSRFDVWDPELpQ VHKDFHXQVHPEUDGRHQHOFDPSRGHHVTXHMHVGHHVSHFLHVGHERVTXHULSDULR\WDUHDVGH PDQWHQLPLHQWR(QYHUDQRVHUiQHFHVDULRXQULHJRPiVIUHFXHQWHVRPEUHDGRGHODV SODQWDV\OLPSLH]DGHKLHUEDV(QSULPDYHUDKD\XQDVLHPEUDLPSRUWDQWHGHODVVHPLOODV GHHVWDpSRFDVHDERQD\VHGHVDUUROODQWDUHDVGHPDQWHQLPLHQWRULHJRTXLWDU KLHUEDV3RU~OWLPRHQRWRxRVHUHFRJHQPXFKDVVHPLOODVVHWUDWDQ\VHSODQWDQ RWUDVLJXDOPHQWHVHKDFHHOWUDVSODQWHDOFDPSRGHODVSODQWDVGHODxRDQWHULRU UHSREODFLyQ F 3RUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVVHPLOODVGHODVHVSHFLHVGHOERVTXHPHGLWHUUiQHRTXH SUHVHQWDQGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHODWHQFLDVVLPSOHV\FRPSOHMDV$1(;2,,FRQVHJXLUXQ Q~PHURVLJQLILFDWLYRGHHVSHFLHVJHUPLQDGDVQRVOOHYDUiWLHPSRSXHGHTXHYDULRVDxRV SRUORTXHQRSRGHPRVSODQWHDUQRVXQYLYHURDPX\FRUWRSOD]R '(6$552//2 • &LWDUHPRVHQHVWHDSDUWDGRSRURUGHQDOIDEpWLFRORVWUDWDPLHQWRVGHVHPLOODVGHODV SODQWDVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYDVGHQXHVWURERVTXHDXWyFWRQR • 3DUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODVWDUHDVHVQHFHVDULRFRQVXOWDUSUHYLDPHQWHHO$QH[R,, $\% $%('8/%HWXOD ½ /DVHPLOODUHFROHFWDGDHQYHUDQR%SpQGXODGHODVUDPDV\FRQVHUYDGDHQOXJDU VHFRVHSXHGHVHPEUDUHQRWRxRVLQWUDWDPLHQWRDOJXQR6HPEUDUHPRVHQ´HUDVµGH YLYHURRHQUHFLSLHQWHVDODUJDGRVVLQFXEULUDSHQDVODVHPLOODSHURPDQWHQLpQGROD K~PHGDFRQVWDQWHPHQWH/DJHUPLQDFLyQWLHQHOXJDUHQSRFRVGtDV6LQR PDQWHQHPRVODVVHPLOODVVLHPSUHK~PHGDVSRGHPRV´DFROFKDUµFXEULpQGRODVFRQ KLHUED\KRMDVHOORD\XGDUiDPDQWHQHUHOIUHVFRUQHFHVDULRSDUDODJHUPLQDFLyQ ½ /DVSODQWLWDVGHDEHGXOVRQPX\GHOLFDGDVHQVXVSULPHURVGtDVQHFHVLWDQGROD KXPHGDG\HOULHJRSHUPDQHQWHV ½ +D\RWUDVHVSHFLHVGHDEHGXOHVFX\DVHPLOODPDGXUDHQSULPDYHUDSRUHMHPSOR% QLJUDSHURTXHQRHQFRQWUDPRVHQQXHVWURHQWRUQRSRUORTXHQRPHQFLRQDUHPRV VXWUDWDPLHQWR 75 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $%(723,16$32$ELHVSLQVDSR ½ 5HFRJHUHPRVODVVHPLOODVGHOVXHORHQORVPHVHVGH6HSWLHPEUH2FWXEUH1R FRQYLHQHVHPEUDUHQRWRxRSRUORTXHGHEHPRVJXDUGDUODVHPLOODELHQVHFDHQ UHFLSLHQWHVKHUPpWLFRV\HQHOIULJRUtILFRSXHVVRQQHFHVDULDVWHPSHUDWXUDVHQWUH &HOORFRQWULEX\HDODSRVWHULRUJHUPLQDFLyQ\DTXHDJXDQWHyDxRV ½ 6HUHFRPLHQGDKDFHUODVLHPEUDDILQDOHVGH0DU]RHQUHFLSLHQWHVGHWHWUDEULN WUDVXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGXUDQWHGRVPHVHV\DTXHHVWDV VHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQOHWDUJRLQWHUQR ½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQHVOHQWD\DIHFWDDXQGHODVVHPLOODVVHPEUDGDV $&(%8&+(2OHDHXURSDHDYDUV\OYHVWULV ½ (OIUXWRVHUHFROHFWDGHODVUDPDVHQORVPHVHVGH1RYLHPEUH'LFLHPEUH\VH SXHGHUHVHUYDUHQUHFLSLHQWHKHUPpWLFRHQHOIULJRUtILFRDXQRV& ½ $QWHVGHODVLHPEUDHVQHFHVDULRKDFHUXQD(6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$SDUD YHQFHUODLPSHUPHDELOLGDGGHODFXELHUWD3DUDHOORSRGHPRVXVDUSDSHOGHOLMD/D VLHPEUDVHKDUiHQ0DU]RHQWHWUDEULN ½ ,JXDOPHQWHSRGHPRVUHSURGXFLUORSRUHVWDTXLOODGRYHU9(*(7$&,Ð15,3$5,$ $*5$&(-2%HUEHULVKLVSiQLFD ½ /RVIUXWRVVHUHFRJHQDPDQRHQRWRxRRSULQFLSLRVGHLQYLHUQR6RQED\DVFRQXQD SDUWHFDUQRVDTXHFRQWLHQHVXVWDQFLDVLQKLELGRUDVGHODJHUPLQDFLyQSRUORTXH KDEUiTXHOLPSLDUODVGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQODVPDQRVRPDFHUDQGRHQDJXD\ H[WUD\HQGRODSXOSD'HHVWDIRUPDSRGHPRVFRQVHUYDUORDXQRV&HQUHFLSLHQWHV ELHQFHUUDGRV ½ (VQHFHVDULDXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDD&GXUDQWHGtDVWUDV ODFXDOODVVHPLOODVVHVLHPEUDQHQSULPDYHUDHQWHWUDEULN ½ 7DPELpQVHSXHGHKDFHUXQDVLHPEUDGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOIUXWRWUDVVXUHFRJLGDHQ RWRxRDXQTXHHVPiVVXVFHSWLEOHGHDWDTXHSRUKRQJRV $/$',(5125KDPQXVDODWHUQXV ½ /RVIUXWRVPDGXURVVHUHFRJHQDPDQRDILQDOHVGHYHUDQR ½ /DVVHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQOHWDUJRLQWHUQRSRUORTXHQHFHVLWDQXQD (675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGtDVD&HQHOIULJRUtILFRWUDVODFXDO VHSXHGHQVHPEUDUHQORVDOYpRORVRHQEULN $/*$552%2&HUDWRQLDVLOLTXD ½ 5HFRJHPRVHOIUXWRDOJDUUREDVGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOiUERORGHOVXHORHQYHUDQR (VWRVVHFRQVHUYDQELHQYDULRVPHVHVHQVLWLRVVHFRV\IUHVFRV3DUDREWHQHUODV VHPLOODVRJDUURILQHVVHGHEHQH[WUDHUGHODVDOJDUUREDVSXGLpQGRVHFRQVHUYDUHQ ORVPLVPRVOXJDUHVTXHpVWDV ½ /DVHPLOODSUHVHQWDQXQDVFXELHUWDVPX\GXUDVSRUORTXHVRQQHFHVDULRVORV WUDWDPLHQWRVSUHVLHPEUDKDELHQGRYDULDVSRVLELOLGDGHV D 680(5*,5ODVHPLOODHQ62+FRQFHQWUDGRXQDKRUD\OXHJRHQDJXDGXUDQWH KRUDV E +(59,5DJXD\HFKDUODVVHPLOODVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ/DVGHMDUHPRVHQIULDUHQHO PLVPRDJXDKRUDV ½ 6HVXHOHQVHPEUDUHQSULPDYHUDGiQGRVHODJHUPLQDFLyQHQHOPHVVLJXLHQWHDOD VLHPEUD ½ (QODSULPDYHUDGHODxRVLJXLHQWHKDUHPRVHOWUDQVSODQWHGHVGHORVWHWUDEULND RWURVUHFLSLHQWHVPiVJUDQGHVEROVDVGHEDVXUDFDMDVGHSOiVWLFRUHFRUWDQGR FRQODVWLMHUDVGHSRGDUODVUDLFHVSHURVLQWRFDUODVSDUWHVDpUHDV'HVSXpVGH 76 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR DxRVODVSODQWDVHVWDUiQOLVWDVSDUDVHUUHSREODGDVHQHOPHGLRVHUiQHFHVDULR DOWHUQDUSLHVGHSODQWDVPDVFXOLQRV\IHPHQLQRVSDUDTXHSXHGDQUHSURGXFLUVH\D TXHHVXQiUEROGLRLFR $/0(=&HOWLVDXVWUDOLV ½ 5HFROHFWDPRVHQLQYLHUQRORVIUXWRVPDGXURV\OLPSLDPRVLQPHGLDWDPHQWHSRGHPRV FRPHUORVSDUDH[WUDHUODVHPLOOD ½ /RV680(5*,026PLQXWRVHQiFLGR&O+\PLQXWRVHQDJXDDQWHVGH VHPEUDUORVHQORVDOYpRORVRWHWUDEULNHQRWRxR/RVIUXWRVVHSXHGHQFRQVHUYDU HQWHURVHQOXJDUHVIUHVFRV\VHFRV ½ 7DPELpQSRGHPRVYHQFHUHOOHWDUJRLQWHUQRGHODVHPLOODPHGLDQWHXQD (675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGtDVD&HQHOIULJRUtILFR,QFOXVRVH SXHGHQHVWUDWLILFDUORVIUXWRVFRPRWDOHVSHURUHVSRQGHQSHRUDOSURFHVRGH JHUPLQDFLyQTXHODVVHPLOODVOLPSLDV ½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQVHGDHQODSULPDYHUDVLJXLHQWH ½ (VWDSODQWDSUHVHQWDXQDOWRtQGLFHGHVHPLOODYDQDSRUORTXHODJHUPLQDFLyQVHYH PHUPDGD &+23263RSXOXV6$8&(66DOL[6$8&266DPEXFXV9(*(7$&,Ð15,3$5,$HQ JHQHUDO ½ /RViUEROHVWtSLFRVGHOERVTXHULSDULRVHSURSDJDQPX\ELHQSRU(67$48,//$'2 DXQTXHVHSXHGHQWDPELpQVHPEUDUGHVHPLOODYHU$1(;2,, ½ /DVHVWDTXLOODVVHSUHSDUDQHQLQYLHUQRFXDQGRODVDYLDGHODSODQWDHVWi ´DGRUPHFLGDµSDUDHOORFRUWDUHPRVYDUDVMyYHQHVGHXQRVFPGHODUJR SURFXUDQGRTXHHOFRUWHVHDHQWUHGRVQXGRV\FRQFLHUWDLQFOLQDFLyQDVtHODJXDQR VHUiUHWHQLGDFRQIDFLOLGDGHYLWDQGRLQIHFFLRQHVGHKRQJRV ½ /DVHVWDTXLOODVVHHQWHUUDUDQXQDVóSDUWHVGHVXDOWXUDHQ]RQDVSUy[LPDVDORV FDXFHVGHDJXD ½ /DVVHPLOODVVHUHFRJHQHQSULPDYHUDQDGDPiVPDGXUDU\WLHQHQTXHVHPEUDUVH VHJXLGDPHQWH\DTXHVHVHFDQFRQPXFKDIDFLOLGDG &251,&$%5$3LVWDFLDWHUHELQWKXV ½ /DVVHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQXQDFXELHUWDLPSHUPHDEOHTXHLPSLGHVXJHUPLQDFLyQSRU HOORKD\TXHKDFHUWUDWDPLHQWRVSUHYLRV ½ (OPpWRGRXWLOL]DGRHVOD(6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$TXHFRQVLVWHHQ´URPSHUµ ODVFXELHUWDVGHODVHPLOODSDUDTXHSXHGDSHQHWUDUHODJXD(OORVHFRQVLJXHOLMDQGR FRQSDSHOGHOLMDQRPX\JUXHVRODSDUWHH[WHUQDGHODVHPLOODFXLGDQGRGHQR SHQHWUDUHQOD]RQDPiVFDUQRVD ½ $FRQWLQXDFLyQKDUHPRVXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1HQDJXDKRUDVDQWHVGHVHPEUDUHQ ORVEULNyVHPLOODVSRUUHFLSLHQWH ½ 7DPELpQSRGHPRVVXPHUJLUHQiFLGRVXOI~ULFRGXUDQWHKRUDVODVVHPLOODV\D FRQWLQXDFLyQKLGUDWDUODVKRUDVHQDJXDDQWHVGHVHPEUDUODVGHILQLWLYDPHQWH '85,//29LEXUQXPWLQXV ½ /RVIUXWRVPDGXUDQKDFLDILQDOHVGHOYHUDQRSULQFLSLRVGHORWRxRpSRFDHQODTXH GHEHPRVUHFRJHUORV\PDFHUDUORVXQWLHPSRHQDJXDSDUDH[WUDHUODSDUWHFDUQRVD GHODGUXSD ½ 6RQVHPLOODVGHJHUPLQDFLyQPX\OHQWDSRUORTXHQHFHVLWDQGHXQD (675$7,),&$&,Ð1'2%/(SULPHURHQDUHQDK~PHGDRWXUEDGXUDQWHGtDVD 77 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR ½ ½ &HOORLQGXFHODSURGXFFLyQGHUDLFHV6HJXLUiRWUDHVWUDWLILFDFLyQDXQRV &TXHIDYRUHFHUiODSURGXFFLyQGHWDOORV /DVLHPEUDVHKDFHHQSULPDYHUDRILQDOHVGHYHUDQRSULQFLSLRVGHRWRxR /RVUHFLSLHQWHVGHEHQGHFXEULUVHFRQUHVWRVYHJHWDOHVPXHUWRVDFtFXODVSDMDHWF (1&,1$\GHPiViUEROHVGHO*HQ4XHUFXV ½ (VHOJpQHURPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRGHOERVTXHPHGLWHUUiQHR\HOPiVDIHFWDGRSRU FDXVDVDQWUySLFDV6LDHOORVXPDPRVTXHSUHVHQWDQXQFUHFLPLHQWRPX\OHQWRHQHO PHGLRQDWXUDOFRQFOXLUHPRVTXHHVLPSRUWDQWHFRQWULEXLUDVXVLHPEUDHQHOFDPSR ½ 7RGRVSURGXFHQEHOORWDGHIUXWR ½ /DVUHFRJHUHPRVHQRWRxRGHORViUEROHVGHVHFKDQGRDTXHOODVTXHSUHVHQWHQ KRQJRVRHVWpQLQIHFWDGDVSRUDOJ~QLQVHFWR ½ 3DUDXQDPHMRUJHUPLQDFLyQKDUHPRVXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1HQDJXDGHDKRUDV XQDYH]TXHKHPRVUHWLUDGRHOFDSXFKyQ(OORWDPELpQSHUPLWLUiGHVFDUWDUODVTXH IORWHQSXHVVRQODVTXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDQHQEXHQHVWDGR ½ 6HPEUDUHPRVHQWHWUDEULNRHQDOYHRORVSURIXQGRV²GRVRWUHVEHOORWDVSRU UHFLSLHQWHHQWHUUiQGRODVXQRVFPHQSRVLFLyQWXPEDGD ½ *HUPLQDQFRQPXFKDIDFLOLGDGDORVSRFRVPHVHV\SXHGHQVHUWUDVSODQWDGDVDO PHGLRQDWXUDODODxRGHVXVLHPEUD ½ 1RFRQYLHQHGHMDUODVPiVWLHPSRHQORVEULNSRUTXHSUHVHQWDQXQDUDt]SLYRWDQWH ODUJD\JUXHVDTXHOOHJDDHVWUDQJXODUVHDXQTXHHVWRVHSXHGHHYLWDUXVDQGR FRQWHQHGRUHVGHDXWRUUHSOLFDGR (63$5726WLSDWHQDQDFLVVLPD ½ /RVIUXWRVVREUHODVHVSLJDVVHUHFROHFWDQDPDQRHQYHUDQR ½ 6HVLHPEUDQHQUHFLSLHQWHVTXHHVWpQPX\ELHQGUHQDGRVSXHVODVSODQWLWDVVH SXGUHQFRQIDFLOLGDGFXDQGRKD\HQFKDUFDPLHQWR ½ 6HSXHGHQUHSLFDUHQSULPDYHUDFRQVHUYiQGRODVDODVRPEUD )5(6126)UD[LQXVDQJXVWLIROLD ½ /DVVHPLOODVVHUHFROHFWDQGHOiUEROGLUHFWDPHQWHHQRWRxRLQYLHUQR6HOHFFLRQDPRV \GHVHFKDUHPRVODVTXHQRHVWpQGXUDV\FDUQRVDV ½ 6HVLHPEUDQHQORVUHFLSLHQWHVRHQILODVVREUHHUDV&RQYLHQHDFROFKDUOD VXSHUILFLHFRQSDMDDFtFXODV ½ 6HSXHGHQWUDVSODQWDUDOLQYLHUQRVLJXLHQWH -$5$6*pQ&LVWXV ½ /RVIUXWRVVHUHFRJHQDILQDOHVGHYHUDQRDQWHVGHTXHDEUDODFiSVXOD\VH SLHUGDQ ½ 6HDSODVWDQ\VHH[WUDHQODVVHPLOODV ½ 6HWUDWDUiQFRQXQ(6&$/'$'2GHYDULRVPLQXWRVSXHVIDYRUHFHODJHUPLQDFLyQ ½ 6LVLHPEUDQHQSULPDYHUDHQEULNRUHFHSWiFXORVPiVJUDQGHVSXGLHQGRVHU UHSLFDGDVHQYHUDQRFRQXQEXHQVRPEUHR 0$'52f2$UEXWXVXQHGR ½ 9HU(67$48,//$'2HQ9(*(7$&,Ð15,3$5,$ 78 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR /$%,e51$*23KLOO\UHDDQJXVWLIROLD ½ /RVIUXWRVHQIRUPDGHGUXSDPDGXUDQDILQDOHVGHYHUDQRORVUHFRJHUHPRV GLUHFWDPHQWHGHODSODQWD\ORVVHFDUHPRVDOVROFRPRWDOHVSXHVQRVHUHFRPLHQGD VHSDUDU ½ ODVHPLOODGHODSDUWHFDUQRVD8QDYH]VHFRVORVFRQVHUYDUHPRVHQOXJDUHVIUHVFRV \VLQKXPHGDG ½ 1HFHVLWDPRVURPSHUHOOHWDUJRTXHSUHVHQWDQSDUDORTXHUHDOL]DUHPRVXQD ,10(56,Ð1HQÉFLGR6XOI~ULFRKRUDVVHJXLGRGHXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1RWUDV KRUDV ½ 3DUDHVWRVIUXWRVWUDWDGRVODVLHPEUDVHKDFHHQSULPDYHUDYDULRVIUXWRVSRU FRQWHQHGRU\ODJHUPLQDFLyQRFXUUHHVDPLVPDSULPDYHUD ½ /RVIUXWRVTXHQRVRPHWHPRVDQLQJ~QWUDWDPLHQWRSUHYLRGHEHQVHUVHPEUDGRVHQ RWRxRODJHUPLQDFLyQRFXUUHHQODSULPDYHUDVLJXLHQWHGHXQDPDQHUDPX\LUUHJXODU 0$-8(/2&UDWDHJXVPRQRJ\QD ½ (VWHIUXWRSUHVHQWDVXVWDQFLDVLQKLELGRUDVHQODSXOSD\GREOHOHWDUJRHQODV VHPLOODVSRUORTXHHVPX\GLItFLOGHJHUPLQDU ½ 'DEXHQRVUHVXOWDGRVFRJHUORVIUXWRVGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOiUEROHQYHUDQRSRFR DQWHVGHTXHPDGXUHQGHILQLWLYDPHQWHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHOLPSLDODVHPLOODSDUD HYLWDUODVVXVWDQFLDVLQKLELGRUDVGHODSXOSD\VHVLHPEUDQWUHVRFXDWURSRU FRQWHQHGRUGHEULN ½ &RQHVWHPpWRGRVHFRQVLJXHQJHUPLQDFLRQHVGHXQDODSULPDYHUD VLJXLHQWHHVGHFLUXQRVPHVHVGHVSXpVGHKDEHUKHFKRODVLHPEUD 0,5720\UWXVFRPPXQLV ½ (VXQDUEXVWRTXHIORUHFHDSULQFLSLRVGHYHUDQRVXVIUXWRVFRPHVWLEOHVPDGXUDQ HQRWRxR\ORVSRGHPRVUHFROHFWDUGLUHFWDPHQWHGHODSODQWD ½ ([WUDHUHPRVODVVHPLOODVGHODSXOSDSUHVLRQDQGRVREUHXQDVXSHUILFLHUXJRVDSDUD TXHVHGHVKDJDQ8QDYH]OLPSLDVVHSXHGHQJXDUGDUHQUHFLSLHQWHVDELHUWRVD WHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH\OXJDUHVVHFRV ½ /DVVHPLOODVQRQHFHVLWDQQLQJ~QWUDWDPLHQWRSUHYLRSXHVVXQLYHOGHJHUPLQDFLyQHV DOWRGHVSXpVGHVHPEUDGDVHQSULPDYHUDHQUHFLSLHQWHV²GHDVHPLOODVSRUEULN RVREUHHUDV$SHVDUGHHOORVHUHFRPLHQGDXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1GHKRUDV DQWHVGHODVLHPEUDFRQHOORDVHJXUDPRVJHUPLQDFLRQHVGHORUGHQGHO 2/028OPXVVS ½ /DVHVSHFLHVTXHSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUFHUFDQDVVRQHO8PLQRU8JODEUD\8SXPLOD WRGDVHOODVPDGXUDQVXVIUXWRVHQSULPDYHUDORVFXDOHVUHFROHFWDUHPRV GLUHFWDPHQWHGHORViUEROHV ½ 3RGHPRVVHPEUDUGLUHFWDPHQWHHQFDMRQHUDVGHIRUPDVXSHUILFLDO8VDUHPRVGH VXVWUDWRDUHQD\WXUEDDO\XQSRFRGHPDQWLOORFULEDGR ½ 3RGHPRVWUDVSODQWDUDOXJDUGHILQLWLYRFXDQGRODVSODQWDVJHUPLQHQ\XQRVDOFDQFHQ FPGHDOWXUD ½ $SHVDUGHVHUXQDHVSHFLHULSDULDQRVHUHSURGXFHFRQIDFLOLGDGDWUDYpVGHHVWDTXLOODGR 3,1263LQXVVS ½ (QQXHVWURHQWRUQRVROHPRVHQFRQWUDUFLQFRFODVHVGHSLQRV3KDOHSHQVLV3QLJUD 3V\OYHVWULV3SLQDVWHU\3SLQHD7RGRVHOORVVHSURSDJDQIiFLOPHQWHSRUVHPLOOD 79 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR ½ ½ ½ 5HFROHFWDPRVODVSLxDVWRGDYtDFHUUDGDVHQHOPHVGH2FWXEUH\ODVSRQHPRVDOVRO KDVWDTXHDEUDQ\VXHOWHQORVSLxRQHVHVWRVVHSXHGHQFRQVHUYDUHQHQYDVH KHUPpWLFRD&SDUDIXWXUDVVLHPEUDV (VDFRQVHMDEOHXQD+,'5$7$&,Ð1SUHYLDGHODVVHPLOODVXQDVKRUDVHQDJXD SXHVIDFLOLWDODJHUPLQDFLyQ /DVLHPEUDVHKDFHHQLQYLHUQRSRQLHQGRSLxRQHVSRUUHFLSLHQWH 5$6&$9,(-$6$GHQRFDUSXVGHFRUWLFDQV\5(7$0$65HWDPDVS ½ 5HFROHFWDUHPRVORVIUXWRVGHODVUDPDVHQ2FWXEUH\VDFDUHPRVODVHPLOODGHORV PLVPRVGHIRUPDPDQXDOODVFXDOHVSXHGHQVHUFRQVHUYDGDVHQOXJDUHVVHFRV\IUtRV HQIUDVFRVKHUPpWLFRV ½ /DVVHPLOODVSUHVHQWDQFXELHUWDLPSHUPHDEOHSRUORTXHVRQQHFHVDULRVORV WUDWDPLHQWRVSUHYLRV/RVTXHGDQPHMRUHVUHVXOWDGRVVRQ ½ 9HUWHUDJXDDSXQWRGH(%8//,&,Ð1VREUHODVVHPLOODV\GHMDUODVGHQWURKDVWDHO HQIULDPLHQWR ½ 680(5*,5HQ$F6XOI~ULFRODVVHPLOODVGXUDQWHPLQXWRV ½ (6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$FRQSDSHOGHOLMDILQRSURFXUDQGRQRGDxDUODSDUWH LQWHUQDGHODVHPLOOD ½ /DVLHPEUDODKDUHPRVHQ0DU]RSRQLHQGRVHPLOODVSRUEULN\ODJHUPLQDFLyQ RFXUUHDODVVHPDQDV ½ 3RGHPRVWUDQVSODQWDUODVSODQWDVHQHOFDPSRDODxRGHVXVLHPEUD 526$/(65RVDVS ½ (OHVFDUDPXMRRIUXWRVHUHFROHFWDXQDYH]PDGXURHQHOPHVGH1RYLHPEUH ½ 3DUDOLPSLDUODVVHPLOODVHFKDPRVORVIUXWRVHQDJXD\ORVEDWLPRVSRUGHFDQWDFLyQ SRGHPRVVHSDUDUODV\SRQHUODVDVHFDUDQWHVGHVHUDOPDFHQDGDVHQOXJDUHV IUHVFRV\IUtRV ½ 3DUDYHQFHUHOOHWDUJRVHUiQHFHVDULDXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDR YHUPLFXOLWDGXUDQWHPHVHV ½ 8QDYH]WUDWDGDVSRGUHPRVVHPEUDUODVVHPLOODVHQSULPDYHUDRELHQVHPEUDUHQ RWRxRDTXHOODVTXHQRKDQUHFLELGRWUDWDPLHQWRSUHYLRDXQTXHODJHUPLQDFLyQDVt REWHQLGDHVPX\EDMDPHQRVGHO ½ 2WUDIRUPDPiVIiFLOGHSURSDJDUORVURVDOHVVLOYHVWUHVHVSRU(67$48,//$'2YHU 9HJHWDFLyQ5LSDULDTXHUHDOL]DUHPRVHQHOPHVGH1RYLHPEUHFRQPDGHUDVHPLGXUD 6$%,1$6<(1(%526-XQLSHUXVVS ½ /RVIUXWRVVHUHFROHFWDQHQHOPHVGH2FWXEUHGHODPLVPDSODQWD ½ 'HELGRDVXFDUiFWHUUHVLQRVRFRQYLHQHSRQHUORVHQXQDVROXFLyQGH&O+XQD FXFKDUDGLWDGHFDIpGHiFLGRSRUOLWURVGHDJXDGXUDQWHGLDGHHVWDPDQHUD OLPSLDPRVODVVHPLOODVGHODSXOSD$VtODVSRGUHPRVJXDUGDUHQUHFLSLHQWHV KHUPpWLFRVHQOXJDUHVVHFRV\IUtRV'HELGRDOOHWDUJRLQWHUQR\DOD LPSHUPHDELOLGDGGHODVFXELHUWDVVRQQHFHVDULRVWUDWDPLHQWRVSUHYLRVTXH FRQVLVWHQSULPHUDPHQWHHQXQD(6&$5,),&$&,Ð10(&É1,&$FRQSDSHOGHOLMD VHJXLGDGHXQD(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGXUDQWHPHVHVD& ½ /DVLHPEUDVHPLOODVSRUEULNVHSXHGHKDFHUHQRWRxRVHPLOODQRWUDWDGDRHQ SULPDYHUDVHPLOODWUDWDGDHQUHFLSLHQWHVTXHFXEULUHPRVFRQDUHQD ½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQRFXUUHDORVWUHVDxRVHQHOFDVRGHVHPLOODVVLQWUDWDPLHQWRV SUHYLRV\DODxRHQODVWUDWDGDV/RVPD\RUHVp[LWRVGHJHUPLQDFLyQURQGDQHO 80 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR ½ 2WUDDOWHUQDWLYDHVUHFROHFWDUIUXWRVH[FUHWDGRVSRUHO]RUURRHO]RU]DOXQDYH] TXHKDQSDVDGRVXVWUDFWRVGLJHVWLYRVVXHOHQJHUPLQDUPHMRU 7(-27D[XVEDFFDWD ½ (OIUXWRRDULORFDUQRVR\URMRFRQWLHQHXQDVRODVHPLOODTXHSUHVHQWDGREOHOHWDUJR )LJ,,3XHGHVHUUHFROHFWDGRDILQDOHVGHYHUDQRRSULQFLSLRVGHRWRxR ½ 8QDYH]VHSDUDGDODVHPLOODGHODULORODVRPHWHUHPRVDXQ(6&$/'$'2FRQDJXD KLUYLHQGR\DXQDSRVWHULRU(675$7,),&$&,Ð1HQDUHQDK~PHGDGXUDQWH PHVHV ½ /DVHPEUDUHPRVHQSULPDYHUDGHVHPLOODVSRUUHFLSLHQWH/DJHUPLQDFLyQSXHGH RFXUULUSDUWHHQHVDPLVPDSULPDYHUD\SDUWHHQODVLJXLHQWH 720,//26K\PXVVS</$9$1'$6/DYDQGXODVS ½ 6RQPX\QXPHURVDVODVHVSHFLHVTXHHQFRQWUDPRVHQQXHVWURHQWRUQRTXHVH LQFOX\DQHQHVWRVGRVJpQHURV)LJ,,WRGDVHOODVSXHGHQUHFLELUORV WUDWDPLHQWRVDTXtSURSXHVWRV\DOJXQDRWUDSODQWDDURPiWLFDGHRWURVJpQHURV FRPRSRUHMHPSORHOURPHUR²5RVPDULQXVRIILFLQDOLV ½ 5HFROHFWDUHPRVODVIORUHVVHFDVHQYHUDQR\H[WUDHUHPRVODVVHPLOODVSRU IURWDPLHQWRDVtREWHQGUHPRVUHVWRVGHSODQWDPH]FODGRVFRQODVVHPLOODV ½ 6HPEUDUHPRVHVWDPH]FODDSULQFLSLRVGH0DU]RHQFDMRQHUDVRUHFLSLHQWHVJUDQGHV HQ´FDPDFDOLHQWHµFXEULHQGRFRQPDQWLOOR\DUHQDDSDUWHVLJXDOHV ½ /DJHUPLQDFLyQWHQGUiOXJDUDODVyVHPDQDVGHVSXpVGHODVLHPEUD ½ 2WUDIRUPDGHSURSDJDFLyQGHODPD\RUtDGHODVSODQWDVDURPiWLFDVHVSRU (67$48,//$'2TXHSRGUHPRVUHDOL]DUFRQPDGHUDVXDYHHQSULPDYHUDRFRQ PDGHUDVHPLGXUDHQYHUDQR(OSURFHVRVHUHDOL]DUiFRQVXILFLHQWHKXPHGDG\HQ FRQGLFLRQHVGHFDORUGHIRQGR /DYDQGXODVWRHFKDV 7D[XVEDFFDWD Fig. II. 30. Cantueso. Fig. II. 29. Fruto (arilo) y semilla de tejo. 81 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR 2%6(59$&,21(6 • &RQYLHQHXWLOL]DUFRPRVXVWUDWRODSURSLDWLHUUDGHGRQGHVHUHFROHFWDODVHPLOODHVR SHUPLWLUiXQDPHMRUPLFRUUL]DFLyQGHODVSODQWDV\XQPHMRUFUHFLPLHQWR(QVXGHIHFWR XWLOL]DUHPRV 0$17,//2785%$$5(1$),1$7,(55$ • (OPDQWLOORODWLHUUD\ODWXUEDDSRUWDQPLQHUDOHV\QXWULHQWHV/DDUHQDGDODSRURVLGDG RDLUHDFLyQDGHFXDGDSDUDTXHQRKD\DDSHOPD]DPLHQWR • $HVWHVXVWUDWRVHOHSXHGHDxDGLUSHUOLWDIHOGHVSDWR\YHUPLFXOLWDTXHFRQWULEX\HQD ODDLUHDFLyQHLQWHUFDPELRGHPLQHUDOHV • 3DUDHOHQWHUUDPLHQWRGHODVVHPLOODVWHQGUHPRVHQFXHQWDVXWDPDxRDVtHVDFRQVHMDEOH KXQGLUODVHOGREOHGHVXWDPDxRPi[LPR • 'XUDQWHVXHVWDQFLDHQHOYLYHURQRHVFRQYHQLHQWH´PLPDUµGHPDVLDGRDODVSOiQWXODV6H OHVGDUiULHJRVXILFLHQWHSHURFXLGDQGRGHTXHODKXPHGDGH[FHVLYDQRSXGUDODUDt]SRU ODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHKRQJRV • 'tDVDQWHVGHVHPEUDUODVSODQWDVHQHOFDPSRXQDRGRVVHPDQDVHVUHFRPHQGDEOH GLVPLQXLUORVULHJRVSDUDTXHVHYD\DQ´DFOLPDWDQGRµDVXVQXHYDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHpVWD IRUPDODUHSREODFLyQWLHQHPD\RUHVSUREDELOLGDGHVGHp[LWR • 3DUDHOWUDQVSODQWHHQHOFDPSRGHSODQWDVGHXQDRGRVVDYLDVGHEHPRVDEULUKR\RVGH XQRVFPFPFP6LHVSRVLEOHHQOXJDUHVVRPEUHDGRV\SURWHJLGRVSRU RWUDVSODQWDVFHUFDQDV8QDYH]DELHUWRVORVKR\RVVHUHOOHQDODEDVHFRQXQSRFRGHOD WLHUUDUHPRYLGD\VHJXLGDPHQWHHQWHUUDPRVODSODQWDFRQHOUHVWRGHWLHUUD DSUHWiQGRODDOUHGHGRU6HGHMDUiXQSRFRGHFRQFDYLGDGSDUDTXHHODJXDGHOOXYLDVHD UHWHQLGD • 6LODUHSREODFLyQHVHQSHQGLHQWHHODJXMHURORDEULUHPRVGHIRUPDTXHHODJXDQR UHVEDOH\VHDFRQWHQLGDYHUHVTXHPD 3ODQWDGHXQDRGRVVDYLDV 'HVQLYHOGHOWHUUHQR 82 +R\RSDUDUHWHQHUDJXD Fig. II.31 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR /$63/$17$6126$/,0(17$1 )(50(17$&,21(6(/$%25$026<2*857<48(62 2%-(7,926 o &RQRFHUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOSURFHVRGHODIHUPHQWDFLyQSDUDODDOLPHQWDFLyQKXPDQD o (ODERUDUSURGXFWRVIHUPHQWDGRV &212&,0,(172635(9,26 (OSURFHVRGHODIHUPHQWDFLyQ /DVOHYDGXUDV*pQ6DFKDURP\FHV 0$7(5,$/(61(&(6$5,26 &D]RV 7HUPyPHWUR+LHUEDVDURPiWLFDV\SLPLHQWD 7HODGHJDVDSDxRVGHFRFLQDPDQWD +RUQLOOD &XFKLOOR\FXFKDUDV 7DEODGHPDGHUD 6DO\D]~FDU 3OHLWD /LPRQHV <RJXU /HFKH &XDMR ,1752'8&&,Ð1 /DVIHUPHQWDFLRQHVVRQWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQ]LPiWLFDVOOHYDGDVDFDERSRUOHYDGXUDV\ EDFWHULDVGHVXVWUDWRVRUJiQLFRVHQHVSHFLDOFDUERKLGUDWRV6XHOHQFRQOOHYDUSURGXFFLyQ GHJDV\TXtPLFDPHQWHVRQORFRQWUDULRDODR[LGDFLyQVHJ~QVHREVHUYDHQODVVLJXLHQWHV UHDFFLRQHV /HYDGXUDV )HUPHQWDFLyQDOFRKyOLFD $QDHURELRVLV $=Ó&$5(6$/&2+2/HWtOLFRYLQRFHUYH]D&2 )HUPHQWDFLyQEXWDQyOLFD /HYDGXUDV $QDHURELRVLV 0$Ì=0(/$6$%87$12/ )HUPHQWDFLyQOiFWLFD /HYDGXUDV $QDHURELRVLV $=Ó&$5(6/É&7(26$&/É&7,&2<RJXUWTXHVR&2 6HSXHGHREVHUYDUHQHVWDVUHDFFLRQHVTXHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDDOLPHQWDULRWLHQHQ XQDJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDSRUTXHGHHOODVVHREWLHQHQSURGXFWRVFRPRHOYLQRODFHUYH]DHOSDQ HOTXHVRHO\RJXUDOJXQRViFLGRV 3UHVHQWDQDGHPiVXQDVHULHGHYHQWDMDVUHVSHFWRDODVPDWHULDVSULPDVLQLFLDOHVDVtORV SURGXFWRVIHUPHQWDGRVVHFRQVHUYDQPHMRUDXPHQWDQODVSURSLHGDGHVEHQpILFDV\ QXWULFLRQDOHVPD\RUIDFLOLGDGGHDEVRUFLyQGHORVQXWULHQWHVHLQFUHPHQWRGHpVWRV\ WDPELpQPHMRUDQVXVSURSLHGDGHVRUJDQROpSWLFDVDURPD\VDERUGHORVDOLPHQWRV 83 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR +D\RWUDVHULHGHIHUPHQWDFLRQHVSHURSDUDHVWDSUiFWLFDQRVYDPRVDFHQWUDUHQOD )(50(17$&,Ð1/É&7,&$GHODFXDOREWHQHPRVQRVyORHOTXHVR\HO\RJXUWVLQRRWURV SURGXFWRVFRPRODOHFKHDJULDHOUHTXHVyQODQDWDDJULDHOFKHGGDUGHSHQGLHQGRGHORV PLFURRUJVQLVPRVTXHLQWHUYHQJDQHQHOSURFHVR $(ODERUDPRV\RJXU '(6$552//2 • 7HPSODPRV/GHOHFKHHQXQFD]R • &XDQGRHVWpDXQRV&QRVD\XGDPRVGHOWHUPyPHWURSDUDFRPSUREDUOROD UHWLUDPRVGHOIXHJR\OHDxDGLPRVXQ\RJXUW • 3RGHPRVDxDGLUD]~FDUHQXQDFDQWLGDGVHJ~QJXVWRV\UHPRYHPRVWRGR • 7DSDPRVHOFD]RORFXEULPRVFRQXQSDxRRPDQWDSHTXHxD\ORGHMDPRVUHSRVDUXQDV KRUDVHQXQOXJDUQRPX\IUtR 2%6(59$&,21(6 • 8QDYH]KHFKRVHOHSXHGHDxDGLUWUR]RVGHIUXWDV\EDWLUOR • (QHOIULJRUtILFRSXHGHGXUDUYDULRVGtDV %+DFHPRVTXHVR '(6$552//2 • 7HPSODPRVODOHFKHDXQRV&\OHDxDGLPRVHOFXDMRGLVXHOWRHQXQSRFRGHDJXD UHPRYLHQGRSDUDKRPRJHQHL]DUODVROXFLyQ • (QYROYHPRVHOFD]RHQXQDPDQWD\ORPDQWHQHPRVHQOXJDUVROHDGR\FiOLGR • &XDQGRSDVHPHGLDKRUDFRUWDPRVODOHFKHFXDMDGDHQYDULDVGLUHFFLRQHV\SXHGD H[SXOVDUHOVXHUR'HMDPRVUHSRVDUXQFXDUWRGHKRUD • $FRQWLQXDFLyQORSRQHPRVVREUHXQDWDEOD\HQUROODUHPRVDOUHGHGRUODSOHLWDDSUHWDQGR SDUDH[WUDHUHOVXHURUHVWDQWH • /RGHMDPRVHVFXUULUXQGtDHQWHURSDUDHOORORPDQWHQGUHPRVFRQSHVRHQFLPD • 3DVDGRHVWHWLHPSRVHVXHOWDODSOHLWD\VHHVSROYRUHDFRQVDOWRPLOORSLPLHQWD 2%6(59$&,21(6 • (QUHDOLGDGORTXHRFXUUHDOKDFHUTXHVRHVXQDVHSDUDFLyQGHODSDUWHDFXRVDGHOUHVWR GHORVFRPSRQHQWHV • +D\RWUDIRUPDPX\UiSLGDGHHODERUDUXQTXHVRTXHQRHVSURGXFWRGHODIHUPHQWDFLyQ VLQRGHXQDFRDJXODFLyQGHODVSURWHtQDVSRUXQFDPELRGHS+(VHOTXHVRTXHVHKDFtDHQ HODQWLJXR$O$QGDOXVGHOTXHUHFLEHVXQRPEUH48(62$1'$/86Ì3DUDHODERUDUOR EDVWDHFKDUHO]XPRGHXQOLPyQRXQDFXFKDUDGDGHYLQDJUHRLQFOXVRYDULDVDOFDSDUUDV DXQOLWURGHOHFKHTXHUHWLUDUHPRVGHOIXHJRDQWHVGHKHUYLUUHPRYHUHPRV\ ILOWUDUHPRVHQWHODGHJDVD/RSRGHPRVDFRPSDxDUGHKLHUEDVDURPiWLFDVSLPLHQWD PLHOVDOHWF$KRUDELHQHVWHSURGXFWRSLHUGHSDUWHGHOFDOFLR\GHOVXHURGHODOHFKH TXHVHHVFXUUHFRQHODJXDSRUHOORSUHVHQWDPHQRVSURSLHGDGHVQXWULWLYDVTXHHO TXHVRIHUPHQWDGR 84 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR &216(59$026/26$/,0(1726 2%-(7,926 o +DFHUFRQVHUYDVFRQUHFHWDVDQWLJXDV &212&,0,(172635(9,26 $QH[R,,´&RQVHUYDUORVDOLPHQWRVµ 0$7(5,$/(61(&(6$5,26 %DODQ]D 7UDSRVGHFRFLQD %DWLGRUD &XFKDUDVGHSDOR &RODGRU &XFKLOORV 2OODV\FD]RV +RUQLOOD )ULJRUtILFR 7DUURV 3DSHOFHEROOD /LFRUEUDQG\FRxDF )UXWDVFKXPERVQDUDQMDVKLJRV /LPyQ $]~FDUPRUHQR\PLHO +LJRV (WLTXHWDV ,1752'8&&,Ð1 /DHVSHFLHKXPDQDKDGHVDUUROODGRGHVGHDQWLJXRGLVWLQWDVWpFQLFDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQGH DOLPHQWRV • 3ULPHURVHXVyODFHQL]DODPLHO\ODVDOSDUDHYLWDUHOGHWHULRURGHODVED\DV\UDLFHV • 0DVWDUGHDSUHQGLyDXWLOL]DUODQLHYH\HOIULyGHOLQWHULRUGHODVFDYHUQDVDVtFRPROD GHVHFDFLyQ\HODKXPDGR7RGRHVWROHSHUPLWtDJXDUGDUORVDOLPHQWRVSDUDODVpSRFDVGH HVFDVH](QOD(0HGLDVHSHUIHFFLRQyODWpFQLFDGHODVDOD]yQ\DFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR ;,;1LFRODV$SSHUWGHVDUUROOyODHVWHULOL]DFLyQPX\XVDGD\YLJHQWHSRUVXHILFDFLD &RPRDFWLYLGDGSUHYLDDQWHVGHGHVDUUROODUHOWDOOHUSDUWLUHPRVGHXQD//89,$'( ,'($6KDUHPRVXQDSXHVWDHQFRP~QVREUHORTXHFRQRFHPRVDFHUFDGHORVWLSRVGH FRQVHUYDV¢TXpFRQVHUYDVVHFRQVXPHQDKRUD"¢TXpDGLWLYRVOOHYDQ"¢FyPRHUDQODVGH QXHVWUDVDEXHODV"LQFOXVRSRGHPRVUHVFDWDUDOJXQDVUHFHWDVDQWLJXDV\HODERUDUODVFRPR HVHOFDVRGHODVWUHVUHFHWDVTXHVHDGMXQWDQ,JXDOPHQWHVXJHULPRVGHJXVWDUFRQVHUYDV KHFKDVSRUQRVRWURV\RWUDVFRPSUDGDVHQHOPHUFDGR$VtFRPSUREDUHPRVODVGLIHUHQFLDV GHVDERU\ORVDGLWLYRVLQGLFDGRVHQHOHWLTXHWDGR 3UHWHQGHPRVFRQVHJXLUGHHVWDIRUPDSODQWHDUQRVODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHQODV FRQVHUYDVSDUDODHVSHFLHKXPDQD\YDORUDUODVIRUPDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHKDFHUODV(V LPSUHVFLQGLEOHKDEHUOHtGRHO$QH[R,,DQWHVGHDERUGDUHVWDDFWLYLGDG $0HUPHODGDGHPRUDV '(6$552//2 • /LPSLDPRVNJGHPRUDV\ODVPDFHUDPRVFRQJUGHD]~FDUKRUDV • &RFHPRVKDVWDTXHHVWpHQVXSXQWRXQRVPLQXWRV • 5HPRYHPRVFRQFXFKDUDGHPDGHUD5HVHUYDPRVHQWDUURVHVWHULOL]DGRV %0HUPHODGDGHFKXPERV '(6$552//2 • 4XLWDPRVSLHOD.JGHFKXPERVWURFHDPRVODSXOSD\ODSRQHPRVHQFD]XHODGHEDUUR 85 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR • $xDGLPRVòGH/GHDJXD\XQRVWUR]RVGHFiVFDUDGHOLPyQ3RQHPRVDOIXHJRKDVWDOD HEXOOLFLyQ\GHMDUHPRVKHUYLUPLQXWRVVLQGHMDUGHTXLWDUODHVSXPD • &RODUHPRVODPH]FODSRUXQDPDOODRJDVDHOUHVXOWDGRGHEHWHQHUXQDFRQVLVWHQFLD VLPLODUDODGHODPLHO • &RORFDPRVGHQXHYRHQODFDFHUROD\DJUHJDPRV.JGHD]~FDUGHMiQGRORKHUYLUGH QXHYROHQWDPHQWHUHPRYLHQGR • &XDQGRXQSHOOL]FRGHODPHUPHODGDVHHVWLUDVLQURPSHUVHXQRVFPUHWLUDUHPRVGHO IXHJR\DxDGLUHPRVHO]XPRGHOLPyQ0H]FODUELHQ0HWHUHPRVHQWDUURVHVWpULOHV FHUUDQGRKHUPpWLFDPHQWH 2%6(59$&,21(6 • (QPXFKRVSDtVHVPHGLWHUUiQHRVGHVGH6LFLOLDD0DUUXHFRVHVWDPHUPHODGDVHXWLOL]D FRPREDVHGHGXOFHVWtSLFRV • (VLPSRUWDQWHHOXVRGHOLPyQHQODVPHUPHODGDVGHIUXWDVTXHQRWLHQHQGHPDVLDGD FRQVLVWHQFLD\DTXHHVHOTXHDSRUWDODSHFWLQDVXILFLHQWHSDUDTXHHVSHVHELHQ &0HPEULOORGHQDUDQMD '(6$552//2 • 6HSHODQGRV.JGHQDUDQMD\VHPDFHUDQXQGtDHQWHURFRQ.JGHD]~FDUPRUHQD\ JUGHPLHOVHGHMDQORVKXHVRVGHODQDUDQMDGHQWURSDUDDSRUWDUODSHFWLQD • 6HOLPSLDGHKXHVRV\VHSRQHDOIXHJR1RVHDxDGHDJXD • 5HPRYHUHPRVGHYH]HQFXDQGRFRQXQDFXFKDUDGHSDORKDVWDTXHODFRQVLVWHQFLDVHDHVSHVD • 7ULWXUDUHPRVFRQXQDEDWLGRUD\UHVHUYDUHPRVHQWDUURV 2%6(59$&,21(6 • (VFRQYHQLHQWHSRQHUHQFLPDGHORVWDUURVGRQGHVHUHVHUYHHOPHPEULOORXQSDSHO FHEROODRVLPLODUHPSDSDGRHQOLFRUDVtHYLWDPRVODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHKRQJRV2WUD IRUPDGHHYLWDUORVHVUHVHUYDQGRORVWDUURVFRQODFDEH]DERFDDEDMRDVtKDFHPRVHO YDFtR\QRTXHGDDLUHSDUDTXHVHGHVDUUROOHQORVPLFURRUJDQLVPRVHVWRHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH~WLOHQHOFDVRGHODVPHUPHODGDV '+LJRVHQDOPtEDU '(6$552//2 • 6HFXHFH.JGHKLJRVFRQDJXD\D]~FDUDJXVWR6HKLHUYHQPLQXWRV\VHDSDUWDQ • &XDQGRHQIUtHQVHFXHFHQRWURVPLQXWRVPiV(VWDRSHUDFLyQVHUHSLWHKDVWDHVSHVDU HOOtTXLGRDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQDVYHFHV 2%6(59$&,21(6 • 6HUHFRPLHQGDTXHpVWHSURFHVRGHKHUYLGRVHKDJDGXUDQWHGRVGtDV 86 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR &5,7(5,26'((9$/8$&,Ð13$5$(/&$3Ì78/2,, • 9DORUDUHOOHJDGRHWQRERWiQLFRGHQXHVWURVDQWHSDVDGRV • 7HQHUDFWLWXGFUtWLFDIUHQWHDOXVRDEXVLYRGHSURGXFWRVFRVPpWLFRV • 'HVDUUROODUDFWLWXGHVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQUHSREODFLRQHVSURGXFFLyQGHSODQWD DXWyFWRQD • $SUHQGHUORVXVRVGHODVSODQWDVTXHQRVURGHDQ • ,QYHVWLJDU\UHVFDWDUUHPHGLRVFXUDWLYRVGHSODQWDVGHQXHVWURVSXHEORVR FLXGDGHV $&7,9,'$'(6&203/(0(17$5,$648(32'5Ì$1 '(6$552//$56( • • • • • 9LVLWDVDXQDIiEULFDRWDOOHUGHSHUIXPHV\DOJ~QOXJDUGHOD]RQDGRQGHVH REWHQJDQHVHQFLDVVHJ~QPpWRGRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV &RQVWUXFFLyQGHXQGHVWLODGRUFDVHUR 9LVLWDDOKHUEDULRGHODXQLYHUVLGDGXRWUDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV ,WLQHUDULRERWiQLFRSRUORVDOUHGHGRUHVGHOD]RQD +DFHPRVXQWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHVFDWDPRVDQWLJXRVUHPHGLRVFDVHURVHQ ORVTXHHVWpQSUHVHQWHVODVSODQWDVOLFRUHVFRQVHUYDVLQVHFWLFLGDVQDWXUDOHV 87 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $1(;2,,275$63/$17$67,17Ð5($6 &DVLWRGRVORVFRORUHVH[LVWHQWHVVHSXHGHQREWHQHUGHODVSODQWDV$FRQWLQXDFLyQGDPRV GHWDOOHVGHDOJXQDVGHHOODV $0$5,//2$=8/ $OLDJD*HQLVWDVFRUSLXV)ORUHV$xLO,QGLJRIHUDWLQFWRUHD+RMDV $]DIUiQ&URFXVVDWLYXV(VWLJPDV %UH]R&DOOXQDYXOJDULV7RGDODSODQWD1$5$1-$ &HEROOD$OOLXPFHSD&iVFDUDVVHFDV²*DOLR*DOLXPYHUXP)ORUHV &KRSR3RSXOXVQLJUD+RMDV\FRUWH]D (QFLQD4XHUFXVURWXQGLIROLD&RUWH]D )XPDULD)XPDULDRIILFLQDOLV5DL] *D\RPED6SDUWLXPMXQFHXP5DPDV *XDOGD5HVHGDOXWHROD+RMDVIORUHV\WDOORV +HOHFKRFRP~Q3WHULGLXPDTXLOLQXP%URWHV\UDPDVMyYHQHV 0RUHUD0RUXVQLJUD+RMDV =DQDKRULD'DXFXVFDURWD7DOORV\KRMDVYHUGHV =XPDTXH5KXVFRULDULD+RMDV\WDOORVWLHUQRV *5,6 0$55Ð1 (QFLQD4URWXQGLIROLD&RUWH]D (QFLQD45RWXQGLIROLD&RUWH]D =DU]D5XEXVVS)UXWRV (XFDOLSWR(JOREXOXV&RUWH]D 0DOYD0DOYDV\OYHVWULV)ORUHV =XPDTXH5XVFRULDULD%D\DV 1RJDO-XJODQVUHJLD5DL]FRUWH]D QXH] 1(*52 52-2 $OLVR$OQXVJOXWLQRVD&RUWH]D ²$FHGHUD5XPH[DFHWRVD5DL] %UH]R&DOOXQDYXOJDULV7RGDODSODQWD ²$PDSROD3DSDYHUUKRHDV3pWDORV ²%RUUDMD%RUDJRRIILFLQDOLV5DtFHV (PERUUDFKDFDEUDV&RULDULDP\UWLIROLD+RMDV +LHGUD+HGHUDKHOL[+RMDV ²*DOLR*DOLXPYHUXP5DtFHV /LULRDPDULOOR,ULVSVHXGDFRUXV5L]RPD 2QRTXLOHV$WLQFWRULD5DL]VHFD =DU]D5XEXVVS%URWHV ²3RWHQWLOODUDVWUHUD3UHSWDQV)ORU =XPDTXH5KXVFRULDULD)UXWR 9(5'(9,2/(7$ ÉODPR3RSXOXVDOED+RMDV²6D~FR6DPEXFXVQLJUD%D\DV &RODGHFDEDOOR(TXLVHWXPDUYHQVH+RMDV +HOHFKRFRP~Q3DTXLOLQXP%URWHV\UDPDVMyYHQHV526$ +LHGUD+HGHUDKHOL[+RMDV\EURWHV7RUQDVRO&KUR]RSKRUDWLQFWRULD 6D~FR6DPEXFXVQLJUD+RMDV)ORUHV 88 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $1(;2,,/$63/$17$60(',&,1$/(6/$632'(02686$5&202 %iOVDPR3UHSDUDGRSDVWRVRFUHPRVRGHSODQWDVDURPiWLFDVSDUDDSOLFDUVREUHKHULGDVGHOD SLHO &DWDSODVPD7ySLFRGHFRQVLVWHQFLDEODQGD²JHQHUDOPHQWH6HSUHSDUDFRQXQDGHFRFFLyQ GHODSODQWD\XQSRVWHULRUPDFKDTXHGHVSXpVVXMHWDUHPRVHOSURGXFWRHQWUHGRV JDVDVWRGDYtDFDOLHQWH\ORDSOLFDUHPRVXQRVPLQXWRVVREUHODSLHO &ROXWRULR6HPLOtTXLGRDSOLFDGRVREUHDPtJGDODVIDULQJHRHQFtDV 'HFRFFLyQ(ODJXDVHKLHUYHMXQWRFRQXQSXxDGRGHODSODQWDDIXHJROHQWRGXUDQWHy PLQXWRV3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHSDVDSRUFRODGRU\VHHQGXO]DFRQPLHO (PSODVWR3UHSDUDGRVHPLVyOLGRPH]FODGRFRQJUDVDV\TXHVHSUHVLRQDVREUHODSDUWH DIHFWDGD ([WUDFWR6HREWLHQHSRQLHQGRODSODQWDHQOtTXLGRDGHFXDGRDJXDDOFRKROSDVDQGRVXV SULQFLSLRVDFWLYRVDHVWHOtTXLGR/DVROXFLyQVHFRQFHQWUDSRVWHULRUPHQWHSRU HYDSRUDFLyQ )ULFFLyQ5HVWUHJDUXQDSDUWHGHWHUPLQDGDGHOFXHUSRFRQOtTXLGRFDOLHQWHRIUtRDPDQR FRQSDxRHVSRQMD *DUJDULVPR0DQWHQHUXQOtTXLGRHQODJDUJDQWDVLQWUDJDUORXQWLHPSR ,QIXVLyQ3RQHPRVXQDFXFKDUDGLWDGHSODQWDSRUFDGDWD]DGHDJXD+HUYLPRVHODJXD\OD YHUWLPRVVREUHODSODQWD'HMDUHPRVUHSRVDUCDQWHVGHEHEHU(QHOWpHODJXD SDVDVREUHODSODQWDDWUDYpVGHXQILOWUR -DUDEH6HDxDGHDODLQIXVLyQFRFFLyQ]XPRHWFKDVWDXQGHD]~FDU /RFLyQ/DYDUXQDSDUWHGHOFXHUSRFRQXQOtTXLGRHVSHFLDOSDUDFXUDUOODJDVUDVJXxRV 0DFHUDFLyQ6HSRQHODSODQWDHQIUtRKRUDVHQXQOtTXLGRDJXDYLGDOFRKRO\OXHJRVH ILOWUD 3ROYR6HPDFKDFDODSODQWDWRWDOPHQWHVHFDHQXQPRUWHUR\VHWDPL]D 3RPDGD0L[WXUDGHVXVWDQFLDJUDVDFRQSROYRGHXQDSODQWD8VRH[WHUQR 7LVDQD'HFRFFLyQGHXQDFXFKDUDGLWDGHSODQWDHQXQYDVRGHDJXDGXUDQWHWUHVPLQXWRV 7LQWXUD0DFHUDFLyQGHSODQWDVVHFDVHQDOFRKROSRUXQWLHPSRODUJR6HILOWUD\VHEHEH 8QJHQWR0H]FODGHSODQWDVRHO]XPRGHpVWDVFRQXQDVXVWDQFLDJUDVD 9LQRPHGLFLQDORWyQLFR6HYLHUWHQVREUHpOODVSODQWDVVHFDV\WULWXUDGDVPDFHUiQGRVH GXUDQWHPHVHV =XPR6HH[WUDHH[SULPLHQGRHOIUXWRUDVJDQGRHOWDOOR &DOpQGXODVS Fig. II.32 89 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $1(;2,,7e50,12686$'26(1+(5%25,67(5Ì$ $FHLWHHVHQFLDO$FHLWHYROiWLOTXHVHREWLHQHGHODVSODQWDVSRUGHVWLODFLyQ\FRQDURPD VLPLODUDOGHODPLVPDSODQWD$FHLWHGHODYDQGD $IURGLVtDFR6XVWDQFLDTXHHVWLPXODODH[FLWDFLyQVH[XDO$MHGUHD$OEDKDFD $OXFLQyJHQR6XVWDQFLDTXHDIHFWDDXQRRYDULRVVHQWLGRVGDQGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRYDULDV UHDFFLRQHVHQODSHUFHSFLyQ$PDQLWDPXVFDULD $QDOJpVLFR &DOPDQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHSURGXFHLQVHQVLELOLGDGDOGRORUVLQSpUGLGDGHO FRQRFLPLHQWR$MHQMR&HOLGRQLD&LODQWUR&OHPiWLGH6DXFH $QWLFROLQpUJLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHEORTXHDODDFFLyQGHODDFHWLOFROLQD $QWtGRWR6XVWDQFLDTXHFRQWUDUUHVWDRQHXWUDOL]DXQYHQHQR $QWLHVFRUE~WLFR4XHSUHYLHQHRFXUDHOHVFRUEXWR$JUDFHMR$SLR%HUUR $QWLKHOPtQWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHHOLPLQDH[SXOVDJXVDQRVLQWHVWLQDOHV$MHQMR $QWLUUHXPiWLFR4XHFRPEDWHHOUHXPDWLVPR$EHWR&LSUpV2UWLJD3HUDO $QWLSLUpWLFR4XHSUHYLHQHRUHGXFHODILHEUH$EHGXO$FHER&HQWiXUHD $QWLWXVLYR %pTXLFR4XHUHGXFHRHOLPLQDODWRV$MR0DUUXELR0HQWD $VWULQJHQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHSURYRFDODFRQWUDFFLyQ\VHTXHGDGGHORVWHMLGRVYLYRVD PHQXGRGHODVPHPEUDQDVPXFRVDVPRGHUDODVVHFUHFLRQHV\IDFLOLWDODFLFDWUL]DFLyQ $PDSROD$UUR](QFLQD/LPRQHUR=DU]D $QWLEURQTXtWLFR4XHFRPEDWHODEURQTXLWLV+LHGUD2UpJDQR3LQR &DUGLRYDVFXODU3DUDWUDWDUHQIHUPHGDGHVGHOFRUD]yQ\FLUFXODWRULDV9LQFD &DUPLQDWLYR6XVWDQFLDTXHDOLYLDODIODWXOHQFLD\HOFyOLFR$QtV&RPLQR &RODJRJR6XVWDQFLDTXHHVWLPXOD\IDYRUHFHODH[SXOVLyQGHODELOLVFRQWHQLGDHQODYHVtFXOD ELOLDU$OFDFKRID%ROGR5iEDQR 'HPXOFHQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHVXDYL]D\FDOPDDOVHUDSOLFDGDVREUHXQDVXSHUILFLHLQIODPDGDR GRORURVD/HFKXJD6DXFH 'HSXUDWLYR3XULILFDGRUGHODVDQJUHTXHHOLPLQDWR[LQDV0DQGDULQD 'HVWLODFLyQ3URFHVRGHFDOHQWDUXQOtTXLGRSDUDFRQYHUWLUORHQYDSRUDPHQXGR HIHFWXiQGRORDEDMDSUHVLyQFRQGHQVDUHOYDSRU\UHFRJHUODVXVWDQFLDFRQGHQVDGDR GHVWLODGD 'LDIRUpWLFR4XHDXPHQWDODWUDQVSLUDFLyQVHSXHGHXVDUSDUDFRPEDWLUODILHEUH 9DOHULDQD9LROHWD 'LXUpWLFR$XPHQWDHOYROXPHQGHRULQD\ODIUHFXHQFLDGHPLFFLyQ(TXLVHWR (PHQDJRJR4XHHVWLPXODHOIOXMRPHQVWUXDO%ROVDGHSDVWRU (PpWLFR4XHSURYRFDHOYyPLWR1XH]D3HQVDPLHQWR5REOH (VSDOPROtWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHFXUDRDOLYLDODVFRQYXOVLRQHVRORVGRORUHVHVSDVPyGLFRV $OEDKDFD(VSOLHJR0DQ]DQLOODFRP~Q (VWLPXODQWH4XHH[FLWDXQyUJDQRRVLVWHPDSRUXQWLHPSR$EUyWDQR%ROGR ([SHFWRUDQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHIDYRUHFHRSURYRFDODH[SXOVLyQGHPDWHULDVOtTXLGDVR VHPLOtTXLGDVGHORVSXOPRQHV\ODVYtDVUHVSLUDWRULDVSRUPHGLRGHODWRV$PDSROD $QtV&HEROOD6DOYLD5HJDOL]7RPLOOR (XSpSWLFR4XHIDYRUHFHODGLJHVWLyQ$MHGUHD%ROGR&DUGR&DUGRVDQWR )HEUtIXJR,GHPTXHDQWLSLUpWLFR *DODFWRJRJR6XVWDQFLDTXHLQGXFHDXPHQWDODVHFUHFLyQGHOHFKH$YHQD +HPRVWiWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHGHWLHQHODKHPRUUDJLD&LSUpV(QFLQD/ODQWpQ 90 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR +LSRWHQVRU4XHGLVPLQX\HODSUHVLyQVDQJXtQHD%ROVDGHSDVWRU/LPRQHUR +LSRJOXFpPLFR4XHGLVPLQX\HODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHJOXFRVDHQVDQJUH1RJDO 0LGULiWLFR4XHSURGXFHGLODWDFLyQGHODSXSLOD$PDQLWDPXVFDULD 1DUFyWLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHHQSHTXHxDVGRVLVLQGXFHDOVXHxR\DOLYLDHOGRORUSHURTXHHQ GRVLVPD\RUHVSURGXFHLQWR[LFDFLyQFRQFRPDRFRQYXOVLRQHV&ixDPR&HOLGRQLD PD\RU'XOFDPDUD 3DUDVLWLFLGD6XVWDQFLDTXHGHVWUX\HORVSDUiVLWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHORVGHODSLHO$OWUDPX] 3HFWRUDO6XVWDQFLDHPSOHDGDHQODVGROHQFLDVWRUiFLFDV%RUUDMD0DOYD7LOR 3ODFHER6XVWDQFLDIDUPDFROyJLFDPHQWHLQDFWLYDTXHVHDGPLQLVWUDFRPRPHGLFLQDHQHO WUDWDPLHQWRGHHQIHUPHGDGHVSVLFROyJLFDVRHQHOFXUVRGHH[SHULPHQWRV 3URILOiFWLFR4XHD\XGDDSUHYHQLUODVHQIHUPHGDGHV$MR$QtV$UiQGDQR&HEROOD /LPRQHUR 3VLFRWUySLFR6XVWDQFLDTXHDIHFWDDODPHQWHRDODSVLTXH%HOHxREODQFR 5XEHIDFLHQWH6XVWDQFLDTXHFDXVDHQURMHFLPLHQWRGHODSLHO 6LDODJRJR4XHHVWLPXODRDXPHQWDODVDOLYDFLyQ%ROGR 7LPROpSWLFR6XVWDQFLDDQWLVpSWLFD+LSpULFR0Dt]0HQWD5RPHUR6DOYLD 9DVRFRQVWULFWRU4XHSURYRFDODFRQWUDFFLyQGHORVYDVRVVDQJXtQHRV$YHOODQR%ROVDGH 3DVWRU&LSUpV+LHGUD2UWLJD 9HUPtIXJR4XHH[SXOVDRGHVWUX\HORVJXVDQRVLQWHVWLQDOHV$MR*UDQDGR 9HVLFDQWH4XHSURGXFHYHMLJDVRDPSROODVHQODSLHO$GHOID 9XOQHUDULR6XVWDQFLDHPSOHDGDSDUDFXUDUKHULGDVÉORH+LSpULFR 6LO\EXPPDULDQXP Fig. II.33. Cardo. 91 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $1(;2,,/263(5)80(67,326 (QHOSHUIXPHODVPDWHULDVHVHQFLDOHVHOHJLGDVORVDFRUGHVGHEHQIRUPDUXQDXQLGDG XQWRGRDUPRQLRVR3DUD´FRQVWUXLUµXQSHUIXPHGHEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHHOGHVDUUROOR GHXQRORUVHGDHQWUHVIDVHV • 1RWDVGHVDOLGDRGHFDEH]DTXHVHSHUFLEHQHQORVSULPHURVPRPHQWRVGHROHUXQ SHUIXPH'HEHQVHUSURGXFWRVYROiWLOHVTXHHVFDSHQGHIRUPDUiSLGDGHOSHUIXPHSRU HMHPSORORVFtWULFRV • 1RWDVPHGLDVTXHIRUPDQHOFXHUSRHODUPD]yQFHQWUDOHOFRUD]yQRHOWHPD(VODSDUWH GHWHUPLQDQWHGHOSHUIXPHIORUHVHVSHFLDVURPHURWRPLOOR(VWDVPDWL]DQORVRORUHV UHVLVWHQWHV\IXHUWHVSHUFLELGRVGHODVQRWDVGHIRQGR\ORVVXDYL]DQ • 1RWDVGHIRQGRTXHQRGHMDQHVFDSDUHOFXHUSRRFRUD]yQFHQWUDOPDGHUDVPXVJRV SDFKXOtLULVYDLQLOODYHWLYHUQRWDVDQLPDOHV\DOGHKtGRVSURGXFWRVTXtPLFRVGHQRWD JUDVDFtWULFD\IORUDO&RPRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDOTXHORVFDUDFWHUL]DHVTXHVRQ PX\SRFRYROiWLOHV\DTXHGHEHQSHUPDQHFHU\ILMDUHOFXHUSRGHOSHUIXPH 6HJ~QHOGHHVHQFLDV\DOFRKROHPSOHDGRWHQHPRV (/(;75$&723URGXFWRGHJUDQFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQHVHQFLDGHJUDQFDOLGDG (VHQFLDJU $OFRKROPO (VODPDVFRQFHQWUDGD\GXUDGHUDGHODVIUDJDQFLDVOtTXLGDV\FRQWLHQHODPi[LPD FDQWLGDGGHHVHQFLDSXUDVXVSHQGLGDHQDOFRKRO8QDVFXDQWDVJRWLWDVEDVWDQSDUDTXHHO RORUSHUVLVWDGHK 3(5)80('(72,/(77(6RQHVHQFLDVGHPXFKDFDOLGDGSHURPHQRVFRQFHQWUDGDVTXH ORVH[WUDFWRV (VHQFLDJU $OFRKROPO (VDOJRPDVVXDYHTXHHOH[WUDFWR/DFDQWLGDGGHFRQFHQWUDGRVSXHGHOOHJDUDVHUOD PLWDGTXHODGHOH[WUDFWR(OHIHFWRHVPHQRVGXUDGHUR ($8'(72,/(77(6HSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUODIRUPDPiVFRPHUFLDO (VHQFLDJU $OFRKROPO $JXDGHVWLODGDPO (VPHQRVSHUIXPDGDTXHHOSHUIXPHGHWRLOHWWH ($8'()5$,&+(7LHQHODPLVPDHVWUXFWXUDTXHODDQWHULRUSHURFRQXQDIUDJDQFLD GHILQLGDFUtWLFDIORUDODPDGHUDGD ($8'(&2/2*1(2&2/21,$3UHVHQWDODPHQRUFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHVHQFLDGHQWURGH ODIDPLOLDGHORVSHUIXPHV (VHQFLDJU $OFRKROPO $JXDGHVWLODGDPO (VODIRUPDPDVOLJHUDGHSHUIXPH6XQRWDHVODTXHHVWiPHQRVILMDGDODPHQRV GXUDGHUD\ODPDVUHIUHVFDQWH 92 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR 6HJ~QODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVXVIUDJDQFLDVVHDJUXSDQODVEDVHVGHORVSHUIXPHVHQ IDPLOLDVFRQFRPSRQHQWHVFRPXQHV $JXDVGHFRORQLD&RPSRVLFLRQHVGHHVHQFLDVFtWULFDVOLPyQQDUDQMDEHUJDPRWD\ GHIORUGHQDUDQMRQHUROL6RQPX\UHIUHVFDQWHV\HVWLPXODQWHVFRQIRQGRVGHQRWDV YDULDGDVSHURJHQHUDOPHQWHDPEDUDGRV\DOPL]FODGRV (DX[IUDvFKH&UHDFLRQHVQDWXUDOHVGHVDOLGDIUHVFD\FtWULFDSHURPRGLILFDGRVHQVX FRUD]yQ\IRQGRSRUGLIHUHQWHVDFRUGHVIORULGRVDURPiWLFRVDPDGHUDGRV HVSHFLDGRVTXHOHVGDQWHQDFLGDG\FDUiFWHU $JXDVGHODYDQGD6HUHSURGXFHSULQFLSDOPHQWHHORORUGHODIORUGHODYDQGD(OIRQGR HVDOJRFRPSOHMR\EDVWDQWHILMDGR 6LOYHVWUHDJUHVWH)DPLOLDFRPSXHVWDGHODFRUGHODYDQGDFRQRWUDVQRWDVKHUEiFHDV DJUHVWHVVLOYHVWUHVVDOYLDHVSOLHJR\RWUDVODYDQGDVDJXMDVGHSLQR\IRQGRVPDV FRPSOHMRVGHPDGHUDVHVSHFLDVHWF )RXJqUH+HOHFKR&UHDFLyQLQVSLUDGDHQHORORUDERVTXH(VXQDFRUGHHQWUHOD ODYDQGDHOPXVJRGHHQFLQDODKDED\HOJHUDQLRPRGLILFDGRSRUGLIHUHQWHVQRWDVTXHOH GDQHOFDUiFWHU6HKDQLPSXHVWRHQHOVHFWRUGHODVIUDJDQFLDVPDVFXOLQDV $URPiWLFDV)DPLOLDGHYDULRVDFRUGHVGHKLHUEDVDURPiWLFDVDQtVKLQRMRURPHUR WRPLOORHWFÓOWLPDPHQWHWDPELpQVHDxDGHQFRPRQRWDVDFUHDFLRQHVPDVFXOLQDV $PDGHUDGDV&RQRORUDFHGURViQGDORFRPRDFRPSDxDPLHQWRHQODQRWDGHIRQGRHQ IUDJDQFLDV´GXUDVµ (VSHFLDGDV6XFDUiFWHUSULQFLSDOHVWiGHILQLGRSRUODQRWDFiOLGD\GXOFHGHGLIHUHQWHV HVSHFLDVFODYRSLPLHQWDFDQHODYDLQLOOD 9HUGHV&UHDFLRQHVGHWHPDYHUGHIDPLOLDVIORUDOHV\FKLSUHDEDVHGHSODQWDV VLOYHVWUHV,QVSLUDGDVHQRORUHVGHFpVSHGRKLHUEDFRUWDGD6RQIUDJDQFLDVIUHVFDV OLPSLDVVHFDVQDWXUDOHV\YLJRURVDV(VODIDPLOLDPDVUHFLHQWHTXHKDVXUJLGRGHVSXpV GHOD*XHUUDPXQGLDO )ORUDOHV7HPDGHXQDVRODIORUGHIUDJDQFLDVXDYHURVDMD]PtQ )ORULGDV0H]FODGHYDULRVDURPDVGHIORUHVGLVWLQWDV D)ORULGRFiOLGR(OFDUiFWHUIORULGRYDDFRPSDxDGRGHQRWDVFiOLGDVHQHOFRUD]yQ ILMDGDVSRUXQIRQGRGHJUDQYROXPHQ E)ORULGRIUHVFR&DUiFWHUIORULGRPRGLILFDGRSRUQRWDVIUHVFDVH[SDQVLYDVGH PHQRUYROXPHQSHURPX\YLYDFHV $OGHKLGDGDV6RQQRWDVIORULGDVIXHUWHPHQWHPRGLILFDGDVSRUHOFDUiFWHUJUDVR\ SXQ]DQWHGHORVDOGHKtGRVDOLIiWLFRV3RUVXIXHU]DSRGHUGHGLIXVLyQ\FDUiFWHUSURSLR UHYROXFLRQDURQODSHUIXPHUtD &KLSUH(ODJXDGH&KLSUHVHFRQRFHGHVGHKDFHVLJORV\IXpSUHSDUDGDHQODLVODGH &KLSUH(VXQDFRPSRVLFLyQGHPXVJRGHHQFLQDiPEDUURVDEHUJDPRWD\RWUDVQRWDV DPDGHUDGDVHVSHFLDGDVFXHURDOPL]FOHHVWRUDTXHEiOVDPRGHXQiUEROGHODV HEDQiFHDVHWF 2ULHQWDOHV)DPLOLDTXHQDFHGHRORUHVGHOOHMDQR2ULHQWHFDQHODYDLQLOOD6RQ SHUIXPHVFiOLGRVWHQDFHV\DOJRGXOFHV &XHURWDEDFR/DQRWDWDEDFRHVHODFRUGHGHQRWDVDPDGHUDGDVEDOViPLFDV PHORVDVSROYRURVDVTXHGDQHOWRQRFiOLGR\GXOFHGHOWDEDFR6LDpVWHDFRUGHVHOH DxDGHQQRWDVDQLPDOHVDOTXLWUDQDGDVDKXPDGDVREWHQHPRVXQRORUGHFXHUR6RQ SHUIXPHVPX\YLJRURVRV\FRQPXFKDSHUVRQDOLGDG 93 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $1(;2,,$7,326'(/(7$5*2<75$7$0,(1726 $ODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHJHUPLQDUGHXQDVHPLOODOROODPDPRV/(7$5*2'20,1$1&,$R68(f2 +D\GLVWLQWRVWLSRV /(7$5*2(;7(5122'(&8%,(57$6 &XELHUWDVLPSHUPHDEOHV5HWDPDV5DVFDYLHMDV &XELHUWDVGXUDV)UXWDOHVFRQKXHVR ,QKLELGRUHVHQODVFXELHUWDV&RUQLFDEUD 75$7$0,(1726(6&$5,),&$&,Ð1 5HPRMR(QFLQD /DYDGRHQDJXD3LQRV 0HFiQLFD5HWDPDV 4XtPLFD(VFDOGDGRÉFLGRV 5DVFDYLHMD /(7$5*2%,2/Ð*,&22025)2/Ð*,&2 (PEULRQHVLQPDGXURV TXHQRKDQFRPSOHWDGRHOGHVDUUROOR$FHER 75$7$0,(1726 6HPLOODVFiOLGDVIUtDVRDOWHUQDQWHV(;326,&,Ð1$ ',67,17$67(03(5$785$6 /(7$5*2,17(512248Ì0,&2 6RQHPEULRQHVFRQOHWDUJRTXHVH SXHGHYHQFHUFRQXQWLHPSRGHHQIULDPLHQWR HQKXPHGDG0DMXHOR3LQVDSR 75$7$0,(1726(675$7,),&$&,Ð1 '2%/(/(7(5*2 3UHVHQWDQGRVWLSRVGHOHWDUJR7HMR 75$7$0,(1726(675$7,),&$&,Ð1 '2%/((675$7,),&$&,Ð1 )UtRK~PHGR+~PHGRFiOLGR Fig. II.34. Frutos 94 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $1(;2,,%0e72'26'(3523$*$&,Ð1'(3/$17$6 6H[XDOSRUVHPLOODV $VH[XDOYHJHWDWLYD • • • • • • • 3RULQMHUWRUDt]FRURQDFRSD 3RU\HPD 3RUDFRGDGR 3RUHVWRORQHV 3RUKLMXHORV 3RUVHSDUDFLyQEXOERVFRUPRV 3RUHVWDFDV 7,326'((67$&$6 Fig. II.35 (VWDFDVGHUDt]DOJXQDV&UXFtIHUDV (VWDFDVGHKRMD&RQ\HPD5XEXVIUXWLFRVXV 6LQ\HPD*HUDQDFHDV (VWDFDVGHWDOOR'HPDGHUDGXUD6DOL[3RSXOXV 'HPDGHUDVHPLGXUD5RVPDULQXV 'HPDGHUDVXDYH/LOR +HUEiFHDV&KU\VDQWHPXP 95 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR $1(;2,,&216(59$5/26$/,0(1726 /DVWpFQLFDVHPSOHDGDVVRQ &2&&,Ð1(1$=Ó&$5 &RQILWXUD • 6HSUHSDUDXQDOPtEDUFRFLHQGRDJXD\D]~FDUHQODSURSRUFLyQGHOGHDJXDSRUNJ GHD]~FDUGXUDQWHPLQXWRV • 6HLQFRUSRUDODIUXWDOLPSLD\HQWHUDRHQWUR]RVJUXHVRV • 6HOOHYDQXHYDPHQWHDHEXOOLFLyQ\VHFXHFHGXUDQWHPLQXWRVUHPRYLHQGRFRQFXFKDUD GHPDGHUDSDUDHYLWDUTXHVHSHJXHDOIRQGRGHOUHFLSLHQWH • 6HSUXHEDHOSXQWR\VHSURFHGHDOHQYDVDGRHQWDUURVHVWHULOL]DGRV -DOHD • 6yORSXHGHSUHSDUDUVHFRQIUXWDVULFDVHQSHFWLQDFRPRPDQ]DQDPHPEULOOR • 6HFXHFHQOLPSLDV\FRQSLHOOLWURGHDJXDHQJUGHIUXWDVXQRVPLQXWRV • 6HILOWUDQVLQUHPRYHUDWUDYpVGHXQWDPL]GHWHODGXUDQWHyKRUDV • 6HPLGHHOOtTXLGR\VHFXHFHFRQODPLVPDFDQWLGDGGHD]~FDUHQWUHPLQXWRV VHJ~QODIUXWD • 3DUDVDEHUVLHVWiHQVXSXQWRVHSRQHXQDJRWDGHMDOHDHQHOERUGHGHXQSODWRIULyVL TXHGDDGKHULGDDpOVHSXHGHHQYDVDU\XQDYH]IUtDWDSDUORVWDUURV $OPtEDU • 6HSHODODIUXWDVHHVFDOGD\VHFRORFDHQORVWDUURVHVWHULOL]DGRV • 6HOOHQDQORVERWHVFRQDOPtEDUVHFLHUUDQ\VHHVWHULOL]DQ 3DVWDGHIUXWDV • /DIUXWDFRFLGD\SRVWHULRUPHQWHUHGXFLGDDSXUpVHFXHFHFRQHOPLVPRSHVRGHD]~FDU GXUDQWHXQWLHPSRSURORQJDGRKDVWDTXHHVSHVH &RQVHUYDVYHJHWDOHV • /DVYHUGXUDVOLPSLDVHQWHUDVRWURFHDGDVVHHVFDOGDQSRUWDQGDVGHJUHQXQ UHFLSLHQWHFRQDEXQGDQWHDJXDKLUYLHQGRXQRVOFRQJUGHDFLGRFtWULFRR]XPRGH OLPyQSRUOGHDJXDQRPDVGHPLQXWRVVHJ~QODYHUGXUD/XHJRVHHQIUtDQODV YHUGXUDVEDMRHOJULIR\VHFRORFDQHQORVHQYDVHVHVWHULOL]DGRVGHMDQGROLEUHVFP KDVWDHOERUGH • 6HUHOOHQDQFRQXQDVDOPXHUDKHFKDFRQHOOtTXLGRGHOHVFDOGDGR\VDOJUGHVDOOGH DJXDFRQOLPyQPX\FDOLHQWHRYLQDJUHGHYLQRGH • /DVYHUGXUDVHQVDOPXHUDVHHVWHULOL]DQPLHQWUDVTXHORVHQFXUWLGRVVHGHMDQUHSRVDU KDVWDHOPRPHQWRGHFRQVXPLUORV • 6LODYHUGXUDTXHVHYDDHQFXUWLUWLHQHPXFKDDJXDVHGHMDPDFHUDUXQRVGtDVFRQVDO SDUDTXHVXHOWHHOH[FHVRGHOtTXLGRSXHVDODOLJHUDUODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHYLQDJUH LPSHGLUtDODFRQVHUYDFLyQ (VWHULOL]DFLyQ • &XEULUHOIRQGRGHODFD]XHODFRQSDxRV\SRQHUSDxRVHQWUHORVERWHV 96 8VDQGRODVSODQWDVGHQXHVWURHQWRUQR • &XEULUHODJXDVDWXUDGDFRQVDODODDOWXUDGHOFRQWHQLGRGHORVERWHVVLQTXHOOHJXHDOD WDSD • +HUYLUKRUDSDUDERWHVGHNJ\KRUDVSDUDORVGHNJ • (QODROODDSUHVLyQORVWLHPSRVVHUHGXFHQDPLQXWRV &216(59$6 'HVHFDFLyQ • (OLPLQDHODJXDGHORVWHMLGRVSDUDHYLWDUODSXWUHIDFFLyQ\ODIHUPHQWDFLyQ • 6HXWLOL]DFRQODVIUXWDVORVIUXWRVVHFRVODVOHJXPEUHV\ODVKLHUEDVDURPiWLFDV $KXPDGR • (OKXPRSRUVXFRQWHQLGRHQIHQROPHWDQRO\DFHWRQDHMHUFHXQHIHFWRDQWLVpSWLFR HYLWDQGRDVtHOGHVDUUROORGHORVPLFURRUJDQLVPRV 6DOPXHUD • /RVDOLPHQWRVVHVXPHUJHQHQXQOtTXLGRVDWXUDGRGHVDOTXHHYLWDODSUROLIHUDFLyQGH EDFWHULDV6XSRGHUFRQVHUYDQWHHVLQIHULRUDOGHODVDOD]yQ (QFXUWLGR • )UXWDV\YHUGXUDVVHVXPHUJHQHQXQPHGLRiFLGRJHQHUDOPHQWHYLQDJUHSDUDVX FRQVHUYDFLyQ/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHYLQDJUHQRGHEHVHULQIHULRUD &RFFLyQFRQD]~FDU • 3URWHJH\FRQVHUYDODVIUXWDV(VODEDVHGHPHUPHODGDVFRQILWXUDVGXOFHGHIUXWDV\ IUXWDVHQDOPtEDU $FHLWH6HVXPHUJHQORVDOLPHQWRVWDQWRDQLPDOHVFRPRYHJHWDOHVHQDFHLWH $OFRKRO • 6HXWLOL]DFDVLH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSDUDIUXWDVTXHVHVXPHUJHQHQDJXDUGLHQWHEODQFRGH JUDGXDFLyQQRVXSHULRUDORV(QFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVVXSHULRUHVGHDOFRKROODIUXWDVH DUUXJD\WUDQVILULHQGRVXVDERUDOOtTXLGRHQHOTXHHVWiVXPHUJLGD 6DOD]yQ • $OH[WHQGHUVDOVREUHORVDOLPHQWRVpVWDDEVRUEHHOOtTXLGR\ORVGHVHFDLPSLGLHQGRTXH VHGHWHULRUHQ 9DFtR • /RVDOLPHQWRVVHLQWURGXFHQHQEROVDVGHSOiVWLFRFRQDOJRGHVXSURSLRMXJR\PHGLDQWH ODPDTXLQDULDGHYDFtRVHHOLPLQDHODLUHHQXQ$OJXQRVSURGXFWRVIUiJLOHVUHTXLHUHQ XQDSHTXHxDFDQWLGDGGHJDVDOLPHQWDULRTXHORVDtVOD\HYLWDTXHVHUHGX]FDQDSXUpSRU HIHFWRGHODSUHVLyQ 97